This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: E4 − 16 American Association State

Highway and Transportation Officials Standards
AASHTO No: T67

Standard Practices for

Force Verification of Testing Machines1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E4; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original
adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript
epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.

1. Scope* retransmitted—which are verified with provisions of 1.1.1,

1.1 These practices cover procedures for the force 1.1.2, or 1.1.3, and are within the 61 % accuracy requirement,
verification, by means of standard calibration devices, of comply with Practices E4.
tension or compression, or both, static or quasi-static testing 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
machines (which may, or may not, have force-indicating safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
systems). These practices are not intended to be complete responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
purchase specifications for testing machines. Testing machines priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
may be verified by one of the three following methods or bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
combination thereof:
1.1.1 Use of standard weights, 2. Referenced Documents
1.1.2 Use of equal-arm balances and standard weights, or 2.1 ASTM Standards:2
1.1.3 Use of elastic calibration devices. D76/D76M Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for
NOTE 1—These practices do not cover the verification of all types of
Textiles
testing machines designed to measure forces, for example, the constant- E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
rate-of-loading type which operates on the inclined-plane principle. This E74 Practice of Calibration of Force-Measuring Instruments
type of machine may be verified as directed in the applicable appendix of for Verifying the Force Indication of Testing Machines
Specification D76/D76M. E467 Practice for Verification of Constant Amplitude Dy-
1.2 The procedures of 1.1.1 – 1.1.3 apply to the verification namic Forces in an Axial Fatigue Testing System
of the force-indicating systems associated with the testing
machine, such as a scale, dial, marked or unmarked recorder 3. Terminology
chart, digital display, etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user 3.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to
must designate the force-indicating system(s) to be verified and Terminology E6.
included in the report.
3.2 Definitions:
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch- 3.2.1 elastic calibration device, n—a device for use in
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The verifying the force readings of a testing machine consisting of
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; an elastic member(s) to which forces may be applied, com-
therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. bined with a mechanism or device for indicating the magnitude
Combining values from the two systems may result in non- (or a quantity proportional to the magnitude) of deformation
conformance with the standard. under force.
1.3.1 Other customary force units may be used with this 3.2.2 portable testing machine (force-measuring type), n—a
standard such as the kilogram-force (kgf) which is often used device specifically designed to be moved from place to place
with hardness testing machines and for applying a force (load) to a specimen.
1.4 Forces indicated on displays/printouts of testing ma- 3.2.3 testing machine (force-measuring type), n—a me-
chine data systems—be they instantaneous, delayed, stored, or chanical device for applying a force to a specimen.
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1
These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
Mechanical Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.01 on
2
Calibration of Mechanical Testing Machines and Apparatus. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 15, 2016. Published June 2016. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1923. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E4 – 15. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E0004-16. the ASTM website.

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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3.3.1 accuracy, n—the specified permissible variation from 3.3.8 permissible variation (or tolerance), n—in the case of
the reference value. testing machines, the maximum allowable error in the value of
3.3.1.1 Discussion—A testing machine is said to be accurate the quantity indicated.
if the indicated force is within the specified permissible 3.3.8.1 Discussion—It is convenient to express permissible
variation from the actual force. In these methods the word variation in terms of percentage of error. The numerical value
“accurate” applied to a testing machine is used without of the permissible variation for a testing machine is so stated
numerical values, for example, “An accurate testing machine hereafter in these practices.
was used for the investigation.” The accuracy of a testing 3.3.9 resolution of the force indicator, n—smallest change of
machine should not be confused with sensitivity. For example, force that can be estimated or ascertained on the force
a testing machine might be very sensitive; that is, it might indicating apparatus of the testing machine, at any applied
indicate quickly and definitely small changes in force, but force. Appendix X1 describes a method for determining
nevertheless, be very inaccurate. On the other hand, the resolution.
accuracy of the results is in general limited by the sensitivity.
3.3.10 resolution of analog type force indicators (scales,
3.3.2 calibration, n— in the case of force testing machines, dials, recorders, etc.), n—the resolution is the smallest change
the process of comparing the force indication of the machine in force indicated by a displacement of a pointer, or pen line.
under test to that of a standard, making adjustments as needed 3.3.10.1 Discussion—The resolution is calculated by multi-
to meet error requirements. plying the force corresponding to one graduation by the ratio of
3.3.3 capacity range, n—in the case of testing machines, the the width of the pointer or pen line to the center to center
range of forces for which it is designed. distance between two adjacent graduation marks. The typical
3.3.3.1 Discussion—Some testing machines have more than ratios used are 1:1, 1:2, 1:5, or 1:10. A spacing of 2.5 mm [0.10
one capacity range, that is, multiple ranges. in.] or greater is recommended for the ratio of 1:10. A ratio less
3.3.4 correction, n—in the case of a testing machine, the than 1:10 should not be used.
difference obtained by subtracting the indicated force from the 3.3.10.2 Discussion—If a force indicating dial has gradua-
correct value of the applied force. tions spaced every 2.0 mm [0.080 in.], the width of the pointer
is approximately 1.0 mm (0.040 in.), and one graduation
3.3.5 error (or the deviation from the correct value), n—in represent 25N [5 lbf]. The ratio used would be 1:2 and the
the case of a testing machine, the difference obtained by resolution would be equal to 12-1⁄2 N [2-1⁄2 lbf].
subtracting the force indicated by the calibration device from
the force indicated by the testing machine. 3.3.11 resolution of digital type force indicators (numeric,
3.3.5.1 Discussion—The word “error” shall be used with displays, printouts, etc.), n—the resolution is the smallest
numerical values, for example, “At a force of 300 kN [60 000 change in force that can be displayed on the force indicator, at
lbf], the error of the testing machine was + 67 N [+ 15 lbf].” any applied force.
3.3.11.1 Discussion—A single digit or a combination of
3.3.6 force, n—in the case of testing machines, a force digits may be the smallest change in force that can be
measured in units such as pound-force, newton, or kilogram- indicated.
force.
3.3.11.2 Discussion—If the force indication, for either type
3.3.6.1 Discussion—The newton is that force which acting of force indicator, fluctuates by more than twice the resolution,
on a 1-kg mass will give to it an acceleration of 1 m/s2. The as described in 3.3.10 or 3.3.11, the resolution, expressed as a
pound-force is that force which acting on a [1-lb] mass will force, shall be equal to one-half the range of the fluctuation.
give to it an acceleration of 9.80665 m/s2 [32.1740 ft/s2]. The
kilogram-force is that force which acting on a 1-kg mass will 3.3.12 verification, n— in the case of force testing machines,
give to it an acceleration of 9.80665 m/s2[32.1740 ft/s2]. the process of comparing the force indication of the machine
under test to that of a standard and reporting results, without
3.3.7 percent error, n—in the case of a testing machine, the making adjustments.
ratio, expressed as a percent, of the error to the correct value of
the applied force. 3.3.13 verified range of forces, n—in the case of testing
3.3.7.1 Discussion—The test force, as indicated by the machines, the range of indicated forces for which the testing
testing machine, and the applied force, as computed from the machine gives results within the permissible variations speci-
readings of the verification device, shall be recorded at each fied.
test point. The error, E, and the percent error, Ep, shall be
calculated from these data as follows: 4. Significance and Use
E5A2B (1) 4.1 Testing machines that apply and indicate force are used
in many industries, in many ways. They may be used in a
E p 5 @ ~ A 2 B ! /B # 3 100 research laboratory to measure material properties, and in a
production line to qualify a product for shipment. No matter
where:
what the end use of the machine may be, it is necessary for
A = force indicated by machine being verified, N [or lbf], users to know that the amount of force applied and indicated is
and traceable to the International System of Units (SI) through a
B = correct value of the applied force, N [or lbf], as National Metrology Institute (NMI). The procedures in Prac-
determined by the calibration device. tices E4 may be used to verify these machines so that the

