TribuTe classes

a lead for success......

class-10Th
NaTioNalism iN iNdia
[loNg quesTioN wiTh aNswer]

1.Briefly explain the incident of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and its
effects on Punjab?

Ans. (i) On 13th April 1919, the infamous Jallianwala Bagh incident
took place.

(ii) On that day, a crowd of villagers who had come to Amritsar to

attend a fair gathered in the enclosed ground of Jallianwala Bagh.

(iii) Being from outside the city, they were unaware of the martial law
that had been imposed.

(iv) General Dyer entered the area, blocked the only exit point, and
opened fire on the crowd, killing and wounding hundreds of people.

(v) His objective was to ‘produce a moral effect’ to create a feeling of

terror and awe in the minds of satyagrahis. As the news spread,
crowds took to the streets. There were strikes, clashes with police and
attacks on government buildings. The government responded with
brutal repression. Seeing violence spread, Mahatma Gandhi called off
the movement.

2. “British rule in India would have been collapsed if Indians had not
cooperated.” How did this statement help in starting a mass
movement in India against the British rule?
OR
Why did Mahatma Gandhi think of Non-cooperation only?

Ans.
(i) Mahatma Gandhi declared that British rule was established in
India with the cooperation of Indians and if they had refused to
cooperate, British rule in India would have been collapsed within a
year.

(ii) He proposed that the movement should unfold in stages.

(iii) It should begin with the surrendering of titles that the

government had awarded to the Indians.

(iv) A boycott of civil services, army, police, courts and legislative

assemblies, schools and foreign goods would show their
noncooperation to the British Empire. Mahatma Gandhi felt that in case the
government used suppression, a full civil disobedience campaign would be
launched.

3. What action did the British government take after the famous
Dandi March?
OR
What kind of repressive action was taken by British on the Civil
Disobedience Movement?
OR
How did the Colonial Government repress the ‘Civil Disobedience
Movement’?

Ans. (i) Worried by the developments, the colonial government began

arresting the Congress leaders one by one.

(ii) This led to violent clashes in many places.

(iii) A month later when Mahatma Gandhi himself was arrested,

industrial workers in Sholapur attacked police posts, municipal
buildings, law courts and railway stations—all structures that
symbolised British rule.

(iv) A frightened government responded with a policy of brutal

suppression.
(v) Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked, women and children were
beaten, and about 1,00,000 people were arrested.

(vi) Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devout disciple of Mahatma Gandhi was

arrested (April 1930).

(vii) Angry crowds demonstrated in the streets of Peshawar facing

armored cars and police firing, many were killed.

4. Differentiate between the reasons for the participation of the rich

peasants and the poor peasants in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Ans. (i) Rich peasants were hit hard by the trade depression and
falling prices, whereas the poor peasants’ cash income dwindled and
they could not pay their rents.

(ii) Refusal of the government to reduce the revenue demand led to

widespread resentment among the rich peasants, whereas the poor
peasants wanted the unpaid rent to the landlords to be remitted.

(iii) For the rich peasants, fight for swaraj was a struggle against high
revenues and for the poor peasants, their ‘no rent’ campaign.

(iv) Rich peasants were disappointed since revenue was not reduced
and the poor peasants were disappointed with the Congress as it was
unwilling to support them.

5. How did large-scale participation of women in the Civil

Disobedience Movement become an important feature?
OR
Evaluate the role of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement?

Ans. There was a large scale participation of Women in Civil

Disobedience Movement.

(i) During Gandhi’s salt march, thousands of women came out from
their homes to listen to him.

(ii) They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt and

picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops.

(iii) Many went to jail in urban areas.

(iv) They considered service to the nation as a sacred duty of women.

Yet, increased public role did not necessarily mean any radical change in the
way the position of women was visualised. And for a long time, the Congress
was reluctant to allow women to hold any position of authority within the
organisation. It was keen only on their symbolic presence.

6. Did the dalits participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?

OR
Examine the background of the Poona Pact of 1932 in the light of
differences between Gandhiji and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar?

Ans. (i) Initially, Congress had ignored the dalits for the fear of
offending the sanatanis, the conservative high-caste Hindus.

(ii) But Mahatma Gandhi believed that swaraj would not come even
after a hundred years if untouchability was not eliminated.

(iii) He called them ‘Harijans’ and he himself cleaned toilets to dignify

the work of sweepers.

(iv) But many dalit leaders demanded reserved seats in educational

institutions and a separate electorate.

(v) So dalit participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement was

limited.

7. What were the reasons for the gradual slowing down of the
Noncooperation Movement in the cities?
Ans.(i) Khadi cloth was often more expensive than the cloth produced in
mills. Poor people could not afford to buy khadi cloth.
(ii) Boycott of British institutions also posed a problem as there were
no alternative Indian institutions.

(iii) So students and teachers began trickling back to the government

schools.

(iv) Even lawyers resumed work in the government courts.

8. What do you know about the peasant movement in Awadh?

Ans. (i) In Awadh, the peasant movement was led by Baba

Ramchandra—a sanyasi, who had earlier worked in Fiji as an
indentured labourer.

