SGr12OM SFT ResourceBookNew

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<&
;dlaIKfõoh i|yd úoHdj

12 fY%aKsh
mßYS,k .%ka:h
Ôj úoHdj
^2017 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul jk úIh ks¾foaYh i|yd&
;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
Y%S ,xldj
www.nie.lk
;dlaIKfõoh i|yd úoHdj
mßYS,k .%ka:h
Ôj úoHdj
m%:u uqøKh - 2020
© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
ISBN :

úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
Y%S ,xldj
fjí wvúh( www.nie.lk

B-fï,a( [email protected]
uqøKh(
ii
wOHlaI ckrd,a;u
= df.a mKsúvh
Y%s ,xldfõ wkd.; ixj¾Ok b,lal idlaId;a lr .ekSu iòyd wjYH

;dlaIKsl ksmqK;dj,ska hq;= mqrjeishka ìys lsÍu wruqKq fldg f.k 2013 cQ,s
udifha isg ;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdj mdi,a moaO;shg y`ÿkajd fok ,os' tu
wjia:dfõ y÷kajd fok ,o úIh ks¾foaYh 2017 jif¾ § ;j ÿrg;a ixfYdaOkh
fldg bÈßm;a lr we;'
2017 jif¾ y`ÿkajd ÿka tu ixfYdaê; úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< j fuf;la

m< ù we;s fmd;am;a b;d w,am h' tu wvqj imqrd,Sug fuu mßYS,k .%ka:h
Wmldß jkq we;ehs wfmalaId lrñ' ;dlaIKfõoh iòyd úoHdj úIh ks¾foaYfha
y;rjk tallh jk Ôj úoHdj ixrplhg wod< wu;r lshùï fmd;la jYfhka
Ndú; lsÍug yels jk mßÈ fuu mßYS,k .%ka:h ilia lr we;'
w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& ;dlaIKfõoh iòyd úoHdj úIh idOkh by< kexùu

iòyd .=rejreka iy isiqka hk fomd¾Yajh úiskau Ndú; l< yels .%ka:hl
wjYH;dj imqrd,kq jia fuu w'fmd'i ^W'fm<& ;dlaIKfõoh iòyd úoHdj
mßYS,k .%ka:h w;sf¾l iïm;a fmd;la f,i cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha
;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska ilia lr we;'
mßYS,k .%ka:h iïmdokh lsÍfï § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha Ydia;S%h

lghq;= uKav,fha o" wdh;k iNdfõ o" rpkfha § odhl;ajh ,nd ÿka ish¨
iïm;aodhlhka yd fjk;a md¾Yajhkaf.a buy;a lem ùu we.hSug o fuh
wjia:djla lr .kq leue;af;ñ¡
wdpd¾h iqks,a chka; kjr;ak

wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u'
iii
úIhud,d lñgqj
wkque;sh( Ydia;S%h lghq;= uKav,h

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
WmfoaYl;ajh( wdpd¾h iqks,a chka; kjr;ak

wOHlaI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
wëlaIKh( wdpd¾h fla' Ô' ví' fla' lgql=/kao

wOHlaI
;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
úIh kdhl;ajh yd iïnkaëlrKh(

wdpd¾h rkaisld o w,aúia
fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h
;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
f,aLl uKav,h(
wNHka;r(
wdpd¾h rkaisld o w,aúia
fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
ndysr(
uydpd¾h puß fyÜáwdrÉÑ úoHd mSGh" fld<U úYajúoHd,h'
wdpd¾h ã't,a' chr;ak fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h

úoHd mSGh" le,Ksh úYajúoHd,h'
wdpd¾h fla'fla'Ô'hQ' fyauud,s fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h
úoHd mSGh" reyqK úYajúoHd,h'
wdpd¾h fla'tï'iS' m%kdkaÿ fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h
lDIsl¾u mSGh" reyqK úYajúoHd,h'
tï'tÉ'tï' hdl=;a m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odß ^úY%dñl&"
.S;dks pkaøodi .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h"
fydaud.u'
iS'tÉ'l=uqÿkS .=re fiajh" hfYdaOrd foaù nd'u'ú'"
iv
.ïmy'
wd¾'tia' r;ak;s,l .=re fiajh" Y%S mshr;k u'u'ú'"
mdÿlal'
ixÔjkS y|mdkaf.dv .=re fiajh" Y%S mshr;k u'u'ú'"
mdÿlal'
fla'mS'whs' uÿIdks Y%Smd,s u'ú'"
fydrK'
mS'mS'tia' ñials; fndaêrdc u'ú'"
mQf.dv'
NdId ixia l rKh(
ch;a mshoiqka m%Odk Wml¾;D" is¿ñK
,xldfõ iSudiys; tlai;a m%jD;a;s m;% iud.u
mß.Kl msgq ieliqu (

ldka;s talkdhl ;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
v
mgqk
msgq wxlh
• wOHlaI ckrd,a ;=udf.a mKsúvh iii
• úIhud,d lñgqj iv
• mgqk vi
• ye|skaùu vii
• Ôù ffi,j, jHQyh iy lD;Hh 1
• laIqø Ôùka 27
• laIqø Ôùka yd l¾udka; 41
• îc Ydlj, jHQyh yd wd¾Ól jeo.;alu 67
• YS% ,xldfõ jkdka;r iy jk j.d 87
• Ydl mgl frdamKh 103
• wd¾Ólj jeo.;a mDIAGjxYSka yd wmDIAGjxYSka 122
vi
ye|skaùu
wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< i|yd y÷kajd § we;s ;dlaIKfõoh
úIh Odrdfõ wksjd¾h úIhh jk ;dlaIKfõoh i|yd úoHdj úIhh 2017
j¾Ifha isg l%shd;auljk kj ixfYdaê; úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< jk mßÈ fuu
mßYS,k .%ka:h ilia lr we;'
;dlaIKfõoh úIh Odrdfõ m%Odk ;dlaIK úIhhka yeoEÍu i|yd

wjYH Ôj úoHdj ms<sn| uQ,sl oekqu ,nd §fï wruqK fmroeß j Ôj úoHdj
ixrplhg wod< f;dr;=re we;=<;a lr fuu .%ka:h ks¾udKh lr ;sfí' tfia
jqj o fuu fmdf;ys we;=<;a lreKq wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< úIh
ks¾foaYhg muKla iSud ù ke;' bka u|la Tíng lreKq fm< .iajd we;s w;r"
tu.ska tu`.ska úIh lreKq wjfndaO lr .ekSu myiq jkqq we;ehs wfmalaId
flf¾'
fuu úIhh bf.kSfï § yd b.ekaùfï § fuu mßYS,k .%ka:hg u iSud

fkdù kj oekqu fidhd hEug;a fuys we;=<;a kHdhd;aul úIh lreKqj,g
wod< m%dfhda.sl ls%hdldrlï j, kshe<Sug;a .=re isiq fomd¾Yajhu Èßu;a lrk
w;r" tu`.ska wod< úIhdkqnoaO ksmqK;d isiqka ;=< ixj¾Okh l< yels h'
b.ekaùfï § tla tla ksmqK;d uÜgï hgf;a olajd we;s bf.kqï M, idlaId;a
jk mßÈ mdvï ie,iqï ilia lr .ksñka bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sfha ksr;
ùfuka M,odhs bf.kqï w;aoelSula isiqkag ,nd Èh yels h'
isiqkag M,odhs bf.kqï w;aoelSï ,nd .ekSug fhda.H bf.kqï mßirhla

f.dvk`.d .ksñka ld,Sk j jeo.;a jk fuu úIh rfÜ ixj¾Okhg odhl jk
mßÈ ls%hd;aul lsÍug fuu .%ka:h uy;a msgqjy,la jkq we;'
fuu mßYS,k .%ka:h ilia lsÍug odhl jQ ish¨ fokdgu ia;=;sjka; jk
w;r .=rejrekaf.ka yd isiqkaf.ka ,efnk ixj¾Okd;aul fhdackd w.h lruq'

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
vii
1 cSù ffi,j, jHQyh iy lD;Hh
1'1 ye|skaùu
Ôj;a ùfï yelshdj we;s l=vd u iajdëk jHQyuh tallh ffi,h fõ' ishü Ôùka iE§
we;af;a ffi,j,sks' iEu Ôúhl=u ffi, tllska fyda ffi, .Kkdjlska iE§ we;' ;ks
ffi,hla f,i Ôj;ajk Ôùka tal ffi,sl Ôùka f,i y÷kajk w;r nelaàßhd"
fm%dfgdfidajd" hSiaÜ iy weónd óg ksoiqka fõ' ffi, tllg jvd jeä .Kklska iE§
we;s Ôùyq nyq ffi,sl Ôùka fj;s' ñksid" Ydl" iuyr we,a.S yd È,Sr óg ksoiqka fõ' ta
wkqj ffi,h tal ffi,sl Ôùkaf.a fuka u nyq ffi,sl Ôùkaf.a o uQ,sl ;ekqï
tallhhs'
nyq ffi,sl Ôùka ffi, úYd, ixLHdjlska iukaú; jqj o tajdfha Ôjh wdrïN jkafka
tal.=K wKav ffi,hla yd tal.=K Y=l%dKq ffi,hla ixfiapkh ùfuka yg .kakd ;ks
oaú.=K ffi,hla jk hqla;dKqj u`.sks' hqla;dKqj hkq ñksia l,,fha uQ,sl ;ks ffi,Sh
wjia:dj fõ' fuu ;ks oaú.=K ffi,h fn§ l,,h" N%EKh yd <orejd njg l%ufhka
úlikh ùfuka ñksid kue;s Ôúhd ìys fõ' nyq ffi,sl Ydlhla ie,l+ úg tal.=K
mrd. yd äïn ixfiapkh ùfuka yg .kakd oaú.=K hqla;dKqj ;j ÿrg;a fn§" kj
Ydlhla yg .kshs'
ffi,hlg Ôúhl=g fuka u wdydrj,ska fmdaIl ,nd .ekSu" tu fmdaIl oykfhka
Yla;sh ksmojdf.k wmøjH bj;a lsÍu jeks tu Ôúhdg úfYaIs; jQ mßjD;a;Sh l%shd mj;ajd
f.k hEfï yelshdj we;' fuu l%shdj,Ska isÿ lr .ekSug yels Ôjfha l=vd u fuka u uQ,sl
;ekqï tallh jkafka ffi,hhs' Ôúhl= ;=< ffi,hg jvd l=vd fldgia fyj;a Wm
ffi,Sh fldgia ^ffi,Sh bkaøsld& wvx.= jqj;a tajdg ;ks ;ksj fujeks mßjD;a;Sh
l%shdldrlï isÿ l< fkdyels h' fï wkqj Ôjh mj;ajd .ekSug w;HjYH uQ,sl lD;H
iajdëkj bgq lsÍug yev.eiqKq ;ekqï tallh jkafka ffi,hhs' tneúka ffi,h Ôjfha
uQ,sl lD;Huh tallh o fõ'
ffi, m%udKfhka yd yevfhka tlsfklg fjkia jk w;r" fndfyda ffi, mshú weig
fkd fmfka' tu ffi, ksÍlaIKh i|yd wdf,dal wKaùlaIh fyda bf,lafg%dak wKaùlaIh
Ndú; l< yels h' m%:ufhka wKaùlaIhla Ndú;fhka laIqø ÔùkA ksÍlaIKh l< mqoa.,hd
f,i jd¾;d jkafka wekagka jEka ,shf
q jka yqla (Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek - 1650) úoHd{hd
h' tfy;a ffi,h fidhd .ekSfï f.!rjh ysñ jkafka lsr, uQä lene,a,la ir,
wkaùlaIhlska mÍlaId fldg" th ójohl wdldrhg l=àr jeks jHQyj,ska iE§ we;s nj
mjid" tajd ffi, f,i kï l< frdnÜ yqla (Robert Hooke - 1663) kue;s úoHd{hdghs'
1
rEmh 1'1( wekagka jEka ,shqfjka yQla rEmh 1'2( frdnÜ yQla
rEmh 1'3( frdnÜ yQla Ndú; l< wkaùlaIh
1'2 ffi,Sh ixúOdkh

ffi,h hkq Ôj;a ùfï yelshdj we;s l=vdu iajdëk jHQyhhs' fuu l=vd u tallh ;=<
ir, yd ixlS¾K ridhksl ixfhda. hï ms<sfj<lg ixúOdkh ù we;' Ôù øjH ir,
wjia:dfõ isg ixlS¾K wjia:dj olajd tkï bkaøhsldfõ isg iïmQ¾K Ôúhl= iE§u olajd
mßKduh ù we;s wdldrh ixúOdk uÜgïj,ska ksrEmKh fõ' ffi, ixúOdk uÜgï
ie,lSfï § ffi,hg my< lsisÿ ixúOdk uÜgula Ôù f,i fyda Ôúhl= f,i fyda
i,lkq fkd,efí'
ffcj ixúOdk Oqrdj,sh
ffcùh ixúOdkh b;d ir, uÜgfï isg ixlS¾K uÜgu olajd ixúOdkh jQjls'
ixlS¾K;ajfhka wvq Wm mrudKql wxY= uÜgfï isg ixlS¾K;ajfhka jeä by<u ffcj
f.da, uÜgu olajd jQ ixúOdk uÜgï fuys § y÷kd.; yels fõ' ta wkqj jir ì,shk
.Kkdjlg fmr mDÓúh u; iïNjh jQ tal ffi,sl Ôùka l%ufhka mßKduh ù nyq
ffi,sl Ôùka we;s jQ nj ms<s.;a u;h fõ'
2
Wm mrudKql wxY= 
 mrudKq 
 ir, wKq
 uyd wKq 
 bkaøhsld

m%cdj  .yKh  Ôúhd  wjhj moaO;s  wjhj  mgl  ffi,

mßir moaO;sh  ffcj f.da,h
rEmh 1'4( ffcj ixúOdk Oqrdj,sh
iÔj mod¾:fha ir, u ixúOdk uÜgu f,i i,lkqfha fm%dafgdak" bf,lafg%dak iy

kshqfg%dak jeks Wm mrudKql wxY= h' ldnka" yhsv%cka" Tlaiscka khsg%cka jeks uQ,øjH
mrudKq B<`. uÜgu fõ' fuu mrudKqj,ska c,h" ldnkavfhdlaihsâ" .aÆfldaia" weuhsfkda
wï, jeks ir, wKq iEfoa' ir, wKqj,ska uyd wKq iEfoa' ksoiqka f,i fudfkdielrhsv
tl;= ù fmd,sielrhsv iE§u o weuhsfkda wï, tl;= ù fm%daàk iE§u o kshqla,sfhdaghsv
tl;= ùfuka DNA yd RNA iE§u o ±laúh yels h' fuu uyd wKqj,g hï úfYaIs;
lD;Hhla bgq lsÍfï yelshdj we;' uyd wKq yd ir, wKq úúO wdldrhg ixl,kh ù
kHIaáh" uhsgfldkaä%hd" f.d,a.s foay" wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld jeks úúO bkaøhsld iEfoa'
bkaøhsldj,g ixlS¾K Ôù lD;H bgq l< yels h' iÔj mod¾:fha B<`. ixúOdk uÜgu
jkqfha ffi,hhs' bkaøhsld yd fjk;a Wm ffi,Sh fldgia ma,diau mg,hlska jg ù
ffi,h iE§ we;' iÔù ffi, iuQykh ù tl u lD;Hhla bgq lsÍu i|yd úfYaIKh
ùfuka mgl kï jQ ixúOdk uÜgu we;s fõ' i;a;aj mgl i|yd ksoiqka f,i iakdhq mgl"
fmaYS mgl yd iïnkaOl mgl ±laúh yels h' Ydl mgl i|yd ffY,u" maf,dahu yd
leïìhu ksoiqka fõ' mgl j¾. úúO wdldrhg tl;= ùfuka úfYaI lD;H bgq l< yels
wjhj ^fmKy¨" wlaudj" yDoh& iEfoa' fujeks wjhj .Kkdjla tl;= ù wjhj moaO;s
^wdydr ud¾. moaO;sh" reêr ixirK moaO;sh& iEfok w;r" wjhj moaO;s tla ùfuka
ixlS¾K jQ nyq ffi,sl Ôúfhla we;sfõ'
1'3' Ôùka j¾.SlrKh
Ôùkaf.a mßKdñl iïnkaO;d ksrEmKh jk wdldrhg isÿ lrk iajdNdúl j¾.SlrKfha
§ ish¨ Ôùka wêrdcOdks ;=klg j¾. lr we;' tajd my; mßÈ fõ'
1' wdlshd wêrdcOdksh ^Domain archaea&
2' nelaàßhd wêrdcOdksh ^Domain bacteria&
3' bhqleßhd wêrdcOdksh ^Domain eucarya&
wdlshd wêrdcOdksh
ixúOdkh jQ kHIaáhla ke;s tal ffi,sl Ôùka óg wh;a fõ' fudjqyq ldka;dr" ysu l÷"
WKq Èh W,am;a iy ,jK ìï jeks wdka;sl mßirj, Ôj;a ùfï yelshdj we;s Ôùyq h'
fudjqyq b;d l=vd iy merKs;u Ôùka f,i y÷kajkq ,efn;s' fndfyda úg m%;sÔjlj,g
ixfõÈ ke;s ksid m%;sÔjl u`.ska úkdY l< fkdyels h'
3
nelaàßhd wêrdcOdksh
ixúOdkh jQ kHIaáhla ke;s ffi,j,ska iEÿKq Ôùka jk w;r" m%;Ôs jl u`.ska úkdY l<
yels h' we;eï úg jHdêcklfhda fj;s' mDÓúh u; iEu mßirhl u ±lsh yels iq,N Ôù
ldKavhls' nelaàßhd iy ihfkdnelaàßhd ^kS, yß; we,a.S& jeks Ôùyq óg wh;a fj;s'
bhqleßhd wêrdcOdksh
fuu wêrdcOdkshg wh;a Ôùyq ixúOdkh jQ kHIaáhla iys; ffi,j,ska iukaú; h'
fudjqyq mDÓúh u; ±kg fjfik m%uqL Ôùyq fj;s' fudjqkag úúO mßir ;;a;ajj, Ôj;a
úh yels w;r" m%;sÔjlj,g ixfõÈ ke;' tkï fudjqka m%;Ô
s jl u`.ska úkdY l< fkdyels
h' fuu wêrdcOdkshg rdcOdks y;rla wh;a fõ'
1' fm%dá
a iagd rdcOdksh ^Kingdom protista&
tal ffi,sl fyda úfYaIKh fkdjQ mgl we;s nyq ffi,sl Ôúyq h' c,h iys; ´kE
u mßirhl Ôj;a jk w;r" m%Ndixiaf,aIl Ôùyq h' we,a.S" fm%dfgdfidajd fuhg
WodyrK fõ' Wod( W,ajd" meróishï" weónd
rEmh 1'5( we,a.S rEmh 1'6 meróishï rEmh 1'7( weónd
2' È,Sr rdcOdksh ^Kingdom fungi&

tal ffi,sl fyda nyq ffi,sl Ôúyq h' lhsàka iys; ffi, ì;a;s ork w;r
ixúOdkh jQ kHIaá iys; cSùyq fuu rdcOdkshg wh;a h' Wod( hSiaÜ
3' ma,dkafÜ rdcOdksh ^Kingdom plantae&

ishü Ydl fuu rdcOdkshg wh;a h' nyq ffi,sl h' m%NdixYaf,aIKh isÿ lrhs'
imqIam yd wmqIam Ydl wh;a h'
Wod( ie,aùkshd" fkmafrdf,msia ^îc yg fkd.kakd wmqIam Ydl&
iSlia" mhskia ^îc yg.kakd wmqIam Ydl&
fmd,a ^mqIam yg.kakd tal îc m;%S&
wU ^mqIam yg.kakd oaú îc m;%S&
4
rEmh 1'8( ie,aùkshd rEmh 1'9( iSlia
4' weksud,shd rdcOdksh ^Kingdom animalia&

