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Sec 3 EOY
Revision Package
An
Overview

What will we be doing…

Brief Introduction
Chemistry topics
Mid-point break
Physics topics
Giveaway contest
Sec 3 EOY Revision Package Q&A
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Reference
Material
PURE CHEMISTRY / PURE PHYSICS
CURATED NOTES

From time to time, I will be referring to the content within the

curated notes!

Feel free to jolt down notes and pointers onto your own school
notes or textbook!
Atomic Structure
Sub-atomic particles / Ions / Isotopes

Chemical Bonding
Ionic bonds, Covalent bonds, Metallic Bonds

Mole Concept & Chemical Equations

Balancing equations, Ionic equations, Chemical Calculations

Acid & Bases

Acid reactions, Bases & Alkaline, Oxides Chemistry
Salts Topics
Salt Solubility Table, Precipitation, Acid reaction, Titration
A BRIEF OVERVIEW
# Topic 1

Atomic Structure
Sub-atomic particles / Ions / Isotopes
Sub-Atomic Particles
Subatomic Charge Relative Symbol Location
particle mass

Proton +1 1 p Nucleus

Nucleon
Neutron 0 1 n Nucleus number

Electron -1 1 / 1836 e Electron

(negligible shell
mass)
Ions Nucleon number / Mass number
(protons + neutrons) 24
Mg Symbol of element

Proton number / Atomic number

(protons only)
12

An atom that loses electrons becomes An atom that gains electrons becomes
positively charged, as there are now negatively charged, as there are now
more protons than electrons. more electrons than protons.

The atom is now a positive ion, called a The atom is now a negative ion, called
cation. an anion.

‘plus’ sign Negative

Isotopes
Isotopes

Chlorine has isotopes that exists as chlorine-35 and

chlorine-37 atoms.

The atomic mass seen on the periodic table is a

calculation of the average mass/percentage
abundance of all the isotopes of chlorine.

35 x 75% + 37 x 25% = 35.5 (average mass)

 Hence, chlorine’s Ar is 35.5.

Quick quiz

3+

3+
# Topic 2

Chemical Bonding
Ionic bonds, Covalent bonds, Metallic Bonds
Ionic Bonds

Physical Properties Explanation

High melting & boiling points Ionic substances generally have high melting and boiling points.

Ionic compounds have a giant ionic lattice structure, which is held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between
oppositely charged ions.

A large amount of heat energy to required to overcome the ionic bond, hence high melting & boiling points.
Solubility Ionic compounds are soluble in water.

Electrical conductivity Ionic compounds in solid state do not conduct electricity as the ions in an ionic solid are all tightly held in their fixed position.

However, when in molten or aqueous state, the ions are free to move, mobile ions are acting as mobile charge carriers, allowing it to
conduct electricity.
Covalent Bonds

Physical Properties Explanation

Low melting & boiling points The small discrete molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces of attraction.

Hence, little heat energy is needed to overcome the weak intermolecular forces, resulting in low melting and boiling points.

Solubility Most simple molecular substances are insoluble in water.

However, simple molecular substances are soluble in organic solvents.

Electrical conductivity Simple molecular substances do not conduct electricity due to the absence of mobile charged carriers (electrons or ions).
Covalent Bonds
Giant Molecular Structure
Giant molecular substances have giant molecular structures which are held together by
strong covalent bonds.

Hence, they have high melting points because the covalent bonds are very strong and
any change of state requires huge amount of heat energy.

There are only 3 compounds that you will need to know:

1) Diamond,
2) Silicon Dioxide (Sand)
3)Graphite

Physical Properties Explanation

High melting & boiling points Giant covalent substances have extremely high melting and boiling points.

The covalent bonds are very strong and hence require a large amount of heat energy to overcome.

Therefore, melting and boiling points are exceptionally high.

Solubility Giant covalent substances are insoluble in water and organic solvents

Electrical conductivity Except for graphite, giant covalent substances generally do not conduct electricity.

