CHANGES IN THE BODY FOLLOWING DEATH

1. CHANGES IN THE MUSCLE

After death, there is complete relaxation of the whole muscular system. The entire
muscular system is contractile for three to six hours after death, and later rigidity
sets in. Secondary relaxation of the muscles will appear just when decomposition has
set in.
POST-MORTEM STAGES OF MUSCULAR TISSUE
The following are the stages of the entire muscular tissue after death
a. Primary Flaccidity or Post-Mortem Muscular Irritability
• Immediately after death, there is complete relaxation and softening of
all the muscles of the body. The extremities may be flexed, the lower
jaw falls, the eyeball loses its tension, and there may incontinence of
urination and defecation.
b. Post-Mortem Rigidity or Cadaveric Rigidity or Death Stiffening or
Death Struggle of the Muscles or Rigor Mortis
• Three to six hours after death the muscles gradually stiffen. It usually
starts at the muscles of the neck and lower jaw and spreads downwards
to the chest, arms, and lower limbs. Usually the whole body becomes
stiff after 12 hours. All the muscles are involve-both voluntary and
involuntary. In the heart, rigor mortis may be mistaken for cardiac
hypertrophy.
Conditions stimulating rigor mortis
• Heat Stiffening – If the dead body is exposed to temperature above 75
degree Celsius it will coagulate the muscle proteins and cause the muscles to
be rigid. The stiffening is more or less permanent and may not be easily
affected by putrefaction. The body assumes the “pugilistic attitude” with
the lower and upper extremities flexed and hands clenched because the flexor
muscles are stronger than the extensors.
• Cold Stiffening – The stiffening of the body may be manifested when the
body is frozen, but exposure to warm conditions will make such stiffening
disappear. The cold stiffening is due to solidification of fat when the body is
exposed to freezing temperature. Forcible stretching of the flexed extremities
will produce a sound due to the frozen synovial fluid.
• Cadaveric Spasm or Instantaneous Rigor – This is the instantaneous
rigidity of the muscles which occurs at the moment of death due to extreme
nervous system or injury to the chest. It is principally due to the fact that the
last voluntary contraction of muscle during life does not stop after death but is
continuous with the act of cadaveric rigidity. In case of cadaveric spasm, a
weapon may be held in the hand before death and can be removed with
difficulty.
 c. Secondary Flaccidity or Secondary Relaxation – after the
disappearance of rigor mortis, the muscle becomes soft and flaccid. It does not
respond to mechanical or electrical stimulus. This is due to the dissolution of the
muscle proteins which have been previously been coagulated during the period of
rigor mortis. The body while at the stage of rigor mortis, if stretched or flexed to
become soft will no longer be rigid. This condition of the muscles is not secondary
flaccidity.
2. CHANGES IN BLOOD
a. Coagulation of the Blood – the stasis of the blood due to cessation of
circulation enhances the coagulation of blood inside the blood vessels. Blood
clotting is accelerated in cases of death by infectious fevers and delayed in
cases of asphyxia, poisoning by opium, hydrocyanic acid or carbon monoxide
poisoning.
b. Post-mortem Lividity or Cadaveric Lividity or Post-mortem
Suggillation of Post-mortem Hypostasis or Livor Mortis – the lividity
usually appears three to six hours after death and the condition increases until
blood coagulates. The time of its formation is accelerated in cases of death due
to cholera, uremia and typhus fever. Twelve hours after death, the post-
mortem lividity is already fully developed. It also involved internal organs.
KINDS OF POST-MORTEM LIVIDITY
1. Hypostasis Lividity – the blood merely gravitates into the most dependent
portions of the body but still inside the blood vessels and still fluid in form.
Any change of position of the body leads to the formation of the lividity in
another place. This occurs in another during the early stage of its formation.
2. Diffusion Lividity – This appears during the later stage of its formation
when the blood has coagulated inside the blood vessels or has diffused into the
tissue of the body. Any change of position will not change the location of the
lividity.
3. PUTREFACTION OF THE BODY
Putrefaction of the body is the breaking down of the complex protein into simpler
components associated with the evolution of foul smelling gasses and accompanied
by the change of color of the body.

DURATION OF DEATH
In the determination as to how long a person has been dead, the following points
must be considered:
1. Presence of Rigor Mortis – in warm countries like Philippines, rigor
mortis sets from 2 to 3 hours after death. It is fully develop in the body after 12
hours. It may last from 18 hours to 36 hours and its disappearance is
concomitant with the onset of putrefaction.
