(IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,

OTFS COMMUNICATIONS IN AN EVOLVING

ENVIRONMENTS
Amina Darghouthi1, Abdelhakim Khlifi2, Belgacem Chibani3
1, 3
MACS Laboratory : Modeling, Analysis and Control of Systems, University of Gabes
Gabes, Tunisia
2
Innov’Com laboratory,SUPCOM University of Carthage, Tunis, Tunisia
[email protected]

ABSTRACT
Mobile communications networks will have to continue to offer high data rates while maintaining a high level of quality of
service (QoS). This demands low latency and low power consumption. Orthogonal time-frequency space (OTFS) technology is
the most suitable choice for the post-fifth physical layer in 6G mobile networks, as we already know. This article deals with
this topic. Showing the advantages of OTFS for different schemes. We will consider the configurations named SISO, SIMO,
MISO and MIMO over fading channel . Simulation results have been obtained. In order to determine how these configurations
could be improved.

KEYWORDS
Waveforms, Diversity, flexibility, Bit error rate, high mobility, 5G, 6G.

1. INTRODUCTION
High data transmission speeds are a fundamental driving force behind the demand for wireless mobile
communication. Continuous and significant technological advancements have a profound impact on these systems,
fundamentally reshaping the way individuals interact and communicate with each other.1] ,[2],[8]and [20]. To
address these demands, a variety of processing methods are recommended. In reality, one of the drawbacks of OFDM
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) is its high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), accompanied by
some out-of-band emissions (OOB). These limitations have prompted researchers to propose enhanced solutions, one
of which is orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS). This processing strategy defines a flexible multicarrier
transmission with orthogonal waveforms, resulting in a reduced number of subcarriers, as observed in [2], [3],[4] and
[8]. The distribution of data symbols in the delay and Doppler domains is referred to as the OTFS waveform. This
technology has been selected for future post-5G scenarios, including increased system capacity and high quality of
service (QoS), while also reducing power consumption and latency [6],[22]. It is important to note that the use of a
single-input, single-output (SISO) system is a limitation in such applications. An obvious solution to satisfying users
might be to conserve both bandwidth and transmitted power. However, this approach falls short, leading researchers
to propose improvements to their processes. Among the potential solutions, diversity is worth mentioning, as it
involves an architectural modification. Several schemes are conceivable, such as using (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2), or even
more antennas when beneficial and satisfactory links are targeted. Consequently, a new architecture will characterize
the link. Other configurations have also been tested, including the Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO), Multiple-
Input Single-Output (MISO), and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) modes [6],[7]. Recently, MIMO
technology has been introduced as a high-order modulation scheme to meet the high data throughput requirements
of future generations[18],[19]and[21]. However, the use of high-order modulation signals reduces the error rate
[8],[9]and[10]. The OTFS (Orthogonal Time Frequency Space) approach appears to be a more appropriate solution
and has been widely considered for deployment in new scenarios. It offers advantages in terms of out-of-band
transmission, latency, and spectral efficiency [1],[8],[9] and [11]. It should be noted that comparisons between OTFS
and SISO are referred to as SISO-OTFS, while comparisons between OTFS and SIMO are referred to as SIMO-
OTFS. Furthermore, the combination between OTFS and MISO is called MISO-OTFS, and finally, the combination
between OTFS and MIMO is called MIMO-OTFS. In this paper, we analyze the performance of the above
configurations for an OTFS-based approach. The rest of the paper is structured as follows: Section II presents the
different system models; Section III focuses on the simulation results; Section VI presents the delay profile and the
conclusion is provided in Section V.
 (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,

2. OTFS SYSTEM OVERVIEW

In this section, we present an overview of orthogonal time Frequency Space (OTFS) waveform. Starting from the
representation of the continuous model. Therefore an overview of OTFS MIMO.
2.1. SISO OTFS System model
In this section [5], [8], and [12], we will introduce the well-known concept Hadani utilized to construct the OTFS
approach. Three domains, the discrete-time domain, the time-frequency domain, and the Delay-Doppler (DD)
domain, are engaged in that technique. Fig.1 gives a more detailed depiction of the system model that matches the
SISO-OTFS scheme.