ishü i;a;= fuu rdcOdkshg wh;a h' fld÷weg fm< ±Íu yd fkd±Íu wkqj fudjqka
ldKav follg fnÈh yels h' fld÷weg fm< iys; i;a;= mDIagjxYSka f,i o
fld÷weg fm< rys; i;a;= wmDIagjxYSka f,i o ye¢kafõ'
1'4 m%d.a kHIaál yd iqkHIaál ffi, ixúOdk
ffi, ixúOdkh ù we;s wdldrh wkqj ish¨ Ôùka m%Odk ldKav follg j¾. l<
yels h'
1 m%d.a kHIAál Ôùka
2 iqkHIAál Ôùka
m%d.a kHIAál Ôùka

ffi,fha kHIAáh mg,hlska jg ù ke;s tkï ixúOdkh jQ kHIAáhla ke;s b;d l=vd
ir, Ôùka fõ' fudjqyq tal ffi,sl Ôùka jk w;r" nelaàßhd iy wdlshd hk
wêrdcOdksj,g wh;a h' nelaàßhd" wdlsnelaàßhd yd ihfkdnelaàßhd ^kS, yß; we,a.S&
WodyrK fõ'
iqkHIAál Ôùka
kHIAá mg,hlska jg jQ ixúOdkh jQ kHIaáhla iys; tal ffi,sl fyda nyq ffi,sl
Ôùka h' i;=ka ^w,shd&" Ydl ^wU&" È,Sr ^ñhqflda¾& yd fm%daáiagdfjda ^weónd& iqkHIaál
Ôùyq h'
5
m%d.a kHIAál ffi, ixúOdkh
m%fõKsl øjH
mlaIau
rhsfndfidau
lIsldj
ffi, fldmqj
ffi, ì;a;sh
ma,iañv ffi, ma,diauh ma,diau mg,h
rEmh 1'10( o¾YSh nelaàßhd ffi,hl jHQyh
m%d.a kHIaál Ôùka" ixúOdkh jQ kHIaáhla ke;s ir, l=vd ffi,j,ska iukaú; h'
fïjdfha úIalïNh 0'5 m-5'0 m olajd mrdihl mj;shs' fïjdfha m%fõKsl øjH jk
DNA jgd kHIaá wdjrKhla olakg fkd,efí' ffi,h ;=< DNA o`.r .eiS jD;a;dldr
f,i ieliS we;' fuu DNA iu. ysiafgdak fm%daàk iïnkaO ù ke;' fufia o`.r .eiqKq
DNA j,h j¾Kfoayhla f,i ye¢kafõ' iuyr nelaàßhdj, j¾Kfoayhg wu;rj ;j;a
l=vd DNA j,hla fyda lsysmhla ffi, ma,diaufha msysgd we;s w;r tajd ma,iañv kï fõ'
nelaàßhd j¾Kfoayh yd ma,iañv u`.ska nelaàßhd f.fkdauh ks¾udKh ù we;'
m%d.a kHIaál ffi, ;=< mg,j,ska wdjrKh jQ bkaøhsld fkdmsysghs' 70 S j¾.fha

rhsfndfidau we;' fïjd idfmalaIj l=vd h' we;eul=f.a lIsld wvx.= jqj o tajd ;ks
;ka;j = lska iE§ we;s w;r" mg,hlska wdjrKh ù ke;' m%d.a kHIaál ffi, ì;a;sh m%Odk
jYfhka fmmaáfvd.a,hslEka ^ñhqßka& kue;s .a,hsfldfm%dà
a kaj,ska ie§ we;' ffi, ma,diau
mg,h ;=< we;s tkaihsu u`.ska Yajikh isÿ jk w;r" uhsgfldkaä%hd ke;' we;eï
nelaàßhdj, ma,diau mg,h we;=<g fkrd f.dia ófidfidau kï jHQy iE§ we;s w;r"
Yajikh fïjd ;=< isÿ fõ' we;eï m%d.a kHIaál ffi, iajhxfmdaIS fõ' fïjdfha
m%NdixYaf,aIl j¾Kl wvx.= jkafka yß;,j ;=< fkdj" ffi, ma,diauh ;=< msysá ir,
jHQy ;=< h' fïjdfha DNA, RNA, ATP yd tkaihsu wvx.= fõ'
6
iqkHIAál ffi, ixúOdkh
uhsfgdfldkaäh
% d
ffi, ì;a;sh
wka;#ma,diaóh
cd,sldj ma,diau mg,h
rhsfndfidau
kHIaáh
kHIaáldj
ffi, ma,diauh
f.d,a.f
s oay
ßla;lh
rEmh 1'11( o¾YSh È,Sr ffi,hl jHQyh
kHIaá mg,j,ska wdjrKh jQ" ixúOdkh jQ kHIaá iys; ffi,j,ska ieÿKq Ôùyq fj;s'
m%udKfhka m%d.a kHIaál ffi,j,g jvd úYd, jk w;r úIAlïNh fndfydaúg 5-100
m muK fõ' kHIaáh ;=< wvx.= j¾Kfoay ixLHdj Ôù úfYAIh wkqj fjkia fõ' fï tla
tla j¾Kfoayh" oaú odu DNA wKqjla yd thg iïnkaO jQ fm%daàkj,ska ^ysiafgdak& hqla;
h' iqkHIaál ffi, kHIaáh ;=< kHIaáld tlla fyda lsysmhla msysghs' mg,j,ska jg jQ
uhsgfldkaä%hd" yß;,j" f.d,a.s foay" ßla;l" wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld" ,hsfidfidau jeks
bkaøshsld wvx.= fõ' 80 S rhsfndfidau we;' we;eï iqkHIAál ffi,j, lIsld wvx.= w;r
fïjd iE§ we;af;a laIqø kd,sld ixlS¾K wdldrhlg ms<sfh, ù ma,diau mg,fhka wdjrKh
ùfuks' we;eï iqkHIAál ffi, jgd ffi, ì;a;h s msyg
s k w;r" th iE§ we;af;a fi,shf
q ,daia
kï fmd,sielrhsvfhks' È,Sr ffi,j, ffi, ì;a;sfha jeämqr we;af;a lhsàka h'
fi,shqf,daia ke;' iqkHIaál ffi,j, Yajikh isÿjkafka uhsgfldkaä%hd ;=< h' we;eï
iqkHIaál ffi, iajhxfmdaIs fõ' fïjdfha m%NdixYaf,aIl j¾Kl jk yß;m%o wvx.=
jkafka yß;,j kï jQ mg,uh bkaøhsld ;=< h'
7
m%d.a kHIaál ffi, yd iqkHIaál ffi, ixikaokh
m%d.a kHIaál ffi, yd iqkHIaál ffi, w;r fjkialï fuka u iudk;d o mj;S'
• ffi,ma,diaufhka iukaú; jk w;r th ma,diau mg,fhka jg ù ;sîu
• m%fõKsl øjH jk DNA msysgd ;sîu
• RNA wvx.= ùu yd rhsfndffidau u`.ska fm%daàk ixYaf,aIKh ùu
• ridhksl Yla;sh ksIamdokh i|yd mßjD;a;Sh l%shd isÿ lsÍu
m%d.a kHIaál ffi, yd iqkHIaál ffi, w;r fjkialï
m%d.a kHIaál ffi, iqkHIaál ffi,

• ixúOdkh jQ kHIaáhla ke;' ixúOdkh jQ kHIaáhla we;'
• m%fõKsl øjH kHIaál mg,hlska • m%fõKsl øjH kHIaál mg,hlska
wdjrKh ù ke;' wdjrKh ù we;'
• m%udKfhka l=vd h' (0.25m- 5 m) • m%udKfhka m%d.a kHIAál ffi,j,g
jvd úY, h' (5 mg jvd jeä h')
• mg,uh bkaøhsld ke;' • mg,uh bkaøhsld ±lsh yels h'
ûhsgfldkaä%hd" yß;,j"
f.d,a.sfoay" ßla;l" wka;ma,diaóh
cd,sld" ,hsfidfidau&
• j¾Kfoay ixj,s; fyda j,hdldr h' • j¾Kfoay f¾Çh fõ'
• j¾Kfoayj, DNA muKla we;' • DNA wKq yd ysiafgdak fm%daàk we;'
• ir, lIsld we;s w;r mg,hlska • lIsld laIqø kd,sld ixlS¾Khlska
wdjrKh ù ke;' iE§ we;' mg,hlska wdjrKh ù
we;'
• nelaàßhd ffi, ì;a;sh • m%Odk f,i fmd,sielrhsvj,ska
fmmaáfvd.a,hsleka u`.ska o iEfoa' Ydlj, fi,shqf,daia o
wdlsnelaáßhd ffi, ì;a;sh fm%daàk È,Srj, lhsàka o m%Odk jk w;r
yd fmd,sielrhsv j,ska o iE§ we;' i;=kag ffi, ì;a;shla ke;'
• 70 s rhsnfidau we;' • 80 s rhsnfidau we;'
• iuyr úfYaI khsg%cka ;sr lrhs' • khsg%cka ;sr lsÍfï yelshdjla
fkdue;'
• nelaàßhd yd wdlsnelaàßhd wh;a fõ' • we,a.S" È,Sr" Ydl yd i;a;= wh;a fõ'
o¾YSh ffi,h
ffi,hl ;sìh hq;= ishü bkaøhsld wvx.= jk fia ks¾udKh l< ffi,h o¾YSh ffi,h
fõ' ienE f,dalfha fujeks ffi, ke;s w;r o¾YSh ffi,hl wvx.= bkaøhssldj,ska hï
ffi, jHQy fjka fjkaj wOHhkh fldg ixikaokh lsÍfuka m%d.a kHIaál yd iqkHIaál
ffi, ixúOdkh ;jÿrg;a wjfndaO lr .; yels fõ' ta i|yd m%d.a kHIaál ffi,
8
ixúOdkh wOHhkh lsÍug o¾YSh nelaàßhd ffi, o iqkHIaál ffi, ixúOdkh wOHhkh
lsÍug o¾YSh È,Sr ffi," Ydl yd i;a;aj ffi, o f;dard f.k we;'
nelaàßhd
nelaàßhd ffi,Sh ixúOdkhla iys; m%udKfhka 0'5 m-5'00 m ;rï jk m%d.akHIaál

Ôùyq h' tfuka u nelaàßhd kHIAáhla fyda mg,uh bkaøhsld lsisjla fkdork w;r" tal
ffi,Sh fyda .kdjdi f,i Ôj;a fõ' Yajik Wml%uh wkqj Tjqka ijdhq nelaàßhd"
wksjd¾h ks¾jdhq nelaàßhd" laIqøjd;ldó nelaàßhd yd ffjl,amsl ks¾jdhq nelaàßhd
f,i wdldr lsym s hls' nelaàßhdjkaf.a mgl ixúOdkhla ±lsh fkdyels h' rEmSh wdldrh
wkqj Tjqka f.da,dldr" oKavdr" i¾ms,dldr fyda iamhsfrdlSg f,i ldKav lsysmhls' ixÑ;
wdydr .a,hsfldcka fõ' m%NdiajhxfmdaIl" ridhk úIufmdaIl" ridhk iajhxfmdaIl"
m%NdúIufmdaIl jeks úúO fmdaIK l%u u.ska fmdaIK wjYH;dj imqrd .kshs'
nelaàßhd ffi,hl wka;¾.; bkaøhsld iy jHQy ms<sn| ir, ye|skaùula my; olajd we;'
m%djrh$ fldaIaGh - iuyr nelaàßhd j¾.j, ffi, ì;a;sh jgd Bg msg;ska msysgd we;s
w;r wNHka;rh fldgiaj,g wdrlaIdj imhhs' fmd,sielrhsvj,ska
iE§ we;'
ffi, ì;a;sh - m%djrhg we;=<;ska msysgk w;r fmmaáfvd.a,hslEkaj,ska ^ñhqßka&
iE§ we;' fuu.ska ffi,hg oDV nj ,nd foñka nelaàßhd
ffi,fha rEmSh wdldrh ks¾Kh lrhs' ffi, ì;a;sfha wka;¾.;
fmmaáfvda.a,hslEka m%;sY;h wkqj .a?ï Ok nelaàßhd yd .a?ï
RK nelaàßhd f,i wdldr folls'
ms,s$ ms,hs - ffi, ì;a;sfhka msg;g fkrE ms,s ^pili& kï jHQy ffi,fha
ixprKhg yd mßirh iu`. in|;d meje;aùug Wmldß fõ'
ma,diau mg,h - ffi, ì;a;shg we;=<;ska msysgd we;s w;r ish¨ ffi,j, ffi,
ma,diauh msg;ska iSud jkafka ma,diau mg,h u`.sks' ffi,
ma,diauhg wdrlaIdj imhhs' fmdiafmd,smsv yd
.a,hsfldfm%daàkaj,ska ;ekS we;' ma,diau mg,h jrKSh mdr.uH
mg,hla f,i l%shd lrñka ffi,hg wjYH øjH muKla ffi,h
;=<g we;=¿ lr .kakd w;r ffi,hg wkjYH øjH ffi,fhka
neyer ùug i,iajhs'
ffi, ma,diauh - fuys jeämqr u wka;¾.; jkafka c,hhs' Bg wu;rj fm%daàk"
tkaihsu" ldfndayhsfâ%g" ,smsv yd wldnksl whkj,ska iukaú; h'
ófidfidau - ma,diau mg,fha u;=msg lafIa;%M,h jeä jk fia ks¾udKh ù we;s

wNHka;r fkÍuls' Yajik l%shdj,sh ld¾hlaIuj isÿ lsÍug jeo.;a
fõ'
9
rhsfndfidau - fïjd iqkHIAál ffi,j, we;s rhsfndfidauj,g jvd l=vd h'
ffi,h ;=< fm%daàka ixYaf,aIKh isÿ lrhs' nelaàßhdjkaf.a 70 S
rhsfndfidau wka;¾.; h'
lIsld- ffi,fha ixprK l%shdjkag iy mßir in|;d mj;ajd .ekSug
WmldÍ fõ'
Ôfkdauh - tla nelaàßhd ffi,hla ;=< tla j¾Kfoayhla muKla wvx.= h'
óg wu;rj nelaàßhd ;=< ma,iañv kñka ye¢kafjk l=vd plS%h
DNA wKq msysgd we;' j¾Kfoayfha fuka u ma,iañvh ;=< o
nelaàßhdj, ,laIK ;SrKh lrk cdk wka;¾.; h'
wdydr lKsld - .a,hsfldcka" fjd,shqáka" yd wldnksl fmdiafmaÜ jeks wdydr fï
;=< ixÑ; lrhs'
m%NdixYaf,aIK iQ;s%ld- m%NdixYaf,aIl nelaàßhdj, we;' fïjd ;=< yß;m%o mj;S'
khsg%cka ;srlsÍfï iQ;%sld- iuyr nelaàÍhd ffi,j, we;' jdhqf.da,Sh khsg%cka" wefudakshd
ixfhda. njg m;a lrhs'
È,Sr
È,Sr mDÓúh u; id¾:l f,i me;sÍ we;s Ôùka ldKavhls' iqkHIaálh' tal ffi,sl
^hSiaÜ& fuka u nyq ffi,sl y;= j¾. olajd úYd, mrdihl È,Sr úfYaI ±lsh yels h'
fndfyda È,Sr úfYaI iQ;s%ld f,i jeã È,Sr cd, fyj;a uhsis,shu ^mycelium& idohs' w;=
fnÿKq kd,dldr iQ;l %s dj,ska uhsi,
s h
s u ks¾udKh ù we;' È,Sr cd, wdjdr iys; ^fmksi,
s h
s ï&
fyda wdjdr rys; ^ñhqflda¾& f,i wdldr folls' mg,uh kHIaáhla we;' uhsfgdfldkaä%hu"
f.d,a.sfoay" wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld hk mg,uh bkaøhsld we;' mgl ixúOdkhla ke;'
yß;,j ke;' taksid wdydr ixYaf,aIKh lsÍfï yelshdj ke;' fudjqyq jeä fofkla u<
i;a;aj yd Ydl wjfYaI u; fjfik úfhdaclfhda fj;s' ffi, ì;a;sh oDV jk w;r
;ka;=uh nyq wjhúlhla jk lhsáka wvx.= fõ' m%Odk ixÑ; wdydrh .a,hsfldcka fõ'
,sx.sl fyda w,sx.sl îcdKq u`.ska m%ckkh isÿ lrhs' fndfydaa os,Sr wkaùlaISh jk w;r
iuyr úfYaIj, È,Sr iQ;s%ld iuQykh ù idok m%ckl jHQy mshú weiska oelsh yels h'
rEmh 1'11( Basidiomycota os,Srhl rEmh 1'12( Ascomycota È,Srhl fldkSäOr

,sx.sl m%ckkfha §iEfok P;%h
10
nelaàßhd yd È,Sr ffi, w;r ikaikaokh
o¾YSh nelaàßhd ffi,hl jHQyh o¾YSh È,Sr ffi,hl jHQyh

