Chapter 28+29: Electromagnetic

Induction + Electron
Electromagnetic induction:
1. Metal detectors are used in treasure hunting and in airport security. They operate
on the principle of electromagnetic induction. The coil in the detector is supplied
with an alternating current.
Give a detailed explanation of how a current is induced in the metal that is benign
detected.
The alternating current in the detector creates a constantly changing magnetic field. This
is as a result of the magnetic field passing through a coil is changing an emf appears in
that coil.Such an emf is called induced emf. This emf causes the induced current to be
included in the metal being detected.
2. State faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction.
States that the size of the induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of change of
magnetic flux.
3. State Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction.
The direction of an induced current is always such as to oppose the change producing it.
4. Describe a laboratory experiment to demonstrate either one of these laws.
To demonstrate Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction:
● Set up the apparatus as follows.
● Move the magnet away from or towards the coil slowly
(the flux through the coil thus changes slowly)
● The galvanometer gives a small deflection (indicating a
small induced emf)
● Move the magnet away from or towards the coil very
rapidly (the flux through the coil thus changes rapidly)
● The galvanometer gives a large deflection (indicating a
large induced emf).
● Thus showing approximately that the size of the induced emf is proportional to
the rate of change of flux through the coil.
5. State the laws of electromagnetic induction.
● Faraday’s law: States that the size of the induced emf is directly proportional to
the rate of change of magnetic flux.
● Lenz’s law: The direction of an induced current is always such as to oppose the
change producing it.
6. Describe what is observed when a sheet of copper metal is placed under the
oscillating magnet. Explain the observation.
● Observation: The amplitude of the oscillations decreases.
● Explanation:When the sheet of copper is placed under the magnet, the oscillations will
quickly decrease in magnitude and then stop altogether. This is due to electromagnetic
induction. As the magnet passes, the copper is inside a changing magnetic field. It occurs
due to the magnetic field induced currents in the copper. Induced voltage.
7. Describe what would be covered if instead of the copper, a sheet of plastic was
placed under the oscillating magnet. Explain this observation.
 ● Observation: The oscillations continue or are unaffected.
● Explanation: This occurs since no currents flow in plastic.The reason why the
copper sheet stops the oscillations is due to electromagnetic induction. As the
magnet passes, the copper is inside a changing magnetic field. This is due to
back Electromotive force.
8. State Lenz's law: The direction of an induced current is always such as to oppose the
change producing it.
9. Explain how Lenz’s law is a special case of the principle of conservation of
energy.
Without Lenz’s law, energy could still be created.The current flowing in the coil creates a
magnetic field similar to that created by a bar magnet. Following Lenz’s law, the direction
of the current — and the magnetic field — opposes the change.
10. Where in the eye is the light detected?
Retina
11. List two invincible parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that have a shorter
wavelength than visible light?
Ultraviolet, X-Rays, gamma rays
12. State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction
Faraday’s law: States that the size of the induced emf is directly proportional to the rate
of change of magnetic flux.
13. Derive an expression for the effective resistance of two resistors in
parallel:
14. Define the tesla: The magnetic flux density at a point is tesla if a conductor of
length 1 m carrying a current 1 A experience a force of 1 N when placed
perpendicular to the field
15. Sketch voltage-time graphs for (i) an a.c supply and (ii) d.c supply.
16. Explain the term electromagnetic induction.
Whenever a magnetic field passing through a coil changes, an emf appears in the coil.
17. Why does a transformer not work with direct current?
This is because the current is not changing, which means that the magnetic field is not
changing.
18. Why is it inefficient to use low voltage when transmitting electricity?
Because of the large current which results in more heat lost.
19. Explain why it is necessary to use rm value when comparing a.c. and d.c
electricity. To ensure that the power output is equivalent between the alternating
current and direct current.
20. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of electric cars.