OTFS Transmitter

Bit QAM ISFFT Heisenberg Add

Generator modulation Transform CP

Channel
h (𝝉, 𝝊)

OTFS Receiver

QAM Channel SFFT Wigner Remove

Demodulation Equalization Transform CP

Fig 1. Schematic of a SISO-OTFS

Starting from an information source, one can apply an OTFS modulation by transferring the formerly prepared QAM symbols
to the DD domain. In a more detailed description, symbols are first converted from the DD domain to the Time-Frequency (TF)
domain. The ISFFT will be used to convert the obtained TF domain symbols in the second step. This is given as [8], [14], [22],
[23].
𝑁𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 −1 𝑀𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 −1
1 𝑗2𝜋(
𝑛𝑘
−
𝑚𝑙
)
(1)
𝑇𝐹 𝑇𝐹 𝑁𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 𝑀𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆
𝑌𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 [𝑙, 𝑘] = ∑ ∑ 𝑌𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 (𝑙, 𝑘)𝑒
√𝑁𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 𝑀𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 𝑘=0 𝑙=0

Where 𝑀𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 and 𝑁𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 are the number of Delay and Doppler bins in DD domain, respectively. We can write the transmitted
signal 𝑠𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 (𝑡) in the Time domain as proposed by the Heisenberg Transform [8], [14],[22],[23]:
NOTFS −1 MOTFS −1
(2)
tf
sOTFS (t) = ∑ ∑ XOTFS [l, k]g tx (t − kTOTFS )ej2πl∆f(t−kTOTFS)
k=0 l=0

where, 𝑔𝑡𝑥 is the transmitter’s pulse of duration MOTFS. It has been shown in [14], and the T OTFS and Δf are the sampling and
frequency intervals ,respectively in the FT domain.
𝑁𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 −1 𝑀𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 −1
𝑗2𝜋(
𝑛𝑘
−
𝑚𝑙
)
(3)
𝑇𝐹 [𝑛, 𝐷𝐷 𝑁𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 𝑀𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆
𝑋𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 𝑚] = ∑ ∑ 𝑋𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 (𝑙, 𝑘)𝑒
𝑘=0 𝑙=0

During the transmission, a signal may pass through many paths, resulting in a phenomenon referred to as multipath propagation.
The received signal could be expressed [8], [14],[22],[23]:

(4)
rOTFS (t) = ∬ h11 (τ, ν)sOTFS (t − τ)ej2πν(t−τ) dτdν
 (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,

𝑡𝑓
The received samples matrix 𝑌𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 [𝑙, 𝑘]𝜖ℂ𝑀𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 𝑁𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 at the receiver, in the time-frequency domain, is obtained using the
Wigner transform [8], [14],[22],[23]:
𝑡𝑓 (5)
𝑌𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 [𝑙, 𝑘] = 𝑌(𝑓, 𝑡)}𝑓=𝑙∆𝑓,𝑡=𝑘𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆

Finally, the delay-Doppler domain samples are obtained by applying the symplectic fast Fourier transform (SFFT)
𝑡𝑓
to 𝑌𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 [[m, n] [8], [14],[22],[23]:
𝑁𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 −1 𝑀𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 −1
𝑡𝑓 1 𝑡𝑓 𝑗2𝜋(
𝑛𝑘
−
𝑚𝑙
)
(6)
𝑌𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 [𝑚, 𝑛] = ∑ ∑ 𝑌𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 (𝑙, 𝑘)𝑒 𝑁𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 𝑀𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆
√𝑁𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 𝑀𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 𝑘=0 𝑙=0

2.2. OTFS systems with SIMO multicarrier

Orthogonal time frequency-space modulation (OTFS) is an advanced modulation technique that stands out from traditional
techniques. Combining SIMO and OTFS likely involves integrating the advantages of multiple receivers into a system that
already takes into account time-varying channel conditions.This combination can lead to improved performance, increased
reliability, and better adaptability in communication systems, especially in scenarios where traditional modulation schemes might
encounter limitations. Having multiple receivers is an advantage offered by SIMO, and OTFS modulation presents a distinct
approach to handling time-varying channels. The combination of the two is a potential potent solution for modern wireless
communication systems. Fig. 2 illustrates a SIMO-OTFS link's block Diagram.
OTFS Transmitter

QAM Heisenberg
Bit Generator ISFFT Add CP
modulation Transform

Channel
h (𝝉, 𝝊)

OTFS Receiver

QAM Channel Wigner Remove

SFFT
Demodulation Equalization Transform CP

QAM Channel Wigner Remove

SFFTFigure 1
Demodulation Equalization Transform CP

Fig 2. SIMO-OTFS model

At the transmitter, we use the same signal as in the SIMO OTFS model, but in this case, the signal received can be expressed
as following:
𝑌 ℎ ℎ12 (7)
𝑌𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 = ( 1𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 ) = ( 11 ) . 𝑋𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 + 𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑌2𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 0 0

Where 𝑋𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 is the transmitted signal of SIMO-OTFS and 𝑌𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 is a received signal of SIMO-OTFS.