(ii) The movement here was against talukdars and landlords who
demanded high rents from the peasants.

(iii) Peasants had to do begar at landlords’ farms.

(iv) The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition

of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords.

(v) In many places nai-dhobi bandhs were organised by Panchayats to

deprive landlords of the services of even washermen and barbers.

(vi) Jawaharlal Nehru began talking to the villagers and formed Oudh
Kisan Sabha.

(vii) Within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the
villages around the region.

(viii) As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and

merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were
taken over.
9. What were the causes for launching Khilafat Movement in India?
Ans. (i) The First World War ended with the defeat of Ottoman
Turkey.

(ii) There were rumours that a harsh peace treaty was going to be
imposed on the Ottoman emperor—the spiritual head of the Islamic
world—the Khalifa.

(iii) To defend the Khalifa’s temporal powers, a Khilafat Committee

was formed in Bombay in March 1919.

(iv) A young generation of Muslim leaders like the Ali brothers,

Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali, began discussing with Mahatma
Gandhi about the possibility of a united mass action on the issue.

(v) Gandhiji saw this as an opportunity to bring Muslims under the

umbrella of a unified movement called ‘Khilafat and Non-cooperation
Movement’.

10. Explain the importance of the ‘Salt March’ of Gandhiji as a symbol

to unite the nation.

Ans. Gandhiji’s salt march was undoubtedly a symbol to unite the

nation because:-

(i) All classes of Indian society came together as a

united campaign.

(ii) Mahatma Gandhi broke the salt law with the march from
Sabarmati to Dandi.

(iii) Thousands others in different parts of the country broke the salt
law, manufactured salt and demonstrated in front of government salt
factories.

(iv) As the movement spread, foreign cloth was boycotted, and liquor shops
were picketed.
(v) Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes.

(vi) Village officials resigned.

(vii) In many places, forest people violated forest laws – going into
Reserved Forests to collect wood and graze cattle.

(viii) The different social groups participated.

(ix) In the countryside, rich peasants and poor peasants were active in
the movement.

(x) The business class workers of Nagpur and women also joined the
Movement.

11. What were the effects of Non-cooperation Movement on the

economic front?

Ans. (i) Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed and
foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfire.

(ii) The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its
value dropping from ₹ 102 crore to ₹ 57 crore.

(iii) In many places, merchants and traders refused to trade.

(iv) As the boycott movement spread and people began discarding

imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian
textile mills and handlooms went up.

12. How did business classes of India relate to Civil Disobedience

Movement?

Ans. During the First World War, Indian merchants and industrialists
had made huge profits and became powerful. Keen on expanding their
business, they now reacted against colonial policies that restricted
business activities. They wanted protection against imports of foreign
goods, and a rupee-sterling foreign exchange ratio that would
discourage imports. The industrialists attacked colonial control over
the Indian economy and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement
when it was first launched. They gave financial assistance and refused
to buy or sell imported goods.

13. How did the industrial working classes participate in Civil

Disobedience Movement (CDM)?

Ans. (i) The industrial working classes did not participate in the Civil
Disobedience Movement (CDM) in large numbers as the industrialists
came closer to the Congress, workers stayed aloof.

(ii) But in spite of that, some workers did participate in the CDM
selectively adopting some of the ideas of the Gandhian programme,
like boycott of foreign goods, as part of their own movement against
low wages and poor working conditions.

(iii) There were strikes by railway workers and dock workers in 1930
and 1932 respectively.

(iv) In 1930, thousands of people wore Gandhi caps and participated

in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.

14. Why did the Muslims feel alienated from Congress during the Civil
Disobedience Movement?

Ans. (i) Some of the Muslim political organisations in India were also
lukewarm in their response to the Civil Disobedience Movement.

(ii) After the decline of the Non-cooperation and Khilafat Movements,

a large section of Muslims felt alienated from the Congress.

(iii) The important differences were over the question of

representation in the future assemblies that were to be elected.
(iv) Muhammad Ali Jinnah, one of the leaders of the Muslim League,
was willing to give up the demand for separate electorates, if Muslims
were assured reserved seats in the Central Assembly and
representation in proportion to population in the Muslimdominated
provinces.

(v) Negotiations over the questions of resolving the issue at the All
Parties Conference in 1928 disappeared when M.R. Jayakar of the
Hindu Mahasabha strongly opposed efforts for compromise.

(vi) Many Muslim leaders and intellectuals expressed their concern

about the status of Muslims as a minority within India. They feared
that the culture and identity of minorities would be submerged under
the domination of a Hindu majority.

15. How did people belonging to different communities, regions or

language groups develop a sense of collective belonging?

Ans. (i) This sense of collective belonging came partly through the
experience of united struggles and growing anger among people
against the colonial government.

(ii) But there were also a variety of cultural processes through which
nationalism captured people’s imagination:

(a) The identity of the nation symbolised in a figure or image of Bharat

Mata created through literature, songs, paintings, etc.
(b) Movement to revive Indian folklore to enhance nationalist
sentiments.
(c) Role of icons and symbols in unifying people and inspiring in them
a feeling of nationalism.
(d) Creating a feeling of nationalism was through reinterpretation of
history.

