GEC 2

CRITICAL EVALUATION AND PROMOTION OF LOCAL AND ORAL

HISTORY, MUSEUMS, HISTORICAL SHRINES,
CULTURAL PERFORMANCES, INDIGENOUS PRACTICES, RELIGIOUS
RITES AND RITUALS, ETC.

INTEGRATION: IPS AND GENDER DEVELOPMENT

Submitted by:
Samantha Charrise Hernandez
Angel Mae Torres
Carmelo Dapar II
Jiremy Patricio

Bachelor of Science in Information Technology 1-C

Submitted to:
Mrs. Ma. Ines M. Garingalao
 CHAPTER 5

CRITICAL EVALUATION AND PROMOTION OF LOCAL AND ORAL

HISTORY, MUSEUMS, HISTORICAL SHRINES, CULTURAL
PERFORMANCES, INDIGENOUS PRACTICES, RELIGIOUS RITES AND
RITUALS
INTEGRATION: IPs and GENDER DEVELOPMENT

I. LOCAL HISTORY AND ORAL HISTORY

LOCAL HISTORY
➤ Study of history of a particular community or smaller unit of geography.
➤ It covers recent studies on local institutions like churches, local economies,
local heroes, and local events.
➤ It has broad and dynamic field of inquiry that aims to have in depth
understanding of a certain locale.
Examples are: oral interviews, government reports, newspaper articles, letters,
diaries and personal papers

ORAL HISTORY
➤ Involves interviews with individuals who either tell their life stories or focus on
a certain aspect of their history
➤ Often one person's point of view, unless someone gathers a series of interviews
on the same issue together in a volume
➤ Memories of living people about events or social conditions
➤ Spoken memories, stories, song as a way of communicating and discovering
information about the past
Examples are: legends, folklore, family stories passed down through the
generations

II. MUSEUMS IN THE PHILIPPINES

 Museums are windows of the past
 They are time capsules that put history into perspectives.
 With its rich history and culture, the museums in the Philippines provide
a glimpse on this country’s past enriched by colonization and occupation.
 There are some art galleries as well that promote local art and artisan.
 NATIONAL MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS
• The National Museum of Fine Arts (Pambansang Museo ng Sining),
formerly known as the National Art Gallery, is an art museum in
Manila, Philippines.
• The museum, owned and operated by the National Museum of the
Philippines, was founded in 1998 and houses a collection of paintings
and sculptures by classical Filipino artists such as Juan Luna, Félix
Resurrección Hidalgo and Guillermo Tolentino.
• The National Museum of Fine Arts is home to 29 galleries and hallway
exhibitions comprising of 19th century Filipino masters, National
Artists, leading modern painters, sculptors, and printmakers. Also on
view are art loans from other government institutions, organizations,
and individuals.

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

• The National Museum of Natural History houses 12 permanent
galleries that exhibit the rich biological and geological diversity of the
Philippines.
• It includes creatively curated displays of botanical, zoological, and
geological specimens that represent our unique natural history.
• Situated at the center of the museum is a “Tree of Life” structure that
proudly connects all the unique ecosystems in the Philippines, from our
magnificent mountain ridges to the outstanding marine reefs.

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY

• The National Museum of Anthropology (Pambansang Museo ng
Antropolohiya), formerly known as the Museum of the Filipino People
(Museo ng Lahing Filipino), is a component museum of the National
Museum of the Philippines which houses Ethnological and
Archaeological exhibitions.
• The National Museum of Anthropology stages the Philippine
ethnographic and terrestrial and underwater archaeological collections
narrating the story of the Philippines from the past, as presented
through artifacts as evidences of its pre-history.

III. HISTORICAL SHRINE

 Historic shrine is secular in nature and examples of this type are monuments,
distinctive buildings or a small structure which is considered a local or
national symbol.
Republic act No. 7356(NCCA)
Objectives:
1. To encourage and support programs through the publication, exhibition,
production, performance, staging, and reproduction of original Filipino creations;
2. promote the popularization of information about artists and cultural achievements
and programs, in coordination with government agencies and non-government
organiations or institutions;
3. to preserve and integrate traditional culture and its creative expressions.

