APPENDIX

1. Ramsar wetland sites in India S.No Name State

The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the 22. Sambhar Lake Rajasthan
conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands, rec-
23. Point Calimere Tamil Nadu
ognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands
Wildlife and Bird
and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational
Sanctuary
value.
24. Rudrasagar Lake Tripura
S.No Name State 25. Upper Ganga River Uttar Pradesh
1. Kolleru Lake Andhra Pradesh (Brijghat to Narora
Stretch)
2. Deepor Beel Assam
26. East Calcutta West Bengal
3. Nalsarovar Bird Gujarat
Wetlands
Sanctuary
4. Chandra Taal Himachal Pradesh
2. Tiger Reserves of India
5. Pong Dam Lake Himachal Pradesh
Project Tiger was launched by the Government of India in
6. Renuka Wetland Himachal Pradesh the year 1973 to save the endangered species of tiger in the
7. Hokersar Wetland Jammu and Kashmir country. Starting from nine (9) reserves in 1973-74 the
8. Surinsar-Mansar Jammu and Kashmir number is grown up to fifty two (52).
Lakes
Sl. No Name of Tiger Reserve State
9. Tsomoriri Jammu and Kashmir
1 Nagarjunsagar Srisailam Andhra Pradesh
10. Wular Lake Jammu and Kashmir (part)*
11. Ashtamudi Wetland Kerala 2 Namdapha Arunachal Pradesh
12. Sasthamkotta Lake Kerala 3 Pakke Arunachal Pradesh
13. Vembanad-Kol Kerala 4 Kamlang Arunachal Pradesh
Wetland
5 Orang Assam
14. Bhoj Wetland Madhya Pradesh
6 Manas Assam
15. Loktak Lake Manipur
7 Nameri Assam
16. Bhitarkanika Orissa
Mangroves 8 Kaziranga Assam

17. Chilika Lake Orissa 9 Valmiki Bihar

18. Harike Wetland Punjab 10 Udanti-Sitanadi Chattisgarh

19. Kanjli Wetland Punjab 11 Achanakmar Chattisgarh

20. Ropar Punjab 12 Indravati Chhattisgarh

21. Keoladeo National Rajasthan 13 Palamau Jharkhand

Park 14 Bandipur Karnataka

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 SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY ENVIRONMENT
Sl. No Name of Tiger Reserve State Sl. No Name of Tiger Reserve State
15 Bhadra Karnataka 35 Satkosia Odisha
16 Dandeli-Anshi Karnataka 36 Ranthambore Rajasthan
17 Nagarahole Karnataka 37 Sariska Rajasthan
18 BiligiriRanganatha Karnataka 38 Mukandra Hills Rajasthan
Temple
39 Kalakad-Mundanthurai Tamil Nadu
19 Periyar Kerala
20 Parambikulam Kerala 40 Mudumalai Tamil Nadu

21 Kanha Madhya Pradesh 41 Sathyamangalam Tamil Nadu

22 Pench Madhya Pradesh 42 Anamalai Tamil Nadu
23 Bandhavgarh Madhya Pradesh 43 Kawal Telangana
24 Panna Madhya Pradesh
44 Nagarjunasagar Telangana
25 Satpura Madhya Pradesh Srisailam (part)
26 Sanjay-Dubri Madhya Pradesh *(atmakur)
27 Melghat Maharashtra 45 Dudhwa Uttar Pradesh
28 Tadoba-Andhari Maharashtra 46 Pilibhit Uttar Pradesh
29 Pench Maharashtra
47 a. Amangarh (buffer of Uttar Pradesh
30 Sahyadri Maharashtra Corbett TR)
31 Nawegaon-Nagzira Maharashtra b. Corbett Uttarakhand
32 Bor Maharashtra 48 Rajaji TR Uttarakhand
33 Dampa Mizoram 49 Sunderbans West Bengal
34 Similipal Odisha 50 Buxa West Bengal

3. Elephant Reserves of India

The Indian elephant Elephas maximus occurs in the central and southern Western Ghats, North-east India, eastern India
and northern India and in some parts of southern peninsular India. It is distributed in 16 of the 28 states in the country
and is showing an increasing trend across its distributional range.