2. Presence of Post-Mortem Lividity – Post-mortem lividity usually
develops 3 to 6 hours after death. It first appears as a small petechiae-like red
spots which later coalesce with each other to involve bigger areas in the most
dependent portions of the body depending upon the position assumed at the
time of death.
3. Onset of Decomposition – In the Philippines like other tropical countries,
decomposition is early, and the average time is 24 to 48 hours after death. It is
manifested by the presence of watery, foul-smelling froth coming out of the
nostrils and mouth, softness of the body and presence of crepitation when
pressure is applied on the skin.
4. Stage of Decomposition – The approximate time of death may be inferred
from the degree of decomposition, although it must be made with extreme
caution. There are several factors which modify putrefaction of the body.
5. Entomology of the Cadaver – in order to approximate the time of death by
the use of flies present in the cadaver, it is necessary to know the life cycle of
the flies. The common flies undergo larval, pupal and adult stages. The usual
time for the egg to be hatched into larva is 24 hours, so that by the mere fact
that there are maggots in the cadaver, one can conclude that death has
occurred more than 24 hours.
6. Stage of Digestion of Food in the Stomach – It takes normally 3-4 hours
for the stomach to evacuate its content after meal. The approximate time of
death may be deduced from the amount of food in the stomach in relation to
his last meal. This determination is dependent upon the amount of food taken
and the degree of tonicity of the stomach.
7. Presence of Live Flea in the Clothing in Drowning – a flea can only
survive for approximately 24 hours submerged in water. It can be no longer
revived if submerged more than that period. In temperate countries, people
wear woolen clothes. If the body is found in the water, the flea may be found
in the woolen clothing. The flea recovered must be place in a watch glass and
observed if it is still living. If the flea still could move, then the body has been
in water for a period less than 24 hours. Revival of the life of the flea is not
possible if they are in water for morethan 24 hours.
8. Amount of Urine in the Bladder – the amount of urine in the urinary
bladder may indicate the time of death when taken into considerations he was
last seen voiding his urine. There are several factors which may modify
urination so it must be utilized with cautions.
9. State of Clothing – a circumstantial proof of the time of death is the apparel
of the deceased. If the victim is wearing street clothes, there is more likelihood
that death took place at daytime, but if in night gown or pajama, it is more
probable that death occurred at night time.
10. Chemical Changes in the Cerebro-Spinal Fluid – lactic acid increases
from 15mg. To 200mg. Per cc, Non-protein nitrogen increase from 15mg. To
 40mg., and amino acid concentration rises from 1% to 12% following death.
This occurs 15 minutes after death.
11. Post-Mortem Clotting and Decoagulation of Blood – blood clots inside
the blood vessels in 6 hours to 8 hours after death. Decoagulation of blood
occurs at early stage of decomposition. The presence of any of these condition
may infer the approximate duration of death.
12. Presence or Absence of Soft Tissues in Remains – under ordinary
condition, the soft tissue of the body may disappear. The disappearance of the
soft tissues varies and influenced by several factors. When the body is found
on the surface of the ground, aside from the natural forces of nature
responsible for the destruction of soft tissues, external element and animals
may accelerate its destruction.
13. Conditions of the Bone – if all the soft tissues has already disappeared
from the skeletal remains, the degree of erosion of the epiphyseal ends of long
bones, pulverization of flat bones and diminution of weight due to the loss of
animal matter may be the basis of the approximation.
CAUSES OF DEATH – the causes of death are injury, disease or combination or
both injury and disease that produces the fatal termination may be immediate or
proximate.
1. Immediate or Primary Cause of Death – this applies to cases when
trauma or disease kill quickly that there is no opportunity for sequelae or
complications to develop. An extensive brain laceration as a result of a
vehicular accident is an example of immediate cause of death.
2. The Proximate or Secondary Cause of Death – the injury or disease
was survived for a sufficient prolonged interval which permitted the
development of serious sequelae which actually caused the death. If a stab
wound on the abdomen later caused generalized peritonitis, then the
peritonitis is the proximate cause of death.
