Answer The Following Question Answer

Question1. Fill in the blanks

a. The volume of a cube of side 1 cm is equal to.....m3
b. The surface area of a solid cylinder of radius 2.0 cm and height 10.0 cm is equal to ...
(mm)2
c. A vehicle moving with a speed of 18 km h–1covers....m in 1 s
d. The relative density of lead is 11.3. Its density is ....g cm–3 or . ...kg m–3.

Solution :
a. Length of edge = 1cm = 1/100 m
Volume of the cube = side3
Putting the value of side, we get
Volume of the cube = (1/100 m)3 =(10-2 m)3 10-6 m3.

The volume of a cube of side 1 cm is equal to 10-6 m3

b. Given,
Radius, r = 2.0 cm = 20 mm (convert cm to mm)
Height, h = 10.0 cm =100 mm
The formula of total surface area of a cylinder S = 2πr (r + h)
Putting the values in this formula, we get
Surface area of a cylinder S = 2πr (r + h = 2 x 3.14 x 20 (20+100)
= 15072 = 1.5 × 104 mm2
The surface area of a solid cylinder of radius 2.0 cm and height 10.0 cm is equal to 1.5 ×
104 mm2

c. Using the conversion,

Given,
Time, t = 1 sec
speed = 18 km h-1 = 18 km / hour
1 km = 1000 m and 1hour = 3600 sec
Speed = 18 × 1000 /3600 sec = 5 m /sec
Use formula
Speed = distance / time
Cross multiply it, we get
Distance = Speed × Time = 5 × 1 = 5 m
A vehicle moving with a speed of 18 km h–1covers 5 m in 1 s.

d. Density of lead = Relative density of lead × Density of water

Density of water = 1 g/cm3
Putting the values, we get
Density of lead = 11.3 × 1 g / cm3
= 11.3 g cm-3
1 cm = (1/100 m) =10–2 m3
1 g = 1/1000 kg = 10-3 kg
Density of lead = 11.3 g cm-3 = 11.3
Putting the value of 1 cm and 1 gram
11.3 g/cm3 = 11.3 × 10-3 kg (10-2m)-3 = 11.3 ×10–3 × 106 kg m-3 =1.13 × 103 kg m–3
The relative density of lead is 11.3. Its density is 11.3 g cm-3 g cm–3 or 1.13 × 103 kg m–3.

Question2. Fill in the blanks by suitable conversion of units:

a. 1 kg m2s–2= ....g cm2 s–2
b. 1 m =..... ly
c. 3.0 m s–2=.... km h–2
d. G= 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 (kg)–2=.... (cm)3s–2 g–1.
Solution :
a. 1 kg = 103 g
1 m2 = 104 cm2
1 kg m2 s–2 = 1 kg × 1 m2 × 1 s–2
=103 g × 104 cm2 × 1 s–2 = 107 g cm2 s–2
1 kg m2s–2= 107 g cm2 s–2

b. Distance = Speed × Time

Speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s
Time = 1 year = 365 days = 365 × 24 hours = 365 × 24 × 60 × 60 sec
Putting these values in above formula we get
1 light year distance = (3 × 108 m/s) × (365 × 24 × 60 × 60 s) = 9.46 × 1015 m
9.46 × 1015 m = 1 ly
So that 1 m = 1/ 9.46 × 1015 ly = 1.06 × 10-16 ly

c. 1 hour = 3600 sec so that 1 sec = 1/3600 hour

1 km = 1000 m so that 1 m = 1/1000 km
3.0 m s–2 = 3.0 (1/1000 km)( 1/3600 hour)-2 = 3.0 × 10–3 km × ((1/3600)-2 h–2)
= 3.0 × 10–3 km × (3600)2 h–2 = 3.88 × 104 km h–2
3.0 m s–2= 3.88 × 104 km h–2

d. 1 N = 1 kg m s–2

1 kg = 10–3 g–1

1 m3 = 106 cm3

∴ 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2 = 6.67 × 10–11 × (1 kg m s–2) (1 m2) (1 s–2)

= 6.67 × 10–11 × (1 kg × 1 m3 × 1 s–2)

= 6.67 × 10–11 × (10–3 g–1) × (106 cm3) × (1 s–2)

= 6.67 × 10–8 cm3 s–2 g–1

Question3. A calorie is a unit of heat or energy and it equals about 4.2 J where 1J = 1
kg m2s–2. Suppose we employ a system of units in which the unit of mass equals α kg,
the unit of length equals β m, the unit of time is γ s. Show that a calorie has a
magnitude 4.2 α–1 β–2 γ2 in terms of the new units.