This is due to the absence of mobile charge carriers.

Metallic Bonds
The metallic bond is defined as the electrostatic force of attraction between the
lattice of cations and the ‘sea of delocalised electrons’.

Physical Properties Explanation

High melting & boiling points Metals have high melting and boiling points.

The metallic bond consists of strong electrostatic forces of attraction between the lattice of metal cations and the ‘sea of delocalised
electrons’, hence requiring a large amount of heat energy to overcome.

Solubility Metals are largely insoluble in water.

Electrical conductivity Metals are good conductors of electricity.

The ‘sea of delocalised electrons’ act as mobile charge carriers to conduct electricity. Works in both solid and liquid state.
# Topic 3

Mole Concept &

Chemical Equations
Balancing equations, Ionic equations, Chemical Calculations
Chemical
Equations
Chemical
Equations
A mixture of ammonia and oxygen was passed over heated platinum. Nitrogen and
water were formed.

wNH3 + xO2  yN2 + zH2O

What are the values of w, x, y & z?

w x y z

(A) 2 2 1 4

(B) 2 3 1 3

(C) 4 3 2
6

(D) 4 2 2 6
Ionic Equations
Step 1
Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction. Include the state symbols.

Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + CuSO4 (aq)  BaSO4 (s) + Cu(NO3)2 (aq)

Step 2
Ionic compounds that are in aqueous state should be written as ions.

Ba2+ (aq) + 2NO3- (aq) + Cu2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)  BaSO4 (s) + Cu2+ (aq) + 2NO3- (aq)

Step 3
Remove spectator ions.

Ba2+ (aq) + 2NO3- (aq) + Cu2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)  BaSO4 (s) + Cu2+ (aq) + 2NO3- (aq)

Step 4
Obtain final ionic equation.

Ba2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)  BaSO4 (s)

Mole Concept
Percentage by mass of an element in a compound:

Ar x (no. of atoms)
1 mole of gas = 24dm3
X 100% Actual yield
Mr of compound Percentage yield = X 100%
Theoretical yield

No. of particles = mole x 6.02 × 1023 Mole / mass

Concentration =
volume
Mass of pure substance
Percentage purity = X 100%
Mass of sample
Mass (in g)
No. of moles =
Mr No. of moles = Concentration x volume
 Step 1: Write out the balanced equation.

Mole Concept Mg (s) + 2 HCl (aq)  MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

Question: Step 2: Calculate the number of moles of Mg reacted.

Find the volume of hydrogen gas formed Number of moles of Mg reacted = mass / Mr
when 48g of magnesium metal is reacted = 48 / 24
with excess hydrochloric acid. =2

Step 3: Determine the molar ratio.

Mass (in g)
No. of moles = Number of moles of Mg : Number of moles of H2
Mr
1 : 1
2 : 2

1 mole of gas = 24dm3

Step 4: Calculate the volume of H2 gas produced.

Volume of H2 produced = Mole x 24dm3

= 2 x 24
= 48dm3
Mole Concept
Step 1: Write out the balanced equation.
Question:
CaCO3 + 2 HCl  CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
When 100g of impure limestone (CaCO3, Mr = 100) was added
to excess nitric acid, 12.0dm3 of a colourless gas was produced at Step 2: Calculate the moles of CO2 produced.
room temperature and pressure.
Moles of CO2 produced = 12.0 / 24 = 0.50 mol
What is the percentage purity of this limestone?
Step 3: Determine the molar ratio.
(A) 25%
(B) 50% Moles of CO2 : Moles of CaCO3
(C) 75% 1 : 1
(D) 100% 0.50 : 0.50

Step 4: Calculate the mass of CaCO3 reacted

Mass of pure substance
Percentage purity = X 100% Mass = mole x Mr = 0.50 x 100 = 50g
Mass of sample
Percentage purity = 50/100 x 100% = 50%
# Topic 4

Acid & Bases

Acid reactions, Bases & Alkaline, Oxides
Acid reactions
1) Acid + Metal  Salt + Hydrogen gas

H2SO4 (aq) + Mg (s)  MgSO4 (aq) + H2 (g)

Test for gas: Hydrogen gas should extinguish lighted splint with ‘pop’ sound.

