Fertilisers contain elements that plants need.

1.

(a) Figure 1 represents a nitrogen atom.

Figure 1

Complete each sentence.

(i) The mass number of this nitrogen atom is _____________ .

(1)

(ii) Atoms of nitrogen with different numbers of neutrons are called

_____________ .
(1)

(iii) Compared with a proton, the mass of an electron is

______________________ .
(1)

Page 1 of 21
(b) Fertilisers can be made from ammonia.

(i) Which diagram, A, B, or C, represents the electronic structure of an ammonia

molecule?

A B C

(1)

The electronic structure of an ammonia molecule is shown in diagram

(ii) What is the correct formula of ammonia?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

N 3H NH3 NH3

(1)

(c) A student made ammonium nitrate by reacting ammonia solution with an acid.

(i) Name the acid used to make ammonium nitrate.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Complete the sentence.

The student added a few drops of ______________________, which changed colour

when the ammonia solution had neutralised the acid.
(1)

(iii) The student added charcoal and filtered the mixture.

This produced a colourless solution of ammonium nitrate.

How is solid ammonium nitrate obtained from the solution?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

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 (iv) A farmer put ammonium nitrate fertiliser onto a field of grass.

Suggest what would happen to the grass.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Some fertilisers contain potassium chloride.

Potassium reacts with chlorine to produce potassium chloride.

Figure 2 shows how this happens.

The dots (•) and crosses (x) represent electrons.

Only the outer shell is shown.

Figure 2

Use Figure 2 to help you answer this question.

Describe, as fully as you can, what happens when potassium reacts with chlorine to
produce potassium chloride.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 13 marks)

Page 3 of 21
 The label shows the ingredients in a drink called Cola.
2.

Cola
Ingredients:

Carbonated water
Sugar
Colouring
Phosphoric acid
Flavouring
Caffeine

(a) (i) The pH of carbonated water is 4.5.

The pH of Cola is 2.9.

Name the ingredient on the label that lowers the pH of Cola to 2.9.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Which ion causes the pH to be 2.9?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

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(b) A student investigated the food colouring in Cola and in a fruit drink using paper
chromatography.

The chromatogram in the figure below shows the student’s results.

Cola Fruit drink

(i) Complete the sentence.

The start line should be drawn with a ruler and ___________________ .

Give a reason for your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) Suggest three conclusions you can make from the student’s results.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) Caffeine can be separated from the other compounds in the drink by gas chromatography.

Why do different compounds separate in a gas chromatography column?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

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 (d) Caffeine is a stimulant.

Large amounts of caffeine can be harmful.

(i) Only one of the questions in the table can be answered by science alone.

Tick ( ) one question.

Question Tick ( )

Should caffeine be an ingredient in drinks?

Is there caffeine in a certain brand of

drink?

How much caffeine should people drink?

(1)

(ii) Give two reasons why the other questions cannot be answered by science alone.

Reason 1 ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Reason 2 ______________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Some students investigated reactions to produce magnesium.

3.
(a) The students used electrolysis to produce magnesium from magnesium chloride, as shown
in the figure below.

Page 6 of 21
 (i) Magnesium chloride contains magnesium ions and chloride ions.

Why does solid magnesium chloride not conduct electricity?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) One of the products of the electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride is magnesium.

Name the other product.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) Why do magnesium ions (Mg2+) move to the negative electrode?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iv) At the negative electrode, the magnesium ions (Mg2+) gain electrons to become
magnesium atoms.

How many electrons does each magnesium ion gain?

____________________
(1)

(b) The students did the experiment four times and weighed the magnesium produced.

The table below shows their results.

Mass of magnesium
Experiment
produced in grams

1 1.13

2 0.63

3 1.11

4 1.09

Page 7 of 21
 (i) There is an anomalous result.

Suggest one possible reason for the anomalous result.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Calculate the mean mass of magnesium produced, taking account of the anomalous
result.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Mean mass = ____________________ g

(2)

(c) The formula of magnesium chloride is MgCl2

The relative formula mass of magnesium chloride is 95.

The relative atomic mass of magnesium is 24.

(i) Use the equation to calculate the percentage mass of magnesium in magnesium
chloride.

Percentage mass of magnesium = × 100%

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Percentage mass of magnesium in magnesium chloride = __________ %

(2)

(ii) Draw a ring around the relative mass of chlorine in MgCl2

71 95 119

(1)

Page 8 of 21
 (d) Magnesium is also produced from the reaction of magnesium oxide with silicon.

(i) The equation for the reaction is:

2 MgO(s) + Si(s) SiO2(s) + 2 Mg(s)

What is the meaning of this symbol ?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

neutralisation reaction precipitation reaction reversible reaction

(1)

(ii) The forward reaction is endothermic.

Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

decreases.
In an endothermic reaction the temperature of the surroundings increases.
stays the same.

(1)
(Total 12 marks)

This question is about zinc and magnesium.

4.
Zinc is produced by electrolysis of molten zinc chloride, as shown in the figure below.

(a) (i) Why must the zinc chloride be molten for electrolysis?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 9 of 21
 (ii) Describe what happens at the negative electrode.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(iii) Complete the half equation for the reaction at the positive electrode.

________ Cl2 + ________ e–

(1)

(b) Magnesium can be produced from magnesium oxide.