MEDICO-LEGAL CLASSIFICATION OF DEATH
1. Natural Death – is caused by natural disease condition in the body. The
disease may develop simultaneously or it might have been a consequence of
physical injury inflicted prior to its development. If a natural disease develop
without the intervention of the felonious acts of another person, no one can
held responsible for the death.
2. Violent Death – are those due to injury inflicted in the body or some forms
of outside force. The physical injury must be the proximate cause of death.
The death of the victim is presumed to be natural consequence of the physical
injuries inflicted, when the following facts are established; the victim at the
time of physical injury were inflicted was not in normal health, the death may
be expected from physical injuries inflicted and ensued within a reasonable
time.
 PATHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DEATH
PATHOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DEATH – An analysis of all deaths
from natural causes will ultimately lead to the failure of the heart, lungs, and the
brain, so that death due to pathological lesions may be classified into:
1. Death from Syncope – this death is due to sudden and fatal cessation of
the action of the heart with circulation included.
2. Death by Asphyxia – is the condition in which the supply of the oxygen to
the blood or to tissues or to both has reduced below.
CLASSIFICATION OF ASPHYXIA
• Asphyxia by Hanging – is a form of violent death brought about by the
suspension of the body by a ligature which encircles the neck and the
constricting force is the weight of the body. It is not necessary that the whole
body will be left suspended. The victim may be sitting or lying with the face
downward provided that the pressure is present in front of the side of the
neck.
• Asphyxia by Strangulation – strangulation is produce by compression of
the neck by means of ligature which is tightened by a force other than the
weight of the body. Usually, the ligature is drawn by pulling the ends after
crossing at the back or front of the neck, or several folds of the ligature may be
around the neck tightly placed and the ends are knotted, or loop it thrown
over the head and a stick inserted beneath it and twisted till the noose
is drawn tight.
• Asphyxia by Suffocation - is the exclusion of air from the lungs by closure
of air opening or obstruction of the air passageway from external openings to
the air sacks.
KINDS OF ASPHYXIA BY SUFFOCATION
1. Smothering – is a form asphyxial death caused by closing the external
respiratory orifices, either by the use of hand or by some other means. The
nostrils and the mouth may be blocked by the introduction of foreign
substance, like mud, paper, cloth, etc.
2. Choking – is a form of suffocation brought about by the impaction of foreign
body in the respiratory passage. Most suffocation by choking is accidental,
although it may be utilized in suicide or in homicide. The post-mortem finding
in suffocation by choking is the same as other forms of asphyxia plus the
presence of the foreign body in the respiratory tract.
3. Entrapment or Environment Suffocation – it is caused by an
inadequate or gross deficiency of oxygen in the environment but, it is not due
to by suffocating gases. These death are almost accidental in nature.
 4. Mechanical Asphyxia – it is where the pressure on the outside (added
weight, outside forces/objects, etc.,) of the body prevents respiration. It is also
accidental in manner.
TYPES OF MECHANICAL ASPHYXIA
1. Traumatic Asphyxia – it is another term for mechanical asphyxia.
• Restriction of chest movement due to external mechanical
fixation.
2. Positional Asphyxia
3. Riot-crush or human pile death.

Traumatic Asphyxia combined with Smothering – it is the combination of

traumatic asphyxia and smothering. Examples like rolling over an infant placed in
bed with parents or an older sibling.
BURKING
• Burking is a form of mechanical asphyxia where death is caused by the
combination of smothering and traumatic asphyxia, where the victim is put to
ground and Burke (assailant) sits on the chest and closes the mouth of the
victim.
• It was named after criminals named Burke and Hare during 1820s.
ASPHYXIA BY DROWNING
is a form of asphyxia wherein the nostrils and the mouth has been submerged in a
watery, viscid or pultaceous fluid for a time to prevent the free entrance of air into
the air passage and lungs. It is not necessary that the whole body to be submerged in
fluid. It is sufficient for the nostrils and mouth to be under fluid. Children may be
drowned in an ornamental pool or “fish pond”, and an epileptic or drunk person may
found drowned in a shallow creek.
3. DEATH FROM COMA
– coma is a state of unconsciousness with insensibility of the pupil and
conjunctivae, and inability to swallow, resulting from the arrest of the function of
the brain.
PHYSICAL INJURIES
• Is the damage or harm caused to the structure or function of the body caused
by outside force, which may be physical or chemical, and either by accident or
intentional.
• Is the effect of some forms of stimulus on the body.