Sl.No ELEPHANT RANGE ELEPHANT RESERVE STATE

1. East-Central Landscape (South-West 1. Mayurjharna ER West Bengal
Bengal-Jharkhand - Orissa) 2. Singhbhum ER Jharkhand
3. Mayurbhanj ER Orissa
4. Mahanadi ER Orissa
5. Sambalpur ER Orissa
6. Baitami ER Orissa
7. South Orissa ER Orissa
8. Lemru ER Chhattishgarh
9. Badalkhol - Tamorpingla ER Chhattishgarh
2. Kameng-Sonitpur Landscape (Arunachal 10. Kameng ER Arunachal
- Assam) Total 11. Sonitpur ER Assam
3. Eastern-South Bank Landscape 12. Dihing-Patkai ER Assam
(Assam - Arunachal) 13. South Arunachal ER Arunachal

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 SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY ENVIRONMENT
Sl.No ELEPHANT RANGE ELEPHANT RESERVE STATE
4. Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong-Intanki Landscape 14. Kaziranga-Karbi Anglong ER Assam
(Assam - Nagaland) 15. Dhansiri-Lungding ER Assam
16. Intanki ER Nagaland
5. North Bengal- Greater Manas Landscape 17. Chirang-Ripu ER Assam
(Assam - West Bengal) 18. Eastern Dooars ER West Bengal
6. Meghalaya Landscape (Meghalaya) 19. Garo Hills ER Meghalaya
20. Khasi-hills ER Meghalaya
7. Brahmagiri-Nilgiri-Eastern Ghat Landscape 21. Mysore ER Karnataka
(Karnataka - Kerala-Tamilnadu- Andhra) 22. Dandeli ER Karnataka
23. Wayanad ER Kerala
24. Nilgiri ER Tamil Nadu
25. Rayala ER Andhra pradesh
26. Nilambur ER Kerala
27. Coimbatore ER Tamil Nadu
8. Anamalai-Nelliampathy- High Range 28. Anamalai ER Tamil Nadu
Landscape (Tamilnadu - Kerala) 29. Anamudi ER Kerala
9. Periyar-Agasthyamalai Landscape (Kerala 30. Periyar ER Kerala
- Tamilnadu) 31. Srivilliputhur ER Tamil Nadu
10. North-Western Landscape (Uttarakhand - 32. Shivalik ER Uttarakhand
Uttar Pradesh) 33. Uttar Pradesh ER U.P.

4 Mike Sites in India S.No Name Location (State)

S.No Name State 1. Achanakamar Covers parts of Anupur and
- Amarkantak Dindori districts of M.P. and
1. Chirang Ripu Assam
parts of Bilaspur districts of
2. Dhang Patki Assam Chhattishgarh State.
3. Eastern Dooars WB 2. Agasthyamalai Neyyar, Peppara and
4. Deomali Arun Pradesh Shendurney Wildlife
Sanctuaries and their
5. Garo Hills Meghalaya
adjoining areas in Kerala.
6. Mayurbhanj Orissa
3. Cold Desert Pin Valley National Park and
7. Mysore Karnataka surroundings; Chandratal
8. Nilgiri Tamil Nadu and Sarchu & Kibber
9. Shivalik Uttarakhand Wildlife Sancturary in
Himachal Pradesh
10. Wayanad Kerala
4. Dehang-Dibang Part of Siang and Dibang
5. Biosphere reserves Valley in Arunachal
Pradesh.
Biosphere reserves are sites established by countries and
recognized under UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere 5. Dibru-Saikhowa Part of Dibrugarh and
(MAB) Programme to promote sustainable development Tinsukia Districts (Assam)
based on local community efforts and sound science. The 6. Great Nicobar Southern most islands of
programme of Biosphere Reserve was initiated by UNE- Andaman And Nicobar
SCO in 1971. (A&N Islands).

