Radio Pharmaceuticals

INORGANIC RADIO
PHARMACEUTICALS
BY: PRIYA BHANDARI

Radio isotopes
Radio isotopes are useful in the field of pharmacy as
therapeutic application, diagnostic agents, sterilization and
Research & Development.
Selection of radio isotopes
The radioactive isotopes are selected on the basis of :
1. Energy of Radiation
2. Type of radiation emitted
3. Properties of radiation
Application of Radioisotopes
The radioisotopes are widely used in :
1.Diagnostic applications.
The radioisotopes are used for diagnosis of various organs .eg .
Heart : thalium chloride injection is used for myocardial imaging,
Thyroid: iodine-131,( sodium iodide )is used for thyroid scanning .
2.Therapeutic application
These radiations have destructive features so these radiations destroy
abnormally multiplied cells and further inhibit the formation of new cells and
tissue.
They are used in treatment of disorder like cancer which involves cellular
malfunction Sterilization.
Radioisotopes are used to sterilize the pharmaceutical and surgical
instrument in hospitals.
1.Research
Excellent biological and medicinal studies have been Carried out with radio-
active isotopes as tracers.
Generally Carbon-14 and Tritium are most commonly used.
COBALT-57
It is commonly used in radiopharmaceuticals preparation particularly for
imaging purposes in nuclear medicine.
Cobaltb-57 is typically produced through neutron activation of stable cobalt -59.
Cobalt absorbs a neutron ,becoming co-60 which then undergoes decay to
become Ni-60 which further decays to stable co-60 and also co-57.
Then separation and purification is done where after the neutron irradiation,the
mixture is processed to separate and purify co-57 from other isotopes and
impurities.
Co-57 is utilised in radiopharmaceutical preparation for it's gamma-ray
emissions which are suitable for gamma camera imaging in nuclear medicine.
It is commonly used in the form of cobalt -57 chloride
Half life = 271.8 days
Use of Co-57
Used in various imaging studies such as bone scans ( to detect
metastatic bone cancer)
In myocardial perfusion studies Cobalt -60.
It is also produced in nuclear reactors by bombarding cobalt -59
with neutrons causing it to capture a neutron and become cobalt-60.
Similarly like co-57 , co-60 is also isolated and purified.
It is then encapsulated in a suitable from such as pellets or rods ,
usually made of stainless steel or another inert material that can
withstand radioactive decay process.
Half life = 5.27 years , making it suitable for long term applications .
Clinical uses of co-60
1. Radiation therapy : For treating cancer as gamma ray emitted can penetrate
tissues deeply .
2. Brachytherapy : In some cases ,co -60 is used in brachytherapy , where
radioactive sources are placed directly or near the tumor which
allows for localized radiation treatment while minimizing damage
to surrounding healthy tissues.
3. Sterilization : used due to it's ability to effectively kill bacteria and other
pathogens
4. Research & imaging : Sometimes used as gamma source for imaging
techniques where controlled gamma radiation exposure is
required.
Gold-198
It is produced by neutron activation of stable gold -197.
In a nuclear reactor. The reaction involves bombarding gold -197
with neutrons , leading to the formation of gold -198 through a
nuclear transmutation process.
Half life =2.7 days
Clinical uses
Primarily used in brachytherapy (cancer treatment)
Synovectomy
Used in treatment of inflammatory joint condition such as
rheumatoid arthritis.
It involves injecting a suspension of radioactive gold into
the affected joint.
Iodine 125
Produced by neutron activation of stable tellurium-124 in a nuclear reactor.
Tellurium -124 is bombarded with neutrons , which results in formulation of
iodine -125 through nuclear transmutation process.
Clinical uses of Iodine 125
Cancer treatment
Eg .prostrate cancer
Opthalmology
Iodine 125 plaques or seeds are used in opthalmology for treating certain
eye conditions, particularly intraocular tumours like choroidal melanomas.
Diagnostic imaging
Sodium iodide 131
It is radiopharmaceutical substance in the treatment of
malignant thyroid.
The ionising radiations for I^131 are absorbed by the thyroid
tissue and damage that tissue.
Sodium iodide I^131 emits about 90% beta radiation and
remaining 10% is the gamma radiation.
Production: I-131 is typically produced in nuclear reactors by
neutron bombardment of tellurium-130 (Te-130), which
undergoes beta decay to form I-131.
Chemical Form: After production, I-131 is usually obtained as
sodium iodide (NaI) or iodide (I^-) in solution, depending on the
intended clinical application
Mechanism
The iodide enters into thyroid through the sodium /iodide
symporter and accumulates there.
Here it oxidizes into iodine and emits radiation .
Now these beta radiation destroy the thyroid tissue.
Properties
Colourless solution having a ph 7-10
It emits beta and gamma radiation.
Clinical uses
Used in treatment of hyperthyroidism and some cases of
thyroid malignancy.
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Radio Pharmaceuticals

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INORGANIC RADIO

BY: PRIYA BHANDARI

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