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Simulation and Modelling of 3-Floor Elevator System using PLC

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Simulation and Modelling of 3-Floor Elevator System using PLC

Ajith Srikanth1, V Nehaa2

1,2Student, B. Tech in Mechatronics Engineering, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, Chennai - 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract - Elevators are a common vertical mode of install elevators. Easy-to-maintain, cost-effective, and
transport in buildings, warehouses, construction sites, etc. upgradeable PLC elevators. Despite improvements,
The elevator's design and mechanics undergo continuous elevators are hard to install and maintain. PLC-based
modification to make it more efficient and inexpensive for elevator systems reduce elevator size, making them easier
daily use. The design of the elevator based on the to maintain, reprogram, and access.
Programmable Logic Controller is one such innovation
(PLC). Despite the fact that contemporary elevators are not
exclusively controlled by PLC, this field has great potential
to become the future of the elevator industry. PLC is a solid-
state device whose response is dependent on the user-
defined program's input. PLC-based elevators have
improved the current elevator systems by eliminating the
need for a machine room. Due to its compact system and
programmable PLC, elevators can be utilized in a number of
different fields. The primary objective of this research was to
demonstrate the modeling of elevator motion using PLC
ladder logics.

Key Words: Elevator Control, Function Block

Diagram, Ladder Logic, PLC, TIA Portal.
Fig. 1 Block Diagram of PLC Elevator Control
1. INTRODUCTION 1.2 Pros and Cons
All-solid-state PLCs respond to user input in response to The use of a PLC system comes with a number of benefits,
instructions. Industrial Microcontrollers have hardware including its compact size, the ability to be reprogrammed
and software tailored to industrial needs. They supply and customized, and the simplicity with which the
data-analyzers for automated production and service application can be replicated and documented. PLC
lines. Systems controlled by microprocessors and PLCs manufacturers only offer a closed-loop architecture, which
can be found in elevators. Programming is usually done on is one of the system's disadvantages, as well as the fact
a personal computer in ladder logic. Reprogramming PLC
that it runs on a predetermined circuit.
controllers is often done on a computer, but it can also be
done manually with programmes. The aim is to control the
elevator using PLC. It's easy to use and PLC-upgradable.
Conventional elevators require a lot of space and a
maintenance room. Building shorter or smaller elevators
is difficult. PLC-based elevators are easier to maintain,
cheaper, and can be upgraded as needed. Following the
execution of the user programme that has been saved in
application memory, the PLC will either activate or
deactivate field output devices depending on the control
scheme that has been loaded into the PLC.

1.1 Principle

The user's control scheme is interpreted by the PLC, which

then activates or deactivates field output devices, reads all
field input devices through input interfaces, and executes
the user programme stored in application memory. Fig. 2 Understanding the Flow
Mechanical and maintenance space is needed for
conventional elevators. Shorter/smaller buildings can't

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

1.3 Terminologies Point to Point Interface – USB

PLC language uses some unique terms that are different Multipoint Interface - USB
from terms that are used daily. In order to understand the
working of the ladder logic there is a need to understand b. Profinet
some of the terms that are mentioned below:
Ethernet - The Interfacing Devices used are
1. Central Processing Unit (CPU) - It is the PLC TCP/IP which is a collection protocol used for
controller's brain. It is one of the microcontrollers and communication. It consists of 3 components: IP,
is responsible for communication and interconnection TCP and UDP.
with other sections of the PLC controller, as well as
program execution, memory operation, input
monitoring, and output setup.

2. Memory - PLC has two types of memories used namely

a. Read Only Memory (ROM) - The memory

location which stores the symbols and other
information necessary while the execution of
the program.

b. Random Access Memory (RAM) - The

memory location that stores the calling
functions based on the ladder logics.

3. Power Supply - The power necessary for the PLC to

perform all the functions that are necessary was
provided through an AC source. A 240V SMPS is used
in the simulation.

4. I/O module: The I/O module is a Rack that provides all

the Necessary information to both the PLC and the
user. It provides the address of all the inputs and
outputs.

5. Programming Devices:
Fig. 3 Symbol Table
a. Ladder Logic Diagram (LAD) - It is a step
diagram of the Logics that is proposed for the 2. METHODOLOGY
working of the elevator. It uses Symbols and
components of the element in a line diagram After careful investigation, some characteristics including
that shows the hard wire control. motor ratings and automobile weight were calculated. PLC
CPU requirements were dependent on DC Motor and rope
b. Statement List (STL) - It is another view of the strength. Some knowledge on software compatibility and
instructions provided to the PLC in the form usability were required since it is simulation-based. For a
of text. The operation is shown to the left and rudimentary implementation, the use of switches and logic
the operand is shown to the right. like AND, NAND, OR, and XOR with NC and NO LAD
switches. The inputs observed are 6 signals namely Car
c. Function Block Diagram (FBD) - It is a set of Location, Floor Buttons, Car Buttons, Car Movement
instructions in the form of a block diagram. (Direction), Door Status, and Signal Triggers. This signal is
The functions are indicated by a rectangle and represented by the HMI Toolbox Button. With these
have a specific task. factors in mind, the ladder logics were created and
simulated.
6. Interfacing Devices
2.1 Sequence of Operation
The interfacing Devices available for the PLC are given
below: The PLC continuously carries out 3-4 basic steps namely
Error Check, Input scan, Logic scan, Output scan. Before
a. Profibus
running the program, the software checks for any
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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

presence of any error. Input Scan is known as the inputs 2.3 Calculations
provided by the user are scanned by the plc and stored in
the memory. Logic scan is the CPU of the PLC is the Calculations helped choose simulation components for the
controller of the logic. It reads inputs, executes the hardware implementation. In order to reduce the
programme step-by-step, and updates output. Output scan elevator's cost, the most versatile and reliable parts were
is the logic scan's final presentation from memory. needed.