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indicated forces are traceable to the SI. A key element of normal verification with the device in place as during normal
traceability to the SI is that the devices used in the verification use. It is advisable that orientation be kept consistent, such as
have known force characteristics, and have been calibrated in by noting the direction of the cable connector so that when
accordance with Practice E74. reinstalling the device, the orientation will be repeated. Re-
4.2 The procedures in Practices E4 may be used by those move and reinstall the device between the two verification runs
using, manufacturing, and providing calibration service for to demonstrate interchangeability. Repeat the procedure for
testing machines and related instrumentation. each interchangeable force measuring device used in the
testing machine.
5. Calibration Devices 7.3.1 Introduction of the new force measuring devices shall
require that interchangeability be established per 7.3.
5.1 When verifying testing machines, use calibration de-
vices only over their Class A force ranges as determined by 7.4 A Practices E4 Verification consists of at least two
Practice E74. verification runs of the forces contained in the force range(s)
selected. See 10.1 and 10.3.
6. Advantages and Limitations of Methods 7.4.1 If the initial verification run produces values within
the Practices E4 requirements of Section 14, the data may be
6.1 Verification by Standard Weights—Verification by the used “as found” for run one of the two required for the new
direct application of standard weights to the weighing mecha- verification report.
nism of the testing machine, where practicable, is the most 7.4.2 If the initial verification run produces any values
accurate method. Its limitations are: (1) the small range of which are outside of the Practices E4 requirements, the “as
forces that can be verified, (2) the nonportability of any large found” data may be reported and may be used in accordance
amount of standards weights, and (3) its nonapplicability to with applicable quality control programs. Calibration adjust-
horizontal testing machines or vertical testing machines having ments shall be made to the force indicator system(s), after
weighing mechanisms that are not designed to be actuated by which the two required verification runs shall be conducted and
a downward force. reported in the new verification report and certificate.
6.2 Verification by Equal-Arm Balance and Standard 7.4.3 Calibration adjustments may be made to improve the
Weights—The second method of verification of testing ma- accuracy of the system. They shall be followed by the two
chines involves measurement of the force by means of an required verification runs, and issuance of a new verification
equal-arm balance and standard weights. This method is report and certificate.
limited to a still smaller range of forces than the foregoing
8. Gravity and Air Buoyancy Corrections
method, and is generally applicable only to certain types of
hardness testing machines in which the force is applied through 8.1 In the verification of testing machines, where standard
an internal lever system. weights are used for applying forces directly or through lever
or balance-arm systems, correct the force for the local value of
6.3 Verification by Elastic Calibration Devices—The third
gravity and for nominal air buoyancy.
method of verification of testing machines involves measure-
8.1.1 The force exerted by a weight in air is determined by:
ment of the elastic strain or deflection under force of a ring,
loop, tension or compression bar, or other elastic device. The
elastic calibration device is free from the limitations referred to
Force 5 Mg 1 2S d
D D (2)

in 6.1 and 6.2. where:

F = Force, N
7. System Verification M = true mass of the weight, kg
7.1 A testing machine shall be verified as a system with the g = local acceleration due to gravity, m/s2,
force sensing and indicating devices (see 1.2 and 1.4) in place d = air density (1.2 kg/m3), and
and operating as in actual use. D = density of the weight in the same units as d.
7.1.1 If this is not technically possible, refer to Annex A1, 8.1.2 For the purposes of this standard, g can be calculated
Verifying the Force Measuring System out of the Test Machine. with a sufficient uncertainty using the following formula.
Out of the test machine verifications shall be in accordance
g 5 9.7803@ 1 1 0.0053 ~ sin [ ! 2 # 2 0.000001967h (3)
with the main body of Practices E4 and its Annex A1 where:
7.2 System verification is invalid if the devices are removed
where:
and checked independently of the testing machine unless
verification is performed according to Annex A1. Ø = latitude
h = elevation above sea level in metres
7.3 Many testing machines utilize more than one force NOTE 2—Eq 3 corrects for the shape of the earth and the elevation
measuring device in order to obtain more accurate force above sea level. The first term, which corrects for the shape of the earth,
indication at lower applied forces. These devices are routinely is a simplification of the World Geodetic System 84 Ellipsoidal Gravity
installed and uninstalled in the testing machine. For such Formula. The results obtained with the simplified formula differ from
those in the full version by less than 0.0005%. The second term combines
devices, interchangeability shall be established during the a correction for altitude, the increased distance from the center of the
original verification and shall be reestablished after an adjust- earth, and a correction for the counter-acting Bouguer effect of localized
ment is performed. This is accomplished by performing a increased mass of the earth. The second term assumes a rock density of

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 E4 − 16
2.67 g/cm3. If the rock density changed by 0.5 g/cm3, an error of 0.003 % NOTE 3—Eq 7 and Table 1 correct for the shape of the earth, elevation
would result. above sea level, and air bouyancy. The correction for the shape of the earth
is a simplification of the World Geodetic System 84 Ellipsoidal Gravity
8.2 The force in customary units exerted by a weight in air Formula. The results obtained with the simplified formula differ by less
is calculated as follows: than 0.0005%. The term that corrects for altitude, corrects for an increased

Fc 5
Mg
9.80665 S
1 2
d
D D (4)
distance from the center of the earth and the counter-acting Bouguer effect
of localized increased mass of the earth. The formula assumes a rock
density of 2.67 g/cc. If the rock density changed by 0.5 g/cc, an error of
where: 0.003 % would result. The largest inaccuracy to be expected, due to
where: extremes in air pressure, temperature, and humidity when using steel
weights, is approximately 0.01%. If aluminum weigths are used, errors on
Fc = force expressed in customary units, that is, pound the order of 0.03% can result.
force or kilogram-force, 8.3 Standard weights are typically denominated in a unit of
M = true mass of the weight,
mass. When a standard weight has been calibrated such that it
g = local acceleration due to gravity, m/s2,
d = air density (1.2 kg/m3), exerts a specific force under prescribed conditions, the weight
D = density of the weight in the same units as d, and will exert that force only under those conditions. When used in
9.80665 = the factor converting SI units of force into cus- locations where the acceleration of gravity differs from the one
tomary units of force; this factor is equal to the in the calibration location, it is necessary to correct the
value for standard gravity, 9.80665 m/s2. calibrated force value by multiplying the force value by the
value for local gravity and dividing by the value of gravity for
If M, the mass of the weight is in pounds, the force will be
which the weight was calibrated. Any required air buoyancy
in pound-force units [lbf]. If M is in kilograms, the force will
corrections must also be taken into account.
be in kilogram-force units (kgf). These customary force units
are related to the newton (N), the SI unit of force, by the 9. Application of Force
following relationships:
9.1 In the verification of a testing machine, approach the
1 lbf 5 4.448222N (5) force by increasing the force from a lower force.
1 kgf =9.80665 N ~exact! (6) NOTE 4—For any testing machine the errors observed at corresponding
8.2.1 For use in verifying testing machines, corrections for forces taken first by increasing the force to any given test force and then
by decreasing the force to that test force, may not agree. Testing machines
local values of gravity and air buoyancy to weights calibrated are usually used under increasing forces, but if a testing machine is to be
in pounds can be made with sufficient accuracy using the used under decreasing forces, it should be calibrated under decreasing
multiplying factors from Table 1. Alternatively the following forces as well as under increasing forces.
formula may be used to find the multiplying factor, MF. 9.2 Testing machines that contain a single test area and
Multiply MF times the mass of the weight given in pounds to possess a bidirectional loading and weighing system must be
obtain the value of force in pounds-force, corrected for local verified separately in both modes of weighing.
gravity and air buoyancy.
9.3 High-speed machines used for static testing must be
9.7803@ 1 1 0.0053 ~ sin [ ! 2 # 2 0.000001967h verified in accordance with Practices E4. Warning— Practices
MF 5 3 0.99985
9.80665 E4 verification values are not to be assumed valid for high-
(7) speed or dynamic testing applications (see Practice E467).
where: NOTE 5—The error of a testing machine of the hydraulic-ram type, in
Ø = latitude which the ram hydraulic pressure is measured, may vary significantly with
ram position. To the extent possible such machines should be verified at
h = elevation above sea level in metres
the ram positions used.

TABLE 1 Multiplying Factor, MF, in Air at Various Latitudes, see Eq 7

Elevation Above Sea Level, h, m (ft)
Latitude, Ø,° 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
(0) (1640) (3280) (4920) (6560) (8200)
0 0.9972 0.9971 0.9970 0.9969 0.9968 0.9967
5 0.9972 0.9971 0.9970 0.9969 0.9968 0.9967
10 0.9973 0.9972 0.9971 0.9970 0.9969 0.9968
15 0.9975 0.9974 0.9973 0.9972 0.9971 0.9970
20 0.9978 0.9977 0.9976 0.9975 0.9974 0.9973
25 0.9981 0.9980 0.9979 0.9978 0.9977 0.9976
30 0.9985 0.9984 0.9983 0.9982 0.9981 0.9980
35 0.9989 0.9988 0.9987 0.9986 0.9985 0.9984
40 0.9993 0.9992 0.9991 0.9990 0.9989 0.9988
45 0.9998 0.9997 0.9996 0.9995 0.9994 0.9993
50 1.0003 1.0002 1.0001 1.0000 0.9999 0.9998
55 1.0007 1.0006 1.0005 1.0004 1.0003 1.0002
60 1.0011 1.0010 1.0009 1.0008 1.0007 1.0006
65 1.0015 1.0014 1.0013 1.0012 1.0011 1.0010
70 1.0018 1.0017 1.0016 1.0015 1.0014 1.0013