2.3. OTFS systems with MISO multicarrier

The degenerate case of the MISO (Multiple-Input and Single-Output) structure includes a single antenna for the receiver. Figure
Fig.3 below displays the block diagram of the MISO-OTFS link system. The degenerate case of the MISO (Multiple-Input and
Single-Output) structure includes a single antenna for the receiver. Fig.3 below displays the block diagram of the MISO-OTFS
link system.The degenerate case of the MISO (Multiple-Input and Single-Output) structure includes a single antenna for the
receiver.
 (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,

OTFS Transmitter
.

Bit QAM Heisenberg Add

modulation ISFFT
Generator Transform CP

Bit QAM ISFFT Heisenberg Add

Generator modulation Transform CP

Channel
h (𝝉, 𝝊)

OTFS Receiver

QAM Channel SFFT Wigner Remove

Demodulation Equalization Transform CP

Fig.3. Schematic of a MISO-OTFS

At the transmitter, we use the same signal as in the SIMO OTFS model, but in this case, the signal received can be expressed
as following:
𝑌 ℎ ℎ12 (8)
𝑌𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 = ( 1𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 ) = ( 11 ) . 𝑋𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 + 𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑌2𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 0 0

Where 𝑋𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 is the transmitted signal of SIMO-OTFS and 𝑌𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 is a received signal of SIMO-OTFS.

2.4. MIMO-OTFS
The MIMO (Multiple-Input and Multiple-Output) structure's degenerate form has a double antenna for the transmitter
and a receiver. The block diagram of the MIMO-OTFS link system is shown in Figure 4 below.The transmitted and
received vectors are provided by (8) in such case:

ℎ11 ℎ12 𝑋 (9)

𝑌𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 = ( ) . ( 1𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆 ) + 𝑛𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒
ℎ21 ℎ22 𝑋2𝑂𝑇𝐹𝑆

Bit QAM Heisenberg Add CP

Generator ISFFT Transform
modulation

Bit Generator QAM ISFFT Heisenberg Add CP

modulation Transform

Channel
h (𝝉, 𝝊)

QAM Channel SFFT Wigner Remove

Demodulation Equalization Transform CP

QAM Channel SFFT Wigner Remove

Demodulation Equalization Transform CP

Fig.4. Schematic of a MIMO-OTFS

 (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,

4. DOPPLER MODEL
In wireless dynamic communications, signal motion is influenced by the effects of relative motion, a mechanism
known as Doppler shift. A detailed understanding and accurate modeling of these Doppler effects is essential for
the design of robust and reliable wireless communication systems. Various Doppler models have been developed,
as described in reference [23].

A. Jakes model (Jakes fading model):

This model, also known as the Jakes fading model, is a statistical model widely used to simulate the Doppler
spectrum in a wireless channel. The model assumes that scatterers (reflectors) in the environment adhere to a
uniform circular distribution and move independently. This model is particularly useful for simulating the fading
effect induced by multipath propagation in wireless communication channels [23].
B. Discrete Jakes model :

The discrete Jakes model is a modification of the Jakes model. It discretizes the Doppler spectrum into a finite
number of discrete components. Each component represents a scatterer with a specific Doppler shift and phase.
This discretization simplifies channel modeling and can improve computational efficiency for simulations
compared with Jakes' continuous model [23].

C. Uniform Doppler model :

In the Doppler models, the term "uniform" means the assumption that the Doppler shifts of the multipath
components are uniformly distributed within a specified range. This simplifying assumption is used in channel
modeling to capture the statistical characteristics of Doppler shifts resulting from relative motion between
transmitter, receiver and scatterers. These models play a crucial role in understanding wireless channel behavior
in terms of signal propagation, fading and impact on communication signal quality. Researchers and engineers use
these models for channel simulations and the design of wireless communication systems [23].