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 SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY ENVIRONMENT
S.No Name Location (State) 6. List of INDIA‘s Biosphere Reserves in
UNESCO’S WNBR.
7. Gulf of Mannar Indian part of Gulf of
Mannar between India S.No NAME STATE
and Sri Lanka
1. Nilgiri Tamil Nadu, Kerala,
(Tamil Nadu).
Karnataka
8. Kachchh Part of Kachchh, Rajkot,
Surendra Nagar and 2. Gulf of Mannar Tamil Nadu
Patan Civil Districts of
3. Sunderbans West Bengal
Gujarat State
9. Khang Parts of Khang chendzonga 4. Nanda Devi Uttarakhand
chendzonga hills and Sikkim.
5. Nokrek Meghalaya
10. Manas Part of Kokrajhar,
Bongaigaon, Barpeta, 6. Pachmarhi Madhya Pradesh
Nalbari, Kamprup 7. Similipal Orissa
and Darang districts
(Assam) 8. Achanakmar- Chhattishgarh
Amarkantak
11. Nanda Devi Part of Chamoli,
Pithoragarh, and 9. Great Nicobar Andaman & Nicobar
Bageshwar districts 10. Agasthyamalai Kerala and Tamil Nadu
(Uttarakhand). Biosphere Reserve
12. Nilgiri Part of Wayanad, Nagarhole, 11. Khangchendzonga Sikkim
Bandipur and Madumalai, National Park
Nilambur, Silent Valley
and Siruvani hills (Tamil 7. Natural World Heritage Sites
Nadu, Kerala and
World Heritage Site is a place that is listed by the UNESCO
Karnataka).
as of special cultural or physical significance.
13. Nokrek Part of Garo hills
(Meghalaya). S.No. Name of WH Site State Location
14. Pachmarhi Parts of Betul, Hoshangabad 1 Kaziranga National Assam
and Chindwara districts of Park
Madhya Pradesh. 2 Keoladeo Ghana Rajasthan
15. Seshachalam Seshachalam Hill National Park
Hills Ranges covering parts 3 Manas Wildlife Assam
of Chittoor and Sanctuary
Kadapa districts of Andhra 4 Nanda Devi National Uttarakhand
Pradesh Park and Valley of
16. Simlipal Part of Mayurbhanj district Flowers
(Orissa). 5 Sunderbans National West Bengal
17. Sunderbans Part of delta of Ganges and Park
Brahamaputra river system 6 Western Ghats Maharashtra, Goa,
(West Bengal). Karnataka, Tamil
18. Panna Part of Panna and Nadu and Kerala
Chhatarpur districts in 7 Great Himalayan Himachal Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh. National Park

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 SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY ENVIRONMENT
8. List of Sacred Groves

Sl.No. State Local term for Sacred Groves No. of sacred groves
1 Andhra Pradesh Pavithravana 580
2 Arunachal Pradesh Gumpa Forests (attached to Buddhist monestries) 101
3 Goa Deorai, Pann 55
4 Jharkhand Sarana 29
5 Karnataka Devara Kadu 1531
6 Kerala Kavu, Sara Kavu 299
7 Maharashtra Devrai, Devrahati, Devgudi 2820
8 Manipur Gamkhap, Mauhak ( sacred bamboo reserves) 166
9 Meghalaya Ki Law Lyngdoh, Ki Law Kyntang, Ki Law Niam 101
10 Orissa Jahera, Thakuramma 169
11 Puducherry Kovil Kadu 108
12 Rajasthan Orans, Kenkris, Jogmaya 560
13 Tamil Nadu Swami shola, Koilkadu 752
14 UttaraKhand Deo Bhumi, Bugyal (sacred alpine meadows) 22
15 West Bengal Garamthan, Harithan, Jahera, Sabitrithan, Santalburithan 39
Similarly several water bodies are declared sacred by people. This indirectly leads to protection of aquatic flora and
fauna. (E.g. khecheoprai lake in Sikkim)

9. Mangrove sites in India State/Union Territories Mangrove areas

State/Union Territories Mangrove areas 15. Pulicat

West Bengal 1. Sunderbans 16. Kaznuveli

Orissa 2. Bhaitarkanika Andaman & Nicobar 17. North Andamans

3. Mahanadi 18. Nicobar

4. Subernarekha Kerala 19. Vembanad

5. Devi-Kauda 20. Kannur (Northern

6. Dhamra Kerala)
7. Mangrove Genetic Karnataka 21. Coondapur
Resources Centre
22. Dakshin Kannada/
8. Chilka Hannavar
Andhra Pradesh 9. Coringa 23. Karwar
10. East Godavari 24. Manglore Forest
11. Krishna Division
Tamil Nadu 12. Pichavaram Goa 25. Goa
13. Muthupet Maharashtra 26. Achra-Ratnagiri
14. Ramnad 27. Devgarh-Vijay Durg

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State/Union Territories Mangrove areas
28. Veldur
29. Kundalika-
Revdanda
30. Mumbra-Diva
31. Vikroli
32. Shreevardhan
33. Vaitarna
34. Vasai-Manori
35. Malvan
Gujarat 36. Gulf of Kutchh
37. Gulf of Khambhat
38. Dumas-Ubhrat