● Advantage: Fewer carbon emissions
● Disadvantage: Short range or expensive batteries
21. A hollow copper pipe and a hollow glass pipe, with identical dimensions were
arranged as shown in the diagram. A student measured the time it took a strong
cylindrical magnet to fall through each cylinder. It took much longer for the
magnet to fall through the copper pipe. Explain why? Falling magnet creates
 changing magnetic field, an induced emf appears, the current flows in the copper only.
Generating magnetic fields which oppose the motion ( of the falling magnet).
22. Define electromagnetic induction: Whenever a magnetic field passing through a coil
changes, an emf appears in the coil.
23. Who invented the induction coil: Nicholas Callan
1. What is the function of an induction coil: Changes low voltage direct current to high
voltage direct current.
2. Why are there a large number of turns in the secondary coil? The emf induced is
proportional to the number of turns.
3. Explain why the primary coil has thick wire: The primary coil has thick wire because
it has low resistance, as greater efficiency allows large current to flow which reduces
energy loss.
4. Why are both coils wrapped on the same soft-iron core: Greater flux linkage/
efficiency, less energy losses.
5. Name two factors on which the back EMF of the motor depends? Velocity, magnetic
field and the rate of change of flux.
6. State what is meant by self-induction: Self induction: whenever the current passing
through a coil changes, the magnetic field surrounding that coil changes. This changing
magnetic field induces an emf in the coil that opposes the changing current (i.e a back emf).
This phenomena is called self induction
7. Define mutual induction: If a changing magnetic field in one coil causes an induced
emf to appear in a nearby coil there is saif to be mutual induction between two coils.
8. To demonstrate Lenz’s law a magnet is moved towards a ring hanging from a
string: The ring could be made of aluminium, but not of iron. Explain why.
● The iron is magnetic but the aluminium is non-magnetic.
● What happens to the ring when the magnet moves towards it
● The ring moves away.
● Explain how this demonstrates Lenz’s law.
● Induced current opposes the movement of the magnet ring moves away.
9. Draw a labelled diagram of an induction coil and explain how it
works.
● When the switch is closed, current flows through the primary
coil. This causes a magnetic filed, which cuts the secondary
coil.
● It also magnetises the core, which attracts the armature
breaking the circuit and causing the magnetic field to
collapse.
● The rapid change in the field cutting the secondary coil
induces a large emf in the secondary coil, which can cause sparks several
centimetres long across the gap. Application: Create a spark in engine.
10. Define magnetic flux: If the magnetic field lines are perpendicular to the area then: the
magnetic flux through Area A = Magnetic flux density x Area
11. Explain the principle of each of the following:
 ● When a small metal cylinder is dropped through one end of the copper tube
as shown in the figure, it falls freely under gravity. If the small cylinder is
first magnetised, it then takes much longer to fall through the tube. We
know that when a magnet and coil move relative to each other, an emf is
induced. Now if the coil is a conductor the induced emf will drive a current around
the coil. This current has a magnetic field associated with it. The direction of this
magnetic field will always be such as to oppose the change which caused it. The
moving magnet induces an electric current in the copper. This current creates a
magnetic field that exerts a force to oppose the motion of the magnet and hence
slows it down.
● If a transform had a solid iron core the core would get hot when the
transform was in use. Transformer cores are laminated to reduce eddy
currents. If we didn't use laminations, the iron core would provide a place for the
magnetic lines to produce (induce) current, and that current flowing in the core
would heat the core fast and waste energy. By laminating the cores, we break up
the current paths within that core and limit eddy currents.
● What principle of operation do d.c motors and galvanometers have in
common? An external magnetic field exerting a force on a current carrying wire.
● What is the principle of energy conversion that takes place in a d.c. motor.
Electrical energy to kinetic energy.
● Name each of the parts labelled A and B on the diagrama and state the
function of each. The commutator: To change the direction of the current.
The carbon brushes: Electrical contact between power supply and commutator.
