TOUCH SCREEN TECHNOLOGY

By

Dr. Mahendra K
Display technology: Touch screen technologies: Resistive and capacitive
touch screen

Displays: CRT, Field emission display, Plasma display, LED display,

OLED display, LCD display.

Quantum Computation: Quantum wires (one dimensional), Quantum

dots (zero dimensional); the idea of “qubit” and examples of single qubit
logic gates- Classical bits, Qubit as a two-level system.
Touch Screen Technology
➢ A touchscreen is a two-dimensional sensing device made of two sheets of
material separated by spacers.
➢ Touchscreen technology is the direct manipulation type gesture-based
technology.
➢ Direct manipulation is the ability to manipulate digital world inside a
screen without the use of command-line commands.
➢ A touchscreen is an electronic visual display capable of ‘detecting’ and
effectively ‘locating’ a touch over its display area.
➢ It is sensitive to the touch of a human finger, hand, pointed finger-nail
and passive objects like stylus.
➢ Users can simply move things on the screen, scroll them, make them
bigger and many more.
There are four main touchscreen technologies:

1) Resistive touchscreen.
2) Capacitive touchscreen.
3) Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW)
touchscreen.
4) Infrared touchscreen.
Resistive touchscreen.
Working:
➢ The resistive touchscreen consists of a flexible top layer made of
Polyethylene (PET) and a rigid bottom layer made of glass.
➢ Both the layers are coated with a conducting compound called Indium Tin
Oxide (ITO) and the layers are separated by invisible separator dots called
spacers.
➢ While the monitor is operational, an electric current flows between the two
layers.
➢ When a touch is made, the flexible screen presses down and touches the
bottom layer.
➢ A change in electrical current is hence detected and the coordinates of the
point of touch is calculated by the controller and analyzed into readable
signals for the operating system to react accordingly.
Advantages
• Stylus versatility: since resistive technology is based on pressure, anything can be used for
stylus, no need of special capacitive, charged, light tipped stylus.

• They have been densely packed with sensors.

• Cheaper than other touchscreens and can sustain hard use.

• Resistive touchscreens are not be affected by dust or water.

Limitations
• Can be relatively easily damaged by scratching, poking, impact.

• Requires periodic recalibration.

• Can wear through regular use over time because sensor loses resolution.

• It does not support multi-touch.

• Visibility is Low because of poor contrast.

Capacitive touchscreen.
Working:
➢ Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) is a transparent conductive material which is coated on the
base glass, and on top of it a protective coating is formed.
➢ Uniform electrostatic field is formed over the conductive layer by the electrodes
which are on the four corners.
➢ Whenever, a human finger touches the screen, conduction of electric charges
(current) occurs from the four corners through the finger, which results in the
formation of a dynamic capacitor.
➢ This change in the capacitance is sent to the processor to calculate the coordinates
and positions of the touch.
Advantages
➢ Multi-touch capability
➢ can respond to light touch, and no pressure force is needed.
➢ Visibility is high because structure is only one glass layer.
➢ They are durable because, does not get affected by moist, dust, or grease.
➢ Parallax is minimized in surface capacitive.
➢ has high resolution and high response speed.

Disadvantages
➢ It does not work when user wears gloves.
➢ It is expensive compare to resistive touch screen.
➢ Glass is more prone to breaking and hence requires tempered glass as touch screen
protector.
Display Technologies
❖ A display device is an output device for presentation of information in visual form.
❖ When the input information is an electrical signal, the display is called an electronic
display.
❖ Common applications for electronic visual display are televisions and computer
monitors.
In digital imaging, a pixel, pel, or picture element is a physical point in a raster
image, or the smallest addressable element in all points
addressable display device; so it is the smallest controllable element of a
picture represented on the screen

Some important display technologies are

1. Cathode ray tube display (CRT)
2. Light-emitting diode display (LED)
3. Electroluminescent display (ELD)
4. Plasma display panel (PDP)
5. Liquid crystal display (LCD)
6. Organic light-emitting diode display (OLED)
7. Field emission display (FED)
1. CATHODE-RAY TUBE
The cathode-ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube that modulates, accelerates, and deflects
electron beam emitted from the electron gun onto the phosphorescent screen to create the
images.