CAUSES OF PHYSICAL INJURIES
• Physical Violence
• Heat or Cold
• Electrical Energy
• Chemical Energy
• Radiation
• Change in atmospheric pressure
• Infection
GROUPINGS OF PHYSICAL INJURY
Physical injury resulted from external force maybe grouped into three categories;
1. Simple Injury – is an injury that neither serious or extensive but heals
rapidly without leaving permanent deformity or disfiguration.
2. Grievous Injury- is an injury which endangers life or which causes an
individual person to be, during the space or twenty days in severe bodily pain
or unable to follow his or her ordinary pursuits.
Physical injury resulted from external force maybe grouped into three categories;
3. Fatal Injury – an injury that causes death immediately or within a short
time after its infliction and these are wounds involving the heart, big blood
vessels, the brain, the upper part of the spinal cord, the lungs, the stomach,
the liver, the spleen, and the intestines.
VITAL REACTION
It is the sum total of all reaction of tissue or organ to trauma. The reaction may be
observed microscopically.
The following are the common reactions of a living tissue to trauma;
1. Rubor – redness or congestion of area due to increase of blood supply.
• Is the congestion of the area due to an increase of
blood supply as a part of the reparative
mechanism.
2. Calor – sensation of heat or increase in temperature.
3. Dolor – pain or an account of the involvement in the sensory nerve.
4. Loss of Function – on account of trauma, the tissue may not be able to
function normally.
 WOUND
• Is the break or solution in the continuity of the skin or tissue of the living
body.
• Is the disruption of the anatomic integrity of a tissue of the body.
• Is the solution of the natural continuity of the living body.
ACCORDING TO SEVERITY
• Mortal Wound – wound is caused immediately after infliction or shortly
thereafter that is capable of causing death.
• Non-mortal Wound – wound which is not capable of producing death
immediately after infliction or shortly thereafter.
AS REGARDS TO THE DEPTH OF THE WOUND
a. Superficial – it is when the wound involves only the layers of the skin.
b. Deep Wound – when the wound involves the inner structure beyond the
layers of the skin.
• Penetrating – one in which the wounding agent enters the body but
did not come out or the mere piercing of a solid organ or tissue of the
body.
• Perforating – when the wounding agent produces communication
between the inner and outer portion of the hollow organs.
AS TO THE SITE OF APPLICATION
a. Coup Injury – physical injury is located at the site of the application of force.
b. Contre-Coup – physical injury is located at the opposite site of the
application of force.
c. Coup contre-coup – physical injury is located at the site and also opposite
site of application of force.
d. Locus Minoris Resistentiae – physical injury located not at the site or
opposite site of the application of force but, in some areas offering the least
resistance to the force applied.
e. Extensive Injury – physical injury involving greater area of the body
beyond the site of the application of force.
 TYPES OF WOUNDS
CLOSE WOUND
a. Contusion – contusion is the effusion of blood into tissues underneath the
skin on account of the rupture of the blood vessels as a result of the
application of blunt force or violence.
• It refers to a discoloration resulting from hemorrhage beneath
the skin, tissue or mucosa, without any associated breach in the
surface.
b. Abrasion – is the removal of the specific epithelial layer of the skin due to
friction.
c. Hematoma – is the extravasation or effusion of blood in a newly formed
cavity underneath the skin.
d. OPEN WOUND
Incised Wound – refers to cuts or slices caused by a sharp-edged object that
has impacted the body in an approximately parallel or tangential direction.
e. Stab Wound – is the result of a pointed or sharp and pointed object forced
inward. The direction of force is usually perpendicular to the skin surface.
f. Lacerated Wound – wound that caused by the splitting of tissues and
forceful tearing of the skin when an object impacts the skin with a force that
exceeds its elastic capacity. This wound is commonly produced by blunt
instrument like stone, baseball bat or hardwood.
SPECIAL TYPE OF WOUND
• Defense Wound – refers to injuries sustained by the victims attempting to
defend themselves from attack. The wounds are often found on the victim’s
fingers, hands, forearms, and upper arms.
• Self-inflicted Wound – wounds as a form of self-harm, which falls short of
attempted suicide, are parallel, shallowly incised wounds that heal and leave
multiple, fine, horizontal, linear white scars.
• Patterned Wound – wound in the nature and shape of an object or
instrument causing it.