● What material is normally used in part B? Carbon or graphite.
● Give properties of this material that make it suitable for use in a motor.
Lubricant and soft conductor.
● List three factors that affect the torque acting on the coil. Magnetic flux
dentistry, size of the current and number of turns,
● If the motor hammered, a larger current than normal would flow through the
motor and explain why. Back emf
● What would be the effect on the moto if this happened.
Motor would burn out/ overheat.
● What changes can be made to a d.c motor to convert it to an a.c generator?
Split ring commutator replaced by slip rings.
12. A hollow copper pipe and a hollow glass pipe, with identical dimensions were
arranged as shown in the diagram. A student measured the time it took a strong
cylindrical magnet to fall through each cylinder. It took much longer for the
magnet to fall through the copper pipe. Explain why?
Falling magnet creates changing magnetic field, an induced emf appears, the current
flows in the copper only. Generating magnetic fields which oppose the motion ( of the
falling magnet).
13. A magnet is attached to a string allowed to swing as shown in the diagram. A
copper sheet is then placed underneath the magnet. Why does the amplitude of its
swing decrease rapidly? Induced emf in copper current flows in the copper sheet
generating a magnetic field opposing the motion of the magnet.
14. What is the main energy conversation that takes place as the magnet slows
down? Kinetic/ potential energy to heat or electrical energy.
1. Why is voltage induced in the coil? Coil experiences a change in magnetic
flux.
2. Draw a graph of the induced voltage as a function of time.
3. State three factures that determine the magnitude of the induced voltage:
● Magnetic Flux Density
● Speed
● Number of turns of coil
4. Give a use of for an induction coil: Produce a high voltage from a dc supply.
5. Why do transformers work for a.c and not for d.c? They need a change in
magnetic flux.
6. Energy companies transmit electricity at very high voltages even though
these voltages are dangerous. What is the reason for the high voltages?
High voltage means low current means huge savings on energy losses at heat.
7. Give two factors that lead to energy losses in transformers:
● Ohmic resistance in coils
● Heat.
8. Daw a labelled diagram and explain how light is
transmitted through optical fibre? Angle of incidence
greater than the critical angle, total reflection occurs:
9. What particles are used for transatlantic communication:
● telegraph cables: Electrons
● In satellite single : Photons
● In optical fibres: Photons
10. Draw a voltage-time graph for an a.c. supply:

Experiment: Lenz’s Law: A cylindrical piece of metal is

dropped through a copper pipe. How long it takes to fall
through the pipe is noted. A strong cylindrical magnet (the
same size and weight as the piece of metal) is then dropped
through the same pipe. It takes much longer to fall through the
pipe. As the magnet falls through the copper pipe, its chainring
magnetic field induces currents n the pipe.
Electron:

1. The equation to describe an emission line spectrum is hf=E2-E1. Explain what each of
the symbols in this equation stands for.
● h= planck constant
● f= frequency
● E2=higher energy, E1=lower energy.
2. Draw a labelled diagram of an X-ray tube.
3. What are X-rays and how do they differ from light rays?
X-rays: X-rays penetrate matter and cause ionisation.
4. Give two uses of x-rays? Medical analysis of bone structure and security use.
5. What happens to the rest of their energy and how does this influence the type of
target used: Converted to heat and the target material must have a very high melting points.
6. What is thermionic emission? Where does it occur in an X-ray tube?
● Thermionic Emission is the giving off of electrons from the surface of a hot metal.
● In the example of the x-ray tube, this occurs at the cathode.
7. Describe a laboratory experiment to demonstrate the photoelectric effect?
● Use the equipment as shown on the apparatus.
● Place the zinc on the cap of the electroscope and charge the electroscope negatively
by induction.
● Shine UV light onto the zinc plate and notice that the gold leaf collapses quite quickly
. If a sheet of glass is placed between the UV amp and the zinc, the leaves do not
collapse. UV light cannot get through the glass.