Car Specification:
Weight of the cabin = 100 kg
Counter weight = 100 kg
Limit of 10 people each weighing 65 kg = 650kg
Rope strength:
F= mg ; F= (650+100+100) *9.8 = 8330N = 8.33 KN Motor
Specification:
Power:
P= Force*Velocity; P= (650*9.8) N*1m/s = 6370W
Since, 1hp = 745 W, 6370 W=8.55hp ; 9hp = 6705W
Torque:
T = P/2πω = 6705/2π (1500) = 31.5 Nm

2.4 Design of System

Ladder logic allows us to control door openings, travel

direction, and time. Call buttons will move the car.
Elevator motion affects the amount of power and time
used. Motive is finding an efficient design and logic.

STEP 7 can be used to programme SIMATIC S7-1500 and

S7-300 Controllers and configure SIMATIC HMI Basic
Panels. This functionality allows STEP 7 to do both. TIA
Portal gives you unrestricted access to digitized
automation services, from planning to engineering to
Fig. 4 Flowchart of the Process operation. Siemens' SIMATIC WinCC is a simulation
software for SCADA and HMI systems. STEP 7 can be used
2.2 Components to programme SIMATIC S7-1500 and S7-300 Controllers
and configure SIMATIC HMI Basic Panels.
1. Power Supply
2. PLC S-Series 315
3. Simulation Software:
a. Siemens PLCSIM
b. Siemens Simatic Manager
c. Siemens TIA portal
d. Siemens WinCC Viewer
e. Siemens Step 7
4. Ladder Logic Circuits
5. Display Module
6. Switches, Sensors and Elevator Car

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Fig. 5 Upward Movement Logic

Fig. 7 Direction Assignment Logic

Fig. 6 Downward Movement Logic

Fig. 8 Stopping Elevator Logic

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phone. When the signal from the level sensor on the

second floor is high, a floor call is placed. Every call signal
on the second floor has been turned back to 0 now. After
having been opened for a predetermined amount of time,
the door is then closed in preparation for moving to the
next level. When the door is shut, the car is able to move
forward once more. If the door is closing, pressing the
Open button will reopen it, and if it is already open, it will
reset the amount of time it has been open. When the
passenger door is shut, the vehicle remains stationary
until it receives a signal from the Open button. In the event
that there is a barrier or that the elevator is too full, the
door will either remain open or reopen. An HMI screen
will display all of the operations when you are simulating.
The operation is the same in its entirety, with the
exception of a PLC and switches (Buttons). When
modelling, researchers need to take into account a variety
of factors that have the potential to affect elevator motion
and put customers in harm's way. In order to determine
whether or not the elevator is moving, fluctuating elevator
speed, and steady elevator slowing, the creation of the
model ought to centre on environmental analysis.

3. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Fig. 9 Open, Obstacle and Overload Logic
Following the completion of the error checking and the
interfacing of the PLC with the elevator, the trials of the
setup were carried out, and it was found that the setup
functioned correctly. The operation begins with pressing
the button for the desired flow, and if the elevator is
already on that floor, the motor will start running
according to it; for example, if the elevator is located
below the desired floor, it will rotate in a clockwise
direction, but if it is located above the desired floor, it will
rotate in a counter clockwise direction. There is a
significant amount of room for advancement in this
simulation, for instance. incorporating a weight sensor
into the lift in order to establish a maximum permissible
load for the lift to carry. Also, adding weight sensors to
each floor so that you can keep track of which floor has the
most people on it, or employing a weight counterbalancing
technique, should be done in order to make it
operationally feasible and for additional safety measures
like sounding the alarm when the weight of the lift reaches
the predetermined maximum level or when the door is
Fig. 10 Reset Open Door and Closing Door Logic unable to close due to some obstacles, respectively. When
there are only a few stories in a building, this is one of the
2.5 Working of the Simulation
most efficient and cost-effective ways to implement an
The first floor marks the beginning of the operation for the elevator. It is also possible to implement this using other
car. It makes no difference to the programme if the Softwares, some of which have more features and are
elevator is located on a different floor. The car is started more compatible with one another that can drastically
by push buttons. It moves in an order that maximises the optimize the modelling in real time scenarios.
amount of power saved, so if the car is moving in one
direction and another call comes in, it will respond to all of
the calls in the first direction before it responds to any
calls in the second direction. When the call signal and the
floor sensor are a match, the elevator will hang up the

© 2022, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.529 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2886
 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 09 Issue: 06 | Jun 2022 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

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Fig. 11 Live Simulation in TIA Portal
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Simulation ran successfully. Logic inputs and outputs for [10] Thai Nguyen (2020). “PLC Controlling Program of
elevator forward and reverse motoring, door opening and an Elevator”, HAMK University of Applied Sciences.
closing motor operation, and other sensors on each floor
have been added, and the programme is evaluated and BIOGRAPHIES
simulated using Graphic Interface. Simulations of logic
have been created. The smaller size of wireless solutions Ajith Srikanth
makes changes easier and faster. Diagnostics which are Student, B. Tech Mechatronics
centralized and overrides are built into PLCs. SRM Institute of Science and
Technology
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