NATIONAL SHRINE OF THE PHILIPPINES

RIZAL MONUMENT
• Location: Rizal Park, (Luneta), Manila
• Designer: Richard Kissling
• Date of Inauguration: December 30, 1913
• Dedicated to: To the Memory of Jose Rizal, Patriot and Martyr

BONIFACIO MONUMENT
• Location: Grace Park, Caloocan City, Metro Manila
• Designer: Guillermo Tolentino
• Date of Inauguration: November 30, 1933
• Dedicated to: To the Memory of Andres Bonifacio, The founder, and
Supremo of the Katipunan

LAPU-LAPU SHRINE
• Location: Liberty Shrine, Punta Engaño, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu
• Date Built: sometime in 1969 through RA. 5695
• Dedicated to: Lapu-Lapu, a native chieftain of Mactan who defeat
Magellan in the battle of Mactan in 1521

SANDUGO SHRINE
• Location: Barangay Bool, Tagbilaran City, Bohol
• Designer: Napoleon Abueva
• Dedicated to: the peace pact between Datu Sikatuna and Miguel Lopez
de Legazpi in 1565

SHRINE OF VALOR
• Location: Mt. Samat, Pilar, Bataan
• Designer: Lorenzo del Castillo and Napoleon Abueva
• Date of Inauguration: 1970
• Dedicated to: To the Soldiers who fought for freedom in the Battle of
Bataan
SULTAN KUDARAT
• Location: Isulan, Sultan Kudarat
• Dedicated to: Sultan Kudarat, the Muslim brave hero and Mindanao's
most Powerful ruler

PINAGLABAN SHRINE
• Location: City of San Juan, Metro Manila, Philippines
• Designer: Eduardo Castillo
• Date of Inauguration: 1974
• Dedicated to: the brave Katipuneros who died in the battlefield

BALINGIGA ENCOUNTER SHRINE

• Location: Balagiga, Eastern Samar
• Designer: Napoleon Abueva
• Date of Inauguration: September 28, 2003
• Dedicated to the Heroism of the local freedom fighters of Samar

PEOPLE POWER MONUMENT

• Location: Corner of Edsa and White Plains Avenue in Barangay Camp
Aguinaldo, Quezon City
• Designer: Eduardo Castrillo
• Date of Inauguration: 1993
• Dedicated to: the brave Filipinos who Marched on the streets of EDSA
during the People power revolution

EDSA SHRINE
• Location: Ortigas Center, EDSA corner Ortigas Avenue, Ugong norte,
Quezon City
• Designer: Various Artists
• Date of Inauguration: 1989
• Dedicated to the peaceful outcome of the People Power Revolution in
1986

IV. CULTURAL PERFORMANCES

 Cultural Performances refers to performing arts which includes traditional

music, dance and theatre. These arts are performed for an audience that
normally blends acting, singing, dancing and music, as well as dialogue and
narration
  MUSIC
Kundiman - sung by women and talks about being heartbroken.
Instruments:
• Kudyapi - two string lute
• Kulintang - gong ensemble
• Gimbal - war drums, some with the salibao
• kubing - bamboo jew’s harp

 DANCES
• Tinikling - is considered the national folkdance with a pair of dancers
hopping between two bamboo poles held just above the ground and
struck together in to the time to music.
• Originated from Leyte Province, this dance is in fact a mimic movement
of tikling birds hopping over trees, grass stems or over bamboo traps
set by farmers. Dancers perform this dance with remarkable grace and
speed jumping between bamboo poles.

