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    Intro - Ert

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    swabhimaanss

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    Intro - Ert

    Uploaded by

    swabhimaanss
    6 views2 pages

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    INTRO- ERT

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    6 views2 pages

    Intro - Ert

    Uploaded by

    swabhimaanss

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 2

    EARTH RESISTIVITY TESTING

    INTRODUCTION:

    It is well known that the resistance of an earth electrode is heavily influenced by the resistivity of the soil in which it is driven
    and as such, soil resistivity measurements are an important parameter when designing earthing installations.

    One of the main objectives of earthing electrical system is to establish a common reference potential for the power supply
    system, building structure, plant steelwork, electrical conduits, cable ladders & trays and the instrumentation system. To achieve this
    objective, a suitable low resistance connection to earth is desirable. However, this is often difficult to achieve and depends on a
    number of factors:

    • Soil resistivity
    • Stratification
    • Size and type of electrode used
    • Depth to which the electrode is buried
    • Moisture and chemical content of the soil

    The resistivity test was conducted during dry weather.

    THEORY OF SOIL RESISTIVITY:


    Resistance is that property of a conductor which opposes electric current flow when a voltage is applied across the two
    ends. Its unit of measure is the Ohm ( ) and the commonly used symbol is R. Resistance is the ratio of the applied voltage (V) to the
    resulting current flow (I) as defined by the well known linear equation from Ohm’s Law:
    V=IxR
    Where:
    V = Potential Difference across the conductor (Volts)
    I = current flowing through the conductor in (Amperes)
    R = Resistance of the conductor in (Ohm)

    “Good conductors” are those with a low resistance. “Bad conductors” are those with a high resistance. “Very bad
    conductors” are usually called insulators.
    The Resistance of a conductor depends on the atomic structure of the material or its Resistivity (measured in Ohm-m or –m), which
    is that property of a material that measures its ability to conduct electricity. A material with a low resistivity will behave as a “good
    conductor” and one with a high resistivity will behave as a “bad conductor”. The commonly used symbol for resistivity is ρ (Greek
    symbol rho).

    The resistance (R) of a conductor can be derived from the resistivity as:
    R=ρxL/A
    Where:
    ρ: Resistivity (-m) of the conductor material
    L: Length of the conductor (m)
    2
    A: Cross sectional Area (m )
    2
    L- Length of the conductor (m), A-Cross sectional Area (m ), here ρ-Resistivity ( -m) of the conductor material between the opposite
    faces of a cube of material with a side dimension of 1 meter.
    PURPOSE AND PROCEDURE OF INVESTIGATION:
    This test shall be conducted to determine the Electrical resistivity of soil required for designing safe grounding system for the
    entire station area. The specifications for the equipments and other accessories required for performing electrical resistivity test, the
    test procedure, and reporting of field observations shall confirm to IS: 3043. The test shall be conducted using Wagner’s four
    electrode method as specified in IS: 1892, Apendix-B2. Unless otherwise specified at each test location, the test shall be conducted
    along two perpendicular lines parallel to the coordinate axis.

    AVERAGE EARTH RESISTIVITY:

    Spacing Resistivity
    0.5 11.06
    1 10.61
    2 28.83
    3 38.46
    4 50.51
    5 66.35

    Geophysical investigation would be performed as per IS: 3043-1987 on the basis of Earth Resistivity meter model no. Waco Digital
    Tester. Wenner’s four-electrode method is used to determine the earth resistivity.

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