• mg,j,ska jg jQ kHIaáhla ke;' • mg, follska jg jQ kHIaá we;'
• mg,uh bkaøhsld ke;' • mg,uh bkaø hsl d we;'
ûhs f gdfldka ä % h d" f.d,a . s f oa y "
wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sldj& yß; ,j
ke;
• ffi, ì;a ; s nyq w jhúlhla jk • ffi, ì;a;sh nyqwjhúl øjhj,ska
fmmaáfvd.a,hslEkaj,ska ^ñhqßka& iE§ ;ekS we;s w;r tys lhsàka nyq,h'
we;'
• m%Odk ixÑ; wdydrh .a,hsfldcka
• ixÑ; wdydr w;r .a,hsfldcka we;' fõ'
• mgl ixúOdkhla ke;' • mgl ixúOdkhla ke;'
• tal ffi,sl Ôùka fõ' • tal ffi,sl fyda nyq ffi,sl Ôùyq
fj;s'
• nelaàßhd" ihfkdanelaàßhd WodyrK • hSiaÜ WodyrK fõ'
fõ'
1'5 i;a;aj ffi,hl jHQyh
uhsgfldkaäh
% u
ma,diau mg,h
rhsfndfidau
r¿ wka;#ma,diaóh
cd,sldj
kHIaáh
kHIaáldj
,hsfidfidau
f.d,a.s foay
isks`ÿ wka;#ma,diaóh
cd,sldj
ffi, ßla;lh
ma,diauh
rEmh 1'14( o¾YSh i;a;aj ffi,hla

i;=ka f,i y÷kajk nyq ffi,sl Ôùkaf.a uQ,sl ;ekqï tallh ffi,hhs' wdf,dal
wKaùlaIfhka kHIaáh yd ffi, ma,diauh y÷kd .; yels jqj o ffi,fha jHQyh
11
úia;rd;aulj wOHhkh l< yels jkafka bf,lafg%dak wKaùlaIfhks' i;a;aj ffi,fha
msg;ska u we;af;a ma,diau mg,hhs' fuhg we;=<;ska fc,suh ffi, ma,diauh msysgk w;r
tys wj,ïnkh ù bkaøshsld msyg s hs' tys mg,j,ska jg jQ kHIaáh" wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sldj"
f.d,a.s foay" uhsgfldkaäh % d" ,hsfidfidau yd fmfrdlaif s idau jeks bkaøshsld o" mg,j,ska
jg fkdjQ rhsfndfidau" laIqø kd,sld" laIqø iQ;s%ld yd flakaøsld o fõ' ffi,h ;=< jQ
bkaøshsld tajdg úfYaIs; jQ lD;Hhla bgq lrk w;r ta wkqj ffi,h ;=< Y%u úNckh ùu
ksid Ôj l%shd ld¾hlaIuj isÿ fõ'
1'6 Ydl ffi,hl jHQyh
yß;,j
kHIaáh uOH ßla;lh
wka;#ma,diaóh
cd,sldj
uhsgfldkaäh
% u
ffi, ì;a;sh
f.d,a.s foay
rhsfndfidau
ma,diau mg,h
rEmh 1'15( o¾YSh Ydl ffi,hl ;%sudK jHQyh
Ydl ffi, fi,shqf,daiaj,ska iukaú; ffi, ì;a;s orhs' ffi, ì;a;shg we;=<;ska
ma,diau mg,h fyj;a ffi, mg,h msyg s d we;' i;a;j
a ffi,fha fuka u ffi, ma,diauh
;=< .s,S we;s kHIaáh we;=¿ wfkl=;a bkaøhsld Ydl ffi,fha o ±lsh yels h' Ydl ffi,h
bkaøhsld uÜgfï Y%u úNckhla fmkakqï lrhs'
12
ffi, ì;a;sh ^Cell wall&
ffi, ì;a;sh iqkHIaál Ydl ffi,j, yd È,Sr ffi,j, msg;ska u msysá wdjrKh fõ'
ffi, ì;a;sh wÔú h" r`M h" kuHYS,S h" iuyr úg oDV njla fmkajhs' ffi,j,g
yevhla ,nd fok w;r wdrlaIdj o imhhs' i;a;aj ffi,j, ffi, ì;a;s ke;' fuys
m%Odku ld¾hh jkqfha ffi,j, yevh mj;ajd .ekSu iy wêl f,i m%idrKh ùu
je<elaùuhs'
Ydl ffi, ì;a;sh m%Odk jYfhka fi,shqf,daia yd fmlaàkaj,ska iukaú; jk w;r Ydl
mgl ixúOdkh wkqj fyñfi,shqf,daia" ,s.akska iy iqnßka wdÈh o wvx.= fõ' È,Sr
ffi,j, ffi, ì;a;sfha m%Odk ix>glh lhsáka fõ' ^nelaàßhdj, ffi, ì;a;sh
fmmaáfvda.a,hslEkaj,ska o wdls nelaàßhdj, ffi, ì;a;s fm%daàk iy fmd,s ielrhsvj,ska
o iE§ we;'& ffi, ì;a;sfha we;s l+ isÿre ^ma,diau nkaO& yryd hdno ffi, w;r øjH
yqjudrej isÿ lrhs'
uOH iqia;rh
Ydl ffi, hdno ffi, yd tlg ne|S mj;skafka uOH iqia;rh u`.sks' fuh le,aishï"
ue.akSishï iy fmlafÜgj,ska iE§ we;' ffi,hg yevhla ,nd §u" wdOdrlhla f,i l%shd
lsÍu" yd ixOdrl Yla;sh iemhSu m%Odk lD;Hh fõ'
ma,diau mg,h (Plasmamembrane)
ishü Ôù ffi, jgd we;s ;=kS kuHYS,S ia;rhla fõ' fuh ma,diau mg,h fyj;a ffi,
ma,diau mg,h f,i o y÷kajhs' ffi,h fjk;a ffi,hlska fyda ndysr mßirfhka fyda
fjka lrkq ,nk ffi,fha msyás ndysru icSù mg,hhs' ,smsv" fm%dà
a k yd ldfndayhsfâ%gj,ska
iE§ we;s w;r fmdiafmd,smsv nyq, h' ma,diau mg,fha m%Odk lD;Hh jkafka ffi,
wdjrKhla f,i l%shd lsÍu iy øjH yqjudrej md,kh lsÍuhs' th jrKSh mdr.uH
mg,hla f,i l%shd lrñka iuyr whk yd wldnksl wKqj,g muKla mg,h yryd .uka
lsÍug bv ,nd foa' tfia u úI øjH ffi,h ;=<g meñKSu j<lajk w;r ffi,h ;=<
ksmofjk nysi%dùh M, ffi,fhka neyer lsÍu o isÿ lrhs' wka;¾ ffi,Sh iïnkaO;d
we;s lr .ksñka ffi, w;r øjH yqjudrej isÿ lrhs'
ffi, ma,diauh ^Cytoplasm&
ffi, bkaøhsld yereKq úg ffi, ;=< wvx.= c,a,suh ;r, fldgi ffi, ma,diauhhs'
fm%dàka" ,jK yd c,h wvx.= fõ' mßjD;a;sh i|yd WmldÍ jk tkaihsu wvx.= fõ' ffi,
ma,diauh ffi,fha yevh mj;ajd f.k hEug jeo.;a jk w;r ffi,fha we;s bkaøhsld
ta ;=< .s,S mj;S'
13
kHIaáh ^Nucleus&
iqkHIaál ffi,j, ±lsh yels úYd,;u" m%Odk yd meyeÈ,s u jHQyh fõ' kHIaá mg,
follska wdjrKh ù mj;S' kHIaáh ;=< kHIaáldj yd j¾Kfoay wvx.= fõ' j¾Kfoay"
DNA iy fm%daàkaj,ska iE§ we;' tu fm%daàka ysiafgdak fm%daàka f,i ye|skafõ' fndfyda
úg kHIaáh ffi,fha ueo m%foaYfha mj;S' fndfyda ffi, j, we;af;a tl kHIaáhla
jqj o l,d;=rlska nyq kHIaál ffi, o mj;S'
ffi,fha m%fõKs.; f;dr;=re .nvd lr we;af;a kHIaáfha we;s j¾Kfoayj,h' ffi,h

;=< isÿ jk ish¨ mßjD;a;Sh l%shdj,s md,kh jkafka o kHIaáh u`.sks' fm%daàk ksmoùug
wjYH f;dr;=re DNA ;=< .nvd ù we;' fï ksid kHIaáh ffi,fha md,k uOHia:dkh
f,i l%shd lrhs' ffi, úNdckfha § kj kHIaá ksmoùug wjYHh DNA ixYaf,aIKh
lsÍu i|yd kHIaáh jeo.;a jk w;r rhsfndfidau ksIamdokh o isÿ lrhs' fm%daàk
ixYaf,aIKhg wjYH RNA ksmoùu o fuhska isÿ jk jeo.;a lD;Hhls'
rhsfndfidau (Ribosome)
mg,hlska wdjrKh ù ke;' rhsfndfidau iE§ we;af;a m%udKfhka tlsfklg fjkia Wm

tall folla tl;= ùfuks' fuu Wm tall iE§ we;af;a rhsfndfidau RNA ^rRNA) yd
úfYaIs; fm%daàk u`.sks' rhsfndfidau j¾. folls' 80 S j¾.h iqkHIaál ffi, ma,diaufha
iy r`M wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sldfõ we;' 70 S j¾.h m%d.a kHIaál ffi, ma,diaufha iy
kHIaál ffi,j, uhsfgdfldkaä%hd mQrlfha yd yß;,j ;=< msysghs' rhsfndfidau r`M
wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sldjg iïnkaOj fyda ffi, ma,diaóh mQrlfha ksoyfia úisÍ ;sìh
yels h' rhsfndfidauj, m%Odk lD;Hh fm%daàk ixYaf,aIKhhs'
wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sldj (Endoplasmic reticulum)
rhsfndfidau
rEmh 1'16( wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sldj
14
ffi,ma,diauh mqrd cd,hla f,i me;sÍ we;s mg,uh bkaøhsldjls' wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sldj
jgd we;s mg,h kHIaá mg,h yd ma,diau mg,h iu. we;eï ia:dkj, § iïnkaO ù
mj;S'
wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sldj wdldr follg mj;S' tkï"

1& r`M wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sldj (Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum)
me;,s uäj,ska hqla; jk w;r fuys msg; mg,hg rhsfndfidau iïnkaO ù we;'
fïjdfha lD;Hh jkqfha fm%daàk mßjykhhs'
2& iskÿs wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sldj (Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum)
fïjd rhsfndfidau ke;s kd,dldr uä cd,hls' YdLkh jQ kd,sld moaO;shla f,i

we;' isksÿ wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sldj u`.ska ,smsv yd iafgfrdhsâ ksmojd mßjykh
lrhs'
f.d,a.s foay$ f.d,a.s ixlS¾Kh ^Golgi bodies/ Golgi apparatus&
me;,s uä
wdYhsld
rEmh 1'17( f.d,a.s foay ;%sudK jHqyh
f.d,a.s foay f.d,a.s ixlS¾Kh f,i o ye|skafõ' ffi, ma,diaóh mQrlh ;=< msysgd we;s
mg,hlska jg jQ bkaøhsldjls' l=yruh fõ' tl u; tl msysá me;,s jQ uä .Kkdjlska
yd th wdY%s;j msysgk wdYhsld .Kkdjlska f.d,a.s foay iukaú; fõ'
f.d,a.s foay msysgd we;af;a kHIaáhg iómj h' i;a;aj ffi,hl tla úYd, f.d,a.s
foayhla wvx.= jqj o Ydl ffi,j, folla fyda lsysmhla we;' f.d,a.s foay fmdÿfõ .;a
l, f.d,a.s ixlS¾Kh f,i y÷kajhs' fi,shqf,dai"a fmlaàka jeks ffi, ì;a;sfha ix>gl
yd ,hsfidfidau ksIamdokh i|yd f.d,a.s ixlS¾Kh WmldÍ fõ'
15
uhsfgdfldkaä%hd (Mitochondria)
wNHka;r mg,h
msg; mg,h
ñhr
mQrlh
rEmh 1'18( uhsgfldkakaä%hu
iqkHIaál ffi,j, muKla nyq,j ±lsh yels h' ffi, ma,diaóh mQrlh ;=< úisÍ we;s
oaú;aj mg,uh bkaøhsldjls' fïjdfha msg; mg,h isksÿ h' wNHka;r mDIAGh ixj,s; ù
ñhr ieleiS we;' ndysr yd wNHka;r mg, w;r wjldYh wka;¾ mg, wjldYh kï fõ'
wNHka;r mg,fha ñhr w;r wjldYh uhsfgdfldkaä%hd mQrlhhs' fuh ;=< DNA, 70 S
rhsfndfidau yd Yajik tkaihsu wvx.= fõ' uhsfgdfldkaä%hdj ffi,hl n,Yla;s
uOHia:dkh f,i y÷kajhs' ffi,Sh Yajik m%;sls%hd isÿ jkafka uhsfgdfldkaä%hd ;=< §
h' ffi,fha Ôj l%shd isÿ ùug wjYH Yla;s m%Njh jk ATP ^weäfkdiska g%hs fmdiafmaÜ&
ksmoùu uhsfgdfldkaä%hd ;=< isÿ fõ'
ßla;l (Vacuole)
uOH rsla;lh
ffi, ma,diauh
ffi, ì;a;sh
rEmh 1'19( úYD, rsla;lhla iys; ffi,hla
16
iqkHIaál Ydl ffi,j, iy È,Sr ffi,j, yuq jk ;r,fhka msreKq mg,uh bkaøhsldjla
fõ' ßla;lh iSud jk mg,h ßla;l mg,h fyj;a ;dkma,diagh kï fõ' ßla;lh ;=<
jQ ;r,h ßla;l hqIh f,i y÷kajhs' ßla;l hqIfha nyq,j we;af;a c,h jk w;r whk
j¾." j¾Kl yd fjk;a øjH o wvx.=j we;' Ydl ffi,fha úYd,;u bkaøhsldj fõ'
fndfydaa i;a;aj ffi, ;=< ßla;l olakg fkd,efnk w;r iuyr úg l=vd ßla;l ;sìh
yels h' c,h iy fjk;a whk j¾. .nvd lsÍu" ffi,j, c, ;=,H;dj mj;ajd .ekSu"
ffi,j,g ixOdrKh iemhSu" Ydl ffi,j, Y=k;dj mj;ajd .ekSu yd j¾Kl u`.ska
iuyr Ydlj,g j¾Khla ,nd §u ßla;lfha ld¾h w;r fõ'
,hsfidfidau (Lysosome)
iqkHIaál ffi,j, ffi, ma,diaufha we;s mg,uh bkaøhsldjls' ;o meye;s f.da,dldr

l=vd jHQyhls' tla mg,hlska jg ù we;' ish Èú kdYl u¨ f,i o y÷kajhs' ,hsfidfidau
yg .kafka f.d,a.S foayj,sks' tla ffi,hla ;=< ,hsfidfidau .Kkdjla wvx.= fõ' c,
úÉfþol tkaihsu .nvd lsÍu" wka;¾ ffi,Sh Ô¾Kh isÿ lsÍu fyj;a ffi, ;=<g we;=`M
jk wd.ka;=l wxY+ yd wdydr wxY= ÔrKh lsÍu" nysia ffi,Sh ÔrKh isÿ lsßu" ffi,fha
jhia.; jQ bkaøhsld ;=<g ÔrK tkaihsu i%djh lr tajd ÔrKh lsÍu ,hsfidfidauj,
ld¾h fõ'
,hsfidfidaufha
mg,h
tkaihsu ñY%Kh
rEmh 1'20( ,hsfidfidauhl jHQyh
,j
Ydl" we,a.S iy iuyr iqkHIaál Ôùkaf.a ffi, ;=< mj;sk mg,uh jHQy fõ' ,j m%Odk
wdldr lsysmhls'
1& j¾K ,j
2& Yafõ; ,j
3& yß; ,j
17
j¾K,j
oaú;aj mg,uh bkaøhsldjls' lKsld ke;' yß;m%o ke;' tfy;a leráfkdhsv wvx.= h'
fïjd u`.ska wvx.= jHQyhg ^Wod-u,a fm;s& j¾Kh ,nd foa' j¾K ,j c,fha Èh fkdfõ'
Yafõ;,j - j¾Kl wvx.= fkd fõ' m%Odk ld¾hh wdydr ^msIagh" fïoh yd fm%daàk& ixÑ;
lsÍuhs'
yß;,j
wNHka;r mg,h ndysr mg,h
ff;,fldhsv
mxcr lKsld
mxcrh
rEmh 1'21( yß;,jhl ;%sudK jHQyh
yß; Ydl iy iuyr fm%daáiagdjkaf.a ffi, ;=< yuq fõ' i;a;aj ffi, yd nelaàßhd
ffi, ;=< ke;' oaú;aj mg,uh bkaøhsldjls' wNHka;r mg,hg we;=<;ska mxcrh msysgd
we;' tys me;,s mg, moaO;shlska iEÿK wdYhsld we;' fïjd ff;,fldhsv kï fõ'
ff;,fldhsv tlla u; tlla isák fia ms<sfh, ù mxcr lKsld ^grana& iEfoa' mxcr
lKs l djla hkq ff;,fldhs v iuQ yhls ' m% N dixYa f,a I l j¾Kl mxcr lKs l dfõ
ff;,fldhsv mg, u; we;' .%ekd fyj;a mxcr lKsld ;=< § m%NdixYaf,aIl j¾Kl jk
yß;m%o a, yß;m%o b, lefrdáka yd iekaf;d*s,a Ndú; lr m%NdixYaf,aIKh isÿfõ'
m%NdixYaf,aIKhg wjYH tkaihsu mxcrh ;=< we;' jD;a;dldr DNA wKq" 70 S rhsfndfidau"
msIag lKsld" ,smsv ìkaÿ hkdÈh mxcrfha wvx.= fõ' m%NdixYaf,aIKfha wdf,dal m%;sl%shdj
ff;,fldhsv mg, u; isÿ jk w;r w÷re m%;sl%shdj mxcrh ;=< isÿ fõ' wdf,dal Yla;sh
wjfYdaIKh lr th ffcj ridhksl Yla;sh njg m;a lsÍu ^m%NdixYaf,aIKh& yß;,jj,
m%Odk lD;Hh fõ'
18
Ydl iy i;a;aj ffi, iei|Su
Ydl ffi,h i;a;aj ffi,
• mg, follska jg jQ kHIaáhla we;' mg, follska jg jQ kHIaáhla we;'
• uhs f gdfldka ä % h d" f.d,a . s foa y " uhs f gdfldka ä % h d" f.d,a . s foa y "
wka ; #ma , dia ó h cd,s l d" yß;,j" wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sld" ,hsfidfidau
,hsfidfidau" ßla;l hk mg,uh hk mg,uh bkaøhsld we;'
bkaøhsld we;'
• yß;,j we;' yß;,j ke;'
• ffi, ì;a;sh nyqwjhúl øjHhla jk ffi, ì;a;s ke;'

fi,shqf,daiaj,ska iE§ we;'
• ixÑ; wdydr msIaghhs' ixÑ;wdydr fndfyda úg .a,hsfldckah'
m%Odk ffi,Sh jHQy yd tajdfha lD;H
ffi, jHQyh uQ,sl lD;H
1' ffi, ma,diau mg,h jrKSh mdr.uH mg,h f,i l%shd lrhs'
^c,h" whk yd iuyr ldnksl wKq
j,g muKla we;=`M ùug bv §u &
ffi,fha m%fõKsl f;dr;=re .nvd
2' kHIaáh
lsÍu" ffi,fha l%shdldß;ajh md,kh
lsÍu
3' wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sldj ^r`M& ffi, ;=< fm%daàk mßjykh
4' wka;#ma,diaóh cd,sldj îsksÿ& ,smsv yd ldfndayhsfâ%g ixYaf,aIKh
yd mßjykh lsÍu
5' rhsfndfidau fm%daàka ixYaf,aIKh
6' uhsfgdfldkaä%hu ffi,Sh Yajikh
7' f.d,a.s foay .a , hs fldfm% da àk yd .a , hs fld,s m s v
ksIamdokh" ,hsfidfidau ksmoùu
c,úÉfþol tka i hs u .nvd ls Í u"
8' ,hsfidfidau ÔrK lD;H isÿ lsÍu
9' yß;,j m%NdixYaf,aIKh isÿ lsÍu
19
1'7 mgl
Ôj foay ;=< úúO ffi, j¾. we;' tfia u fndfyda úg tl u iajrEmfha ffi, f.dkq
f,i ilia ù we;s nj o ±lsh yels h' fmdÿ iïNjhla iys;" hï úfYaIs; ld¾hhla fyda
ld¾hhka lsysmhla ioyd yev .eiqKq" fN!;sl jYfhka tlg ne÷Kq Ydl fyda i;a;aj
ffi, iuQyhla mglhla kï fõ' ffi,Sh ixúOdk uÜgï ie,l+ úg ffi, yd iïmQ¾K
wjhj w;r we;s ixúOdk uÜgu mglhhs' Wiia Ôùkaf.a foayh fjkia ld¾h bgq lsÍu
i|yd úfYaIs; jQ mglj,ska hqla; h' m%d.akHIaál Ôùkaf.a mgl ixúOdkhla ke;'
iqkHIaálhka w;ßka È,Sr" we,a.S wdÈfha mgl ixúOdkhla ±lsh fkdyels w;r Ydl yd
i;a;ajhska ;=< ÈhqKq mgl ixúOdkhla ±lsh yels h'
Ydl mgl
Ydlhl hï úfYaIs; lD;Hhla bgq lsÍu i|yd ixúOdkh jQ ffi, iuQyhla Ydl mglhls'
iEu Ydl mglhla u úfYaIs; wruqKla i|yd úfNaokh ù we;' Wod( ffY,u mglh"
maf,dahu mglh'
Ydl mgl m%Odk jYfhka j¾. follg fnÈh yels h'

1' úNdcl mgl
2' iaÓr mgl
Ydl mgl j¾.SlrKh
úNdcl mgl iaÓr mgl
w.%ia: wka;ria: md¾Yaúl