 THEATRES
• Moro Moro - A type of folk drama performed in villages throughout the
Philippines, usually during fiestas.
• Although each village's moro-moro is a little different in terms of
treatment, all are full of romance and melodrama, and the highpoint is
always a battle between Muslims and Christians.
• Local people write the script, which is in verse, and some performances
include quite elaborate scenery and costumes. Music and dance are also
part of the production

V. INDIGENOUSE PRACTICES
➤ The word 'indigenous' refers to the notion of a place-based human
ethnic culture that has not migrated from its homeland, and is not a settler
or colonial population.

➤ The Philippines is an archipelago country made up of 62 indigenous

cultural communities (ICCS) spread across the country's various island.
Over the years, the government of the Philippines has maintained a
number of agencies that have looked into their welfare. However, only
recently did it appear that their indigenous knowledge and practice (IKSP)
needs to be documented and promoted
Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices (IKSPs)
➤ Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices (IKSPs) are local knowledge
developed over centuries of experimentation and are passed orally from generations
to generation. It was found to be an important catalyst to sustainable development
due to their direct connection to resource management and conservation.

IFUGAOS OF CORDILLERA
FARMING AND FISHING
• Seen from a wider perspective, the farming system of Ifugaos consists
of the payoh (rice terraces), muyung (wood lot), and the uma (swidden)
• Small fishes like million fish (tampipi) and yoyo are caught using
woven bamboo traps called bobo.

WEAVING
• Ifugao Ikat weaving is a style of weaving that uses a resist dyeing
process on either the warp or weft before the threads are woven to
create a pattern or design. The result of this process is a motif which is
fuzzy in appearance. This blurry look comes from the slight bleeding of
the dyes into the resist areas. Ifugao Ikat is characterized by diamond
stripes of white and red stripes. It is known for its colors and striking
design patterns.

DANCING
• They dance at weddings, planting and harvest rituals, funerals and rites
of passage. Full of symbolism, their dances reflect their values and
aspirations, civility and spirituality. For instance, palms facing upward
mean stopping and warding off evil spirits. The women's slow and
meek movements, constant looking to the ground and getting cues
from movements from the men reflect humility and deference to their
menfolk. Arms thrust upward with palm facing heaven express
thanksgiving to God, while stooping, balancing and tilting of the body
symbolize affinity with the earth.

ATIS OF PANAY
FARMING
➤ The Atis were probably the first in the country to practice slash and burn (Barato
1978). Thise living in upland areas, such as Atis are engaged in swidden agriculture.

FISHING
➤ Individually or in groups, the fishing is done by men. Atis in Igcaputol Dao,
Antique uses the simplest method for catching fish, such as hook and line (bonite),
lagtang vines and other fishing net.
 THE BADJAOS OF TAWI-TAWI
SEAWEEDS FARMING
➤A very promising livelihood for poor families in coastal. Farmers in some coastal
areas like in Sitangkai, Tawi-Tawi are in this livelihood.

FISHING
➤The Badjaos fishing methods are friendly to the environment. These include
linggih (net fishing), pag-ambit (deep sea fishing), paubik or panah (spear and arrow
or hook and line), pitikan (diving weapon) and sangkaliyah or shark fishing.

Impact of the Indigenous knowledge system and practice

➤ The Badjaos derive substantial income from their livelihood (i.e. fishing seaweed
farming). A seaweed farmer can earn 7,400 pesos per hectare per year. Earnings are
enough to support the family's day-to-day needs. Seaweed farming contributes to the
reproduction and improvement of marine biodiversity. It helps to provide associated
marine fish with better habitat.

VI. RELIGIOUS RITES AND RITUALS

 Religious rites and rituals are the distinguishing marks of any religion.
 They are declarations of one’s worship creating an atmosphere of
reverence to God or any known Supreme Being.
 The major religion in the Philippines is Roman Catholic Christianity,
followed by Islam and other types of Christianity. In the Philippines, all
religions are protected by the law, and no one religious belief is given
priority over any other. Below is an overview of the largest religions in
the country, with data from the CIA World Factbook.