GUNSHOT WOUND
• Gun shot wound is a penetrating wound that leaves a skin defect where the
projectile passes through the skin.
TWO TYPES OF GUNSHOT WOUND
• Penetrating – the bullet enters, but does not leave the body. This means
there is only an entrance wound and the bullet is somewhere in the body.
• Perforating – the bullet enters and exits the body. This means that there is
an entrance and exit wound, and the bullet has left the body.
Gunshot Entry Wound
(Entrance wound)
• It is the result of the forward motion of the bullet indenting the skin and
gazing it at the time of its entry.
• A typical entrance wound has a round or oval-shaped skin defect, surrounded
by a rim of abrasion called abrasion collar or circumferential marginal
abrasion.
• The abrasion ring appears reddish-brown but can darken to almost black with
post-mortem drying.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ENTRANCE WOUND DEPENDING ON THE
RANGE OF FIRE
• Contact Wound – gunshot wound that has associated charring of the skin,
with soot deposited within the depths of the wound. Some contact wounds
also have muzzle imprint abrasions.
• Close-range entrance wound – wherein the muzzle is close to, but not in
contact with the skin, soot and gunpowder will be evident around the entrance
skin defect.
• Gunpowder stipple marks or gunpowder tattooing are embedded in the
skin as gunpowder particles that actually strikes and injure the skin and
cannot be washed away.
• Intermediate range – wherein the distance of the weapon is greater than 12
inches but less than 3 feet from the skin.
• Wound will have gunpowder stippling but, no soot surrounding the
entrance defect.
• Distant gunshot wound (entrance wound) – has a range of fire
morethan 3 feet.
• Wound has no associated soot or gunpowder stippling.
• Distant range gunshot wound, the firearm is too far away to deposit
residues on target and the bullet wound is usually round.
• GUN SHOT EXIT WOUND
(EXIT WOUND)
Exit bullet wound tend to be larger than the corresponding entrance wounds
and usually consist of lacerations with unbruised margins.
• Exit wound tend to have irregular margins and will lack hallmarks of entrance
wounds, abrasion collars, soot, and tattooing.
• The exit wound size depends on the three variables; the amount of energy
possessed by the bullet as it exits the skin, the bullet size and configuration,
and the amount of energy transferred to underlying tissue.
 SEXUAL CRIMES
VIRGINITY
• Virginity is a condition of a female who has not experienced sexual intercourse
and genital organ have not been altered by carnal connection.
• Virginity is a condition of a woman where the hymen is still intact or
unruptured.
DEFLORATION
• Is defined as the taking of a woman’s virginity.
• It is the act of removing the hymen by sexual activities.
KINDS OF VIRGINITY
1. Moral Virginity – is a state wherein the female is not physically and
sexually matured, and has not experience sexual intercourse. The sex organs
and secondary sex characteristics are not fully developed. This applies to
children 9 years old below, the age of puberty.
2. Physical Virginity – a condition of a female wherein she is conscious about
sexual life, the sex organs and secondary sex characteristics are fully
developed but had not experienced sexual intercourse.
TWO TYPES OF PHYSICAL VIRGINITY
 TRUE PHYSICAL VIRGINITY
The woman is sexually matured, had not experience sexual intercourse and whose
hymen is still intact with distinct regular edges and the opening is small barely
admits the tip of the smallest finger.
 FALSE PHYSICAL VIRGINITY
is a condition of a woman who had not experienced sexual intercourse. The
hymen is unruptured, elastic and distensible and admits 1 or 2 examining fingers
with least resistance.
3. Demi-virginity – woman who permits any form of sexual liberties as long as
they abstain from rupturing the hymen.
4. Virgo Intacta - literally the term refers to a truly virgin woman; that there
are no structural changes in her organ to inter previous sexual intercourse and
that she is a virtuous woman. In as much as there are no conclusive evidences
to prove the existence of such condition, liberal authorities extend the
connotation of the term to include women who have had previous sexual act
even habitually but had not given birth.
SIGNS OF VIRGINITY
Signs of virginity are described as those found in the genital and extra-genital organs.
1. Extragenital Signs : BREAST
• Breast are frim, elastic and hemispherical with small undeveloped
nipple surrounded by pinkish areola in fair skin woman.
• With frequent handling, the breast becomes larger and flabby.
2. Genital Signs
• Labia Majora – are thick, firm, elastic and rounded. They lie in
contact with each other completely hiding the labia minora and vaginal
orifice.