5. SIMULATION RESULTS
In this section, we delineate the attributes of post-5G technology utilizing the Orthogonal Time-Frequency Space
(OTFS) waveform. Our investigation delves into the performance analysis of the OTFS waveform when applied to
various system structures. Consequently, a computer simulation was conducted to assess the Bit Error Rate (BER)
performance of the proposed systems. The outcomes are scrutinized across different transmitter (Tx) and receiver
(Rx) antenna combinations, utilizing the parameters outlined in Table 1.

Table 1. Simulations Parameters

Parameter Value

Modulation 4 QAM 16 64 QAM

Schema’s model (1,1) (1,2) (2,1) (2,2)
K 32
M 32
NFFT 32
Signal detection ZF
Vehicular B;EVA;
Channel Model
Velocity 300 km/h
Number of 200
iterations
 (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,

Firstly, the SISO OTFS structure is studied for a Flat channel as a function of the 16QAM shown in Fig.5.

Fig 5 . BERs Performance of OTFS wireless links for SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO systems using a Flat channel

Simulation results of the probability of error for different configurations of OTFS system using Flat channel are shown
in TABLE 2.
TABLE2: SIMULATION RESULTS OF BERS PERFORMANCE OF OTFS LINK USING FLAT CHANNEL

Link SISO SIMO MISO MIMO

BER (6dB) 0.2167 0.2559 0.2675 0.2461

BER (9dB) 0.09974 0.1316 0.1465 0.1216

For SNR=6dB, MIMO-OTFS system provides a 2dB compared to SISO-OTFS. The MIMO-OTFS approach
improves performance by nearly 10 times. We see clearly that MIMO OTFS, gives a minimum error probability.
This proved by the minimum BER reduced.

In Fig.6, we illustrate the BERs comparing a performance comparaison of the SISO-OTFS system using different
systems models using the Vehicular B channel.

Fig 6 . BERs Performance of OTFS links for SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO systems over Vehicular B Channel

For SNR=6dB, the MIMO OTFS system ,we obtain a gain of 1dB compared to the SISO-OTFS system. Whereas
for SNR=9dB, MIMO-OTFS approach improves performance by nearly 4 times. We see clearly that MIMO OTFS,
gives a minimum error probability.This proved by the minimum BER reduced.

TABLE2: SIMULATION RESULTS OF BERS PERFORMANCE OF OTFS LINK USING Vehicular B CHANNEL

Link SISO SIMO MISO MIMO

BER (6dB) 0.2353 0.2411 0.225 0.218
 (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,

BER (9dB) 0.1785 0.1797 0.1626 0.1544

The performance comparison of the Single Input Single Output with Orthogonal Time-Frequency Space (SISO-
OTFS) system, employing various system models, is illustrated in Fig.7. This comparison specifically focuses on
the EVA channel, showcasing the Bit Error Rates (BERs) across different configurations.

Figure 7: BERs Performance of OTFS wireless links for SISO, SIMO, MISO and MIMO systems using EVA channel

Simulation results of the probability of error for different configurations of OTFS system using Flat channel are
shown in TABLE 3.
TABLE3: SIMULATION RESULTS OF BERS PERFORMANCE OF OTFS LINK USING EVA CHANNEL

Link SISO SIMO MISO MIMO

BER (6dB) 0.228 0.2139 0.2168 0.2236

BER (9dB) 0.1693 0.1524 0.1634 0.154

To assess the viability of employing multiple antennas for both transmission and reception, we examined various
configurations outlined in Table 3. Drawing insights from the results presented above, we can deduce the substantial
benefits derived from increasing the number of antennas on both ends of the communication link. In the initial
Single Input Single Output (SISO) scenario, the Bit Error Rate (BER) witnessed a noteworthy improvement of
nearly 12% across various Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) conditions. Specifically, the SISO BER measured around
9. However, in the final (2, 2) configuration, the improvement was only 10%, indicating a retained enhancement of
approximately 6 dB. This underscores the positive impact of augmenting antenna numbers on overall system
performance. In this section, we conduct a comparative analysis between Single Input Single Output with
Orthogonal Time-Frequency Space (SISO-OTFS) and Multiple Input Multiple Output with OTFS (MIMO-OTFS)
employing different fading channels. It is evident that MIMO-OTFS under Flat, Extended Virtual Antenna (EVA),
and Vehicular B channel conditions consistently exhibits a lower probability of error compared to SISO-OTFS. This
emphasizes the superior performance of MIMO-OTFS across various channel environments. The utilization of
multiple antennas, as demonstrated in the (2, 2) configuration, presents a tangible improvement in BER, showcasing
the effectiveness of this approach in enhancing communication system robustness. Additionally, the comparative
analysis highlights the superior performance of MIMO-OTFS over SISO-OTFS in diverse fading channel scenarios.
 (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,