Roman Catholic Christianity - 80.6%

➤ Roman Catholicism is the largest religion in the Philippines. This religion was first
introduced through the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan in the early 1500s.
Magellan, whose original destination was Spice Island, arrived on Cebu Island in the
Philippines due to a missed route. He then proceeded to make Roman Catholicism a
state religion by first converting the Chief of Cebu, and several hundreds of his
followers. Today, a large majority of the population of the Philippines - around 80% -
identifies as Roman Catholic.

Protestant Christianity - 8.2%

➤ Protestant Christianity is the second-largest religious group in the Philippines.
Evangelical Protestantism was introduced into the Philippines by American
missionaries after the Spanish-American War between the late 18th and early 19th
Centuries.
Islam - 5.6%
➤ Islam is the third-largest religion in the Philippines after Catholicism and
Christianity. The religion existed in the region for around a century before the spread
of Christianity. Islam first spread to Simunul Island in the Philippines through
foreign trade with countries such as India. Specifically, it was the Islamic cleric-
Karim ul' Makhdum who first introduced the religion to the area. Subsequently, he
established the first mosque on the same Island, which is today, the oldest mosque in
the country.

Other - 1.9%
➤ Other minor religions in the country include Hinduism, Judaism, the Baha'i Faith,
Indigenous Beliefs, Other Christians, and Atheists.
➤ Indigenous traditions predate the colonial religions of Islam and Christianity in
the Philippines. The most predominant views are that of animism, which is the belief
that even non-living entities such trees and plants have spirits. Indigenous religions
are characterized by the worship of various deities, as opposed to the monotheistic
religions. With regards to influence, other religions, even the predominant Roman
Catholic, have adopted animism in combination with their own beliefs. This blending
is known as religious syncretism.

VII. FILIPINO BELIEFS AND RITUALS AND CEREMONIES

COVERING ALL REGIONS OF THE PHILIPPINES.
Religious beliefs, rituals, practices, and customs are all part of the spiritual
expression. What to believe and how to manifest that belief is entirely dependent on
the individual religious beliefs and practices, which are formed in relation to their
context and culture. Here are some rituals and ceremonies performed by Filipinos in
all regions of the Philippines.

PAGDUGO - According to popular Filipino beliefs, padugo or bloodletting is

often done before a house is built to help drive away evil spirits that live in the land
where they are building their home. Padugo is a long-standing tradition that dates
back to the days when beliefs in anito or deities were at their peak.

PENITENSYA - The word penitensya means repentance the strong desired to be

forgiven traditionally the word penitentia or penance have been viewed as a
punishment. Penitensya is a ritual performed by some of our locals who want to
repent for their sins and wrong doings. The word penance derives from old french
and Latin. Penitensya both of which derives from the same root meaning repentance
the desire to be forgiven.
 MARRIAGE - In the Philippines, marriage is one of the most significant aspects
of the family code. They used to be unable to allow men and women to be together
unless they were married. A typical Filipino wedding today includes the following
rituals: candle lighting, coin blessing, nukshall string tying, and rice grain throwing.
When the Americans took over the Philippines from the Spaniards in 1900, they had
to consider the legality of marriage.
BAYANIHAN - The spirit of communal solidarity, labor, and cooperation to
attain a specific objective is referred to as bayanihan. Bayanihan is a Filipino word
that comes from the word bayan, which means "town nation" or "community."
Bayanihan literally means "to be a bayan," and it refers to a spirit of communal
cooperation and unity.
FIESTAS - are significant because they bring together and nourish cultural
history, family bonds, and camaraderie, as well as introduce us to new people. We
pray that in the future, the tradition of celebrating fiestas in honor of our patron
saints will not be relegated to urban legend. Fiestas became celebrated events under
Spanish rule, when the first colonizers noticed that early Filipinos enjoyed
celebrations and used fiestas to entice the natives.
KNEEL WALKING - A group of devotees walking on their knees from the main
door facing Plaza Miranda to the altar is common on any given day. Kneeling walking
from the church door to the altar is practiced by certain devotees. This is a popular
practice in this church as a symbol of devotion to the black nazarenes. Genuflection,
usually on one knee, is still practiced in the anglican, lutheran, roman catholic, and
western churches. Orthodox traditions among other churches it is different from
kneeling in prayer which is more widespread.