úNdcl úNdcl úNdcl
mgl mgl mgl
ir, iaÓr mgl ixlS¾K iaÓr mgl
uDÿia;r ia:q, oDVia;r ffY,u maf,dahu

mgl fldaKdia;r mgl mgl mgl
mgl
20
úNdcl mgl
fn§fï iy kej; fn§fï yelshdjla we;s wmßK; ffi, iuQyhla úNdcl mgl jk
w;r fnfoñka mj;sk ffi, o Bg we;=<;a fõ' il%Sh f,i wkQkk úNdckhg ,la
fjñka kj ffi, we;s lsÍug yelshdjla we;s ffi,j,ska hqla; jQ Ydl mgl" úNdcl
mgl f,i ye|skafõ' fuu ffi, úfNaokh ù ke;' tkï úfYaIs; ld¾hhla i|yd
yev.eiS ke;' Ydlj, j¾Okh isÿ jkafka úNdck mglj, l%shdldÍ;ajh ksid h' úNdcl
mgl i|yd WodyrK f,i ikd, leïìhu" j,al leïìhu" l| yd uqf,ys w.%ia:hka
±laúh yels h'
úfNaokh - ffi,hla tys ujq ffi,hg jvd jHqyfhka
fyda lD;Hfhka fjkia ùu úfNaokhhs'
úNdcl mg, j, ,laIK

• >k ffi, ma,diaufhka yd ;=kS ffi, ì;a;sj,ska hq;= icSù ffi, ùu
• úYd, uOH ßla;l fkdue;s ùu yd l=vd ßla;l .Kkdjla ;sîu
• kHIAáh idfmalaIj úYd, ùu
• uhsfgdfldkaä%hd úYd, ixLHdjla ;sîu
• wka;¾ ffi,Sh wjldY fkdue;sùu fyda wmyeÈ,s ùu
• ´j,dldr" rjqï yeve;s ùu
msysàu wkqj úNdcl mgl ldKav 3ls'
1' w.%ia: úNdcl
2' wka;ria: úNdcl
3' md¾Yaúl úNdcl
1' w.%ia: úNdcl mgl
úNdck yelshdj iys; fuu ffi, úfYAI lD;Hhla bgq lsÍu i|yd úfNaokh ú ke;'
Ydl Wiska jeä ùug w.%ia: úNdcl mgl jeo.;a fõ' fuu mgl lf|ys w.%ia:fha;a
uqf,ys w.%fha;a msysgd we;'
w.%ia: úNdclh
md¾Yaúl wxl=r
w.%ia: úNdclh
uQ, w.%ia: úNdclh
uQ, w.%h
uQ,d.% fldmqj
rEmh 1'22( lf|a yd uqf,a w.%ia: úNdcl mgl

21
2' wka;ria: úNdcl mgl
iuyr Ydlj, mßK; mgl w;r úNdcl mgl ;sìh yels h' fïjd wka;ria: úNdcl
mgl kï fõ' lf|a m¾j mdoj, msysghs' m¾jj, È. jeä ùu isÿ lrhs' ;DK l=,fha
Ydlj, nyq,j olakg we;'
m¾j
wka;ria:
úNdclh
.eg
rEmh 1'23( wka;ria: úNdcl mgl
3' md¾Yaúl úNdcl mgl
Ydl lf|a yd uqf,a md¾Yaúlj msyg

s d we;' Ydlfha Èla wlaIhg iudka;rj msysghs' oaúîc
m;%s Ydlj,g mßêh jeä lr .ekSfï yelshdj we;' fuh isÿ jkafka ikd, leïìhu
yd j,al leïìhu hk mglj, l%shdj ksid h' Ydlj, md¾Yaúlj msysgk fujeks mgl
md¾Yaúl úNdcl mgl fõ'
úNdcl mgl
w.%ia: úNdcl mgl md¾Yaúl úNdcl mgl wka;ria: úNdcl mgl

uq,a yd l| w.%ia: ikd, yd j,al ;DK l=,fha Ydlj,
úNdcl leïìhu .egj, we;s úNdcl
mgl
m%d:ñl úNdcl mgl yd oaú;Shsl úNdcl mgl hkqfjka o úNdcl mgl j¾. l< yels
h'
22
m%d:ñl úNdcl mgl
l,, wjêfha isg u úNdck yelshdj iys; ffi,j,ska hq;= úNdcl mgl m%d:ñl
úNdcl mgl fõ' Wod( l| yd uq,a w.%ia:j, we;s úNdcl mgl" oaúîc m;%s Ydlj,
wka;#l,dmSh leïìhu'
oaú;Shsl úNdcl mgl
hï úfNaokh jQ mßK; mglhla kej; úNdckh ùfï yelshdj ,nd.; fyd;a tjekakla
oaú;Shsl úNdclhls' Wod( uqf,a ikd, leïìhu" oaúîc m;s% Ydl l|kaj, wka;¾l,dmSh
leïìhu'
iaÓr mgl
úNdckh wjika jQ ffi,j,ska iukaú; mgl fõ' j¾Okh wjika jQ mßK; Ydl
fldgiaj, we;' fïjd hï lD;Hhla bgq lsÍu i|yd úfNaokh ù we;' úNdck yelshdj
ke;' tkï wkQkk úNdckh u`.ska kj ffi, we;s fkdlrhs'
iaÓr mglj, ,laIK

• úNdcl mglj,ska jHq;amkak ù ;sîu
• mßK; mgl ùu
• úNdck yelshdj fkdue;s ùu
iaÓr mgl m%Odk wdldr 3ls'

1' ir, iaÓr mgl
2' ixlS¾K iaÓr mgl
3' i%dù mgl
^1& ir, iaÓr mgl

ir, iaÓr mgl iE§ we;af;a tl u wdldrfha ffi, iuQyhlsks' fuu ffi, tl u
iïNjhlska" jHQyhlska yd l%shdldÍ;ajhlska hqla; fõ' úúO ld¾h bgqlsÍu i|yd fuu
mgl yev.eiS we;' ffi,j, yevh yd ffi, ì;a;sfha iajNdjh mokï lr f.k uDÿ
ia;r" ia:q, fldaKdia;r iy oDVia;r f,i ir, iaÓr mgl kej; ldKav lr we;'
23
uDÿ ia:r mgl (Parenchyma tissue)
kHIaáh ffi, ma,diauh
ßla;lh
wka;¾ ffi,Sh wjldY

ffi, kHIaáh
ì;a;h
s
(a) yrialv
(b) Èlalv
rEmh 1'24( uDÿ ia;r mglfha ffi,
uDÿ ia:r mglfha ,laIK
Ydlfha uDÿ fldgia ks¾udKh lrk mgl uDÿia;r mgl f,i y÷kajhs' Ydlhl nyq,j
u olakg we;s mglh fõ' iÔù ffi,j,ska uDÿ ia;r mglh iE§ we;' iu úIalïNsl
f.da,dldr ffi, jk w;r ´j,dldr" p;=ri%dldr fyda wl%uj;a ffi, o ;sìh yels h'
m%d:ñl ffi, ì;a;sh b;d ;=kS jk w;r fi,shqf,daia" fyñfi,shf
q ,daia iy fmlaàkaj,ska
iE§ we;' wmßK; uDÿia;r ffi, ,sys,aj ieliS we;' wka;¾ ffi,Sh wjldY we;' úYd,
ßla;lhla we;' fndfyda uDÿia;r ffi,j,g úNdckh ùfï yelshdj fuka u úfNaokh
ùfï yelshdj o we;' uDÿia;r mglj,g we;s úNdckh ùfï yelshdj mgl frdamK
l%shdj,sfha § jeo.;a fõ'
uDÿia;r mglfha lD;H(

m%NdixYaf,aIKh - bks uDÿia;rj, wvx.= yß;,j ;=< m%NdixYaf,aIKh
isÿ fõ'
ikaOdrKh iemhsu - wldYaàh Ydlj, uDÿia;r ffi,j, wvx.= ßla;l c,fhka
msÍ we;s úg Y=k;dj u`.ska ixOdrKh iemhSu
wdydr ixÑ; lsÍu - iuyr uDÿia;r mglj,g" wdydr ixÑ; lsÍfï yelshdjla
we;' Wod( w¾;dm,a ialkaO wdlkaO" n;," lerÜ uq,a"
flfi,a" .ia,nq
i%djhka - ffi, u`.ska friSk" laIsrh" gekska yd f;,a i%djh lsÍu
mßjykh - ffi,u yd maf,dahu uDÿia;r ffi, u`.ska c,h yd fmdaIl
mßjykh
W;ama,djl;dj - úYd, jdhq wjldY we;s ksid c,c Ydlj,g md ùfï
yelshdj ,ndfoa' jdhq yqjudrej myiq lsÍu
c,h ixÑ; lsÍu - Y=Ial rEmS Ydlj, c,h ixÑ; lsÍu
Wod( fldaudßld m;%" wlalmdk m;%" mf;dla
24
ia:q, fldaKdia;r mgl - (Collenchyma tissue)
>k jQ ì;a;s >k jQ ì;a;s

kHIaáh
ßla;lh
ffi, ì;a;sh
kHIaáh
ßla;lh
ffi, ma,diauh
a) yrialv b) Èlalv
rEmh 1'25( ia:q, fldaKdia;r mglfha ffi,
icSù ffi, fõ' ffi, ì;a;sh uDÿia;r ffi,j,g jvd >klñka hqla; h' yrialv nyq
wi%dldr jk È.eá ffi, fõ' ffi, ì;a;sh taldldÍj >k ù ke;' ffi, ì;a;sj,
fldka fi,shqf,daiaj,ska >k ù we;' wldYaàh Ydlj, lf|a wmsp¾uhg we;=<;ska ffi,
lsysmhl >klñka hq;= is,skavdldr mglhla f,i;a <má oaúîc m;% l|kaj, ndyslfha;a
m;% jDka;fha;a fuu ffi, mj;shs' fïjdfha ffi, ì;a;s m%;Hia: neúka keófï fyda
we§fï yelshdj we;' Ydl foayhg ±ä nj yd hdka;%sl Yla;sh ,nd §ug odhl fõ'
oDVia;r mglh - (Sclerenchyma tissue)
>k jQ
ffi,
ì;a;hs
l=yrh
a) yrialv b) oslalv
rEmh 1'26( oDVia;r mglfha ffi,
mßK; ffi, wÔù h' wÔù ffi, ksid ueo ysia l=yr iys; h' oDVia;r mglfha ;ka;=
ffi, yd Wm, ffi, f,i ffi, j¾. folla we;' ,s.akska ;ekam;a ù >k jQ oaù;Shsl
ffi, ì;a;s we;' ffi, ;Èka weysÍ mj;S' ta ksid wka;¾ ffi,Sh wjldY ke;' fmd,a
fl|s" yK fl|s" lmq kQ,a wdÈfha oDVia;r ;ka;= ffi, we;' fmd,a" Èh lÿre" wU jeks
25
M,j, wNHka;r wdjrKfha o fmar" fmhdia jeks M,j, M,djrKfha o" fldamsj,
îcdjrKfha o Wm, ffi, ±lsh yels h' Ydl foayhg ±änj yd hdka;%sl Yla;sh ,nd §ug
oDVia;r mglh odhl fõ'
^2& ixlS¾K mgl
iuyr mgl tlsfklg fjkia jQ ffi, j¾. lsysmhlska iukaú; fõ' fïjd ixlS¾K
mgl fõ' fuu úúO wdldr ffi, tla fmdÿ ld¾hhla bgq lsÍu i|yd iïnkaëlrKh fõ'
ksoiqka f,i ikd, mglh ±laúh yels h' ffY,uh yd maf,dahu ixlS¾K iaÓr mgl jk
w;r c,h yd wdydr mßjykhg odhl fõ' fuu mgl ms<sn|j y;rjk tallfha oS
idlÉPd flf¾'
^3& i%dù mgl
i%dù lD;Hh i|yd yev.eiqKq mgl fõ' úúO wdldrfha ridhksl øjH i%djh lrhs'
i%dù mgl wdldr"
1' laIr
S Or mgl (Lactiferous tissue)
laISrh ksmojk" ;=kS ì;a;s iys; kd,dldr jHQy fõ' uDÿia;r ffi, fõ'
rn¾" mefmd,a Ydlj, we;'
2' .%kaÓuh mgl (Glandular tissue)
ridhksl øjH i%djh lrk .%kaÓuh jHQy fõ' fuu .%kaÓ wmsp¾ufha msysghs'
nq,;a" f,uka" fodvï Ydlj, wvx.= fõ'
26
2' laIø
q cSùka
2'1 ye|skaùu
ffcj f.da,h ;=< mshú weig fmfkk Ôùka fuka u fkdfmfkk Ôùyq o fj;s' mshú
weig fkdfmfkk Ôùka laIqø Ôùka f,i ir,j ye|skaúh yels h' fuu l=vd Ôùka Ydl
yd i;a;aj m%cdjg fuka u mßirhg o lrkq ,nk n,mEu w;suy;a h' tu ksid Tjqka ±ä
wjOdkhg ,la jQ Ôù ldKavhla njg m;a ù we;' laIqø Ôùka mshú weiska ±lsh fkdyels
jqj;a" idfmalaIj b;d by< rEmSh" ldhsl yd fmdaIK úúO;ajhla iys; Ôù ldKavhls'
fudjqka w;r tal ffi,sl" nyq ffi,sl" m%d.akHIaál" iqkHIaál" iajhxfmdaIS" úIufmdaIS"
ks¾jdhq" iajdhq" ffi, ì;a;shla ork yd ffi, ì;a;shla fkdork Ôùyq fj;s'
laIqø Ôùkaf.a jHdma;sh
laIqø Ôùka jdhq f.da,fha" c, f.da,fha" Ys,d f.da,fha wdÈ jYfhka ffcj f.da,fha
fjk;a Ôùka Ôj;a jk yd fjk;a cùka Ôj;a fkdjk úúO mßirj, b;d id¾:l f,i
Ôj;a jk Ôù ldKavhls' jdhq f.da,fhys 6 kmla muK by<g hk f;la laIqø Ôù f,dalh
me;sr mj;shs' ;j o fndfyda Ôùkag Ôj;a ùug wmyiq wdka;sl mßir ;;a;aj hgf;a tkï
WKq Èh W,am;a" wê YS; O%ej m%foaY" uqyqÿ m;a," ldka;dr" ¨Kq f,ajd" wêl wdï,sl
mßirj," fmg%,a" N+ñf;,a" ãi,a jeks yhsfv%dldnk wdÈfha mjd laIqø Ôùyq Ôj;a fj;s'
Ydl yd i;a;aj foay u;=msg fuka u foay wNHka;rfha mjd Tjqyq Ôj;a fj;s' ñksidf.a iu"
uqLh" Yajik moaO;sfha by< fldgi" wdydr ud¾.h iy fu!;%,sx.sl moaO;sh laIqø Ôùka
jefvk úfYaIs; Wmia;r fõ' tu ksid laIqø Ôùyq i¾j jHdma;sl Ôù ldKavhls' ´kE u a
mßirhlg id¾:l f,i wkq.; ùfï iqúfYaI yelshdjla Tjqka i;=j we;'
laIqø Ôùka i¾j jHdma;sl ùug fya;=

^1& m%udKfhka b;d l=vd Ôùka ksid mßjD;a;Sh l%shd YS>% f,i isÿ lsÍu
^2& ,sx.sl yd w,sx.sl m%ckk l%u u.ska fõ.fhka fnda ùfï yelshdj
^3& úúO fmdaIK l%u ±laùu - fmdaIK wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd úúO ldnka
m%Nj yd Yla;s m%Nj Ndú; lsÍug laIqø Ôùka i;= yelshdj
^4& mßjD;a;Sh l%shd i|yd wjYH Yla;sh ,nd .ekSug úúO Yajik l%u wkq.ukh
lsÍug laIqø Ôùka i;= yelshdj
^5& YS>% j¾Ok fõ.h
^6& uyd Ôùka iu. wka;¾ iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ksñka Tjqka iu`. iudka;rj
mßKduh ùfï yelshdj
laIqø cSùka wKaùlaIh Ndú;fhka ksÍlaIKh l< yels fõ' kuq;a .ykhla f,i Ôj;a jk
úg laIqø Ôù .yk mshú weiska ±lsh yels h' laIqø Ôúkaf.a mj;sk .;s,laIK wkqj Tjqka
my; wdldrhg j¾. l< yels h'
27
2'2 laIqø Ôù ldKav
^1& nelaàßhd
^2& È,Sr
^3& we,a.S
^4& fm%dfgdfidajd
^5& jhsri
2'2'1 nelaàßhd
mDÓúh u; b;d È.= ld,hla ;siafia Ôj;a jk Ôù ldKavhla f,i ie,fla' tkï
iqkHIaál Ôùka iïNjh ùug;a fmr isg u iqkHIaálhkaf.a mQ¾j.hka f,i fudjqka
mDÓúh u; Ôj;a ù we;'
ffi,j, yevh wkqj nelaàßhd m%Odk wdldr ;=kls'

^1& oKavdldr (Bacillus)
^2& f.da,dldr (Coccus)
^3& i¾ms,dldr (Spiral)
oKavdldr yd f.da,dldr yev ffi, ork iuyr úfYaIj, nelaàßhd ffi, oaúLKavkfhka
miq fjka fkdù ffi, iuQy jYfhka úúO iajrEmfhka tlaj mj;S'
Wod( ^1& oKavdldr nelaàßhd
neis,i
iafg%mf
a gdneis,i
ämaf,dneis,i
rEmh 2'1( oKavdldr nelaàßhd