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10. Selection of Verification Forces maximum force just applied, or 1 % of the lowest verified force
10.1 Determine the upper and lower limits of the verified in the range, whichever is greater.
force range of the testing machine to be verified. In no case
11. Eccentricity of Force
shall the verified force range include forces below 200 times
the resolution of the force indicator. 11.1 For the purpose of determining the verified force range
of a testing machine, apply all calibration forces so that the
10.2 If the lower limit of the verified force range is greater resultant force is as nearly along the axis of a testing machine
than or equal to one-tenth of the upper limit, five or more as is possible.
different verification forces shall be selected such that the
difference between two adjacent verification forces is greater NOTE 7—The effect of eccentric force on the accuracy of a testing
than or equal to one twentieth and less than or equal to machine may be determined by verification readings taken with calibra-
tion devices placed so that the resultant force is applied at definite
one-third the difference between the upper and lower limits of distances from the axis of the machine, and the verified force range
the verified force range. One verified force shall be the lower determined for a series of eccentricities.
limit of the verified force range and another verified force shall
be the upper limit. (Fewer verification forces are required for 12. Methods of Verification
testing machines designed to measure only a small number of 12.1 Method A, Verification by Standard Weights:
discrete forces, such as certain hardness testers, creep testers, 12.1.1 Procedure:
etc.) 12.1.1.1 Place standard metal weights of suitable design,
10.3 If the lower limit of the verified force range is less than finish, and adjustment on the weighing platform of the testing
one-tenth the upper limit, verification forces shall be selected machine or on trays or other supports suspended from the force
as follows: measuring mechanism in place of the specimen. Use weights
10.3.1 Starting with the lower limit of the verified force certified within five years to be accurate within 0.1%. Apply
range, establish overlapping force decades such that the maxi- the weights in ascending increments. If data is to be taken in
mum force in each decade is ten times the lowest force in the both ascending and descending directions, remove the weights
decade. The lowest force in the next higher decade is the same in reverse order. Record the forces, corrected for gravity and air
as the highest force in the previous decade. The highest decade buoyancy in accordance with Section 8.
might not be a complete decade. NOTE 8—The method of verification by direct application of standard
10.3.2 Five or more different verification forces shall be weights can be used only on vertical testing machines in which the force
selected per decade such that the difference between two on the weighing table, hydraulic support, or other weighing device is
adjacent verification forces is greater than or equal to one- downward. The total force is limited by the size of the platform and the
number of weights available. Twenty-five kg or [fifty lb] weights are
twentieth and less than or equal to one-third the difference usually convenient to use. This method of verification is confined to small
between the maximum and the minimum force in that decade. testing machines and is rarely used above 5000 N [1000 lbf].
It is recommended that starting with the lowest force in each
12.2 Method B. Verification Of Hardness Testing Machines
decade, the ratio of the verification forces to the lowest force in
by Equal-Arm Balance and Standard Weights:
the decade are 1:1, 2:1, 4:1, 7:1, 10:1 or 1:1, 2.5:1, 5:1, 7.5:1,
12.2.1 Procedure:
10:1.
12.2.1.1 Position the balance so that the indenter of the
10.3.3 If the highest decade is not a complete decade, testing machine being calibrated bears against a block centered
choose verification forces at the possible ratios and include the on one pan of the equal-arm balance, the balance being in its
upper limit of the verified force range. If the difference equilibrium position when the indenter is in that portion of its
between two adjacent verification forces is greater than one- travel normally occupied when making an impression. Place
third of the upper limit, add an additional verification force. standard weights complying with the requirements of Section
NOTE 6—Example: A testing machine has a full-scale range of 5000 N 12 on the opposite pan to balance the load exerted by the
and the resolution of the force indicator is 0.0472 N. The lowest possible indenter.
verified force is 9.44 N (0.0472 × 200). Instead of decades starting at 9.44,
94.4 and 944 N, three decades, starting at 10, 100, and 1000 N are selected NOTE 9—This method may be used for the verification of testing
to cover the verified range of forces. Suitable verification forces are 10, machines other than hardness-testing machines by positioning the force-
20, 40, 70, 100, 200, 400, 700, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5,000. Note that applying member of the testing machine in the same way that the indenter
the uppermost decade is not a complete decade and is terminated with the of a hardness-testing machine is positioned. For other methods of
upper limit of the verified force range. The 3000 N reading was added verifying hardness testing machines see the applicable ASTM test method.
because the difference between 2000 and 4000 was greater than one-third 12.2.1.2 Since the permissible travel of the indenter of a
of 5000. If the alternative distribution of forces is used, the verification
forces selected would be 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 2500,
hardness-testing machine is usually very small, do not allow
3750, 5000. the balance to oscillate or swing. Instead, maintain the balance
in its equilibrium position through the use of an indicator such
10.4 All selected verification forces shall be applied twice as an electric contact, which shall be arranged to indicate when
during the verification procedure. Applied forces on the second the reaction of the indenter force is sufficient to lift the pan
run are to be approximately the same as those on the first run. containing the standard weights.
10.5 Approximately 30 s after removing the maximum force 12.2.1.3 Using combinations of fractional weights, deter-
in a range, record the return to zero indicator reading. This mine both the maximum value of the dead-weight force that
reading shall be 0.0 6 either the resolution, 0.1 % of the can be lifted by the testing machine indenter force during each