2) Acid + Base  Salt + Water

6HCl (aq) + Fe2O3 (s)  2FeCl3 (aq) + 3H2O (l)

This chemical reaction is also known as neutralisation.

3) Acid + Carbonate  Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide

H2SO4 (aq) + MgCO3 (s)  MgSO4 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

Test for gas: Bubble CO2 gas into limewater, Ca(OH)2, a white precipitate (CaCO3) will form.
Alkaline reactions
1) Alkaline + Acid  Salt + Water

NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq)  NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)

This chemical reaction is also known as neutralisation.

2) Alkaline + Ammonium salt  Salt + Water + Ammonia gas

2KOH (aq) + (NH4)2SO4 (s)  K2SO4 (aq) + 2NH3 (g) + 2H2O (l)

Test for gas: Pungent ammonia gas will turn moist red litmus paper blue.
 What is the difference between a
strong and weak acid?
There are strong acids, which dissociates fully in water to
produce a high concentration of H+ ions.

There are weak acids, which dissociates partially in water to

produce a low concentration of H+ ions.
What is the difference between
base & alkaline?
Alkaline is a soluble base that produces OH- ions in an aqueous
solution.

Alkaline are able to dissociate in water to produce OH- ions,

giving them alkaline properties.

In other words, alkaline is a subset of base.

Commonly tested Question
Some fertilisers contain ammonium chloride NH4Cl which are help crops grow better. Some crops also grow
better in a more alkaline soil at higher pH.

Using a balanced chemical equation, explain why the fertilisers and the alkaline solution should not be added
together.

Answer:

NH4Cl (aq) + NaOH (aq)  NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + NH3 (g)

When an alkaline like NaOH is mixed with fertilisers containing NH4Cl, a chemical reaction occurs and
ammonia gas is released. The two substances react in the above equation.

The crops will not get to absorb the nitrogen content as it is released in the form of NH3 gas and the
alkaline will be reacted away and will not be able to increase the pH of the soil to make it more alkaline
and suitable for the crop.
Oxides
# Topic 5

Salts
S a l t S o l u b i l i t y Ta b l e , P r e c i p i t a t i o n , A c i d r e a c t i o n , T i t r a t i o n
Salt Solubility Table
#1 Precipitation
Precipitation involves mixing two aqueous solutions to obtain an insoluble salt.

One aqueous solution must contain the cation while the other must contain the anion needed.

A simple way to visualise the reaction is:

SOLUBLE + SOLUBLE  INSOLUBLE SALT

#2 Acid Reaction
The acid must contain your anion and the insoluble substance must contain
your cation.

A simple way to visualise the reaction is:

SOLUBLE + INSOLUBLE  SOLUBLE SALT

(acid) + (metal/base/carbonate)  (soluble salt)
#3 Titration
Titration involves reacting an acid with an alkali to produce a soluble salt (SPA salt).

A simple way to visualise the reaction is:

SOLUBLE + SOLUBLE  SOLUBLE SALT

The difficulty is in determining the exact amount of alkali needed to react with a fixed amount of acid. Hence, an
indicator is required to determine when the solution hits the equivalence point and is fully neutralized.
End of chemistry section!
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 Timeline
2021 Mid-Year June holidays Prelims / ‘O’ levels