^2& f.da,dldr nelaàßhd
ämaf,dfldl=i Sarcina
idiskd
iafg%mf
a gdfldl=i Staphylococci
iagemsf,dfldl=i
rEmh 2'2( f.da,dldr nelaàßhd
28
^3& i¾ms,dldr - fudjqkaf.a i¾ms,fha iajNdjh wkqj wdldr 02la mj;S'
iamhsr¨ï iamhsfrdlSg
rEmh 2'3( i¾ms,dldr nelaàßhd
iuyr nelaàßhd úfYaIj,g wys;lr ld, ;rKh i|yd >k ì;a;s iys; wka;#îcdKqq
ksmoúh yels h' fïjd m%cdj fnda lsÍug fkdj m%cdj wdrlaId lr .ekSug fhdod .kakd
îcdKq úfYaIhls'
nelaàßhd" wfkl=;a Ôùka iy mßirh flfrys hym;a iy whym;a n,mEï we;s lrhs'
tkï(
^1& mßirfha iajdNdúl øjH pl%l
S rKh - nelaàßhd úfYaI rdYshla mßirfha iajdNdúl
úfhdaclhka f,i l%shd lrhs' Wod( Bacillus spp
^2& m%d:ñl ksIamdolhka f,i ls%hd lsÍu - ldnka m%Njh f,i CO2 o Yla;s m%Njh
f,i iQ¾h Yla;sh o Ndú; lr wdydr ksmojhs' Wod( oï i,a*¾ nelaàßhd" fld<
i,a*¾ nelaàßhd" ihfkda nelaàßhd" kS, yß; we,a.S
^3& we;eï wdydr øjH we;=`M fkdfhl=;a m%fhdackj;a øjH ksIm
a dokh lrk l¾udka;j,
§ nelaàßhd õfYaI Ndú; fõ' Wod( fhda.Ü ksIamdokhg - Lactobacillus
^4& ñksidg m%fhdackj;a fm%daàk ksmoùug Wod( cdk úlrKh l< Escherichia coli
nelaàßhdj u`.ska udkj bkaishq,ska ksmoùu
^5& iuyr nelaàßhdjka khsg%cka m%fhdacH lsÍu i|yd odhl fõ' Wod( rks, Ydlj,
uQ, .eá;sj, Ôj;a jk nelaàßhd- Rhizobium, mfia iajdëkj khsg%cka ;sr lrk
nelaàßhd-Azotobacter
^6& nelaàßhd wdydr úI ùu i|yd fya;= fõ' Wod( Clostridium botiulinum
^7& we;eï nelaàßhd úfYaI Ydl" i;=ka iy ñksidg jHdêckl f,i ls%hd lrhs'
Wod( Mycobacterium tuberculosis - laIh frda.h
Clostridium tetani - msg.eiau
Vibro Cholera - fld,rdj
Erwinia carotovora - lerÜ uDÿ l=Kq ùu
nelaàßhd w,sx.sl m%ckkfhka .=Kkh fõ' fuh ir, ffi, úNckh fyj;a oaúLKavkh
u`.ska isÿ fõ' fuys§ uq,ska u nelaàßhd ffi,fha j¾Kfoay DNA iajhx m%;sj,s; ùu
u`.ska i¾jiu DNA wKq folla ksmojkq ,nhs' miqj tu DNA msgm;a fol ffi,fha
29
m%;súreoaO O%ej foig .uka lrhs' ffi, ì;a;sfha uOH yria wdjdrhla we;s fõ' tu`.ska
ffi, ma,diauh fldgia follg fjka ù" ÿys;D nelaàÍhd ffi, folla we;s fõ' fï
i|yd idudkHfhka úkdä 20l muK ld,hla .; fõ'
ma,diañv
rhsnfidau
rEmh 2'4( nelaàßhd oaúLKavkh
nelaàßhd wka;#îcdKq we;s lrhs' fuys § we;eï nelaàßhd úfYaI wys;lr ld, ;rKh
i|yd >k ì;a;s iys; wka;#îcdKq ksmojhs' fujd wêl WIK;ajh fyda úIîc kdYlj,ska
mjd úkdY fkdù mj;sk >k m%;sfrdaë ì;a;shlska hqla; fõ'
>k m%;sfrdaë ì;a;sh
rEmh 2'5( nelaàßhd wka;#îcdKqjla
ihfkdanelaàßhd
ihfkdanelaàßhd jeä jYfhka c,c mßirj,ska yuq fõ' fudjqkaf.ka nyq;rh lrÈh fyda
ñßÈh jdiSyq fj;s' iq`M msßila fN!ñl jdiS fj;s' iuyre f;;a miaj, Ôj;a fõ' m%d.akHIaál
jk fudjqka tal ffi,sl" nyq ffi,sl fyda iQ;%sldldr úh yels h' iQ;%sld YdLkh ù ke;'
ffi, ì;a;sh fmmaáfvd.a,hslEkaj,ska iE§ we;' Bg msg;ska kdkquh wdjrKhla mj;S'
ihfkdnelaàßhd ks,a fld< meye;s m%NdixYaf,aIS nelaàßhd ldKavhls' kuq;a yß;,j
30
ke;' tfy;a ma,diau mg,h ffi, ma,diauh ;=<g fkÍfuka iEÿKq j¾Kl iys; ixlS¾K
mg, ^m%NdixYaf,aIl iqia;r& moaO;shla we;' ta ;=< yß;m%o" lefrdáka" iekaf;dms,a"
mhsfldihkska" mhsfldtß;%ska hk m%Nd j¾Kl wvx.= fõ' we;eï ihfkdanelaàßhd
úfYaIj,g jdhqf.da,Sh khsg%cka ;sr l< yels h' wys;lr ld, ;rKh lsÍfï yelshdj
iys;" wdydr ixÑ; lrk ,o m%;sfrdaê ì;a;shlska wdjrKh jQ ffi, mj;S' fudjqkaf.a
,sx.sl m%ckkhla ±lsh fkdyels h' w,sx.sl m%ckkh muKla isÿ fõ' tal ffi,sl
idudðlfhda oaú LKavkh u`.ska m%ckkh lr;s'
2'2'2 È,Sr
È,Sr fN!ñl mßirhl Ôj;a ùu i|yd yev.eiqKq Ôùyq fj;s' kuq;a we;eï È,Sr c,c jdiS
fj;s' fN!ñl mßirh ;=< jeä WIaK;ajhla yd jeä wd¾ø;djla iys; mßirj, jHdma; ù
we;' È,Sr iqkHIaál" p,kh fkdjk bhqleÍfhdagdfjda fj;s' È,Sr foayh w;= fnÿK ishqï
kd,dldr iQ;%sld kï cd,hlska iukaú; fõ' fuu È,Sr iQ;%sld tlaj .;a l, uhsiS,shu
fyj;a È,Sr cd,h f,i mj;S' we;eï È,Srj, iQ;l
%s d ixffi,Sh fõ' tkï iQ;%sld ffi,j,g
fjka ù ke;s neúka fmdÿ ffi, ma,diaufhys kHIaá rdYshla .s,S mj;S' tjeks iQ;s%ldj,
yria wdjrK fkdue;s neúka ksrdjdr iQ;%sld fõ' wfkla iQ;%sldldr È,Srj, iQ;%sld yria
ì;a;s fyj;a wdjdr u`.ska ffi,j,g fjka fõ' tfuka u tal ffi,sl È,Sr úfYaI o mj;S'
Wod( Saccharomyces (hSiaÜ)
os,Sr
iQ;%sldj
È,Sr cd,h
rEmh 2'6( È,sr iQ;%sld
È,Srj, ffi, ì;a;sfha m%Odk ix>glh lhsàka h' ixÑ; wdydrh .a,hsfldackah' lsisÿ
È,Srhl yß;,j fyda m%NdixYaf,aIl j¾Kl ke;' È,Sr ish,a, úIufmdaISyq fj;s' È,Sr
Tjqkag wjYH fmdaIl ,nd .kafka È,Srh u`.ska ksmojk tkaihsu u`.ska Wmia;rh
nysiaffi,Shj ÔrKh lr ÔrK M, wjfYdaIKh lsÍfuks' tfuka u we;eï È,Sr Ydl yd
i;=ka iu. iyÔù iïnkaO;d mj;aajhs'
Wod( ,hslk( È,Sr yd yß; kS, yß; we,a.S iyÔù ixúOdkhls
È,Srl uQ,h( È,Sr yd Wiia Ydlj, iyÔù ixúOdkhls
31
rEmh 2'7( ,hslk rEmh 2'8( È,Srl uQ,h
;j;a iuyr È,Sr Ydl yd i;a;aj foay u; fyda ;=< mrfmdaIs;hka f,i Ôj;a fj;s' tjeks
úfYaI Ydl" i;=kag iy ñksidg jHdêckl fõ' fuu iyÔù iy mrfmdaIS È,Srj, j¾Ol
iQ;%sldj,ska we;s jk úfYaIs; flá iQ;%sld fyj;a fYdaIl u`.ska Odrl ffi,j,ska
myiqfjka fmdaIl wjfYdaIKh lr .kshs'
È,Sr ,sx.sl m%ckkh iy w,sx.sl m%ckkh hk m%ckk l%u fol u fmkajhs' w,sx.sl
m%ckkh" wxl=rKh u`.ska o ^Wod( Saccharomyces) iuyr È,Sr fldksähd u`.ska o ;j;a
iuyr È,Sr úúO îcdKq u.ska o isÿ lrhs' w,sx.sl m%ckkfha § îcdKqOdks ;=< îcdKq
ksmojhs' ,sx.sl m%ckkfha § ckaudKqOdks ;=< ckaudKq ksmojhs'
2'2'3 we,a.S - Algae
ffi, ;=< mg,j,ska jg jQ kHIaáhla mj;S' tuksid fudjqka iqkHIaálhka fõ' ffi,
;=< yß;m%o wvx.= jk w;r m%NdixYaf,aIKh isÿ lrhs' fndfyda we,a.s fld< meye;s h'
yß;,j ;=< yß;m%o a iy b, lefrdàka" iekaf;d*s,a wvx.= fõ' we;eï we,a.s r;=" ÿUqre
fyda rkajka ÿUqre meyefhka ±lsh yels h' thg fya;=j fudjqkaf.a ffi, ;=< fjkia
m%NdixYaf,aIS j¾Kl wvx.= ùuhs' tkï yß;m%o a, lefrdàka yd *shqfldieka;ska kue;s
j¾Kl wvx.= ùuhs' we,a.Sj, rEmdldrh úúOh' Wod
 tal ffi,sl - Clamidomonas, Desmids
 >kdjdis - Pandorina, Eudorina, Volvox
 iQ;%sldldr - Spirogyra
 iQ;%sldldr nyq ffi,sl YdLkh jQ - Cladophora
we,a.S fndfyduhla c,c mßirj, ksoyfia Ôj;a jqj o we;eïyq fN!ñl mßirfha f;;a
mi ;=<" f;;a Ydl l|ka u; o ±lsh yels h' fjk;a Ôùka iu. iyÔù ix.ï idok
we,a.djka o fõ' Wod( ,hslk ^È,Sr yd we,a.S&
32
rEmh 2'9( fjd,afjdlaia rEmh 2'10( fviañv
rEmh 2'11( bhqfvdßkd rEmh 2'12( la,eñfvdfudkdia
rEmh 2'13( iamhsfrd.hsrd rEmh 2'14( mekafvdßkd
33
rEmh 2'15( ,hslk
tal ffi,sl we,a.Sj, lIsld fyda ;ka;= msysghs' tu`.ska p,kh fõ' wfkla úfYaIj,g
lIsld ke;s w;r my<g jefvk uQ,dN tl;= ù wjq,amdiqjla idoñka Wmia;rhg iú ù
Ôj;a fj;s'
2'2'4 fm%dfgdafidajd
fm%dfgdafidajdfjda m%udKfhka" ffi, jHQyfhka yd iajrEmfhka mq¿,a úúO;ajhla fmkaj;s'

Wod( Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena mg,j,s k a jg jQ kHIa á hla iys ; wka ù la I S h
iQkHIaálfhda fj;s' idfmalIa j ixlS¾K wNHka;r jHQyhla ork fudjqyq ixlS¾K mßjD;a;hS
l%shdldß;ajhla isÿ lr;s' fudjqka ksoyfia Ôj;a jk w;r lrÈh" ñßÈh yd uqyqÿ wdY%s;
mßirj, yd mfiys o ±lsh yels h' we;eïyq ñksid we;=¿ fjk;a i;=ka ;=< mrfmdaIsj Ôj;a
fj;s' idudkHfhka oDV ffi, ì;a;shla ke;' yß;,j ke;' fm%dfgdfidajdjkag wdydr
ys`. wys;lr ld,j, § fkdkeiS mej;Sug fldaIaG iE§fï yelshdj we;' fldaIaG hkq Ôú;
ld,h ;=< we;s jk wdrlaI;
s iajrEmhla jk w;r úfYaIfhka u mrfmdaIS fm%dfgdfidajdjkag
tl Odrlhl=f.a isg ;j;a Odrlhl= ;=<g we;=¿ jk f;la wdrlaIs;j isàug WmldÍ fõ'
34
weónd (Amoeba)
uhsgfldkaäh
% u
jHdc mdo
kHIaáh
ffi, mg,h
,hsfidfidau
rEmh 2'16( weónd
tal ffi,sl wKaùlaISh Ôúfhls' ffi, ì;a;s ke;' jHdc mdo iEÈh yels h' jHdc mdo
wdOdrfhka ixprKh iy wdydr wxY= wê.%yKh isÿ lrhs' foayfha ksYaÑ; yevhla ke;'
i;a;aj ioDY fmdaIK l%uhla fmkajhs' ridhksl úIufmdaIS fõ' W;af;ac y÷kd .ekSu
ma,diau mg,h u.ska isÿ fõ' oaúLKavkh" nyqLKavkh jeks w,sx.sl m%ckk l%u u`.ska
jHdma; fõ' ,sx.sl m%ckkhla ±lsh fkdyels h'
meróishï (Paramecium)
mlaIau
kHIaáh
rEmh 2'17( meróishï
talffi,sl wKaùlaISh Ôúfhls' ffi, ma,diauh msg;ska Yla;su;a m%;Hia: Púldjlska

(pellicle) wdjrKh ù we;' ta ksid ffi,hg ksYaÑ; yevhla ,eî we;' kuq;a foayh
m%;Hia: h' foay mDIaGh iïmQ¾Kfhka mlaIauj,ska wdjrKh ù we;' fu!L we,sfha we;s
mlaIau wdydr wxY= foayh ;=<g we;=¿ lr .ekSu yd ÔrKfhka miq fYaI øjH foayfhka
bj;a lsÍug jeo.;a fõ' i;a;aj ioDY fmdaIKhla fmkajhs' ffi,h ;=< ;rñka úYd,
uyd kHIaáhla yd ;rñka l=vd laIqø kHIaáhla we;'
bhq.a,skd (Euglena)
tal ffi,sl h' wkdl=, yeve;s h' iuyr úfYaIj, yß;,j msysghs' Tjqka m%NdiajhxfmdaIS
fõ' yß;,j fkdue;s úfYaI wxY= wê.%yKh lrk ridhksl úIufmdaIS Ôùyq fj;s' È.=
lYsldjla ±lsh yels h'
35
uhsgfldkaäh
% u
kHIaáh
lYsldj
rEmh 2'18( bhq.a,skd
2'2'5 jhsri ysi

jhsri hkq bf,lafg%dak wKaùlaIfhka muKla ksÍlaIKh
l< yels 20-250 nm m%udKfhka hq;a wksjd¾h mrfmdaISyq
fj;s' ffjri Ôù fuka u wÔù ,laIK o fmkaj;s' fudjqka
.=Kkh jkafka iÔù ffi,hla ;=< § muKs' mi" c,h"
jdhqf.da,h jeks iajdNdúl mßirj, jhsri mej;sh yels fldmqj
h'
jhsrila" f.fkdauh ^genome& yd lemaisvh kï jQ m%Odk
fldgia follska hqla; fõ' lemaisvh ;=< f.fkdañl
kHIaál wï, iy tkaihsu wvx.= fõ' kHIaál wï, f,i
DNA fyda RNA ;ksodu fyda oaú;aj odu f,i mj;S' lemaisvh
rEmh 2'19( jhsrihl bf,lafg%dak
iE§ we;af;a lemafidñhr f,i y÷kajk fm%dà a k tallj,sk's wkaúlaISh jHQyh
ffjri m%fNao wkqj lemafidñhr yd lemaisvfha yevh
fjkia h' we;eï jhsriaj, lemafidñhr i¾ms,dldrj weisÍ mj;S' Wod( ÿïfld< úÑ;%
jhsrih (TMV). iuyr tajdfha M,l f,i mj;S' túg tu jhsri úis;, yevhla .kshs'
Wod( fmda,sfhda jhsrih' iuyr jhsriaj, muKla lemaisvhg msg;ska msg; ljrhla$
wdjrKhla mj;S' Wod( mefmd, jhsrih" bka*a¨fjkaid jhsrih" fldfrdakd jhsrih' fuu
msg; ljrh iE§ we;af;a" fmdiafmd,smsv" fm%daàk iy .a,hsfld fm%daákj,sks' jhsriaj,
ffi,sh ixúOdkhla ±lsh fkdyels h'
rEmh 2'20( fmda,sfhda jhsrih rEmh 2'21( mefmd, jhsrifha

;%sudK jHQyh ;%sudK jHQyh
36
rEmh 2'22( ÿïfld< m;% úÑ;% jhsrifha ;%sudK jHQyh
 jhsri ;=< ±lsh yels Ôù ,laIK
) m%ckkh isÿ l< yels ùu
) jhsriaj, m%fõKsl ixhq;sh ld,hg idfmalaIj fjkia ùu fyj;a mßKduh
ùu ^úlD;s we;s ùu&
 jhsria ;=< ±lsh yels wÔù ,laIK
) ffi,Sh ixúOdkhla fkdfmkaùu
) mßjD;a;Sh l%shdj,s fkdfmkaùu
) iajdëkj Odrl ffi,hlska msg; § m%ckkh l< fkdyels ùu
nelaàßhd NlaIl jhsrihl cdrl pl%h (Lytic cycle) ;=< isÿ jk m%.=Kk l%shdj,sh my;
±lafõ'
jhsrih
jhsri DNA
Odrl nelaàßhdj lemaisv jhsri
Odrl DNA
^1& ^2& ^3& ^4& ^5&

