Ch. 6... (Part.3)

Tensile Properties
6-24 ) Figure 6-21 showing the tensile engineering stress-strain behavior for a
steel alloy. σ tensile
a)What is the modulus of elasticity?

b)What is the proportional limit?
c)What is the yield strength at a strain offset of 0.002
d)What is the tensile strength?
Solution
From the figure
Stress (MPa)
a) E = Δσ/ Δε = 2000
E=(1000-0)/(0.0044-0)= 227GPa
σyield = 1590 MPa
b) Proportional limit : Proportional limit

σProp= 1250 MPa
1000 Δε
Δσ
c) Yield strength εyield = 0.009
From the figure At strain offset of 0.002

σ Yield =1590 Mpa ε = 0.002
0 0.005 0.010 0.015
d) From figure tensile strength (ultimate strength) Strain
σ tensile = 1930 MPa (stress at max.)

6-27) A bar of a steel alloy that exhibited the stress-strain behavior shown in fig.
(6.21) is subjected to a tensile load; the specimen is 375 mm long and of
square cross section 5.5 mm on a side.
1)Compute the magnitude of the load necessary to produce an elongation of
2.25 mm
2)What will be the deformation after the load has been released?
Solution Stress (MPa)

200
0 σyield = 1560 MPa
(a) Necessary load F
ε = ΔL/Lo = 2.25/375 = 0.006
Corresponding stress (ε = 0.006) = 1323.5 MPa 100
F = σ A = 1323.5*(5.5)2 = 40,020.75 N = 40.02 0
KN
(b) σ Yield = 1590 MPa > σ, so the deformation is 0 0.005 0.010

Strain
elastic and the specimen return to its original 0.015
dimension after load has been released

Ductility may be expressed quantitatively as either percent elongation %EL or
percent reduction in area %RA
%EL = [(Lf – Lo)/Lo]*100
%RA = [(Ao – Af)/Ao]*100
Where Lf, Af are the fracture length and fracture area
:Modulus of resilience Ur
Ur = (1/2) σy εy = σy2 / 2E = εy2 E /2
:Toughness
Toughness = U1 + U2
U1 = (1/2) εe2 E
U2 = [k / (n + 1)][ εT(n+1)] εT2 to εT1
True stress and true strain:

σT = σ (1 + ε) , εT = ln(1 +ε) , σ T = k εT n
Where k and n are constant depend on alloy

6-30 A cylindrical metal specimen having an original diameter of 12.8 mm and
gauge length of 50.8 mm is pulled in tension until fracture occurs. The diameter
at the point of fracture is 8.13 mm and the fracture gauge length is 74.17 mm.
Calculate the ductility in terms of percent reduction in area and percent
elongation.
Solution
1)Ductility in terms of percent reduction in area = [(Ao - Af)/Ao]*100

RA%= {[(π/4) do2 – (π/4) df2] / (π/4) do2}*100 = [(do2- df2)/do2]*100
= {[(12.8)2 – (8.13)2] / (12.8)2}*100 = 59.66 %
2)Ductility in terms of percent elongation =[(Lf –L0) / L0]*100

EL%= [(74.17 - 50.8) / 50.8]*100 = 46 %
6-39)The following true stress produce the corresponding true plastic strain for
a brass alloy: What true stress is necessary to produce a true plastic strain of
0.21?
Solution
True stress True

σT1 = k εT1n ……..1 (psi) strain
1 60,000 0.15
σT2 = k εT2 ……..2
n
2 70,000 0.25
From 1 & 2 :
σT1 / σT2 = εT1n / εT2n = (εT1 / εT2)n
n = log (σT1 / σT2) / log (εT1 / εT2) = log (60,000 / 70,000) / log (0.15/0.25) = 0.302
σT1 = k εT1n
k = σT1 / εT1n = 60,000/ (0.15)0.302) = 106407.4 psi
σT (at εT = 0.21) = k εTn = 106407.4*(0.21)0.302 = 66417.41 psi

Find the toughness (or energy to cause fracture) for a metal ) 6-41
that experiences both elastic and plastic deformation. Assume
Equation σ = E ε for elastic deformation, that the modulus of
elasticity is 103 GPa, and that elastic deformation terminates at a
strain of 0.007. For plastic deformation, assume that the relationship
between stress and strain is described by Equation σ T = k εTn, in
which the values for k and n are 1520 MPa and 0.15, respectively.
Furthermore, plastic deformation occurs between strain values of
Solution
0.007 and 0.60, at which point fracture occurs
toughness = U1 + U2 (area under the curve)
U1 = (1/2) εe2 E = (1/2)*(0.007)2*(103*109) = 2.523*106 J/m3
ε1=0.007 , ε2=0.6
εT1=ln (1+ε1)=ln(1+0.007)=0.00698
εT2=ln (1+ε2)=ln(1+0.6 )=0.47
U2 = [k / (n + 1)][ εT(n+1)]0.470.00698
= [1520*106 / (0.15 + 1)]*[(0.47)1.15 – (0.0069)1.15] = 550.376*10 ^6
J/ m3

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Tensile Properties

a)What is the modulus of elasticity?

b) Proportional limit : Proportional limit

From the figure At strain offset of 0.002

d) From figure tensile strength (ultimate strength) Strain

σ tensile = 1930 MPa (stress at max.)

Solution Stress (MPa)

(b) σ Yield = 1590 MPa > σ, so the deformation is 0 0.005 0.010

dimension after load has been released

True stress and true strain:

Where k and n are constant depend on alloy

1)Ductility in terms of percent reduction in area = [(Ao - Af)/Ao]*100

2)Ductility in terms of percent elongation =[(Lf –L0) / L0]*100

True stress True

σT (at εT = 0.21) = k εTn = 106407.4*(0.21)0.302 = 66417.41 psi

U1 = (1/2) εe2 E = (1/2)(0.007)2(103109) = 2.523106 J/m3

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