Nov - Feb Mar - May Jun - Jul Aug - Oct

Recap of Sec 3 Topics Sec 4 Topics Thematic Revision Exam Preparation

Chemistry Chemistry Chemistry Prelim papers breakdown

Atomic Structure, Chemical Energy changes/ ROR Energy Changes, RoR, Air Timed practices
Bonding Redox Acid Bases Salt & QA Exam techniques
Periodic Table, Metals, Air Electrolysis Redox & Electrolysis Question analysis
Chem Equation, Mole Concept Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Identification of commonly tested
Acid Bases, Salts, QA questions
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Physics Waves Mechanics
Mechanics Electricity & Magnetism Thermal Physics
Thermal Physics Waves
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Kinematics
Velocity-time graph, Terminal velocity

Forces
Newton’s Law, friction

Moments
Equilibrium, Stability

Work, Energy, Power

Work Done, KE, GPE, Power Physics Topics
Thermal Physics
Kinetic Model of Matter, Transfer of thermal energy
A BRIEF OVERVIEW
# Topic 1

Kinematics
V e l o c i t y - t i m e g r a p h , Te r m i n a l v e l o c i t y
 Scalar & Vector
No direction With direction

Distance (m) Displacement (m)

Per unit Per unit
time time

Speed (m/s) Velocity (m/s)

Per unit
time

Acceleration
a = (v-u) / t
2
(m/s )
Velocity-Time Graph
Key analysis required:

1) Gradient represents acceleration

Describe the motion of the car throughout its journey.

From 0 to 2s, the car had constant acceleration. From 2s to 4s, it was
travelling at constant velocity. From 4s to 6s, it decelerates at a
decreasing rate, but still moves towards the positive direction (as the
velocity is still positive). From 6s to 7s, there was a constant
deceleration till it comes to a momentarily rest.

From 7s to 8s, the car starts accelerating in the negative direction.

From 8s to 9s, it travelled in the negative direction at constant
velocity. From 9s to 10s, the car decelerates but still moves towards
the negative direction until it comes to rest (as velocity is still
negative).

2) Area underneath velocity-time graph represents displacement.

Area X is displacement in the forward direction.

Area Y is displacement is the backward direction.

Terminal Velocity
Terminal Velocity

Air resistance increases when velocity increases. Therefore when an

object falls through a long distance in air, eventually the air resistance
will be equal to the weight of the object.

The resultant force on the body is zero and there will be no

acceleration. (F=ma)

The object will then continue its fall at constant velocity. This constant
velocity is also known as terminal velocity.

*TAKE NOTE:

For 2 objects of the same size & shape but with different mass, they
will have the same initial acceleration (gravity is same) but the heavier
object will have a higher terminal velocity (due to greater weight).

g = 10ms-2
# Topic 2

Forces
Newton’s Law, friction
Newton’s First Law
Newton’s First Law of Motion

Newton’s First Law of Motion states that an object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will continue in motion at constant speed in a straight
line unless a resultant force acts on it.

Newton’s First Law is closely associated with the term: inertia.

Inertia is defined as the tendency for a body to continue with its state of rest or motion. Inertia is dependent only on the mass of the body.
Newton’s Seconq Law
Newton’s Second Law of Motion

Newton’s Second Law of Motion states that the resultant force acting upon an object is equal to the product of the mass and acceleration of the object, the
direction of the force is the same as that of the object's acceleration.

F = ma

Eg: ‘Driving Force – Friction’ or ‘Tension – Weight’.

If an object is moving at constant speed, what does it mean?

Friction Driving force

Driving force = 7N

If an object is moving at constant speed, it means that the resultant force is zero!
Newton’s Thirq Law
Newton’s Third Law of Motion

Newton’s Third Law of Motion states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Action reaction forces are:

• Equal in magnitude
• Act on different bodies
• Opposite in direction
• Same type of force
Friction
Friction
Friction is a contact force that exists between any 2 surfaces in contact with each other. *Friction is always in the same direction as
the object/person movement.
Friction will always oppose relative motion between two surfaces in contact. (Generating traction)