rEmh 2'23( jhsrihl cdrl pl%h
uq,ska u nelaàßhd NlaIl jhsrih tys j,s. ;ka;=j u.ska nelaàßhd ffi,fha ffi,
ì;a;shg iú fõ ^1&' miqj ffi, ì;a;sh isÿre lr jhsri f.fkdauh nelaàßhd ffi,
ma,diauh ;=<g we;=¿ lrhs ^2&' tys l%h
s dldß;ajh u`.k
s a Odrl nelaàßhd ffi,fha mßjD;a;h
S
l%shdldÍ;ajh ì| fy<hs' bka miq nelaàßhd ffi,fha jQ wuqøjH yd ixYaf,aIK hka;%Kh
fhdod f.k jhsri f.fkdaufha msgm;a" jhsrihg wjYH tkaihsu iy lemaisv fm%daàk
ixYaf,aIKh lrhs ^3&' Odrl ffi,fha f.fkdauh ì| fy<hs' bka miq tl,ia ùu u`.ska
mßK; jhsria we;s fõ ^4&' miqj nelaàßhd ffi,h ÔrKh lr jhsria ksoyia fõ ^5&'
37
2'3 laIqø ðùkaf.a j¾Okhg n,mdk m%Odk idOl
^1& Wmia;rfha iajNdjh$ fmdaIl idkaøKh
^2& WIaK;ajh
^3& pH w.h
^4& jdhq idkaøKh
^5& f;;ukh
^1& fmdaIl idkaøKh - laIqø Ôùka j¾Okh jk Wmia;rfha fmdaIl idkaøKh jeä jk
úglaIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Ok fõ.h jeä fõ'
^2& WIaK;ajh - wvq WIaK;ajh laIøq Ôùkaf.a j¾Ok fõ.h wvq lrhs' WIaK;ajh jeä jk
úg hï Wmßu WIaK;ajhla olajd j¾Ok fõ.h jeä ù miqj ;jÿrg;a WIaK;ajh jeä
jkafka kï j¾Ok fõ.h wvq fõ' fuhg fya;= jkafka WIaK;ajh jeä jk úg
ffi,Sh fm%daàk iy tkaihsu wiajdNdùlrKh ùuhs'
^3& pH w.h - fndfydaa laIqø Ôùka úfYaIfhka nelaàßhdjka i|yd 6'5 - 7'5 pH olajd
mrdih m%Yia; fõ' kuq;a we;eï laIqø Ôùyq wdï,sl udOHfha § fyda laIdÍh udOHfha
§ jvd fyd|ska j¾Okh fj;s'
^4& jdhq idkaøKh - Tlaiscka iy ldnka vfhdlaihsâ laIqø Ôù j¾Okhg Rcqj u
n,mdk jdhq j¾. fõ'
^5& f;;ukh - laIqø cSù j¾Okh flfrys m%Odk f,i u n,mdk idOlhhs' tkï laIqø
Ôùkaf.a mßjD;a;Sh fõ.h flfrys f;;ukh Rcqju n,mdhS'
laIqø Ôùkaf.a Yajik l%u(
laIqø Ôùka Tlaiscka flfrys olajk nkaOq;dj wkqj ldhsl úoHd;aul ldKav y;rla
y÷kd f.k we;'
^1& iajdhq Yajik (Aerobic) - wKql Tlaiscka Ndú; lr iajdhq Yajikh isÿ lrk
nelaàßhdjkaf.a ma,diau mg,h ffi, ma,diauh ;=<g fkÍfuka Yajik mg, idohs'
tajd uhsgfldkaä%hu ñhrj,g iudk ld¾hhla bgq lrhs' Wod( Bacillus spp
^2& wksjd¾h ks¾jdhq Yajik (Obligate anaerobic) - wKql Tlaic
s ka Ndú; fkdlrhs' Tlaic
s ka
fudjqkaf.a ffi,j,g úI iys;hss' Wod( Clostridium úfYaI
^3& laIqø jd;ldó - fudjqyq wvq Tlaiscka idkaøkj, § (Microaerophillic) muKla l%shdldÍ
fj;s' jeä Tlaiscka idkaøKh úI iys;h' Wod( Lactobacillus spp" Campylobacter spp.
^4& ffjl,ams; ks¾jdhq (Facultative anaerobes) -fudjqyq Tlaiscka we;s úg iajdhq Yajikh;a
Tlaiscka ke;s úg ks¾jdhq Yajikh;a isÿ lr;s' tu ksid Tlaiscka rys; udOHj, o
Ôj;a úh yels h' Wod( E.coli, Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus spp, Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
38
rEmh 2'24( E. coli rEmh 2'25( Salmonella
rEmh 2'26( Staphylococcus rEmh 2'27( Saccharomyces
2'5 laIqø Ôùkaf.a fmdaIK úúO;ajh
laIqø Ôùyq úúO fmdaIK l%u fmkaj;s' Tjqka w;r fmdaIK l%u y;rla ±lsh yels h' fuu
fmdaIK l%u tajdfha ldnka yd Yla;s m%Nj u; mokï fõ'
^1& m%NdiajhxfmdaIS - ldnka m%Njh f,i CO2 o Yla;s m%Njh f,i iQ¾h Yla;sh o Ndú;
lrñka ldnksl ixfhda. ixYaf,aIKh lrk Ôùyq h' fuys § w;=re M,hla f,i O2
ksoyia lrhs'
Wod( ihfkdnelaàßhd - yhsv%cka m%Njh- c,h ^H2O&
wdf,dal Yla;sh
CO2 + H2O > (CH2O) + O2
yß;m%o
oï iy fld< i,a*¾ nelaàßhd - yhsv%cka m%Njh- yhsv%cka i,a*hsâ ^H2S&
wdf,dal Yla;sh
CO2 + H2S > (CH2O) + S
yß;m%o
^2& ridhksl iajhxfmdaIS - ldnka m%Njh f,i CO2 o Yla;s m%Njh f,i wldnksl øjH
TlaislrKfhka fyda TlaisyrKfhka msg jk Yla;sh Ndú;fhka ldnksl ixfhda.
ixYaf,aIKh lrhs' Wod( khsfg%dnelag¾ ^khsá%ldß nelaàßhd& fudjqyq wefudakshï
39
whk" khsg%hsg yd khsfÜ%g TlaislrKfhka ksoyka jk Yla;sh fhdod .ks;s' Wod
khsfg%dfidukdiayhsv%cka nelaàßhd" whka nelaàßhd
we;eï nelaàßhd úfYaI H2, S, H2S, Fe+2 wdÈh TlaislrKfhka ksoyia jk Yla;h
s ,nd
.kshs'
^3& m%NdúIufmdaIs - fudjqyq Yla;s m%Njh f,i wdf,dal Yla;sh Ndú; lr;s' ldnka
m%Njh f,i fu;fkda,a" weisfÜÜ jeks fjk;a ldnksl ixfhda. fhdod .kshs'
^4& ridhksl úIufmdaIS - Yla;s m%Njh fukau ldnka m%Njh f,i Ndú; lrkafka o
ldnksl øjHhs' fï hg;g ñh.sh Wmia;r u; jefvk uDf;damcSùyq" fjk;a cSùkag
wdidokh jk mrfmdaIs;fhda iy jHdêcklfhda o wh;a fj;s' fndfyda nelaàßhd j¾."
È,Sr" fm%dfgdafidajdfjda fï hg;g .efk;s'
40
3' laIø
q cSùka yd l¾udka;
3'1 ye|skaùu
w;S;fha isg u mshú weig fkdfmfkk Ôùkaf.ka ñksidg yd wjg mßirhg isÿ jk
wys;lr n,mEï ms<sn| jd¾;d fõ' ñksidg iuyr f,v frda. je,|Su" lDIs fnda. frda.
je,|Su ksid úkdY ù hEu" f.dúfmd< i;=kag frda. je,|Su yd wdydr krla ùu nyq,j yuq
jk wys;lr n,mEï lsysmhls' fujka wys;lr n,mEï fuka u ñksidf.a yd mßirfha hy
meje;aug o laIqø Ôùyq úYd, odhl;ajhla olaj;s' ¨ù mdiap¾ (Louis Pasteur) kï úoHd{hdf.a
yxilr ma,dial= mÍlaIKfhka laIqø Ôùkaf.a l%shdldß;ajh m%:u j;djg fy<sorjq úh'
ish¨ ñksiqkaf.a yd i;a;ajhkaf.a Ôú;j, wjika ;Srlhd laIqø Ôùka nj laIqø Ôj úoHdj
ms<sn| wdrïNl foaYkhl § ¨ù mdiap¾ úiska m%ldY lr we;' fufia wdrïN jQ laIqø Ôù
l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn| ±kqu j¾;udkh jk úg cdk mßKdukh u`.ska kj Ôùka ìys lsÍu
olajd úldYkh ú we;' laIqø Ôù l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn| ±kqu kj ;dlaIKh iu`. úúO
lafIa;%j, Ndú; jk wdldrh fuu mßÉfþofha § idlÉPd lrhs'
rEmh 3'1( ¨ù mdiap¾
3'2 lDIsl¾udka;h yd laIqø Ôùka
wdydr" ksjdi" we÷ï we;=¿ fndfyda ñksia wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd Ydl úYd, odhl;ajhla
imhhs' tfukaa u ñksid we;=¿ wfkla ish¨ cSùkaf.a wdydr Ydl iïNjhlska hqla; nj
wdydr odu yd wdydr cd, úuid ne,Sfï § fmkS hk uQ,sl lreKls' wdydr ksmoùu i|yd
jeo.;a jk fN!ñl Ydl jeä m%udKhl Wmia;rh jkafka mihs' Ydl ;ukag wjYH Lksc
fmdaIl rdYshla mfika ,nd .kshs'
Ydlj,g wjYH Lksc fmdaIl wdldr folls'

1' uyd fmdaIl - C, H, O, N,P, K, S, Ca, Mg
2' laIqø fmdaIl - Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, B, Mo, Cl, Ni
41
fuu Lksc fmdaIl mig ,efnkafka Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia Ô¾Kfhka yd mdIdK
Ô¾Kfhks' laIqø Ôùkaf.a ueÈy;a ùu fuu l%shdj,s foflys§ u olakg ,efnk w;r Ydl
yd i;a;aj fldgia Ô¾K l%shdj,sfha m%Odk ld¾hNdrhla isÿ lrkafka laIqø Ôùka u`.sks'
laIqø Ôùka u`.ska ksmojkq ,nk nysiaffi,Sh tkaihsu" ldnksl øjH ^Ydl yd i;a;aj
fldgia& u; l%shd lr tajdfha we;s ixlS¾K ldnksl øjH" ir, wldnksl øjH ^Lksc& njg
m;a lrhs'
úfhdackh Lksc + ldnkavfhdlaihsâ +c,h
ldnksl øjH ^ftkaøSh øjH&  
ldnksl øjH úfhdack l%shdj,sh m%Odk mshjr 02lska hqla; fõ'
1' yshó
q lrKh ^Humification&
2' LksclrKh ^Mineralization&
yshqólrKh yshquia
Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia  LksclrKh
 Lksc
ldnksl øjH úfhdack l%shdj,sh ñh.sh Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia mßirfhka bj;a lrñka
kj m%cks;hkag bv wjldY ,nd §u;a" iSñ;j we;s Lksc m%;spl%SlrKh lrñka tajdfha
iq,N;dj fkdkeiS mj;ajd .ekSug;a jeo.;a fõ' úfhdack l%shdj,sh ksis mßÈ isÿ ùu
i|yd laIqø Ôù l%shdldß;ajh m%Yia; uÜgñka mej;Su jeo.;a fõ' ldnksl øjH Ô¾Kh
i|yd iajdhq yd ks¾jdhq laIqø Ôùyq iyNd.S fj;s'
Wod iajdhq - Trichoderma, Achromobacter, streptomyces
ks¾jdhq - Clostridium, methane bacteria
rEmh 3'2( Trichoderma rEmh 3'3( Achromobacter rEmh 3'4( Streptomyces
rEmh 3'5( Clostridium rEmh 3'6( Methane bacteria

42
mi hkq laIqø Ôù j¾Okhg yd l%shdldß;ajhg b;d fhda.H jdiia:dkhls' mfiys ldnksl
øjH nyq, h' tfuka u mdxY= fN!;sl yd ridhksl idOl laIqø Ôù j¾Okhg iß,k mßÈ
mj;S' mfia jHQyh" jhkh yd j¾Kh hk fN!;sl idOl o pH w.h jeks ridhksl
idOl o laIqø Ôù l%shdldÍ;ajh i|yd n,mdhs' mdxY= jHQyh yd jhkh wkqj mfia jd;h yd
c,h r|jd .ekSfï yelshdj fjkia fõ'
^1& mdxY= jHQyh yd jhkh
laIqø Ôùkag ish meje;au i|yd jd;h yd c,h mej;Su w;HjYH jk neúka jhkh yd
jHQyh m%Yia; ;;a;ajfha mej;sh hq;= h'
^2& mdxY= WIaK;ajh
laIqø Ôùkag fkdkeiS mej;sh yels WIaK;aj mrdih Ôù úfYaIfhka úfYaIhg fjkia
fõ' È,Sr i|yd m%Yia; WIaK;ajh 37 oC jk w;r nelaàßhdj,g úYd, WIaK;aj
mrdihl fkdkeiS mej;sh yels h'
^3& mdxY= jd;h
ijdhq laIqø Ôùkag fkdkeiS meje;aug O2 wjYH jk w;r m%NdixYaf,aIKhg CO2
wjYH fõ' fï i|yd mfia O2 , N2 yd CO2 m%Yia: uÜgul mej;sh hq;= h'
^4& mdxY= c,h - mdxY= c,h u`.ska laIqø Ôùkaf.a meje;au i|yd wjYH c,h ,nd foa'
^5& mdxY= ðø wjldYh
mia wxY= w;r mj;sk wjldY mßudj jeä jk úg tu mfiys mdxY= jd; m%udKh jeä
fõ' jd; mßudj jeä jk úg ijdhq nelaàßhd .ykh jeä jk w;r mdxY= jd;h wvq
jk úg ks¾jdhq nelaàßhd .ykh jeä fõ'
^6& mdxY= ldnksl øjH
fndfyda nelaàßhd" È,Sr yd fm%dgfidajdfjda úIufmdaISka fj;s' úIufmdaISka i|yd
ldnksl m%Njh jkafka uereKq Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia h' mfia ldnksl øjH iq,n
jk úg tu mfia laIqø cSù .ykh yd l%shdldß;ajh jeä fõ'
^7& mdxY= pH w.h
mfia wdï,sl fyda Ndiañl iajNdjh wkqj mfia Ôj;a jk laIqø Ôù ldKavj, fjkila
olakg ,efí' È,Sr wdï,sl mi m%sh lrk w;r WodiSk mfiys nelaàßhd .ykh jeä
h' tneúka ukd laIqøÔù l%shdldÍ;ajhla i|yd mfia pH w.h jeo.;a fõ'
lDIsl¾udka;fha § wiajekak f,i mfika bj;a jk Lksc fmdaIl kej; mig ,nd §u
isÿ úh hq;= h' ke; fyd;a mi ksire ù lDIsl¾udka;hg fhda.H fkdjk ;;a;ajhg m;a
fõ' mfika bj;a jk fuu Lksc fmdaIl kej; mig ,nd §fï § laIqø Ôùyq uy`.=
ld¾hNdrhla bgq lr;s'
LksÔlrKh i|yd uDf;damÔù nelaàßhd yd È,Sr iyNd.S fõ' ldnksl øjH" ldnka"
khsg%cka yd i,a*¾ pl%j,g Ndckh ùfuka LksÔlrKh isÿ fõ'
43
khsg%cka pl%h (Nitrogen Cycle)
khsg%cka hkq Ôùkaf.a meje;au ioyd w;HjYH uQ,øjHls' fm%daàk" DNA, RNA, yß;m%o
jeks w;HjYH ffcùh wkq ixYaf,aIKh i|yd khsg%cka wjYH fõ' khsg%cka ,nd .;
yels m%Odk m%Njh jdhqf.da,Sh khsg%cka fõ' jdhqf.da,Sh mßudfjka 78%la muK khsg%cka
jdhqj wvx.= fõ' kuq;a fuh Ôùkag Rcqju Ndú;hg .; yels wdldrhg fkdue;' tuksid
laIqø Ôù m%;sl%shdoduhla Tiafia jdhqf.da,Sh khsg%cka fiiq cSùkag Ndú; l< yels wdldrhg
m;a lrhs' wefudakSlrKh" khsá%lrKh" khsg%cka ;sr lsÍu" khsá%yrKh tu laIqøcSù
m%;sl%shd ud,dfõ wjia:d lsysmhls'
jdhqf.da,Sh
khsg%cka
.sksl÷
msmsÍï l¾udka;Yd,dj,ska
yd bkaOk
j¾Idj
úÿ,s flàï oykfhka
úfudapkh jk
jdhq
i;a;aj
uQ; %d
fmdis, bkaOk
fmdfydr
uQ, .eá;s ;=< ñh .sh Ydl khsà%yrKh

Ôj;a jk yd i;a;=
khsgc
% ka ;sr khsfÜ%g
lrk
nelaàßhd
úfhdaclfhda
mfia Ôj;a wefudakSlrKh

jk khsg%hsg
khsgc
% ka ;sr
lrk
nelaàßhd
ñksia l%shdldrlï
iajdNdúl l%shd
wefudakshï
iy
wefudakshd
rEmh 3'7( khsg%cka pl%h
44
ish¨ fN!ñl Ydl khsgc % ka imhd .kafka mfiks' ta i|yd mig khsg%cka iemhSu l< hq;=
h' khsg%cka ;sr lsÍug yels ish¨ nelaàßhd fuu mshjrg iïnkaO fõ' Tjqka ks±,s jdiS
iy iyÔù f,i fldgia folls' ks±,sjdiS nelaàßhd mfia Ôj;a jk w;r iyÔù khsg%cka
;srlsÍfï nelaàßhd YdluQ, moaO;sfha uQ, .eá;s ;=< cSj;a fõ'
fudjqyq jdhqf.da,Sh khsg%cka (N2), wefudakshï (NH4+) whk njg m;a lr;s'
ksoe,s jdiS khsg%cka ;sr lrk nelaàßhd
- ihfkdnelaàßhd Cyanobacteria
- weifgdnelag¾ Azotobacter
- laf,diaá%ähï Clostridium
- fnhscßkalshd Beijerinckia
iyÔù khsg%cka ;sr lrk nelaàßhd
- wekìkd Anabaena
- rhsfidaìhï Rhizobium
ñh.sh Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia iy i;=kf a .a u< øjH" nelaàßhd yd §,sr u`.ska cSrKh lsÍu
ksid o mig khsg%cka tl;= fõ' Ydl iy i;a;aj foayj, we;s fm%daàk wKq fm%daàk
ydhkhg ^proteolysis& ,la ùfuka mig wefudakshd (NH3) jdhqj ksoyia fõ' fuu l%shdj,sh
wefudakSlrKh f,i ye|skafõ' fuu wefudakshd jdhqj c,fha Èh ùfuka wefudakshï
(NH4+) whk f,i mig tl;= fõ' Ydlj,g khsg%cka ,nd .; yels myiq u wdldrh
khsfÜ%g (NO3-) whk f,i h' tfia kï khsg%cka ;srlsÍfuka yd wefudakSlrKfhka
tl;= jQ wefudakshï whk (NH4+), khsfÜ%g njg m;a l< hq;= h' fuh khsàl % rKh mshjf¾
§ isÿ fõ' fuys § mshjr folla Tiafia NH4+ whk NO3- whk njg TlaislrKh fõ' fuh
ridhksl iajhxfmdaIS nelaàßhd u`.ska isÿ lrhs'
Nitrosomonas
NH4+   NO -
2
Nitrobacter
NO2-   NO -
3
Ydl NO3- whk myiqfjka mfika Wrdf.k fm%daàk ixYaf,aIKh isÿ lrhs' bka miq wdydr
odu Tiafia fuu fm%daàk ñksid we;=¿ wfkla i;=ka úiska mßfNdackh lrkq ,efí' Ôùka
ñh.sh miq tu foayj,ska yd Ôùkaf.a u, øjHj,ska kej; tu khsg%cka mig tl;= fõ'
khsg%cka plS%lrKh iïmQ¾K ùug kï kej; mfia we;s khsg%cka jdhqf.da,hg khsg%cka
jdhqj (N2 & f,i ksoyia ùu isÿ úh hq;= h' fuh khsá%yrKh mshjf¾ § isÿ fõ' fuh isÿ
45
% rK nelaàßhd u.ska NO3- whk mshjr lsysmhla Tiafia
lrkafka o nelaàßhd u`.sks' khsáy
khsg%cka jdhqj njg m;a lrhs'
NO3-  -
 NO2 
+
 NH4 
 N2
fï i|yd my; i|yka nelaàßhd iïnkaO fõ
Pseudomonas denitrificans Thiobacillus denitrificans
Bacillus licheniformis
Paracoccus denitrificans
ldnka pl%h
cSùkaf.a j¾Okhg yd meje;aug w;HjYH ldnksl ixfhda. ksmoùfï § ldnka w;HjYH

uQ,øjHls' fuu ldnka iajdNdúl f,i plS%lrKh fjñka Ôùkaf.a wjYH;d imqrd,hs'
Ydl m%NdixYaf,aIKh u`.ska jdhqf.da,Sh ldnkavfhdlaihsâ (CO2)" .aÆfldaia f,i ;sr
lrhs' bka miq tu ldnka" iqlafrdaia" msIagh" fi,shqf,daia" kHIaál wï," ,s.akska" fm%daàk"
,smsv" fyñfi,shqf,daia jeks ixlS¾K ldnksl ixfhda. njg m;a lrhs' ñksiqka yd i;=ka
úiska Rcqj fyda jl% f,i tu ldnksl ixfhda. mßfNdackh lrkq ,nhs' Ôùkaf.a ñh .sh
foay iu. fyda u, øjHh;a iu. tu ldnka kej; mßirhg ksoyia fõ' fuu ld¾hh
i|yd úfhdacl laIqø cSùkaf.ka b;d úYd, fufyhla bgq fõ' ñh .sh Ôùkaf.a uD; foay
yd u, øjH úfhdackh lr ldnka kej; CO2 f,i jdhqf.da,hg ksoyia lrhs' úfhdackh
fkdù b;sß jk ldnksl øjH f*dis, f,i ;ekam;a fõ' tu f*dis, Yla;s m%Njhla f,i
Ndú;hg .ekSfï § isÿ jk oykfha § kej; tys ixÑ; ldnka" CO2f,i jdhqf.da,hg
ksoyia fõ' óg wu;rj Ydl yd i;=kaf.a Yajikfha m%;sM,hla f,i m%Yajdi jd;h;a iu.
CO2 jdhqf.da,hg ksoyia fõ'
jdhqf.da,Sh CO2
oykh
fmdis, bkaOk Ydl yd i;=ka