Solution :
Given that,
1 Calorie=4.2 J = 4.2 Kg m2 s-2 ...... (i)
As new unit of mass = α Kg
∴ 1 Kg = 1/α new unit of mass
Similarly, 1 m = β-1 new unit of length
1 s = γ-1 new unit of time
Putting these values in (i), we get
1 calorie = 4.2 (α-1 new unit of mass) (β-1 new unit of length)2 (γ-1 new unit of time)-2
= 4.2 α-1 β-2 γ2 new unit of energy (Proved)

Question4. Explain this statement clearly: “To call a dimensional quantity 'large' or
'small' is meaningless without specifying a standard for comparison”. In view of this,
reframe the following statements wherever necessary:
a. atoms are very small objects
b. a jet plane moves with great speed
c. the mass of Jupiter is very large
d. the air inside this room contains a large number of molecules
e. a proton is much more massive than an electron
f. the speed of sound is much smaller than the speed of light.

Solution :
The given statement is true because a dimensionless quantity may be large or small in
comparision to some standard reference. For example, the coefficient of friction is
dimensionless. The coefficient of sliding friction is greater than the coefficient of rolling friction,
but less than static friction.
a. An atom is a very small object in comparison to a soccer ball.
b. A jet plane moves with a speed greater than that of a bicycle.
c. Mass of Jupiter is very large as compared to the mass of a cricket ball.
d. The air inside this room contains a large number of molecules as compared to that present
in a geometry box.
e. A proton is more massive than an electron.
f. Speed of sound is less than the speed of light.

Question5. A new unit of length is chosen such that the speed of light in vacuum is
unity. What is the distance between the Sun and the Earth in terms of the new unit if
light takes 8 min and 20 s to cover this distance?

Solution :
Distance between the Sun and the Earth:
= Speed of light × Time taken by light to cover the distance
Given that in the new unit, speed of light = 1 unit
Time taken, t = 8 min 20 s = 500 s
∴Distance between the Sun and the Earth = 1 × 500 = 500 units

Question6. Which of the following is the most precise device for measuring length:
a. a vernier callipers with 20 divisions on the sliding scale
b. a screw gauge of pitch 1 mm and 100 divisions on the circular scale
c. an optical instrument that can measure length to within a wavelength of light

Solution :
a. Least count of this vernier callipers = 1SD - 1 VD = 1 SD - 19/20 SD = 1/20 SD
= 1.20 mm = 1/200 cm = 0.005 cm
b. Least count of screw gauge = Pitch/Number of divisions = 1/1000 = 0.001 cm.
c. Wavelength of light, λ ≈ 10-5 cm = 0.00001 cm
Hence, it can be inferred that an optical instrument is the most suitable device to measure
length.

Question7. A student measures the thickness of a human hair by looking at it through

a microscope of magnification 100. He makes 20 observations and finds that the
average width of the hair in the field of view of the microscope is 3.5 mm. What is the
estimate on the thickness of hair?

Solution :
Magnification of the microscope = 100
Average width of the hair in the field of view of the microscope = 3.5 mm
∴Actual thickness of the hair is 3.5/100 = 0.035 mm.

8. Answer the following:

Question8.1: You are given a thread and a metre scale. How will you estimate the
diameter of the thread?

Solution : Wrap the thread on a uniform smooth rod in such a way that the coils thus formed
are very close to each other. Measure the length of the thread using a metre scale. The
diameter of the thread is given by the relation,
Diameter = Length of thread /Number of turns

Question8.2: A screw gauge has a pitch of 1.0 mm and 200 divisions on the circular
scale. Do you think it is possible to increase the accuracy of the screw gauge
arbitrarily by increasing the number of divisions on the circular scale?

Solution : It is not possible to increase the accuracy of a screw gauge by increasing the
number of divisions of the circular scale. Increasing the number divisions of the circular scale
will increase its accuracy to a certain extent only.

Question8.3: The mean diameter of a thin brass rod is to be measured by vernier

callipers. Why is a set of 100 measurements of the diameter expected to yield a more
reliable estimate than a set of 5 measurements only?

Solution : A set of 100 measurements is more reliable than a set of 5 measurements

because random errors involved in the former are very less as compared to the latter.