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of ten successive trials, and the minimum value that cannot be machine’s load axis should be coincidental with the force axis
lifted during any one of ten successive trials. Take the correct of the device setup. This is necessary so that a net moment is
value of the indenting force as the average of these two values. not applied to the testing machine loading member. Multi-
The difference between the two values shall not exceed 0.5 % device setups are not recommended unless the use of a single
of the average value. calibration device is not practical.
12.3 Method C. Verification by Elastic-Calibration Device:
12.3.1 Temperature Equalization: 13. Lever-Type Creep-Rupture Testing Machines
12.3.1.1 When using an elastic calibration device to verify 13.1 Lever-type creep-rupture machines, which do not have
the readings of a testing machine, place the device near to, or a force-indicating device, may be verified using standard
preferably in, the testing machine a sufficient length of time weights or elastic calibration device(s), or both. Weights used
before the test to assure that the response of device is stable. for verification should conform to the requirements of Section
12.3.1.2 During the verification, measure the temperature of 12. In using an elastic calibration device, the requirements of
the elastic device within 61°C [62°F ] by placing a calibrated 12.3.2 must be met as applicable.
thermometer as close to the device as possible. 13.2 Procedure:
12.3.1.3 Elastic calibration devices not having an inherent 13.2.1 Place the calibration device in the testing machine
temperature-compensating feature must be corrected math- and adjust the counterbalance (if the machine is so equipped)
ematically for the difference between ambient temperature and to compensate for the weight of the calibration device.
the temperature to which its calibration is referenced. 13.2.2 Connect the lower crosshead of the machine to the
Temperature-correction coefficients should be furnished (if calibration device, and apply forces using standard weights in
applicable) by the manufacturer of the calibration device. Refer increments conforming to the provisions of 10.1.
to Practice E74 for further information. 13.2.3 Since many lever-type creep-rupture machines do not
12.3.2 Procedure: have a provision for adjustment of the lever ratio or tare, or
12.3.2.1 Place the elastic device in the testing machine so both, it may be necessary to determine the “best fit” straight
that its center line coincides with the center line of the heads of line through the calibration data, using the least squares
the testing machine. Record the Practice E74 Class A verifica- method. By doing this, the actual lever ratio and tare of each
tion value which establishes the lowest limit, or force level, machine can be determined, and thus reduce force errors due to
allowable for the calibration device’s loading range (see small variations of lever ratios. Maximum errors should not
Practice E74). Each elastic calibration device is to be used only exceed the requirements stated in 14.1.
within its Class A force range and identified with the verifica-
tion readings for which it is used. CALCULATION AND REPORT
12.3.2.2 To ensure a stable zero, flex the elastic device from
no force to the maximum force at which the device will be 14. Basis of Verification
used. Repeat as necessary, allowing sufficient time for stability. 14.1 The percent error for forces within the range of forces
12.3.2.3 There are two methods for using elastic calibration of the testing machine shall not exceed 61.0 %. The algebraic
devices: difference between errors of two applications of same force
12.3.2.4 Follow-the-Force Method—The force on the elastic (repeatability) shall not exceed 1.0 % (see 10.1 and 10.3).
calibration device is followed until the force reaches a nominal
graduation on the force-readout scale of the testing machine. NOTE 10—This means that the report of the verification of a testing
machine will state within what verified range of forces it may be used,
Record the force on the elastic calibration device. rather than reporting a blanket acceptance or rejection of the machine. In
12.3.2.5 Set-the-Force Method—The nominal force is preset machines that possess multiple-capacity ranges, the verified range of
on the elastic calibration device, and the testing machine force forces of each must be stated.
readout is read when the nominal force on the elastic calibra- 14.2 In no case shall the verified range of forces be stated as
tion device is achieved. including forces outside the range of forces applied during the
12.3.2.6 After selecting suitable test force increments, ob- verification test.
tain zero readings for both machine and elastic device, and
apply forces slowly and smoothly during all verification 14.3 Testing machines may be more or less accurate than
measurements. the allowable 61.0 % error, or more or less repeatable than
12.3.2.7 The calibration procedure must ensure that use of 1.0 %, which are the Practices E4 verification basis. Buyers/
the maximum force indicator, recorder, or other accessory owners/users or product specification groups might require or
force devices does not cause testing machine errors to exceed allow larger or smaller error systems. Systems with accuracy
the acceptable tolerances of 14.1. errors larger than 61.0 % or repeatability errors larger than
12.3.2.8 Record the indicated force of the testing machine 1.0 % do not comply with Practices E4.
and the applied force from the elastic calibration device
(temperature corrected as necessary), as well as the error and 15. Corrections
percentage of error calculated from the readings. 15.1 The indicated force of a testing machine that exceeds
12.3.2.9 Under certain conditions, multi-device setups may the permissible variation shall not be corrected either by
be used in compression loading. All devices to be loaded in calculation or by the use of a calibration diagram in order to
parallel should be the same height (shims may be used) and the obtain values within the required permissible variation.