oykh u.ska ixÑ; i;=kaf.a
lsÍu Yajikh
Ydl
Yajikh mi ;=<
Ydl
ixÑ; ùu ma,jdx. u.ska
ixÑ; lsÍu
id.rh
fmdis,
bkaOk yg ldnksl øjH cSrKh
.ekSu
CaCO3 f,i ;ekam;a ùu
rEmh 3'8( ldnka pl%h
46
3'3 fldïfmdaiaÜ fmdfydr ksIamdokh
ovhï yd tf`âr hq.h miq l< ñksid f.dú;ekg yqre ùu;a iu`. lDIsl¾ñl lghq;=
l%ufhka ÈhqKq úh' kuq;a ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iu. jeä jQ ck.ykhg wdydr iemhSu iòyd
f.dú;eka lghq;= lsÍfï§ ta iòyd wjYH idrj;a mi iSud iys; úh' fï ksid lDIsl¾ñl
lghq;=j, § mfiys idrj;a nj mj;ajd .ekSug fmdfydr fh§u wdrïN úh' kuq;a wldnksl
fmdfydr nyq,j Ndú; lsÍu u.ska mfia ire nj È.ska È.g u mj;ajd .; fkdyels h'
mfia we;s ldnksl øjH m%udKh yd laIqø Ôù .yKh fjkia ùu fuhg fya;= fõ' mfia
ire nj fkdlvjd mj;ajd .ekSug kï ldnksl øjH mig tl;= l< hq;= h' fldïfmdaiaÜ
hkq Èrd .sh Ydl yd i;a;aj fldgia yd ta u; j¾Okh jk laIqø Ôù .ykhla wvx.=
ñY%Khls' fldïfmdaiaÜ Èrdm;a jQ ;;a;ajfha mj;sk w;r tys fnda.j,g wjYH fmdaIl
/ila wvx.= h' tfuka u Ydlj,g Rcqj u tl;= l< yelsh'
iajdNdúl ldnksl fmdfydrla f,i Ndú; l< yels fldïfmdaiaÜ mig tl;= lsÍfuka
jdis rdYshla ie,fia' fldïfmdaiaÜj, we;s yshquia" mia iu`. tlg ne|S leá;s idok
neúka mfiys ðø wjldY m%udKh jeä fõ' tu`.ska mfia jd;kh jeä jk w;r c,h r|jd
.ekSfï yelshdj o jeä lrhs' fldïfmdaiaÜ iajdrlaIlhla f,i l%shd lrñka mfia pH w.h
fkdfjkiaj mj;ajd .kshs' yshquia" Lksc ,jkj,ska ire ksid mfia Lksc ,jk wjYH;dj
o imqrd,hs' yshquia ijdhq ;;a;aj hgf;a laIqø Ôùka u.ska úfhdackh fjñka Ydlj,g
wjYH Lksc l%ufhka mig ksoyia lrhs' fldïfmdaiaÜ ksIamdokh ioyd mfia isák
nelaàßhd" È,Sr yd fm%dfgdfidajd m%Odk jYfhka Ndú; fõ'
.DydY%s;j fuka u jdKsc l¾udka;hla f,i o fldïfmdaiaÜ ksIamdokh l< yels w;r
m%Yia; ;;a;aj iemhSu u.ska Wiia ;;a;ajfhka hq;a fldïfmdaiaÜ ksmojd .; yels h'
fldïfmdaiaÜ ksIamdokfha mshjr
fldïfmdaiaÜ hkq WKqiqï" f;;ukh iys; ijdhq mßirhl laIqøÔùka úiska Èrdm;a lrk
,o ldnksl øjH ñY%Khls' fuu`.ska Ydlj,g Ndú; l< yels wdldrhg fmdaIH mod¾:
uqodyßkq ,efí' fldïfmdaiaÜ ksIamdokfha § isÿ lrkq ,nkafka ixlS¾K ldnksl øjH
laIqøÔù l%shdldÍ;ajh u.ska ir, ldnksl øjH njg m;a lsÍuhs'
fldïfmdaiaÜ ksIamdokh ioyd f;dard .kakd ia:dkh wuqøjH yd c,h ,nd .ekSug myiq
ia:dkhla úh hq;= h' tfuka u mdkSh c, m%Njhlg wdikak fkdúh hq;= h' iEfok
fldïfmdaiaÜj, wvx.= fmdaIl mi ;=,g ldkaÿ ùu je<elaùug wmdr.uH ;o fmdf<djla
;sìu o jeo.;a h' fldïfmdaiaÜ ksmoùug fijK iys; ia:dkhla f;dard f.k" th msßisÿ
fldg .,a yd wkjYH øjH bj;a fldg mi uÜgï lr .; hq;= h' wuq fld<" j,a me<Eá"
flfi,a m;% yd flfi,a l|ka o wdydruh wm øjH o fldïfmdaiaÜ ms<sfh, lsÍu iòyd
Ndú; l< yels h'
47
fldïfmdaiaÜ ksmoùfï l%u lsysmhls
1' f.dv l%uh
2' j< l%uh
3' Ôj fldgq l%uh (l+v l%uh)
4' Ôrl n÷ka l%uh ^ner,a l%uh&
5' N%uK n÷ka l%uh
rEmh 3'9( f.dv l%uh rEmh 3'10( j< l%uh
rEmh 3'11( l+v l%uh rEmh 3'12( N%uK n÷ka l%uh rEmh 3'13( Ôrl n÷ka l%uh
1' f.dv l%uh
ldnksl øjH nyq,j we;s wjia:dj, § fuu l%uh Ndú; lrhs' ksfjfika bj; ,k
ldnksl øjH fuka u ;Kfld<" fld<frdvq" fnda. wjfYaI" Ydl lmamdÿ fldgia wdÈh o
fï i|yd Ndú; l< yels h' j¾Idm;kh wêl m%foaYj,g jvd iqÿiq h' kfuka wre;a
.ekafjk wdldrhg u ldnksl øjH f.dv.id ÔrKhg ie,eiaùu fuu l%ufha § isÿ fõ'
f.dv ilia l< yels Wmßu È." m<," Wi ms<sfj,ska 5 m x 2 m x 1'5 m fõ' ldnksl øjH
;Ügq jYfhka f.dv .eiSu ukd laIqø Ôù j¾Okhlg bv i,ihs' úfhdackh fõ.j;a lr
.ekSu ioyd tla ;Ügqjl Wi 15-30 cm muK jkfia wuq øjH weisÍu l< hq;h
= ' f.dvieliSu
fuu iïu;hkag jvd jeä jQ úg uOHfha WIaK;ajh fjkia ùfuka ÔrKh wl%uj;a úh
yels h'
48
f.dv l%uhg fldïfmdaiaÜ ksmoùfï mshjr
msßisÿ lr .;a N+ñfha f.dfâ m%udKh fldagqjlska ,l=Kq lsÍu


m<uq ;Ügqj( j,a me<Eá" lmamdÿ fldgia" .DydY%s; wmøjH yd i;a;aj wmøjH
^30 cm muK Wig&

fojk ;Ügqj( m;% ;DK fyda j,a me<Eá îe,aùkshd&

f;;ukh 50]-60] muK jk f;la c,h tl;= lsÍu

fldïfmdaiaÜ uqyqka ^wduql+,k øjH&f.dv u; úisrùu-fï u.ska wuqøjH úfhdackh
ioyd wjYH laIqøÔùka imhhs'
^wuqøjH 1000 kg g uqyqka 20 kg&

f;jk ;Ügqj( flfi,a m;%" Ydl fldgia" i;a;aj wmøjH" Èrd hk fld< frdvq
^Wmßu Wi 1'5 m olajd&

i;a;aj wmøjH ;Ügqjla fh§u

uqyqka ^wduql+,k øjH& fh§u

jd;h we;=¿ jk fia l¿ fmd,s;Sska fyda fmd,aw;=j,ska jeiSu

i;shlg miq W,a lrk ,o ,Shla we;=¿ lr f;;ukh mÍlaId lrkak'
ûdihla muK jk f;la f;;ukh wvq kï u;=msg isÿre idod c,h fhdokak&

m<uq fmr<Su
^Èk 7lg miq&

fojk fmr<Su
^f.dv ilia lsÍfuka udihlg miq&

;=kajk fmr<Su ^f.dv ilia lsÍfuka udi 3lg miq&

±,lska y,d weiqreï lsÍu
49
fldïfmdaiaÜ ksIamdokfha wjidk mshjf¾ § Èrdm;a jQ øjH isÿre iys; ±,lska ye,Sfuka
miq Ndú;hg .kshs' tys § ±, u; b;sßjk fldïfmdaiaÜ leá;s wduql+,k øjHh f,i
kej; Ndú; l< yels h'
2' j< l%uh
j< l%uh j¾Idm;kh wvq m%foaYj,g .e,fma' fuu l%ufha § Wmßu È." m<," Wi ms<sfj<ska
5 m x 1'0 m x 1'0 m jk mßÈ j<la ilia lr" th ;=< wuqøjH ia;r f,i wiqrkq ,efí' f.dv
l%ufha wdldrhg u ;Ügq jYfhka wuqøjH wiqrkq ,nk w;r wuqøjH ñY% lsÍu ioyd jf<a
tla fl<jrl bv m%udKhla ysiaj ;nhs' wuqøjH yd uqyqka ksis mßÈ wiqrd fldïfmdaiaÜ j<
fyd¢ka wdjrKh lr ;nkak' Èk y;rlg jrla wdjrKh bj;a lr f;;uk m%udKh
mÍlaId lrkak ^fï ioyd fl<jrla W,a lrk ,o ,Shla fldïfmdaiaÜ f.dv fyda j< ;=<g
we;=¿ lr tys f;;ukh yd WKqiqu mÍlaId lrkak&' fldagqfjys fl<jr r;a ù we;a kï
fldïfmdaiaÜ iE§u fyd¢ka isÿ jk nj;a tys mqia ^È,Sr& ne§ we;akï laIqøÔù l%shdj,sh
yßyeá fkdjk nj;a ks.ukh l< yelsh' c,h m%udKj;a fkdjk nj ksÍlaIKh fõ kï
c,h fhdod j< fyd¢ka wdjrKh lr ;nkak'
j< mqrjd i;s 3-4lska wdjrKh bj;a lr wuqøjH fyd¢ka fmr<d wduql+,k øjH tl;= lr
kej; wdjrKh l< hq;= h' bka miq kej;;a f;;ukh mÍlaId lr wjYH;dj wkqj c,h
fhÈh hq;= h' i;s 7-8g miq wdjrKh bj;a lr fojk fmr<Su isÿlr wjYH;dj wkqj c,h
fhÈh hq;= h' fojk fmr<Sfuka Èk 4-5g miqj o f;;ukh mÍlaId lr wjYH;dj wkqj
c,h fhÈh hq;= h' i;s 11-12g muK miq f;jk fmr<Su isÿlr kej; wdjrKh l< hq;=
h' udi ;=klg miq ldnksl øjH fyd¢ka ÔrKh ù fldïfmdaiaÜ njg m;a ù fnda.j,g
fh§ug iqÿiq ;;a;ajfha mj;S'
3' l+v" ^ner,a& yd cSrl n÷ka l%uh
ner,a l%uh b;d myiq .DydY%s; fldïfmdaiaÜ ksmoùfï l%uhhs' ner,a yeve;s n÷kla ;=<
ksfjfia bj;,k ldnksl øjH Ndú;fhka b;d myiqfjka fldïfmdaiaÜ ksmojd .; yels
h' iajdhq Ô¾Kh myiq jk mßÈ n÷fka 1 cm muK úIalïNh iys; isÿre iEÈh hq;= w;r
m;=, iújr úh hq;= h' ksmojQ fldïfmdaiaÜ n÷fkka msg;g .ekSu myiq lr .ekSu i|yd
n÷fka my;ska fodrgqjla ilia lr .; hq;= h' tfuka u ner,h iqÿiq ia:dkhl ;nd .ekSu
o jeo.;a h'
l+v l%ufha § fldagq yd ,Kq wdOdrfhka l+vh ilid .kshs' fldïfmdaiaÜ fldgqj ie§ug
we,aìishd o`vq" WK nïnq Wmfhda.S lr .kshs' fuu l%u foflys § u wdrïNfha § wuqøjH
fh§fuka miq úáka úg ´kE u wjia:djl wuqøjH tl;= l< yels h' fuu l%uj, § Èrdm;a
ùfï yelshdj wkqj wuqøjH wiqrkq ,efí' wuqøjHj, úfhdack fõ.h jeä lsÍug wduql+,k
øjH tl;= l< hq;= h' l+v l%ufha § wuqøjH úh<Su fndfyda úg isÿ jk ksid m%Yia;
f;;uk m%udKhla mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd wjYH mßÈ c,h tl;= l< hq;=h' f;;ukh
50
m%Yia; uÜgul mj;ajd .ekSu ioyd l+vfha Wv fmd,a w;= fyda fjk;a wdjrK øjHlska
jid ±óu iqÿiq h' l+vfha fyda ner,fha mdoia: fl<jßka iEÿKq fldïfmdaiaÜ bj;a lr .;
yels h'
4' N%uK n÷ka l%uh
ldnksl øjH N%uKh l< yels n÷kla wdOdrfhka fldïfmdaiaÜ njg m;a lsÍu fuys § isÿ
lrhs' fldïfmdaiaÜ ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha § ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä lr .ekSug isÿ lrk
fmr<Su fuys § myiqfjka isÿ fõ' n÷k ;=< iú lr we;s wjr u.ska wmøjH b;d l=vd
len,sj,g lmd fjka lrk w;r n÷k N%uKh lsÍu ksid fyd|ska jd;kh ùu isÿ fõ'
3'4 Ôj jdhq ksIamdokh
Ôj jdhqj Ndú;fha b;sydih l%'s mQ' 16 muK

wE ; w;S;h ola jd ú ysfo a'
fuifmdf;a ñ hdkq j ka ^l% s ' mQ ' 10& yd
m¾ishdkqjka ^l%s'mQ' 16& iakdkh lsÍu i|yd
c,h r;a lr .ekSug Ôj jdhqj Ndú; l<
njg idlaIs we;' Ôj jdhqj ms<n s | mÍlaIK
rEmh 3'14( Alessandro Volta
l< m<uq jekakd f,i b;sydi .; jkafka
(Alessandro Volta) jk w;r Tyq Ôj jdhqj fidhd.;a úoHd{hd f,i o ie,fla' Ôj jdhqfõ
Ndú;h ms<sn| m%:u ,sÅ; idlaIsh ¨ù mdiap¾ (Louis Pasteur) iufhka jd¾;d fõ' ksjdi
WKqiqï lsÍu iy wdf,dalh ,nd .ekSu i|yd Ôj jdhqj fhdod .; yels nj Tyq fmkajd
ÿkafka h' l%s'j' 1897 § bkaÈhdfõ fndïndfha ,dÿre frda.Ska i|yd fjka jQ .ulg
wdf,dalh ,nd .ekSug Ôj jdhqj fhdod .;a njg ,sÅ; b;sydih idlaIs orhs'
j¾;udkh jk úg mekke`.S we;s n,Yla;s w¾nqohg ms<shula f,i úl,am n,Yla;s m%Nj
flfrys jeä jYfhka wjOdkh fhduq fjñka mj;S' Ôj jdhq ;dlaIKh fuu n,Yla;s
w¾nqohg ms<shula fuka u Èfkka Èk jeä jk ldnksl wmøjHj,g o ;sridr úi÷ula
f,i Ndú; l< yels h' ldnksl øjH laIqø Ôùka u.ska ^m%Odk jYfhka nelaàßhd& ks¾jdhq
;;a;aj hgf;a Ô¾Kh lsÍfuka ksmofjk jdhq ñY%Khla Ôjjdhqj f,i y÷kajd Èh yels
h' weisála wï, ksmojk nelaàßhd (acetogens) yd óf;aka ksmojk laIqøÔùka (methanogens)
úiska lrkq ,nk ks¾jdhq ÔrKh u.ska Ôj jdhqj ksmoùu isÿ fõ' fuu nelaàßhd
ridhksl l%shdj,s lsysmhla m%j¾Okh lrk w;r ffcj ialkaO Ôj jdhqj njg mßj¾;kh
lrhs' fN!;sl iSud lsÍï u`.ska Tlaiscka jdhqj m%;sls%hdfjka bj;a lrhs'
Ôj jdhqj m%Odk jYfhka ^50]-80]& óf;akaj,ska (CH4) iukaú; jk w;r óg wu;rj

khsg%cka (N2&" ldnkavfhdlaihsâ (CO2) yd yhsv%cka i,a*hsâ (H2S) o iq¿ jYfhka wvx.=
úh yels h'
51
Ôj jdhq ksIamdokfha mshjr
Ôjjdhq ksIamdokh ixlS¾K l%shdj,shls' fuh m%Odk mshjr 04 la hgf;a úia;r l< yels
h'
1' c, úÉfþokh (Hydrolysis)
2' meiSu (Acidogenesis)
3' weisála wï, ksIamdokh (Acetogenesis)
4' óf;ka ksIamdokh (Methanogenesis)
1' c, úÉfPaokh
ldnksl øjH m%Odk jYfhka c,fha wødjH ixlS¾K ldnksl øjHj,ska iukaú; fõ'
ks¾jdhq ÔrKfha bÈß mshjrj, § c, ødjH ixfhda. wjYH neúka c, wødjH ixlS¾K
ldnksl øjH ks¾jdhq laIqø Ôùka u.ska c,ødjH ir, ldnksl øjH njg m;a lsÍu fuys
§ isÿ fõ'
ldfndayhsfâ%Ü + c,h 
 fudfkdielrhsv (monsaccharides)
fïoh + c,h 
 fïo wï, (fatty acids)
fm%daàk + c,h 
 weuhsfkda wï, (Amino acids)
fuu mshjf¾ § ffjl,ams; ks¾jdhq nelaàßhd (facultative anaerobic bacteria) iy ks¾jdhq

nelaàßhd (anaerobic bacteria) m%Odk ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrhs' ffjl,ams; ks¾jdhq nelaàßhd
u.ska udOHfha hï m%udKhla fyda Tlaiscka mj;S kï th o m%fhdackhg f.k udOHh
;jÿrg;a ks¾jdhq ;;a;ajfha u mj;ajd .kshs'
2' meiSu
uq,a mshjf¾ § ksmojq ir, ldnksl øjH nelaàßhd (Acidogenic/ fermentation bacteria) u.ska
fjk;a ixfhda. njg m;a lsÍu fuu mshjf¾ § isÿ fõ' fuys § jdIamYS,S fïo wï,"
we,afldfyd,a" khsg%cka wvx.= ixfhda. ^wefudakshd jdhqj& iy i,a*¾ wvx.= ixfhda.
ksmofõ'
3' weisála wï,h ksIamdokh
by; mshjf¾ § ksmojQ ìhqgßla yd fm%dmsfhdksla wdÈ fïo wï, weisála wï,h njg
mßj¾;kh lrhs' tfuka u tys È ksmojqKq t;s,a we,afldfyd,a o weisála wï,h njg
mßj¾;kh lrhs' weisfgdfcksla nelaàßhd (acetogenic bacteria) u.ska md,kh jk fuu
mshjf¾ § ldnkavfhdlaihsâ iy yhsv%cka jdhqj w;=re M, f,i ksmofõ'
4' óf;aka ksIamdokh
jdIamYS,S wï, iy weisála wï,h ksIamdok mshjrj, § ksmojQ fu;s,a we,afldfyd,a"

fu;s,a weuhska" yhsv%cka" ldnkavfhdlaihsâ iy weisála wï,h Ndú;fhka óf;ka ksmoùu
52
fuu mshjf¾ § isÿ fõ' ksIamdÈ; óf;ka jdhqfjka jeä m%udKhla ksmofjkafka weisála
wï,h Ndú;fhks' ldnkavfhdlaihsâ yd yhsv%cka Ndú;fhka o óf;ka hï m%udKhla
ksmofjk w;r fu;s,a we,afldfyd,a yd fu;s,a weuhska Ndú;fhka óf;aka iq¿ m%udKhla
o ksmofõ'
Ôj jdhq cklh
Ôj jdhqj ksIamdokh lsßug kï ks¾jdhq laIqø Ôùka j¾Okhg yd .=Kkhg wjYH uQ,sl
mdßißl wjYH;djka imqrd Èh hq;= h' laIqø Ôúkag wjYH fuu ks¾jdhq ;;a;ajh ,nd §u
i|yd Ôj jdhq cklhla Ndú; lrhs' Ôj jdhq ksIamdokhg Ndú; lrk wuqøjH ÔrKhg
m%udKj;a ld,hla r|jd .ekSu" ksIamdÈ; Ôj jdhqj .nvd lr ;nd .ekSu wdÈh Ôj jdhq
cklhl wfkl=;a ld¾hhka fõ'
Ôjjdhq cklhl m%Odk fldgia lsysmhls'