Question9. The photograph of a house occupies an area of 1.75 cm2on a 35 mm slide.

The slide is projected on to a screen, and the area of the house on the screen is 1.55
m2. What is the linear magnification of the projector-screen arrangement?

Solution :
Here area of the house on slide = 1.75 cm2 = 1.75 x 10-4 m2 and area of the house of
projector-screen = 1.55 m2
.•. Areal magnification =Area on screen/Area on slide = 1.55 m2 / 1.75 x 10-4 m2 = 8.857 x
103
.•. Linear magnification

Question10. State the number of significant figures in the following:

a. 0.007 m2
b. 2.64 x 1024 kg
c. 0.2370 g cm-3
d. 6.320 J
e. 6.032 N m-2
f. 0.0006032 m2

Solution :
a. Answer: 1
The given quantity is 0.007 m2.
If the number is less than one, then all zeros on the right of the decimal point (but left to the
first non-zero) are insignificant. This means that here, two zeros after the decimal are not
significant. Hence, only 7 is a significant figure in this quantity.

b. Answer: 3
The given quantity is 2.64 × 1024 kg.
Here, the power of 10 is irrelevant for the determination of significant figures. Hence, all digits
i.e., 2, 6 and 4 are significant figures.

c. Answer: 4
The given quantity is 0.2370 g cm–3.
For a number with decimals, the trailing zeroes are significant. Hence, besides digits 2, 3 and
7, 0 that appears after the decimal point is also a significant figure.

d. Answer: 4
The given quantity is 6.320 J.
For a number with decimals, the trailing zeroes are significant. Hence, all four digits appearing
in the given quantity are significant figures.

e. Answer: 4
The given quantity is 6.032 Nm–2.
All zeroes between two non-zero digits are always significant.

f. Answer: 4
The given quantity is 0.0006032 m2.
If the number is less than one, then the zeroes on the right of the decimal point (but left to the
first non-zero) are insignificant. Hence, all three zeroes appearing before 6 are not significant
figures. All zeros between two non-zero digits are always significant. Hence, the remaining
four digits are significant figures.

Question11. The length, breadth and thickness of a rectangular sheet of metal are
4.234 m, 1.005 m, and 2.01 cm respectively. Give the area and volume of the sheet to
correct significant figures.

Solution :
Length of sheet, l = 4.234 m

Breadth of sheet, b = 1.005 m

Thickness of sheet, h = 2.01 cm = 0.0201 m

The given table lists the respective significant figures:

Quantity Number Significant Figure

l 4.234 4
b 1.005 4
h 0.0201 3
Hence, area and volume both must have least significant figures i.e., 3.

Surface area of the sheet = 2 (l × b + b × h + h × l)

= 2(4.234 × 1.005 + 1.005 × 0.0201 + 0.0201 × 4.234)

= 2(4.25517 + 0.0202005 + 0.0851034)
= 2 × 4.36
= 8.72 m2
Volume of the sheet = l × b × h

= 4.234 × 1.005 × 0.0201

= 0.0855 m3

This number has only 3 significant figures i.e., 8, 5, and 5.

Question12. The mass of a box measured by a grocer's balance is 2.300 kg. Two gold
pieces of masses 20.15 g and 20.17 g are added to the box. What is (a) the total mass
of the box, (b) the difference in the masses of the pieces to correct significant figures?

Solution :
Mass of grocer’s box = 2.300 kg

Mass of gold piece I = 20.15g = 0.02015 kg

Mass of gold piece II = 20.17 g = 0.02017 kg

(a) Total mass of the box = 2.3 + 0.02015 + 0.02017 = 2.34032 kg

In addition, the final result should retain as many decimal places as there are in the number
with the least decimal places. Hence, the total mass of the box is 2.3 kg.

(b) Difference in masses = 20.17 – 20.15 = 0.02 g

In subtraction, the final result should retain as many decimal places as there are in the
number with the least decimal places.

Question15. A famous relation in physics relates ‘moving mass’ m to the ‘rest mass’
m0 of a particle in terms of its speed v and the speed of light, c. (This relation first
arose as a consequence of special relativity due to Albert Einstein). A boy recalls the
relation almost correctly but forgets where to put the constant c. He writes : m =
m0 / (1-v2)1/2 Guess where to put the missing c.