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16. Time Interval Between Verifications 18. Report and Certificate
16.1 It is recommended that testing machines be verified 18.1 Prepare clear, complete, and error-free documentation
annually or more frequently if required. In no case shall the (no alteration of data, dates, etc.) for each verification of a
time interval between verifications exceed 18 months (except testing machine which shall include the following:
for machines in which a long-time test runs beyond the 18.1.1 Name of the verification agency,
18-month period). In such cases, the machine shall be verified 18.1.2 Date of verification,
after completion of the test. 18.1.3 Testing machine description, serial number, and
16.2 Testing machines shall be verified immediately after location,
repairs (this includes new or replacement parts, or mechanical 18.1.4 Statement identifying the force-indicating system(s)
or electrical adjustments) that may in any way affect the that were verified,
operation of the weighing system or the values displayed. 18.1.5 Text identifying the mode of verification, for
16.2.1 Examples of new or replacement parts which may example, tension, compression, or universal,
not effect the operation of the weighing system are: printers, 18.1.6 Verified range(s) of forces of each force-indicating
computer monitors, keyboards, and modems. system of the testing machine and the associated resolution(s),
18.1.7 Indicated force of the testing machine and the force
16.3 Verification is required immediately after a testing applied to the verification device for each run at each verifi-
machine is relocated (except for machines designed to be cation force,
moved from place to place in normal use), and whenever there 18.1.8 Return to zero reading after each run, for each force
is a reason to doubt the accuracy of the force indicating system, range,
regardless of the time interval since the last verification. 18.1.9 Testing machine error, percent error, and the percent
17. Accuracy Assurance Between Verifications difference between the runs(repeatability) at each verification
force,
17.1 Some product-testing procedures may require daily, 18.1.10 Maximum error in percent for each force range
weekly, or monthly spot checks to ascertain that a testing verified,
machine is capable of producing accurate force values between 18.1.11 The method of verification used,
the testing machine verifications specified in Section 16. 18.1.12 Statement that the verification has been performed
17.2 Spot checks may be performed on ranges of interest or in accordance with Practice E4-XX. It is recommended that the
at force levels of interest utilizing a calibration device that verification be performed in accordance with the latest pub-
complies with Methods A, B, and C as applicable. Elastic lished issue of Practice E4,
calibration devices must meet Class A requirements of Practice 18.1.13 Manufacturer, serial number, verification agency,
E74 for the force level(s) at which the spot checks are made. verification date, verification recall date, and the limits of the
17.3 Make spot checks at approximately 20 % and 80 % of Class A loading range in accordance with Practice E74 of all
a range unless otherwise agreed upon or stipulated by the elastic force-measuring instruments used for the verification,
material supplier/user. 18.1.14 Temperature of the elastic force-measuring instru-
ments used for the verification and a statement that computed
17.4 Testing machine error shall not exceed 61.0 % of the forces have been temperature corrected as necessary,
spot check applied forces. Should errors be greater than 18.1.15 Manufacturer, serial number, verification agency,
61.0 % at any of the spot check force levels, verify the testing verification date, and the verification recall date of all standard
machine immediately (see 16.3). weights or weight sets used for the verification,
17.5 Maintain a record of the spot check tests which shall 18.1.16 The identification of the individual who performed
include the name, serial number, verification date, verification the verification,
agency, and the minimum Class A, Practice E74 value of the 18.1.17 The name and signature of the person responsible,
calibrating device(s) used to make spot checks; also include the in charge of the verification, and
name of person making the spot checks. 18.1.18 Optionally or if required, a statement of the mea-
17.6 The testing machine shall be considered verified up to surement uncertainty of the verification, see Appendix X2.
the date of the last successful spot check verification (see 17.4), 18.2 Each Report and Certificate document generated by the
provided that the testing machine is verified in accordance with verification agency shall be uniquely identified. Include page
Section 16 on a regular schedule. Otherwise spot checks are numbers, the total number of pages or a mark to signify the end
not permitted. of the document in order to ensure that the pages are recog-
17.7 When spot checks are made, a clear, concise record nized as part of the report and certificate.
must be maintained as agreed upon between the supplier and
the user. The record must also contain documentation of the 19. Keywords
regular verification data and schedule. 19.1 calibration; force range; resolution; verification

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ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. VERIFYING THE FORCE MEASURING SYSTEM OUT OF THE TEST MACHINE

A1.1 Significance and Use A loading range in conjunction with a machine or mechanism
A1.1.1 The following are the recognized reasons to perform for applying force (see Practice E74). Several working stan-
a force measuring system verification out of the test machine: dards of equal compliance maybe combined and loaded in
A1.1.1.1 Inadequate spacing within the testing application parallel to meet special needs for higher capacities.
load train to allow placement of a force standard.
A1.3 Verification
A1.1.1.2 Physically impossible to apply a primary dead-
weight force in the compression mode without removal of the A1.3.1 Out of test machine verifications shall include the
force measuring system. force transducer, conditioning electronics, read-out devices,
A1.1.1.3 Test rigs have no reaction frame. and cables.
A1.1.2 Verifying the force measuring system out of the
A1.3.2 A minimum of two runs is required per mode
testing machine represents an independent and singular uncer-
(compression or tension). Rotate the position of the force
tainty component of the total test machine system uncertainty.
transducer by approximately 120 degrees before repeating any
Other uncertainty components within the test machine system
exist and need to be identified and quantified to determine, or series of forces. During the verification, ensure that the loading
verify, the test machine total performance and level of mea- axis is on the center load axis of the force applying apparatus.
surement uncertainty. For example, mounting considerations, Introduce variations or any other factors that are normally
fixtures, hardness, stiffness, alignment, flatness, and bending encountered in service.
may contribute to the measurement uncertainty of the test A1.3.3 Repeatability between the two verification runs shall
machine. be less than or equal to 0.5%. If greater than 0.5%, an
A1.1.3 Fixture and environment considerations should be additional third verification run is required. The force trans-
made, to the best degree possible, to simulate the environment ducer shall be rotated by approximately 240 degrees from the
within the testing application (for example, duplicating a starting position prior to performing the third verification run.
preload). The repeatability between the three verification runs shall be
A1.1.4 Verifying the force measuring system out of the test less than 1.0%. Refer to A1.1.2 to consider all the uncertainty
machine can be performed: issues in determining the total test machine system uncertainty.
A1.1.4.1 On-site, removed from the test system, consisting
A1.3.4 The percent error for forces within the verified range
of a complete force measuring system (force transducer,
conditioning electronics, read-out devices, and cables). of forces of the testing machine system shall not exceed 6
A1.1.4.2 Off-site, removed from the test system, consisting 1.0%.
of a complete for measuring system (force transducer, condi- A1.4 Calculation and Report
tioning electronics, read-out devices, and cables).
A1.4.1 Verification of the force measuring system out of a
A1.2 Calibration Devices test machine shall be clearly noted on the calibration certificate
A1.2.1 The force measuring system shall be calibrated by or report.
primary standards or secondary standards used over their Class