Fig.8. BERs Performance for OTFS systems over fading Channel

Fig.8 shows the BERs comparing a performance comparaison of the SISO-OTFS system using different systems
models. In this section, we have used SISO OTFS configuration and we have considered with the different channels
such those named channel Flat, Vehicular B and EVA. So, we present the BERs to compare the performance of
SISO-OTFS system for various channels. It can be clearly seen that the SISO OTFS using channels Flat has a
minimum probability of error compared to other configurations. Fig.8 presents the BERs Performance of MIMO
OTFS for various channels. We present the BERs to compare the performance of MIMO-OTFS system for various
channels. It can be clearly seen that the MIMO-OTFS using channels Flat has a minimum probability of error
compared to other configurations.

Fig. 9. BERs Performance for MIMO OTFS systems over fading channel

We can conclude that MIMO OTFS for Flat channel has a minimum error probability compared to other cases.

(a) The modulation is 4QAM, (b): The modulation is 16QAM,

 (IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications,

(c): The modulation is 64QAM, (d): All type of QAM

Fig.10: BERs Performance for MIMO O OTFS systems over various Doppler Model

In Fig.10, Bit Error Rates (BERs) are presented to showcase the performance comparison of the MIMO-OTFS
scheme across different Doppler models. The simulation results provide insights into the impact of Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (QAM) on various configurations. It is observed that the MIMO-OTFS system, operating
on a flat channel, demonstrates a minimal probability of error, highlighting the positive influence of QAM in
enhancing performance. Additionally, the OTFS signal exhibits superior performance in comparison to alternative
Doppler models. We see clearly in Fig.10 the distinctive advantages associated with different antenna
configurations. Firstly, the spatial Diversity stands out as a prominent benefit in MIMO using EVA channel, where
multiple antennas are utilized to counteract signal fading, thereby enhancing the reliability of wireless
communication in challenging environments. This spatial diversity is crucial for maintaining a robust link,
especially in scenarios characterized by adverse propagation conditions. Furthermore, the discussion highlights
the Enhanced Reliability offered by MIMO configurations. Through the usage of multiple antennas of both ends,
these setups improve link reliability by introducing diversity and redundancy. This, in turn, contributes to better
overall system performance and resilience against potential disruptions. On the other hand, the discussion also
acknowledges the merits of Simplicity and Cost-Effectiveness associated with SISO flat configurations. The
simplicity in implementation and the reduced number of components make SISO setups a cost-effective solution,
appealing in scenarios where resource constraints or budget considerations are significant factors. Additionally,
the Ease of Deployment characteristic of SISO systems is emphasized. The straightforward nature of SISO
implementation makes it a suitable choice for scenarios where simplicity and rapid deployment are paramount,
demonstrating its practical applicability in various operational contexts. To conclude, OTFS with spatial diversity,
increased throughput, and enhanced reliability in MIMO EVA configurations, juxtaposed against the simplicity,
cost-effectiveness, and ease of deployment offered by SISO flat configurations. These considerations are pivotal
in guiding the selection of the most suitable antenna configuration based on the specific requirements and
constraints of the wireless communication environment.

6. CONCLUSION
In this study, we conducted a thorough performance evaluation of a MIMO-OTFS system in comparison to a
SISO-OTFS system. The potential of OTFS in meeting the evolving demands of future mobile communication
networks is evident, as it not only provides high data rates but also addresses challenges related to latency and
power efficiency. Further exploration and refinement of the discussed configurations are essential to maximize the
benefits of OTFS in the dynamic landscape of evolving communication technologies. This strategic choice results
in a noteworthy decrease in Bit Error Rate (BER) maintenance. The simulation results affirm the earlier
conclusions.

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