• Labia Minora – are soft, small and pinkish in color. They always lie
behind the labia majora. However, in habituated females, they become
dark, enlarge and peep from labia majora.
• Anterior commissure, posterior commissure and fourchette are intact.
• Usually the hymen is intact
• Vaginal orifice is small and admits tip of little finger only.
• Vagina – is narrow and tight. The mucosa is rugose, pinkish in color,
sensitive to touch and walls are in close apposition.
PARTS OF FEMALE BODY TO BE CONSIDERED IN DETERMINATION
OF THE CONDITION OF VIRGINITY
1. BREAST (Mammary Gland)
A fully developed breast may be classified according to shape as follows:
• Pendulous Breast - The skin of the breast is loose making it capable
swinging in any direction. This is commonly observed among parturient
breast-feeding mothers. A pendulous breast may be:
 Hemispherical Pendulous Breast - it has the shape of hemisphere
but with loose skin.
 Conical Pendulous Breast - it has the shape of a cone and is capable
of swinging sidewise.
PARTS OF FEMALE BODY TO BE CONSIDERED IN DETERMINATION
OF THE CONDITION OF VIRGINITY
2. VAGINAL CANAL
3. LABIA MAJORA AND LABIA MINORA
4. FOURCHETTE
5. HYMEN
HYMEN
• Hymen is a thin piece of tissue located at the opening of the vagina.
• Hymen is a piece of tissue covering or surrounding part of your vaginal
opening. It's formed during development and present during birth. It thins
over time and tears.
CLASSIFICATION OF HYMEN
• Annular – the opening is in the center
• Crescentric or Semilunar – the opening is placed anteriorly
• Cribriform – in this type, the hymen has multiple opening
• Septate – a thin strip tissue is present in between two lateral openings
• Fimbriated – opening of hymen is in the center but the margins are wavy or
undulating and shows multiple notches.
• Infantile – the hymen have small and linear opening in the center
• Imperforate – hymen with no opening
• Absent – in some cases hymen may be congenitally absent
• Marginal – the hymen is in form of thin rim with larger opening in the
central part.
IMPORTANCE OF HYMEN
The marginal type of hymen may appear intact even when sexual intercourse has
taken place whereas the fimbriated type of hymen may appear torn even in intact
state. The hymen may remain intact even after sexual intercourse. In such cases, the
hymen is elastic, fleshy and yielding type. Such female who had sexual intercourse
and even have intact hymen are called as false virgins.
RUPTURE OF HYMEN
• Rupture of hymen occurs by an act of sexual intercourse or may be due to
other reasons.
• Usually it is assumed that hymen is ruptured at the time of first coitus.
• The tear extends from hymenal orifice to the point of their attachment to the
vaginal wall.
• A habituated female shows torn hymen known as carunculae hymenalis.
• A female who had given birth to child exhibits only remanants of hymen
known as carunculae myrtiformes.
Other causes of rupture are the following:
 In true virgins, the hymen may be ruptured by:
 1. Surgical operations for imperforate hymen/per vaginal examination.
2. Instrumental masturbation
3. Accidental fall on protruding object (not usually possible without associated
injuries)
4. Insertion of foreign bodies.
5. Careless insertion of sanitary tampon.
6. Ulceration – disease like diphtheria destroys the entire hymen.

Semen – is the male reproduction fluid containing spermatozoa in suspension.

DIFFERENCE OF SEMEN AND SPERM
• Sperm is the microscopic male reproductive cell, while semen refers to the
seminal fluid that contains millions of sperms.
• Sperm is the genetic bearers and is haploid, while semen has no such
characteristics other than nourishing the sperm cells and keeping them
motile.
FORM OF SEXUAL ABNORMALITIES
• Tribadism – a special name for female homosexuals wherein a woman has
the desire to have sexual intercourse with another woman.
• Pedophilia – a form of sexual perversion wherein a person has the
compulsive desire to have sexual intercourse with a child of either sex.
• Intercrural Sex – is a type of non-penetrative sex, where the penis is placed
between the receiving partner’s thighs and thrusts to create friction.
• Bestiality – sexual gratification is attained by having sexual intercourse with
animals.
• Autosexual – it is a form of “self-abuse” or “solitary vice” carried without the
cooperation of another person.