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. DETERMINING RESOLUTION OF THE FORCE INDICATOR

X1.1 The resolution of a testing machine in general is a X1.3 Procedure for Analog Type Force Indicators:
complex function of many variables including applied force, X1.3.1 Typically these devices are not auto-ranging. The
force range, electrical and mechanical components, electrical resolution should be checked at the lowest verified force in
and mechanical noise, and software employed, to name a few. each force range (typically 10 % of the force range).
X1.2 A variety of methods may be used to check the X1.3.2 Divide the pointer width by the distance between
resolution of the system. Some suggested procedures are as two adjacent graduation marks at the force where the resolution
follows. is to be ascertained to determine the pointer to graduation ratio.

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If the distance between the two adjacent graduation marks is X1.5 Procedure for Auto-Ranging Digital Type Force Indi-
less than 2.5 mm [0.10 in.] and the ratio is less than 1:5, use 1:5 cators:
for the ratio. If the distance between the two adjacent gradua- X1.5.1 This procedure is the same as that for non-auto-
tion marks is greater than or equal to 2.5 mm [0.10 in.] and the ranging digital force indicators except that the resolution is
ratio is less than 1:10, use 1:10 for the ratio. If the ratio is checked at the lowest verified force in each decade or at other
greater than those given in these exceptions, use the ratio forces to ensure that the indicator resolution is 200 times
determined. Typical ratios in common usage are 1:1, 1:2, 1:5, smaller than the forces. Some examples are as follows.
and 1:10. X1.5.1.1 A 150 000 N capacity machine is to be verified
X1.3.3 Multiply the ratio determined above by the force from 300 N up to 150 000 N. The resolution should be
represented by one graduation to determine the resolution. determined at 300, 3000, and 30 000 N.
X1.5.1.2 A [60 000 lbf] capacity machine is to be verified
X1.3.4 Apply as constant a force as possible where the from [240 lbf] up to [60 000 lbf]. The resolution should be
resolution is to be ascertained to minimize the fluctuation of the determined at [240, 2400, and 24 000 lbf].
force indicator. It is recommended that the fluctuation be no X1.5.1.3 A 1000 N capacity machine is to be verified from
more than twice the resolution determined in the previous step. 5 N up to 1000 N. The resolution should be determined at 5, 50,
and 500 N.
X1.4 Procedure for Non-Auto-Ranging Digital Type Force
Indicators: X1.6 Procedure for Machines with Discrete Forces Such as
X1.4.1 The resolution should be checked at the lowest Certain Hardness Testers and Creep Testers:
verified force in each force range (typically 10% of the force X1.6.1 These machines generally incorporate fixed lever
range). ratios to apply force. The force applied is determined by the
poise applied on the lever multiplied by the lever ratio. They do
X1.4.2 Apply a tension or compression force to a specimen
not have a resolution as described in the standard. This
approximately equal to that at which the resolution is to be
procedure ensures that the sensitivity of the machine is
ascertained, and slowly change the applied force. Record the
sufficient to apply accurate forces at the lowest verified force
smallest change in force that can be ascertained as the
and may be substituted for reporting resolution.
resolution. Applying the force to a flexible element such as a
spring or an elastomer makes it easier to change the force X1.6.2 With an elastic calibration device mounted in the
slowly. machine, apply the appropriate poise for the lowest verified
force.
X1.4.3 Next apply as constant a force as possible at the
force where the resolution is to be ascertained to ensure that the X1.6.3 Gently add weight to the poise approximately equal
force indicator does not fluctuate by more than twice the to 1/200 of the weight of the poise.
resolution determined in the previous step. If the indicator X1.6.4 Ensure that at least one-half of the appropriate
fluctuates by more than twice the resolution, the resolution change in force is detected by the elastic calibration device
shall be equal to one-half the range of the fluctuation. when the weight is added and when it is gently removed.

X2. IDENTIFYING AND DETERMINING MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY COMPONENTS

DURING AN ASTM E4 VERIFICATION

X2.1 The measurement uncertainty determined using this X2.2.1 The measurement uncertainty associated with the
appendix is the measurement uncertainty of the errors reported calibration laboratory performing the verification is a combi-
during verification of a testing machine. It is not the measure- nation of factors such as, but not limited to:
ment uncertainty of the testing machine or the measurement X2.2.1.1 The measurement uncertainty of the laboratory’s
uncertainty of test results determined using the testing ma- force standards per Practice E74,
chine. X2.2.1.2 Environmental effects such as temperature
variations,
X2.2 Under normal conditions, the measurement uncer-
tainty of the reported errors of a testing machine determined X2.2.1.3 Uncertainty in the value used for the local accel-
during a verification using Practice E4 is a combination of eration of gravity at the site where the verification is performed
three major components: the measurement uncertainty associ- when using standard weights,
ated with the calibration laboratory performing the verification, X2.2.1.4 Drift in the force standard,
the uncertainty due to the repeatability of the testing machine X2.2.1.5 Measurement uncertainty of the verification of the
during calibration, and possibly the uncertainty component of force standard, and
the resolution of the force indicator of the testing machine at X2.2.1.6 Reproducibility of the force standard due to han-
the force the error is being determined and at zero force. dling and fixturing.