Ferdinand Braun in 1897

Nobel awarded in 1909
There are three ways to filter the electron beam to obtain the correct image on the monitor
screen: shadow mask, aperture grill and slot mask.
These technologies also impact the sharpness of the monitor's display

Shadow mask
• A shadow mask is a thin metal
screen with very small holes placed
before The fluorescent screen.
• The shadow mask helps to control
the electron beams so that the
beams strike the correct phosphor
at just the right intensity to create
the desired colors and image on the
display.
• The unwanted beams are blocked
or "shadowed“.
Aperture grill:
• The aperture grill consists of tiny
vertical wires.
• Electron beams pass through the
aperture grill to illuminate the
phosphor on the screen.
• Most aperture-grill monitors have a
flat screen and tend to represent a
less distorted image over the entire
surface of the display than the
curved faceplate of a shadow-mask
CRT.
• Aperture-grill displays are normally
more expensive.
Slot mask
Dot pitch: Dot pitch is an indicator of the sharpness of the displayed image. It is
measured in millimeters (mm)
Advantages

• better color reproduction.

• higher refresh rates (60 - 80 Hz)
• They operate at any resolution, geometry and aspect ratio without the
need for rescaling the image.
• Produce a very dark black and the highest contrast levels.

Disadvantages

• Consumes high Energy.

• Poor Image Quality.
• Heavy and big in size (bulky).
2. Liquid crystal displays (LCD)
Liquid crystal is a state of matter which has properties between liquids and solid crystals.
Liquid crystal may flow like a liquid, but its molecules are oriented like crystals.
A basic LCD display consists of essentially three main parts:
A layer of liquid crystal solution
Polarizing panels
A light source.
LCD components deconstructed
1. As the screen is powered-up, backlight LED emits the white light.
2. Light goes into the light guide plate (LGP), reflects internally, and is distributed evenly over the
upper surface of the panel.
3. Diffuser sheet further disperses the light, so no hot-spots are observed outside of the LGP.
4. DBEF recycles the scattered light and prism sheet ensures that the light is focused and directed
towards the viewer.
5. Bottom polarizer allows light of the vertical wavelength to pass through while blocking other
orientations.
6. Vertically polarized light then passes through the liquid crystal layer.
7. The liquid crystals are then manipulated by applying appropriate voltage through the TFT and
common electrode. Liquid crystals can block the white light to a variable degree. The filter in front
of each subpixel only allows through a range of wavelengths appropriate to its color. To control
the brightness of each subpixel, the liquid crystal cell is energized or de-energized to block or
transmit light.
8. The light passes through the liquid crystals and the color filters to produce the primary red, green
and blue colors.
9. The polarized light then is filtered by the top polarizer—only horizontally polarized light is
transmitted.
10. Finally, the viewer can enjoy the vibrant color, high contrast and crisp image on the digital display.
Advantages:
1. LCD monitors are slim
2. consume less power
3. lighter weight, compact
4. occupy less space, price is reasonable
5. provide large screen area
• 3. LED DISPLAYS
LED (light-emitting diode) monitors are improved version of LCD.
When same LCD screens uses LED as backlights, then local dimming can be made, which
creates better contrast and a more vivid display.
LED devices are of two varieties: edge-lit and full-array. an edge-lit LED features backlights
around the edges while a full-array LED envelops the entire backlighting.
• 5. OLED(ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES) DISPLAY:
• The most popular OLED design features two
layers of organic material, which are known as
the "emissive layer" and the "conductive
layer”.
• The organic layers-composed of organic
molecules or polymers.
• When the voltage is applied between the
electrodes, electron flow from the cathode to
the anode through the organic layers.
• As the current runs through the organic layers,
electrons are given to the emissive layer by the
cathode while electrons are removed from the
conductive layer by the anode.
• The removal of electrons creates "holes" in the
conductive layer. And recombines in emissive
layer emits lights.
• This process is how OLED displays emits their
own light.
 Lumen output is required
for lighting application.