INTEGRATION: IPS AND GENDER DEVELOPMENT

Gender development is intricately connected to history through the study of social,
cultural, economic, and political factors that have shaped perceptions, roles, and
experiences of gender over time. Understanding the historical context of gender
provides insights into the evolution of gender norms, identities, inequalities, and
activism. Here's how gender development is connected to history:
1. Social Constructs and Ideologies
2. Women's Rights Movements
3. Gendered Division of Labor
4. Family and Household Dynamics
5. Sexuality and Reproduction
6. Colonialism and Globalization
7. Intersectionality
 a. SOCIAL CONSTRUCTS AND IDEOLOGIES
History reveals how societal norms and ideologies regarding gender have evolved
and been constructed over time. Studying historical texts, laws, religious doctrines,
and cultural practices allows us to trace the origins of gender roles, expectations, and
stereotypes and understand how they have been reinforced or challenged throughout
history.

b. WOMEN'S RIGHTS MOVEMENTS

History documents the struggles and achievements of women's rights movements
and feminist activism throughout different historical periods. By examining the
contributions of women activists, suffragists, and feminists, we can understand the
fight for gender equality, reproductive rights, and political representation.

c. GENDERED DIVISION OF LABOR

Historical records shed light on the gendered division of labor and how it has
influenced economic, social, and political structures. Studying labor movements,
industrialization, and agricultural practices helps us understand how gender norms
have shaped occupational segregation, wage disparities, and access to resources and
opportunities.

d. FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD DYNAMICS

History provides insights into changing family structures, kinship systems, and
household arrangements across different societies and time periods. By examining
marriage customs, inheritance laws, and child-rearing practices, we can analyze how
gender roles within the family have been constructed, negotiated, and contested over
time.

e. SEXUALITY AND REPRODUCTION

Historical perspectives on sexuality, reproduction, and reproductive health reveal
how gender norms have influenced sexual identities, behaviors, and health
outcomes. By studying historical attitudes towards contraception, abortion, and
sexual orientation, we can understand how societal norms have shaped individual
experiences of sexuality and reproductive rights.

f. COLONIALISM AND GLOBALIZATION

Historical processes such as colonialism, imperialism, and globalization have had
profound impacts on gender relations and identities around the world. By examining
colonial policies, missionary activities, and global economic systems, we can analyze
how gender norms have been imposed, resisted, or transformed in different cultural
contexts.
 g. INTERSECTIONALITY
History allows us to explore how gender intersects with other axes of identity such as
race, class, ethnicity, sexuality, and nationality. By studying the experiences of
marginalized groups such as women of color, LGBTQ+ individuals, and indigenous
communities, we can understand the complex intersections of oppression and
resistance within historical contexts.

REFERENCES:
Critical Evaluation and Promotion of Local and Oral | Download Free PDF | Philippines (scribd.com)
National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila) - Wikipedia
National Museum of Anthropology – National Museum
National Museum of Natural History – National Museum
Promotion of Local History, Oral History, Museums and Shrines | PDF | Baptism | Shrine (scribd.com)
Historical Shrines & Cultural Performances | PDF (scribd.com)
Filipino Beliefs and rituals and ceremonies covering all regions of the philippines - A. Filipino -
Studocu
Religious Beliefs In The Philippines - WorldAtlas
Philippine Theater - Teatro Del Mundo (World theater) (weebly.com)
TINIKLING considered as the national folkdance with a pair of dancers hopping | Course Hero
Indigenous peoples of the Philippines - Wikipedia
Gender and development - Wikipedia