The equation for the reaction is:

Si(s) + 2 MgO(s) SiO2(s) + 2 Mg(g)

(i) How can you tell from the equation that the reaction is done at a high temperature?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) This reaction to produce magnesium from magnesium oxide is endothermic.

What is meant by an endothermic reaction?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 10 of 21
(iii) A company made magnesium using this reaction.

Calculate the mass of magnesium oxide needed to produce 1.2 tonnes of

magnesium.

Relative atomic masses (Ar): O = 16; Mg = 24

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Mass of magnesium oxide needed = ____________________ tonnes

(3)

(iv) The company calculated that they would produce 1.2 tonnes of magnesium, but only
0.9 tonnes was produced.

Calculate the percentage yield.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Percentage yield = __________ %

(1)

(v) Give one reason why the calculated yield of magnesium might not be obtained.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

Page 11 of 21
 Glass is made from silicon dioxide.
5.

© Velirina/iStock/Thinkstock

(a) Silicon dioxide has a very high melting point.

Other substances are added to silicon dioxide to make glass. Glass melts at a lower
temperature than silicon dioxide.

Suggest why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Sodium oxide is one of the substances added to silicon dioxide to make glass.

(i) Sodium oxide contains Na+ ions and O2– ions.

Give the formula of sodium oxide.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Sodium oxide is made by heating sodium metal in oxygen gas.

Complete the diagram to show the outer electrons in an oxygen molecule (O2).

(2)
Page 12 of 21
(c) Glass can be coloured using tiny particles of gold. Gold is a metal.

Describe the structure of a metal.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 13 of 21
 Carbon atoms are used to make nanotubes.
6.

© Denis Nikolenko/Hemera/Thinkstock

Carbon atoms in a nanotube are bonded like a single layer of graphite.

The figure below shows the structure of a single layer of graphite.

© Evgeny Sergeev/iStock/Thinkstock

(a) Suggest why carbon nanotubes are used as lubricants.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Explain why graphite can conduct electricity.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

Page 14 of 21
 In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information
7. clearly and using specialist terms where appropriate.

Explain why chlorine (Cl2) is a gas at room temperature, but sodium chloride (NaCl) is a solid at
room temperature.

Chlorine Sodium chloride

Include a description of the bonding and structure of chlorine and sodium chloride in your
answer.

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Extra space _____________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________
(Total 6 marks)

Page 15 of 21
 This question is about diamonds.
8.
Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.

(a) Diamonds are found in meteorites.

(i) Meteorites get very hot when they pass through the Earth’s atmosphere, but the
diamonds do not melt.

high

Diamond has a low melting point.

very low

(1)

(ii) Most diamonds found in meteorites are nanodiamonds.

hundred

A nanodiamond contains a few thousand atoms

million.

(1)

(b) Diamonds are used for the cutting end of drill bits.

hard.
Diamonds can be used for drill bits because they are shiny.
soft.

(1)

Page 16 of 21
(c) The figure below shows the arrangement of atoms in diamond.

carbon

(i) Diamond is made from nitrogen atoms.

oxygen

(1)
three

(ii) Each atom in diamond is bonded to four other atoms.

five

(1)
covalent

(iii) Diamond has a giant ionic structure.

metallic

(1)
all

(iv) In diamond none of the atoms are bonded together.

some

(1)
(Total 7 marks)

Page 17 of 21
 (a) The figure below represents the reaction of sulfur dioxide with oxygen.
9.
Oxygen

Sulfur dioxide Sulfur trioxide

(i) Complete the word equation for the reaction of sulfur dioxide with oxygen.

sulfur dioxide + __________________ __________________

(1)

(ii) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete the sentence.

a compound.
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is an element.
a mixture.

(1)

(b) The reactants are gases.

When the pressure of the gases is increased, the reaction gets faster.

Complete the sentence.

When the pressure of the gases is increased,

the frequency of the collisions ___________________________________ .

(1)

(c) The particles need energy to react.

Complete the sentence.

The minimum amount of energy that particles need to react is called

the ___________________________________ energy.

(1)

(d) Give one way of increasing the rate of the reaction other than changing the pressure.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Page 18 of 21
 Figure 1 represents a reaction in the production of sulfuric acid.
10.
Figure 1

Oxygen

Sulfur dioxide Sulfur trioxide

(a) Complete and balance the equation for the reaction.

_____ SO2(g) + _____ (g) _____ SO3(g)

(2)

(b) The conditions can affect the rate of the reaction.

(i) The pressure of the reacting gases was increased.

State the effect of increasing the pressure on the rate of reaction.

Explain your answer in terms of particles.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

Page 19 of 21
 (ii) A catalyst is used for the reaction.

The gases pass through a layer containing pieces of the catalyst.

Figure 2 shows the shapes of pieces of catalyst.

Figure 2

A B

Suggest and explain why shape B is more effective as a catalyst than shape A.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) The reaction is carried out at a high temperature to provide the reactants with the
activation energy.

What is meant by the activation energy?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Page 20 of 21
(d) Sulfuric acid reacts with metals to produce salts.

(i) A student concluded that potassium would not be a suitable metal to react with
sulfuric acid.

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) A student reacted zinc metal with sulfuric acid to produce a salt and another product.

Complete the equation for this reaction.

Zn + H2SO4 _______________ + ______________

(2)

(iii) The student wanted to increase the rate of the reaction between the zinc and sulfuric
acid.

State one way, other than using a catalyst, that the student could increase the rate of
the reaction.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 13 marks)

Page 21 of 21