Useful friction
• Friction between the floor & the soles of our shoes prevent us from slipping
• Friction allows us to grip objects
• Friction allows car tyres to have traction and allowing the car to move forward
• Friction allow matchsticks to generate a spark and a flame Direction of
Friction as a nuisance movement
• Wear & tear of machineries
• Soles of shoes getting flatten
• Reduced efficiency of machineries
• Direction of movement

Reducing friction
• Lubricants like oil, grease & water
• Ball bearings
• Streamlined shape
# Topic 3

Moments
Equilibrium, Stability
Moment
Moment

Moment of a force is defined as the product of a force and the perpendicular distance to the pivot.
Units: Nm

Moment = F x d

Principle of Moments
When an object is at equilibrium, the sum of clockwise moments about any pivot is equal to the sum of anticlockwise moments about the same pivot.
Moment
For an object to be in equilibrium,

1) Resultant forces must be zero

2) Resultant moments must be zero
02

01

Let the tension of the string at A be T1 & the tension of the string at B be T2.

Taking moments at A,
100N x 1m + 200N x 0.5m = T2 x 2m
T2 = 100 N

Sum of upward forces = Sum of downward forces

T1 + T2 = 200N + 100N
T1 = 300N – 100N = 200 N
Stability
Center of gravity

Center of gravity is defined as the point through which the

entire weight of the object appears to act.

Stability

Stability is the measure of a body’s ability to return to its

original position after being tilted slightly.
# Topic 4

WEP
Work Done, KE, GPE, Power
Energy / Work Done
Energy
Energy is defined as the capacity to do work.

Unit: Joule (J)

Kinetic Energy 1
KE = mv2
Kinetic energy is defined as the energy a body possesses due to its motion. 2

Gravitational Potential Energy

Gravitational potential energy is the energy possessed by a body due to its position within a
gravitational field.

GPE = mgh

Work Done

Work done is defined as the product of the force and the distance moved in the direction of
the force.
5m
Units: Joule (J) or Nm
3m
Mass: 1 kg Friction: 3N

Work Done = F x d

4m
Power
Efficiency Example:
Efficiency is defined as the ratio of useful energy output to total energy input.
A ninja van driver with mass of 60kg carries a delivery package of mass
25kg up a flight of stairs that has a vertical height of 30m in exactly 2
minutes.
Useful output
Efficiency = x 100% Find the power produced by the man.
Total output

(A) 213W
(B) 440W
(C) 9380W
(D) 93800W

Power
Power is defined as rate of doing work or the rate at which energy changes from one form to
another.

Units: watt (W)

Work Done energy

Power = =
Time Time
# Topic 5

Thermal physics
K in et ic M o del o f M a t t er , Tra n s f er o f t h er m a l en erg y
Kinetic Model of Matter
Conduction
Conduction is the process by which thermal energy is transmitted through a medium from one
particle to another.

When one part of the solid is heated, the atoms there gain kinetic energy and vibrate faster.

These atoms collide with their less energetic neighbouring atoms, resulting in a transfer of
kinetic energy from the hotter area to the colder area.
Convection
Convection is the process by which thermal energy is transmitted from one place to another by the movement of heated particles in a fluid. (gas or liquid)

When liquid is heated, it expands in volume, becoming less dense and rises.

The cooler and denser liquid sinks. The cooler liquid in turn gets heated up and rises, resulting in a continuous convection current.

---

The hot air near the heat source rises as it expands and becomes less dense, while the cooler and denser air at the top sinks. The cooler air now gets heated up
and rises, resulting in a continuous convection current.
Radiation
Radiation

Radiation is the process by which thermal energy is transferred by electromagnetic waves.

Does not require any medium (can take place in a vacuum).

Surface temperature
(The hotter an object, the higher the rate of energy emission.)

Surface area
(The larger the surface area, the higher the rate of energy transfer.)

Surface colour & texture

(Rough, dull black surface is a better emitter and absorber of infrared radiation.)
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