10. List of Key Activities and Likely Associated Air Pollutants

S. No. Activity Significant Air Pollutants
A. EIA Notifications, 1994
1. Nuclear Power Plants Tritium, Radioactive elements
2. River Valley Projects TSPM/RPM, HC, CO etc.
3. Air Ports, Ports/Harbours TSPM/RPM, HC, NOx, etc.
4. Petroleum Refineries SO2, HC, Mercaptan, VOCs
5. Chemical fertiliser TSPM/RPM, Fluoride, Ammonia, NOx,SO2
6. Pesticides Odour, VOCs, HC, Cl2
7. Petrochemicals TSPM/RPM, SO2, NOx, CO, HC, VOCs
8. Bulk Drugs & Pharmaceuticals TSPM/RPM, VOCs
9. Exploration of Oil & Gas and their production, TSPM/RPM, HC, CO
transportation and storage
10. Synthetic Rubber TSPM/RPM, SO2, HC
11. Asbestos and Asbestos products TSPM/RPM, fibre
12. Hydrocyanic acid and its derivatives HCN Vapours
13. Metallurgical industries TSPM/RPM, SO2, CO, NOx Fluoride etc.
14. Electric arc furnaces TSPM/RPM, NOx,
15. Chlor-alkali industry Hg, Cl2, HCl vapours, H2
16. Integrated paint complex TSPM/RPM, SO2, Volatile Organic
17. Viscose Staple fibre and filament yarn H2S, CS2, SO2
18. Storage batteries TSPM/RPM, Pb
19. Tourism Project TSPM/RPM,
20. Thermal Power Plants TSPM/RPM, SO2, NOx.

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 SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY ENVIRONMENT
S. No. Activity Significant Air Pollutants
21. Mining Activities TSPM/RPM, HC etc.
22. Highway Projects TSPM/RPM, HC, NOx CO.
23. Tarred roads in Himalayas TSPM/RPM, HC, NOx CO.
24. Distilleries TSPM/RPM, SO2
25. Raw Skins and Hides -
26. Pulp and Paper TSPM/RPM, H2S, Mercaptan
27. Dyes TSPM/RPM, SO2, NOx
28. Cement TSPM/RPM, NOx
29. Foundries TSPM/RPM, SO2, CO, Metal Fumes
30. Electroplating TSPM/RPM, Fumes of HCN, HCl Acid Fumes

11. Respiratory Irritants and Toxic Chemicals

Chemical Sources of exposure Injury produced
Acetaldehyde Plastics, synthetic rubber industry, Upper airway injury; rarely causes delayed
combustion products pulmonary edema
Acetic acid, organic acids Chemical industry, electronics, Ocular and upper airway injury
combustion products
Acid anhydrides Chemicals, paints, and plastics Ocular, upper airway injury, bronchospasm;
industries; components of epoxy pulmonary haemorrhage after massive
resins exposure
Acrolein Plastics, textiles, pharmaceutical Diffuse airway and parenchymal injury
manufacturing, combustion
products
Ammonia Fertilizers, animal feeds, chemicals, Primarily ocular and upper airway burn;
and pharmaceuticals massive exposure may cause bronchiectasis
manufacturing
Antimony trichloride, Alloys, organic catalysts Pneumonitis, non-cardiogenic pulmonary
antimony penta-chloride oedema
Beryllium Alloys (with copper), ceramics; Acute upper airway injury, tracheobronchitis,
electronics, aerospace and nuclear chemical pneumonitis
reactor equipment
Boranes (diborane) Aircraft fuel, fungicide Upper airway injury, pneumonitis with massive
manufacturing exposure
Hydrogen bromide Petroleum refining Upper airway injury, pneumonitis with massive
exposure
Methyl bromide Refrigeration, produce fumigation Upper and lower airway injury, pneumonitis,
CNS depression and seizures
Cadmium Alloys with Zn and Pb, Tracheobronchitis, pulmonary oedema (often
electroplating, batteries, delayed onset over 24–48 hours); chronic low
insecticides level exposure leads to inflammatory changes
and emphysema

