Take Notes

 CLASS-V
 History
 LECTURE NOTES
 From Trade to Territory: The Company Establishes Power
 British came as a small trading company but how did they come to be
masters of t In this chapter we will see how this came about. Empire?
 In 1600. Queen Elizabeth I gave a charter to East India Company, which
grant the sole right to trade with the east.
 East India company came to India from for trade but slowly & gradually
it acquires the territory in India
 Powerful regional kingdoms emerged in various parts of India, after the
death of Aurango in 1707. Europeans were also coming
 F) Portuguese
 (6) Dutch
 (i) English
 (iv) French
 Vasco da Gamma discovered India in 1498, then the Dutch too came in
early 17th century & soon the French traders arrived.
 The conflict arose between all the companies because all are interested
in buying the products. The fine qualities of cotton and silk produced in
India had a big market in Europe.
 Pepper, Cloves, Cardamon, etc. were in great demand in European
markets.
 East India Company.

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 In 1600, Queen Elizabeth I gave a charter to East India Company to
trade with east. According to this charter, the company got the
monopoly to trade with east.
 The first English factory was set up on the back bank of the river Hugli
in 1651 in Bengal. The competition among the European Companies
raised up the prices at which these goods be purchased
 The only way for trading companies to emerge was to remove rival
competitions.
 This led to battle by trading companies
 By the sea 17 & 18 centuries they regularly sank each other ships,
blocked routes, protect trading ports through fortification.
 This fortifies settlements & profitable trade also led to intense conflict
with local rulers & it become difficult for East India company to
separate trade from politics.
 How trade led to battles?
 Bengal become independent by Mushed Quli Khan after him. The next
ruler was Ali Vardi Khan.
 They both were very powerful.
 After him. Siraj-ud-Daula, he was not as powerful as Ali Vardi khan.
 At that time the rule of Dastak was also issued by Nawab of Bengal.
 Dastak means free passes which were given to East India Company to
trade duty free, it means if they were trading with other provinces than
they don't have to give any tax.
 But this was misused by the other worker working in the cast company,
they started using it for their private trade, this causes loss of revenue
to the Nawab of Bengal.
 The East India company also started fortification of Calcutta. It was also
started by French East India company.

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 Siraj-ud-Duin order both the companies to demolish the fortification.
The French East India company obeyed the order but East India
company refused the order.
 They Nawab of Bengal blamed that the company was deprived the
Bengal government with huge amount of revenue of undermining the
authority of the nawab.
 The company was refusing to pay taxes writing disrespectful defers and
trying to humiliate the nawab
 The East India Company knows that to expand its trade they had to
enlarge its settlements.
 These conflicts led to famous battle of Plassicy.
The Battle of Plassey
 When Siraj-od-Daulah asked the company to stop interfering in the
political affairs, stop fortification, & pay the revenues but the company
did not obey the orders so finally the Nawab marched towards English
factory at Kassimbazar & they captured the Company officials, locked
the warehouse (where storage of goods is done), blocked English ships.
Then he marched Towards Calcutta to establish control over the
Company's fort.
 On hearing the news, the company officials sente forces under the
command of Robert Clive Finally in 1757. Robert Clive led the company
army against Siraj ud-Dualah at Plassey.
 In this battle the Nawab was defeated & the main reason was Mir
Safar, one of the commanders of Siraj-ud-Daulah
 He signed a secret treaty with the Company that is he supported them;
Clive had promised do make him nawab.
 The Battle of Plassey become famous because it was the first major
victory the company won in India

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 After this battle Mir Jafar made the nawab but the company was still
unwilling to take over the administration responsibility. Its prime
objective was the expansion of trade.
 If this could be done without conquest, throw the help of local rulers
then territories need not be taken over directly
 Soon the company discovered that this was rather difficult.
 When Mir Jafar protested, the Company deposed him and installed Mir
Qasim in his place.
 When Mir Qasim complained, he in return was defeated in a battle
fought at Buxar (1764), driven out of Bengal, and Mir Jafar was
reinstalled.
 The nawab had to pay Rs 500,000 every month but the company
wanted more money to meet its expenses. It wanted more territories &
more revenue.
 Company officials become "nabobs"
 After the Battle of Plassey the actual nawabs of Bengal were forced to
give land and vast sums of money as personal gifts to Company
officials.
 Many company officials like Clive made vast wealth however, not all
Company officials succeeded in making money.
 104Those who managed to return Britain with wealth led flashy lives
and flaunted their riches. They 1813 23000 were dalled "nabobs"-an
anglicised version of the Indian word nawab
Company Rule Expands
 After the Battle of Buxar (1764), the Company appointed Residents in
Indian states.
 Through the Residents, the Company officials begun interfering in the
internal affairs of Indian states.