• Frottage – ejaculation produce by rubbing his sex organ against some part of
the female body without the use of the hand.
• Gerontophilia – sexual desire with elder person
• Necrophilia – a sexual perversion characterized by erotic desire or actual
sexual intercourse with a corpse.
• Incest – sexual relations between persons who, by reason of blood
relationship.
FORMS OF SEXUAL ABNORMALITIES
• Satyriasis – excessive sexual desire of men to intercourse.
 • Nymphomania – strong sexual feeling of women.
• Oralism – is the use of mouth as a way of sexual act.
Types of Oralism
 Fellatio – the female agent receives the penis of a man into her mouth
and by friction with the lips and tongue coupled with act sucking
initiates orgasm.
 Cunnilingus – sexual gratification is attained by licking or sucking
the external female genitalia.
 Anilism – a form of sexual perversion wherein a person derives
excitement by licking the anus of another person of either sex.
 Masochism – the pain and humiliation from the opposite is the primary
factor for sexual gratification.
 Fetishism – a form of sexual perversion wherein the real or fantasied
presence of an object or bodily part is necessary for sexual stimulation or
gratification.
 Urolagnia – a sexual deviation in which sexual excitement is associated with

sight of women urinating. In some instance, there is a desire to drink it.

Mysophilia – a sexual gratification or response to filth or dirt.
 Pygmalionism – a sexual deviation whereby a person has sexual desire for
statues.
 Mannikinism – a sexual desire with mannikins
 Narcissism – a person who had extreme admirations and love on oneself
and appreciating his or her self.
 Negative Fetish – the marked dislike for things, like eyeglasses, beard,
haircut, as the sole stimulus for gratification
 Saboteur Fetish – a deviate does damage while he gets satisfaction like
cutting clothes or hair.
 Coprophilia – is the paraphilia involving sexual arousal and pleasure from
feces.
 Incendiarism – deviates derive sexual pleasure from setting fire.
 Sodomy – sexual act through the anus of another human being
 Uranism – sexual gratification attained by fingering, fondling with the
breast, licking the parts of the body.
  Frottage – generally achieve their erotic gratification by rubbing or pressing
their organs against the buttocks or women in crowded places.
 Partialism – is a form of sexual deviation wherein a person has special
affinity to certain parts of the female body. May prefer rubbing his penis
against woman’s breast, hair or may prefer to lie prone and kiss the buttocks
or perform cunnilingus.
 Voyeurism – is the urge or compulsion to peep.
 Mixoscopia – watching couples undress or during their sex intimacies.
 Troilism – three (3) person are participating in sexual orgies. Sexual
gratification is attained in the “eternal triangle”
 Pluralism – a group of person participating in sexual orgies. Two (2) or more
couples, exchange partners for “variety sake” during “sexual festival”
 Coprolalia – is the need to use obscene language to obtain sexual
gratification.
 Don Juanism – term applied by psychiatrist to describe a form of sexual
deviation which is characterized by having or making seduction of many
women as part of his career.
 Indescent Exposure – willful exposure in public place of one’s genital
organ in the presence of other person, usually opposite sex.
 Transvetism ( sexo-esthetic inversion, psychical hemaphroditism or
Metamorphosis Sexualis Paranoica) – male individual derives pleasure from
wearing female apparel. Sexual maladjustment amendable to psychotherapy.
 Transexualism – dominant desire in some person who identify themselves
with the opposite sex, sometimes may castrate or mutilate. They may also go
to extent of surgery to change their anatomical sex.
 Intersexuality – a genetic defect wherein an individual intermingling in
varying degrees of characteristics of both sexes, including physical form,
reproductive organs and sexual behavior.
RA 8353ANTI-RAPE LAW OF 1997
• Article 266-A. Rape: When And How Committed. - Rape is
committed:
1. By a man who shall have carnal knowledge of a woman under any of
the following circumstances:
a. Through force, threat, or intimidation;
b. When the offended party is deprived of reason or otherwise
unconscious;
 c. By means of fraudulent machination or grave abuse of
authority; and
d. When the offended party is under twelve (12) years of age or is
demented, even though none of the circumstances mentioned
above be present.
2. By any person who, under any of the circumstances mentioned in
paragraph 1 hereof, shall commit an act of sexual assault by inserting
his penis into another person's mouth or anal orifice, or any instrument
or object, into the genital or anal orifice of another person.