● Replace the UV source with visible light sources of various frequencies. The leaves
will not collapse.
● Conclusion: The ultraviolet light causes electrons to be emitted from the zinc. And it
was observed that the leaves collapsed.
8. It is observed that as the wavelengths of the incident light increases, the speed of the
emitted electrons decreases and eventually no
electrons are emitted.
● Explain these observations?
If the wavelength of the light increases, the
incident energy decreases until this incident
energy is below that of the work function.
9. Describe what happens when:
● f>fo, f is constant and I is increasing: More electrons emitted with the same
energy or speed.
● f>fo, f is increasing and I is constant: Same number of electrons emitted but with
greater energy or speed.
● f< fo, f is constant and I is increasing:
No electrons emitted.
10. The diagram shows a sketch of a photocell.
● What particles move between the electrodes of the photocell? Electrons
● In what direction do the particles move? From cathode to anode
11. Explain how electrons are
● (i) produced: Produced by thermionic emission at cathode.
● (ii) accelerated in an X-ray tube: Accelerated through a high voltage.
12. What is a p-n junction?
Where a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor meet.
13. In 1921, Albert Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for
his explanation of the photoelectric effect. Outline his explanation.
● Light travels in photons,
● Each photon gives all of its energy to one electron
● If energy is greater than work function, electrons are emitted.
● In Addition to that, Einstein outlined how the velocities of the photoelectrons emitted
by light of a frequency above the threshold frequency range from zero up to a definite
maximum value.
● The maximum velocity and hence the maximum kinetic energy of the emitted
electrons increases with the frequency of the light, but does not depend on the
intensity.
14. What are X-rays? + who discover them
They are high frequency electromagnetic radiation produced when high speed electrons in a
cathode ray tube strike a metal target that has a high melting point. Rontgen
15. How are the electrons produced? Thermionic emission
● Where in the tube does this take place? In the cathode of the tube.
16. Draw a labelled diagram of a photocell.
17. How could the light intensity falling on the cell be varied: Vary the distance
between the light source and the photocell.
18. What conclusions about the nature of light can be drawn from these
investigations? Light is made up of photons and does not have a wave nature.
19. What is the relationship between the intensity of the light and the
photocurrent: Current is directly proportional to intensity.
20. Mention two practical applications of photoelectric: automatic doors, fire alarms.
21. Describe how a photocell conducts current.
The light of a suitable frequency falls on cathode, as a result electrons are emitted,
hence resulting in the photocell conducting current.
22. When does the photoelectric effect occur?
When a photon strikes a surface with a suitable frequency or energy.
23. What characteristics of light controls the current in a photocell: Light intensity.
24. Define electric field strength.
The electric field strength at a point in an electric field is the force per unit charge at that
point, i.e electric field strength is the force per coulomb.
25. Draw a diagram to show the forces acting on the drop of oil when it is stationary.
26. Describe with the aid of a labelled diagram of an X-ray tube, how X-rays are produced.
● First of all, A beam of electrons is produced by the thermionic emission at cathode.
● Then a high voltage is applied to the electrons.
● The high speed electrons strike a metal target and lose their energy. The energy is
given off in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
27. What is the photoelectric effect? Is the emission of electrons from the surface of a metal
by electromagnetic radiation of a suitable frequency.
28. Give two reasons why X-rays are considered to be the converse of the photoelectric
effect:
● X-ray production: electrons are used to produce electromagnetic
radiation
● The photoelectric effect: Electromagnetic radiation is used to release
electrons.
29. Draw a diagram to show the force acting on the drop of oil when it is
stationary:
30. Name the irish scientist who gave the electron its name in the nineteenth
century: GJ Stoney.
31. Give two ways of deflecting a beam of electrons: By means of an electric filed
and magnetic field.
32. Describe a laboratory experiment to demonstrate the photoelectric effect
(Repeated)
33. Outline Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect. (Repeated)