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NOTE X2.1—A laboratory’s measurement uncertainty should be based X2.4 The expanded measurement uncertainty may then be
on the maximum uncertainty of the force standards used and the worst determined by multiplying the combined uncertainty by two,
environmental conditions allowed. It may be advantageous to evaluate the
measurement uncertainty of the actual force standard used at the actual
for a confidence level of approximately 95%.
force for which the measurement uncertainty of the error of the testing NOTE X2.5—Example: The measurement uncertainty of the reported
machine is being determined. error of a 10,000 N capacity testing machine is to be determined at 2000
NOTE X2.2—If there are circumstances in which verification is per- N. The calibration laboratory’s measurement uncertainty expanded using
formed under conditions outside of the laboratory’s normal operating a factor of 2 is 0.3% of applied force. The testing machine’s resolution at
parameters, additional components may need to be considered. For 2000 N is 5 N. The resolution of the testing machine at 0 force is 5 N. The
example, a laboratory may permit a 5°C temperature variation to occur following are the results of two calibration runs:
during verification and has factored this into their measurement uncer- Run 1 Run 2
tainty. When greater temperature variations occur, the uncertainty due to Machine Verification Error Machine Verification Error %
this increased temperature variation should be included in the determina- Reading Device (%) Reading Device (%) Repeat-
tion of measurement uncertainty. 1 Reading 2 Reading ability
100 100.24 -0.24 100 100.02 -0.02 0.22
NOTE X2.3—A calibration laboratory’s measurement uncertainty is 200 200.21 -0.11 200 200.23 -0.11 0.00
usually expressed as an expanded uncertainty using a coverage factor of 400 400.19 -0.05 400 400.37 -0.09 0.04
two. If this is the case, prior to combining it with the other uncertainty 700 699.98 0.00 700 700.12 -0.02 0.02
components, divide it by two to determine the standard uncertainty. 1000 1000.15 -0.01 1000 1001.15 -0.11 0.10
2000 1998.84 0.06 2000 1995.33 0.23 0.17
X2.2.2 A way of assessing the uncertainty due to repeat- 4000 3994.31 0.14 4000 3988.20 0.30 0.16
ability during the verification process is to evaluate the 7000 6981.97 0.26 7000 6979.86 0.29 0.03
differences between the two runs of data (the repeatability). 10000 9989.00 0.11 10000 9967.54 0.32 0.21

X2.2.2.1 For each force verification point, find the sum of The uncertainty component due to the calibration laborato-
the squares of the differences in error between the first and ry’s measurement uncertainty, uCL is:
second run of that verification point and the four verification 0.003 3 2000
points closest to that verification point. Divide that sum by ten u CL 5
2
53N (X2.1)
and take the square root of the result to obtain an estimate of
The uncertainty component due to reprepeatability at 2000
the uncertainty due to repeatability during the verification
N, ur is calculated as follows:
process.
The repeatability at 2000 N and the four closest forces to 2000
NOTE X2.4—The sum is divided by ten because there are five pairs of N are 0.02% of 700 N, 0.10% of 1000 N, 0.17% of 2000 N,
readings used, and the variance of each pair is equal to the difference 0.16% of 4000 N, and 0.03% of 7000 N which respectively are
divided by two. 0.14, 1.00, 3.40, 6.40, and 2.10 N. Therefore:
X2.2.2.2 Usually this type of assessment of uncertainty due
to repeatability will include the uncertainty due to the resolu-
tion of the testing machine; however, it is possible to repeat
ur 5 Π0.142 1 1.002 13.402 16.402 12.102
10
5 2.4N (X2.2)

runs without seeing the effects of the resolution. At each force, The uncertainty component due to the testing machine’s
test to see that the uncertainty due to repeatability is greater resolution at 2000 N, uR2000 is:
than the uncertainty due to the resolution of the testing 5
u R2000 5 5 1.4 N (X2.3)
machine. If, at a given verification force, the uncertainty due to 2 =3
repeatability is not greater than or nominally equal to the The uncertainty component due to the testing machine’s
uncertainty due to the resolution of the testing machine, for that resolution at zero force, uRZ is:
verification force, include the components of uncertainty due to
5
the resolution of the testing machine at that force and at zero u RZ 5 5 1.4 N (X2.4)
force. 2 =3
X2.2.2.3 The uncertainty due to the resolution of the testing The total uncertainty component due to resolution at 2000 N
machine at each verification force is the square root of the is
sum-of-the-squares of the following two components.
(1) The uncertainty component due to the resolution of the
=1.42 11.42 5 2.0 N (X2.5)
Since the uncertainty due to the repeatability is greater than
force indicator of the testing machine being verified can be
that due to resolution, the component due to the resolution is
determined by dividing the resolution of the force indicator at
not included.
the force where uncertainty is being evaluated by the quantity
of two times the square root of three. The combined measurement uncertainty of the error deter-
(2) The uncertainty component due to the resolution of the mined at 2000 N, u is:
force indicator of the testing machine at zero force can be u 5 =3 2 12.42 5 3.8 N (X2.6)
determined by dividing the resolution of the force indicator at The expanded measurement uncertainty of the error deter-
zero force by the quantity of two times the square root of three. mined at 2000 N, U using a coverage factor of two is:
X2.3 The two major components (or three if necessary) can U 5 2 3 3.8 5 7.6 N (X2.7)
be combined by squaring each component, adding them 7.6 N is 0.38% of 2000 N.
together, and then taking the square root of the sum to NOTE X2.6—For additional resources relating to measurement
determine the combined measurement uncertainty of the error uncertainty, refer to the JCGM 100:2008, Evaluation of measurement
determined for the testing machine. data-Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement.

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SUMMARY OF CHANGES

Committee E28 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E4–15) that
may impact the use of this standard.

(1) Section 3 was revised (3) Note X2.5 was revised.

(2) Section 12 was renumbered to incorporate old Sections 13
and 14.

Committee E28 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue (E4–14) that
may impact the use of this standard. (Approved December 1, 2015.)

(1) Revised X2.4. (2) Revised Section 8.

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