Solution :
Given the relation,
m = m0 / (1-v2)1/2
Dimension of m = M1 L0 T0
Dimension of m0 = M1 L0 T0
Dimension of v = M0 L1 T–1
Dimension of v2 = M0 L2 T–2
Dimension of c = M0 L1 T–1
The given formula will be dimensionally correct only when the dimension of L.H.S is the same
as that of R.H.S. This is only possible when the factor, (1-v2)1/2 is dimensionless i.e., (1 – v2)
is dimensionless. This is only possible if v2 is divided by c2. Hence, the correct relation is
m = m0 / (1 - v2/c2)1/2

Question16. The unit of length convenient on the atomic scale is known as an

angstrom and is denoted by Å: 1 Å = 10-10 m. The size of a hydrogen atom is about 0.5
Å. What is the total atomic volume in m3 of a mole of hydrogen atoms ?

Solution :
Radius of hydrogen atom, r = 0.5 Å = 0.5 × 10-10 m
Volume of hydrogen atom = (4/3) π r3
= (4/3) × (22/7) × (0.5 × 10-10)3
= 0.524 × 10-30 m3
1 mole of hydrogen contains 6.023 × 1023 hydrogen atoms.
∴ Volume of 1 mole of hydrogen atoms = 6.023 × 1023 × 0.524 × 10–30
= 3.16 × 10–7 m3

Question17. One mole of an ideal gas at standard temperature and pressure occupies
22.4 L (molar volume). What is the ratio of molar volume to the atomic volume of a
mole of hydrogen ? (Take the size of hydrogen molecule to be about 1 Å). Why is this
ratio so large ?

Solution :
Radius of hydrogen atom, r = 0.5 Å = 0.5 × 10-10 m
Volume of hydrogen atom = (4/3) π r3
= (4/3) × (22/7) × (0.5 × 10-10)3
= 0.524 × 10-30 m3
Now, 1 mole of hydrogen contains 6.023 × 1023 hydrogen atoms.
∴ Volume of 1 mole of hydrogen atoms, Va = 6.023 × 1023 × 0.524 × 10–30
= 3.16 × 10–7 m3
Molar volume of 1 mole of hydrogen atoms at STP,
Vm = 22.4 L = 22.4 × 10–3 m3

Hence, the molar volume is 7.08 × 104 times higher than the atomic volume. For this reason,
the inter-atomic separation in hydrogen gas is much larger than the size of a hydrogen atom.

Question18. Explain this common observation clearly : If you look out of the window of
a fast moving train, the nearby trees, houses etc. seem to move rapidly in a direction
opposite to the train's motion, but the distant objects (hill tops, the Moon, the stars
etc.) seem to be stationary. (In fact, since you are aware that you are moving, these
distant objects seem to move with you).

Solution : Line of sight is defined as an imaginary line joining an object and an observer's
eye. When we observe nearby stationary objects such as trees, houses, etc. while sitting in a
moving train, they appear to move rapidly in the opposite direction because the line of sight
changes very rapidly.
On the other hand, distant objects such as trees, stars, etc. appear stationary because of the
large distance. As a result, the line of sight does not change its direction rapidly.

Question23. The Sun is a hot plasma (ionized matter) with its inner core at a
temperature exceeding 107 K, and its outer surface at a temperature of about 6000 K.
At these high temperatures, no substance remains in a solid or liquid phase. In what
range do you expect the mass density of the Sun to be, in the range of densities of
solids and liquids or gases ? Check if your guess is correct from the following data :
mass of the Sun = 2.0 × 1030 kg, radius of the Sun = 7.0 × 108 m.

Solution :
Mass of the Sun, M = 2.0 × 1030 kg
Radius of the Sun, R = 7.0 × 108 m

Volume V = 43𝜋𝑟3
The density of the Sun is in the density range of solids and liquids. This high density is
attributed to the intense gravitational attraction of the inner layers on the outer layer of the
Sun.

Question24. When the planet Jupiter is at a distance of 824.7 million kilometers from
the Earth, its angular diameter is measured to be 35.72" of arc. Calculate the diameter
of Jupiter.

Solution :
Distance of Jupiter from the Earth, D = 824.7 × 106 km = 824.7 × 109 m
Angular diameter = 35.72" = 35.72 × 4.874 × 10-6 rad
Diameter of Jupiter = d
Using the relation,
θ = d/ D
d = θ D = 824.7 × 109 × 35.72 × 4.872 × 10-6
= 143520.76 × 103 m = 1.435 × 105 Km