16. Why did Gandhiji decide to launch a nationwide Satyagraha

against the proposed Rowlatt Act 1919? How was it organised?
Explain. [CBSE Delhi 2016] Ans. Satyagrah against the proposed
Rowlatt Act 1919:

(i) The Rowlatt Act was hurriedly passed through the Imperial
Legislative Council.

(ii) Indian members unitedly opposed it.

(iii) It gave government enormous powers to repress political

activities.

(iv) It allowed detention of political prisoners without trials for two

years. Organization of Satyagrah:

(i) Mahatma Gandhi wanted non-violent civil disobedience against

such unjust laws.

(ii) It was started with a ‘Hartal’ on 6th April.

(iii) Rallies were organized in various cities.

(iv) Workers went on strike in railway workshops.

(v) Shops closed down.

17. Why did Mahatma Gandhi find in ‘salt’ a powerful symbol that
could unite the nation? Explain.

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi found ‘salt’ a powerful symbol: Gandhiji sent a

letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands on 31st January 1930.
The most stirring of all was to abolish the salt tax. Salt was one of the
most essential items of food. Irwin was unwilling to negotiate. So,
Gandhiji started famous salt march. The march was over 240 miles,
from Sabarmati to Dandi. Thousands came to hear Gandhiji wherever
he stopped. He urged them to peacefully defy the British. On 6th
April. he reached Dandi and ceremonially, violated the law,
manufacturing salt by boiling sea water.
18. How did a variety of cultural processes play an important role in
making of nationalism in India? Explain with examples.

Ans. Role of cultural processes in making of nationalism in India:

(i) The sense of collective belonging came partly through the
experience of united struggles.

(ii) There were also a variety of cultural processes through which

nationalism captured peoples’ imagination.

(iii) History, fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols
played a part in the making of nationalism.

(iv) The identity of the nation is most often symbolised in a figure or

an image. This helped to create an image with which people can
identify the nation.

19. Why did Mahatma Gandhi decide to call off the Civil Disobedience
Movement? Explain.

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi decided to call off civil Disobedience

Movement because:-

(i) Worried by the development of civil Disobedience movement the

colonial government began arresting the congress leaders one by one.

(ii) This led to violent clashes in many places.

(iii) When Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, a devoted disciple of Mahatma

Gandhi was arrested (April 1930) angry crowds demonstrated in the
street of Peshawar, facing armoured cars and police firing. Many were
killed.
(iv) A month later, when Mahatma Gandhi was arrested, industrial
workers in Sholapur attacked police force municipal building, law
courts, railway stations and all other structures that symbolised
British rule.
(v) A frightened government responded with the policy of brutal
repression.

(vi) The peaceful satyagrahi were attacked, women and children were
beaten and about 1 lakh people were arrested. Under these
circumstances, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Civil Disobedience
Movement.

20. Why did Gandhiji launch the Civil Disobedience Movement?

Explain any three reasons.

Ans. Reasons to launching Civil Disobedience Movement:-

(i) Economic depression of 1930.

(ii) Arrival of Simon Commission without any Indian representative

(iii) Vague offer of Dominion status by the British, failed to satisfy

Indians.

(iv) Decisions taken in Lahore session of the Congress in 1929.

(v) Tax on salt by Britishers.

21. Why did Mahatma Gandhi relaunch the Civil Disobedience

Movement with great apprehension? Explain.

Ans. Mahatma Gandhi relaunched the Civil Disobedience Movement

with great apprehension:-

(i) In December 1931, Gandhiji went to London for the Round table
conference, but the negotiations broke down and he returned
disappointed.

(ii) In India, he discovered that the government had begun a new cycle
of repression.
(iii) Abdul Ghaffar Khan and Jawahar Lal Nehru were both in jail.

(iv) The Congress had been declared illegal.

(v) A series of measures had been imposed to prevent meetings,

demonstrations and boycotts.

22. How had Non-cooperation Movement spread in cities? Explain.

Ans. Non-cooperation movement in cities:-

(i) The movement started with middle-class participation in the cities.

(ii) Thousands of students left government-controlled schools and

colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, and lawyers gave up
their legal practices.

(iii) The council elections were boycotted in most provinces except

Madras.

(iv) Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed, and foreign
cloth burnt in huge bonfires. The import of foreign cloth halved.

(v) In many places. merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign

goods or finance foreign trade.

(vi) As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding

imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of Indian
textile mills and handlooms went up.

23. How did the ‘First World War’ create a new economic and political
situations in India? Explain with examples.
Ans. First World War created new economic and political situation in
India

(i) It led to huge increases in defense expenditure which was financed

by war loans and increasing taxes.

(ii) Custom duties were raised.

(iii) Income tax introduced.

(iv) Through the war years prices increased-doubling between 1913

and 1918 – leading to extreme hardship for the common people.

(v) Villagers were called upon to supply soldiers.

(vi) Forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.

(vii) Crops failed in many parts of India resulting in acute shortage of

food. This was accompanied by influenced evidences.