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 SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY ENVIRONMENT
Chemical Sources of exposure Injury produced
Calcium oxide, calcium Lime, photography, tanning, Upper and lower airway inflammation,
hydroxide insecticides pneumonitis
Chlorine Bleaching, formation of chlorinated Upper and lower airway inflammation,
compounds, household cleaners pneumonitis and non-cardiogenic pulmonary
oedema
Chloroacetophenone Crowd control agent, “tear gas” Ocular and upper airway inflammation, lower
airway and parenchymal injury with masssive
exposure
o-Chlorobenzomalo-nitrile Crowd control agent, “tear gas” Ocular and upper airway inflammation, lower
airway injury with massive exposure
Chloromethyl ethers Solvents, used in manufacture of Upper and lower airway irritation, also a
other organic compounds respiratory tract carcinogen
Chloropicrin Chemical manufacturing, fumigant Upper and lower airway inflammation
component
Chromic acid (Cr(IV)) Welding, plating Nasal inflammation and ulceration, rhinitis,
pneumonitis with massive exposure
Cobalt High temperature alloys, Acute bronchospasm and/or pneumonitis;
permanent magnets, hard metal chronic exposure can cause lung fibrosis
tools (with tungsten carbide)
Formaldehyde Manufacture of foam insulation, Ocular and upper airway irritation;
plywood, textiles, paper, bronchospasm in severe exposure; contact
fertilizers,resins; embalming dermatitis in sensitized persons
agents; combustion products
Hydrochloric acid Metal refining, rubber Ocular and upper airway inflammation, lower
manufacturing, organic compound airway inflammation only with massive
manufacture, photographic exposure
materials
Hydrofluoric acid Chemical catalyst, pesticides, Ocular and upper airway inflammation,
bleaching, welding, etching tracheobronchitis and pneumonitis with
massive exposure
Isocyanates Polyurethane production; paints; Ocular, upper and lower inflammation; asthma,
herbicide and insecticide products; hypersensitivity pneumonitis in sensitized
laminating, furniture, persons
enamelling,resin work
Lithium hydride Alloys, ceramics, electronics, Pneumonitis, non-cardiogenic pulmonary
chemical catalysts oedema
Mercury Electrolysis, ore and amalgam Ocular and respiratory tract inflammation,
extraction, electronics manufacture pneumonitis, CNS, kidney and systemic effects
Nickel carbonyl Nickel refining, electroplating, Lower respiratory irritation, pneumonitis,
chemical reagents delayed systemic toxic effects
Nitrogen dioxide Silos after new grain storage, Ocular and upper airway inflammation,
fertilizer making, arc welding, non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema, delayed
combustion products onset bronchiolitis

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 SHANKAR IAS ACADEMY ENVIRONMENT
Chemical Sources of exposure Injury produced
Nitrogen mustards;sulphur Military gases Ocular, upper and lower airway inflammation,
mustards pneumonitis
Osmium tetroxide Copper refining, alloy with iridium, Severe ocular and upper airway irritation;
catalyst for steroid synthesis and transient renal damage
ammonia formation
Ozone Arc welding, copy machines, paper Upper and lower airway inflammation;
bleaching asthmatics more susceptible
Phosgene Pesticide and other chemical Upper airway inflammation and pneumonitis;
manufacture, arc welding, paint delayed pulmonary oedema in low doses
removal
Phosphoric sulphides Production of insecticides, ignition Ocular and upper airway inflammation
compounds, matches
Phosphoric chlorides Manufacture of chlorinated organic Ocular and upper airway inflammation
compounds, dyes, gasoline
additives
Selenium dioxide Copper or nickel smelting, heating Ocular and upper airway inflammation,
of selenium alloys pulmonary oedema in massive exposure
Hydrogen selenide Copper refining, sulphuric acid Ocular and upper airway inflammation, delayed
production pulmonary oedema
Styrene Manufacture of polystyrene and Ocular, upper and lower airway inflammation,
resins, polymers neurological impairments
Sulphur dioxide Petroleum refining, pulp mills, Upper airway inflammation,
refrigeration plants, manufacturing bronchoconstriction, pneumonitis on massive
of sodium sulphite exposure
Titanium tetrachloride Dyes, pigments, sky writing Upper airway injury
Uranium hexafluoride Metal coat removers, floor sealants, Upper and lower airway injury, bronchospasm,
spray paints pneumonitis
Vanadium pentoxide Cleaning oil tanks, metallurgy Ocular, upper and lower airway symptoms
Zinc chloride Smoke grenades, artillery Upper and lower airway irritation, fever,
delayed onset pneumonitis
Zirconium tetrachloride Pigments, catalysts Upper and lower airway irritation, pneumonitis

Note:
• TSPM – Total Suspended Particulate Matter
• RPM – Respirable Particulate Matter
• VOCs – Volatile Organic Compounds
• HCN Vapours – Hydrogen Cyanide

 

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