Structure of OLED lighting

Advantages
• OLED displays do not require a backlight and the power consumption is also very less.
• It is very thin and less weight.
• OLED displays can also be supported by a flexible plastic substrate.
• The contrast ratio of OLED is very high (even in dark conditions) It can be watched from an
angle of about 90º without any difficulty.
• OLED has a refresh rate of 100,000 Hz which is almost 9900 Hz greater than an LCD display.
• The response time is less than 0.01 ms. LCD needs a response time of 1 ms.
Disadvantages
• The power consumption of this device depends upon the color that is displayed on the screen.
• With time, the brightness of the OLED pixels will fade.
• The images displayed in this device are created by an artificial light source.
• The device is not at all water resistant.
• The lifetime of this device is much lesser when compared with an LCD or LED.
• OLED displays are also continually being improved overcome many drawbacks of OLED
technology, so at present it is expensive.
 OLED lighting LED lighting

•Surface light source,

diffused light
•Low intensity •Point light source, light

•Easy to dissipate heat* with high directivity

•Thin and light weight •High intensity

•*See the “Easy to •Hard to dissipate heat

dissipate heat” feature of

OLED lighting.
• 4. PLASMA DISPLAYS:
In simple terms, the idea of a
plasma display is comparable
to illuminating millions of
tiny fluorescent lights.
Plasma displays consist
xenon, neon, and mercury gas
contained in millions of tiny
pixel cells that are
sandwiched between two
glass plates
the gases convert into a
plasma state and create
photons of ultraviolet light.
Each pixel converts UV light
into visible light by coated
phosphor.
 ADVANTAGES
• Slim profile
• Less bulky than rear-projection televisions
• Produces deep blacks allowing for superior contrast ratio
• Wider viewing angles than those of LCD
• Virtually no motion blur,
• very high refresh rates and a faster response time

DISADVANTAGES
• Heavier screen-door effect when compared to LCD or OLED based TVs.
• turning off individual pixels does counteract screen burn-in on modern plasma displays.
• Phosphors lose luminosity over time, resulting in gradual decline of absolute image
brightness
• Generally do not come in smaller sizes than 37 inches.
• Heavier than LCD due to the requirement of a glass screen to hold the gases
• Use more electricity, on average, than an LCD TV
• Do not work as well at high altitudes due to pressure differential between the gases inside the
screen and the air pressure at altitude.
Field emission display
Field emission displays, electrons coming from millions of tiny microtips pass through
gates and light up pixels on a screen. This principle is similar to that of cathode-ray tubes
in television sets.
The difference: Instead of just one "gun" spraying electrons against the inside of the
screens face, there are as many as 500 million of them (microtips).
Emission Emitters generate electrons when a small voltage
is applied to both row (base layer) and column (top layer).
Pixels Faceplate picture elements (pixels) are formed by
depositing and patterning a black matrix, standard red,
green, and blue TV phosphors and a thin aluminum layer
to reflect colored light forward to the viewer.
FED advantages
➢ Inherently high luminous efficiency Drawbacks
Yield problems – Tip wear off, high vacuum
➢ No Response Time issues High cost of submicron technology
➢ CRT-like Colour Gamut High Voltage Breakdown due to electron
➢ Lower Power Consumption bombardment and spacer charging
➢ Cold Cathode Emission Phosphor decay in case anode is at low
➢ Distance between cathode and screen voltage to counter the above problem
Backscatter from anodes at high anode
~0.2–5mm voltages leading to cross talk
➢ Matrix Addressed –VLS TV with
printable CNT
➢ FEDs - 1/10th of LCD Cost advantage
➢ 40% Technology Luminous Efficiency
Questions ?