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 1056470 Sometimes the Company forced the states into a "subsidiary
alliance".
 har123 According to the terms of this alliance, Indian rulers were not
allowed to have their independent armed forces.
 They were to be protected by the Company though they had to pay
huge amounts for this protection.
 If Indian rulers failed to make these payments, a part of their territory
was to be taken away by the Company.
 Tipu Sultan - The "Tiger of Mysore"
 Mysore had grown in strength under the leadership of powerful rulers
like Haidar Ali (ruled from 1761 to 1782) and his famous son Tipu
Sultan (ruled from 1782 to 1799).
 In 1785 Tipu Sultan stopped the export of sandalwood, pepper and
cardamom through the ports of his kingdom, and disallowed local
merchants from trading with the Company.
 He established close relationship with the French in India, and
modernized his army with their help.
 →Four wars were fought with Mysore (1767-69, 1780-84, 1790-92 and
1799).
 In the last the Battle of Seringapatam - did the Company ultimately win
a victory.
 1 Tipu Sultan was killed defending his capital Seringapatam, Mysore
 The former ruling dynasty of the Woodyards placed and a subsidiary
alliance was imposed on the state.
 War with the Marathas
 After the defeat in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761, they were
divided into many states under different chiefs (sardars) belonging to
dynasties such as Sindhia, Holkar, Gaikwad and Bhonsle.

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 →These chiefs were held together in a confederacy under a Peshwa
(Principal Minister)
→Anglo-Marathas war were fought between these and the company.
 The first war that ended in 1782 with the Trenty of Salbai, there was no
clear victor.
 The Second Anglo- Maratha War (1803-05) resulting in the British
gaining Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna River including
Agra and Delhi.
 The Third Anglo-Maratha War of 1817-19 crushed Maratha power, the
Peshwa was removed and Company now had complete control over
the territories south of the Vindhya's.
 The claim to paramountcy
 Under Lord Hastings (Governor-General from 1813 to 1823) a new
policy of "paramountcy" was initiated which claimed its power was
greater than that of Indian states.
 In order to protect its interests, it was justified in annexing or
threatening to annex any Indian kingdom.
 In the late 1830s the East India Company became worried about Russia
as Russia might expand across Asia and enter India from the north-
west.
 They fought a prolonged war with Afghanistan between 1838 and 1842
and established indirect Company rule there.
 Sind was taken over in 1843.
 After the death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, two prolonged wars
were fought with the Sikh kingdom and in 1849, Punjab was annexed.
 The Doctrine of Lapse
 Lord Dalhousie, the Governor-General from 1848 to 1856 devised a
policy that came to be known as the Doctrine of Lapse.

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 It declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom
would "lapse", that is, become part of Company territory.
 Many kingdoms were annexed under this rule:
 -Satars in 1848
 Sambalpur in 1850
 Udaipur in 1852
 Nagpur in 1853
 Jhansi in 1854
 Awadh in 1856
 Setting up a New Administration
 Warren Hastings (Governor-General from 1773 to 1785) played a
significant role in the expansion of Company power.
 British territories were broadly divided into administrative units called
Presidencies. There were three Presidencies
 Bengal
 Madras
 Bombay
 Each was ruled by a Governor and the supreme head of the
administration was the Governor- General
 ⚫ From 1772 a new system of justice was established.
 Each district was to have two courts
 A criminal court (faujdari adalat)
 A civil court (diwani adalat)
 In Civil courts, Maulvis and Hindu pandits interpreted Indian laws for
the European district collectors.
 The criminal courts were still under a gazi and a mufti but under the
supervision of the collectors.
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 The collector main job was to collect revenue and taxes and maintain
law and order in his district with the help of judges, police officers and
darogas.
 ク The Company army
 From the 1820s, the cavalry requirements of the Company's Any de
declined because the British empire was fighting in Burma, Afghanistan
and Egypt where oldie Wel were arthed with muskets and matchlocks.
 In the early nineteenth century, the British began to develop a uniform
military culture.
 The soldiers were given European-style training and were subjected to
drill and discipline.
 Conclusion
 • The East India Company was transformed from a trading company to
a territorial colonial power. By 1857 the Company came to exercise
direct rule over about 63 percent of the territory and 78 percent of the
population of the Indian subcontinent.