1' Ôrlh (Digester/ Reactor)
2' Ôjjdhqj .nvd lsÍfï l=áh fyj;a jdhq Odrlh (Gas holder)
3' wuqøjH we;=¿ lsÍfï l=àr (Inlet)
4 Ôrl øjH msg lsÍfï l=àr (Outlet)
5' Odrlfha isg mßfNdackh lrk ia:dkh olajd jdhq m%jdykh flfrk k, moaO;sh
(Gas distribution system)
wuqøjH
Ôj jdhqj msg lsÍfï
jdhq ljq¿j
ñY% lsÍfï Ôrlh
gexlsh lmdgh
fmdf<dj
uÜgu cSj jdhqj msgdr
gexlsh
wuqøjH we;=¿
lsÍfï l=àrh
wuqøjH yd
c,h msg lsÍfï
l=àrh
N+.; Ôrl
gexlsh
rEmh 3'15( Ôj jdhq cklh
Ôj jdhq ksIamdokfha mshjr

Èklg fh§ug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wuqøjH m%udKh wkqj Ôj jdhq gexlsh f;dard .; hq;=
h' Ôj jdhqj ksmoùug i;a;aj u, øjH" .DydY%s; wmøjH" fud,Eiia" j.d fYaI" fnda. fYaI
yd wdydr wjfYaI fhdod .; yels h' tfia u myiqfjka ÔrKh fkdjk fmd,a f,,s jeks
øjH fï ioyd fhdod fkd.; hq;= h' tfuka u f;,a m%udKh wêl fmd,a l=vq jeks øjH
o fhdod .ekSfuka je<lsh hq; =h'
53
wdrïNl ñY%Kh f,i ks¾jdhq nelaàßhd wvx.= uqyqula tl;= lsÍfuka Ôj jdhqq ksmoùu
wdrïN ùug .; jk ld,h wvq fõ' fï ioyd f.du fhdod .; yels h' Ôj jdhqj ksmoùu
wdrïN jQ miq uqyqï wjYH fkdfõ'
wuqøjH ÔrKfha§ pH w.h jeo.;a fõ' f.du wuqøjHhla f,i fhdod .kakd úg w.h pH
6'5-8 olajd w.hl mj;S' t<j¿" m,;=re fyda fjk;a wdydr wmøjH fh§fï § pH w.h wvq
fõ kï th ksjerÈ l< hq;= h' ldnksl wmøjH ñY%K ^t<j¿" m,;=re" n;a& fhdod
.ekSfuka laIøq Ôùkag fhda.H ldnka:khsgc
% ka (C:N) wkqmd;h (30:1) ,efí' Ôrlh lsh
% d;aul
ù Èk 30-40lg miq jdhqj /ia ùu ksid øjH bms,Su isÿ fõ' laIqø Ôù ls%hdj ksis mßÈ isÿ
ùu i|yd Ôrlfha ks¾jdhq ;;a;aj mj;ajd .ekSu jeo.;a h'
3'5 ffcjm%;sl¾uKh (Bioremediation)
Ôùka Ndú;fhka mßirfha we;s ¥Il bj;a lsÍfï l%shdj,sh ffcjm%;sl¾uKh f,i
y÷kajhs' fuys § laIqø Ôùka nyq,j Ndú;hg .efka'
fuu ;dlaIKh Ndú; lrk wjia:d lsysmhla my; olajd we;'
 uqyÿq c,h yd fjr< Lksc f;,aj,ska ¥IKh jQ wjia:dj, § f;,a bysreï úfhdackh
lr bj;a lsÍug
Wod( 1989 § we,iald uqyqÿ ;Srfha § Exxon Valdez kefjka fndr f;,a ldkaÿj isÿjQ
wjia:dfõ th msßisÿ lsÍug laIqø Ôùka Ndú; úh'
 l¾udka;Yd,dj,ska msg jk ¥Is; c,fha we;s ldnksl wmøjH úfhdackh fõ.j;a
lsÍug Wod( fmaIl¾udka;fha § fhdod .kakd j¾Klj,ska wmú;% jQ c,h msßisÿ
lsÍug iajdhq yd ks¾jdhq nelaàßhd fhdod .kshs'
 c,c mßirj, we;s ¥Il m%udKh wvq lr,Sug
Wod( iS;, hqoaOh iufha N+.; c, m%Njhkag tl;= jQ úlsrKYS,S hqf¾kshï bj;a
lsÍug laIqø cSùka fhdod .ekSu
ffcj m%;sl¾uKfha § ¥Il bj;a lsßu wdldr follska isÿ fõ'

1' iajdNdúl ffcjm%;sl¾uKh
2' lD;%su ffcjm%;sl¾uKh
iajdNdúl ffcjm%;sl¾uKh
fuys § ¥Is; mßirfha Ôj;a jk úfhdacl laIøq Ôùkaf.a j¾Okh yd l%h

s dldß;ajh W;af;ackh
lsÍu isÿ lrkq ,efí' fï i|yd ir, ldnksl yd wldnksl øjH ^hQßhd" wemghsÜ& ¥Is;
mßirhg tl;= lrkq ,nhs' Wod( Lksc f;,a bysreï fya;=fjka ¥IKh jQ uqyqÿ fjr< yd
uqyqÿ c,h msßhï lsÍug tu ia:dkj,g ldnka" khsg%cka" fmdiamria wvx.= fmdaIl øjH
uqod yßkq ,nhs'
54
lD;%su ffcjm%;sl¾uKh
mdrckl (Transgenic) nelaàßhd Ndú;fhka isÿ flfrk ffcjm%;sl¾uKh lD;%su

ffcjm%;ls ¾uKh f,i y÷kajhs' j¾Ok fõ.h wvq úfhdacl nelaàßhdj,ska úfhdackhg
wod< cdkh fjka lr th j¾Ok fõ.h jeä nelaàßhdjlg we;=¿ lsÍfuka mdrckl
nelaàßhd m%fNao ksmojhs' fufia ksmojQ nelaàßhd m%fNao Ndú; lr mfiys fyda c,fha
we;s úI ridhk øjH úfhdackh lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
Wod( - yhsfv%dldnk iys; ixfhda. úfhdackh lsÍfï yelshdj iys; j¾Ok fõ.h
wvq nelaàßhdj,ska wod< cdkh fjka lr Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Streptomysis
jeks jeä j¾Ok fõ.hla we;s nelaàßhdj,g we;=¿ lsÍu
- yhsfv%dldnk úfhdackh lsÍfï yelshdj we;s mdrckl nelaàßhdjla

jk multi plasmid hydrocarbon degrading Pseudomonas nelaàßhdjg f;,a
bysreïj, we;s yhsfv%dldnk ixfhda. j¾.j,ska 2$3la muK úfhdackh
lsÍfï yelshdj mj;S'
ffcjm%;sl¾uKfha § laIqø Ôùyq úúO wdldrfhka l%shd;aul fj;s'

 ffcj úrxckh (Biobleaching)
lvodis m,am úrxckfha§ laIqø Ôùka u.ska Y%djh lrk tkaihsu Ndú; fõ' fï ioyd
fndfyda úg È,Sr j¾. fhdod .kshs'
 ffcj wêfYdaIKh (Biosorption)
myiqfjka ffcj ydhkhg ,la fkdjk ¥Il ^ner f,day j¾.& laIqø Ôùka úiska ;u
ffi, ;=<g weo .ekSu ffcj-wêfYdaIKh kï fõ'
 ffcj wp,SlrKh (Bioimmobilization)
fuu l%shdj,sfha § mfia we;s ;U" f,â" leâñhï jeks ner f,dayj, ip,;dj wvq
fõ'
fï wdldrhg ffcjm%;sl¾uKfha § laIqø Ôùka yd wod< wmøjH w;r úúO wdldrfha
wka;¾l%shd isÿ fõ'
3'6 l¾udka; lafIa;%fha § laIqø Ôùka Ndú;h
b;d l=vd ridhksl lïy,a f,i l%shd lrñka wuqøjH" m%fhdackj;a ksIamdok njg m;a
lsÍug laIqø Ôùka i;= iqúfYaIS yelshdj l¾udka; i|yd fhdod .efka' fuu ksIamdok
l%h
s dj,sh lD;%u
s j ridksl m%;l
s h
s% d ud,djla u.ska isÿ lrkafka kï ta ioyd wêl WIAK;ajhla
yd mSvkhla wjYH fõ' wêl WIaK;ajhla yd mSvkhla ,nd oSu i|yd ±ßh hq;= jk úhou
laIqø Ôùka ksid wju lr .; yelsfõ'
fï wdldrhg laIqø Ôùka Ndú;fhka ksmojk jdKsc ksIamdok rdYshls'
55
^1& mdka ksmoùu
fílß l¾udka;fha § laIqø Ôù meiSfï l%shdj,sh Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka ksmojk m%Odk;u

wdydrhls' meiSfï l%shdj,sfha § ksmojk jdhq" msá wxY= w;ßka nqnq<kh ùfuka mdkaj,
iújr nj we;s fõ'
mdka ksIamdokfha mshjr(
msá yd hSiaÜ ñY% lsßu
iSks" ¨Kq" ñY% lsÍu
fïoh tl;= lr fuda,sh fyd|ska ñY% lsÍu
500 g nr msá fnda, idod .kak'
fm%aiaá frda,l wdOdrfhka ;=kS lr wjYH wldrhg kud .kak'
mdka wÉpqj,g oud msfmkakg ;nkak'
fmdarkqjl oud mqïaid .kak'
^210 0C-220 0C ú' 30-35&
^2& fhda.Ü ksIamdokh

fhda.Ü hkq lsßj, wvx.= ,elafgdaia iSks ,elaála wï, njg meiSug ,la lsÍfuka ,nd
.kakd ksIamdokhls'
meiSfï l%s hdj,s h i|yd Streptococcus thermophilus yd Lactobacillus bulgaricus hk
laIqøjd;ldó ,elaála wï, meiSu isÿ lrk nelaàßhd wvx.= uqyqï muKla fhdod .kS'
fhda.Üj,g wdfõKsl rih ,nd .ekSu fuys wruqKhs' tfuka u fuu nelaàßhd ñksidf.a
wdydr ÔrKh myiq lrk w;r wdydr ud¾.fha ys;lr laIqø Ôù .ykh j¾Okh lsÍug
WmldÍ fõ' fuh fm%danfhdála ixisoaêh f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'
fhda.Ü ksIamdokfha wuqøjH f,i fïo rys; lsß (skimmed milk), ;rula fïoh bj;a l< lsß
fyda úisr úh<s lsßmsá (spray dried milk) Ndú; l< yels h' fhda.Üj, pH w.h 4'0-4'6 jk
w;r fuu wdï,sl ;;a;ajh ksid lsßj, wvx.= fm%daàk leá .eiSu isÿ fõ'
56
fhda.Ü ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha mshjr(
iucd;S lrk ,o U.H.T. lsß


iSks tla lsÍu

65 C olajd r;a lsÍu
0

lsß ñY%Kh 65 C muK jk úg fc,áka tla lsÍu
0
meiapÍlrKh ^WIaK;ajh 90-95 0C ys § úkdä 08la muK&


45 C olajd isis,a lsÍu
0
^lsß ñY%Kh iys; n÷k c, n÷kl ;nd&


45 0C WIaK;ajfha we;s lsß ñY%Khg uqyqka øjH tla lsÍu

fyd|ska ñY% lsÍu

fhda.Ü fldamam msrùu

WIaK;ajh 45 C jk îfc!IK l=áfhys ;ekam;a lsÍu
0

fhda.Ü ñ§u

YS;lrKfhys ;eîu
^3& uoHidr ksIamdokh
uoHidr ksIamdokhg È.= b;sydihla

we;' l%s'mQ' 6000 muK ld,fha isg
neìf,dakshdkqjka iy iqfïßhdkqjka
uoHidr ksIamdokh ms<sn| ±k isáhy'
rd" wrlal=" jhska yd ìh¾ uoHidr
ksIamdokhka h' úúO uoHidr j¾.j,g
wdfõKsl rih iy iqj| ,nd .ekSug
úúO hSiaÜ udÈ,s Ndú; lrhs' ta w;ßka
Saccharomyces cerevisiae kï hsiaÜ rEmh 3'16( úúO uOHidr ksIamdok
úfYaIh nyq,j Ndú; fõ'
57
hSiaÜ
C6H12O6   2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Yla;sh
uoHidr ksIamdokhg Ndú; lrk úúO hSiaÜ udÈ,s fndfyduhla iajdNdúl tajd fkd fõ'
tajd È.=ld,Sk mÍlaIK u.ska úúO wNsckk l%u Ndú;fhka ksmojQ hSiaÜ udÈ,s fõ'
uoHidr ksIamdokfha m%Odk Wmia;rh jkafka ldfndayhsfâ%g h' ixlS¾K ldfndayhsfâ%g

m%:ufhka ir, ldfndayhsfâ%g njg m;a lr .; hq;= h' bka miq hSiaÜ u.ska meiSug ,la
lrhs'
Wmia;rfha iajNdjh wkqj uOHidr ksIamdokh i|yd Wmia;r j¾. lsysmhla y÷kd .;
yels h'
1' iSksuh Wmia;r - Wla iSks" m,;=re hqI" fud,eiia
2' msIaguh Wmia;r - OdkH" nd¾,s
3' fi,shqf,daia Wmia;r - ±j wmøjH
fuhska nyq,j Ndú; lrk Wmia;rh jkafka fud,Eiia h'
rd" îr yd jhska jeks uoHidr mdk j¾.

fukau wdijkh u.ska úials" n%ekaä yd
wrlal= jeks iam%s;= j¾. ksIamdokh lrhs'
î& rd ksIamdokh (Toddy production)
fmd,a" ls;,
= "a ;,a jeks ;d, j¾.fha Ydlj,
<má mqIam uxcßh fl<jrl isg lemSfï
§ je.sfrk *af,dahñh hqIh Ndú; lrñka
rd ks m oùu Y% S ,xldfõ idïm% o dhs l
l¾udka;hls' *af,dahóh hqIh idudkH
rEmh 3'17( /ia lr .;a maf,dahóh hqIh
jHjydrfha È f;,sÊc fyj;a órd f,i
y÷kajk w;r 10-12] muK iqfl%daia wvx.= fõ' órd iajdNdúl laIqø Ôùka ksid meiSfï
l%shdj,shg Ndckh ù uoHidr ^t;fkda,a& ksmofõ' rd ksIamdokh i|yd laIqø Ôùka tl;=
fkdlrk w;r meiSu isÿ jkafka iajdNdúl mßirfha we;s j,a hSiaÜ o¾Y (wild yeast) u.sks'
fuu o¾Y ia:dkfhka ia:dkhg fjkia jk neúka rdj, uoHidr m%;sY;h yd rih
ksmojk ia:dkh wkqj fjkia fõ' rd ksIamdokfha § laIqø Ôù ñY%Khla u.ska meiSfï
l%shdj,sh isÿ fõ' rd meiSu wÈhr follska isÿ jk w;r tys§ l%shdldÍ jk laIqø Ôù ldKav
folls' uq,a wÈhf¾ § Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc jeks nelaàßhd úfYaI
l%shdldÍ jk w;r miq wÈhf¾ § úúO hsiaÜ j¾. l%shdldÍ fõ' fï fya;=j ksid .=Kd;aul
núka jeä rd" jeä m%udKhla ksmoùu i|yd j¾;udkfha oS f;dard .;a laIqø Ôùka fhdod
.kshs'
58
îi& îr ksIamdokh (Beer production)
m%Odk jYfhka m%frdayKh jk nd¾,s îc o" Bg

wu;rj iy,a wd§ OdkH j¾. o Wmia;rh f,i
fhdod .ks ñ ka meiS u u.s k a ,nd .ka k d
ksIamdokhls' idudkH îrj, uoHidr idkaøKh
4'6]la muK fõ' iS; foaY.=Khla iys; m%foaY rEmh 3'17( ìh¾
i|yd ksIamdokh lrk îrj, uoHidr m%;sY;h 8]la muK fõ'
îr ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha mshjr(
nd¾,s îc
 ^c,fha fm`.ùu&
w¾O f,i m%frdayKh jQ îc
 úh<Su 65-80 0C
fuda,aÜ
 ^weUÍu" msßisÿ c,h tl;= lsÍu&

j¾Ü
^fydmaia tl;= lsÍu Humulus lupulus
 mqIAm uxcßfha u,a fmdfydÜgq&
u,a iys; ødjKh kgk f;la r;a lsÍu
^tkaihsóh l%shdj,sh kej;S îrj,g wdfõKsl ri tl;= fõ&
 isis,a lsÍu
îr hSiaÜ udÈ,shla tl;= lsÍu
^ks¾jdhq meiSu&
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
 meiSu ^Èk 2-3&
3'5-5] uoHidr idkaøKhla iys; îr

meiagÍlrKh

fmÍu

fnda;,a fyda ákaj, weisÍu
Bottling or canning
59
îii& jhska ksIamdokh (Wine production)
ñÈ hq I meiS f ï l% s h dj,s h g ,la ls Í fuka

ksIma dokh lr.kakd mdkhls' óg wu;rj m,;=re
hqI" ;eô,s j;=r o jhska ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod
.ks h s ' wdï,s l ;dj wêl m,;= r e hq I jhs k a
ksIamdokhg fhdod .ekSu jvd fhda.H fõ' ukao
h;a wdï,sl pH w.h nelaàßhd j¾Okh wvd,
rEmh 3'19( jhska j¾.
fldg hSiaÜ j¾Okh fõ.j;a lrk neúks' Ndú;
lrk ñÈ m%fNao yd hSiaÜ úfYaI ksid úúO rifhka hq;a jhska j¾. ksIamdokh lr .; yels
h' r;= M,djrKh iys; ñÈj,ska r;= jhska o fld< M,djrKh iys; ñÈj,ska iqÿ jhska o
ksmojhs' ñÈ M,djrKfha iajdNdúlj u hsiaÜ .ykhla mj;S' fudjqka Ndú;fhka o
iajdNdúl meiSula isÿ ùug bv yeÍfuka jhska ksmojd .; yels h' kuq;a jdKsc jYfhka
jhska ksmoùfï oS fuu j,a hSiaÜ o¾Yj, l%shdldß;ajh keje;aùug ños hqI meiagÍlrKh
lsÍu fyda ñÈ hqIj,g fugdnhsi,a*hsÜ tl;= lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
jhska ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha mshjr(
ñÈ M, weUÍu u.ska ñÈ hqI ms<sfh, lsÍu
 meiagÍlrKh fyda fugdnhsi,a*hsÜ fh§u

wduql+,l fh§u ^hSiaÜ m%fNao&
meiSu  Sacchoromyces cerevisiae
ødjlh fmrd fjka lr .ekSu

moï lsÍu
^,S .=oïj, .nvd lsÍu&
wjYH mßÈ fnda;,aj, weisÍu
4' úkdlsß ksIamdokh (Vinegar production)
úkdlsß hkq ;kql weisála wï, ødjKhls'

wÉpdre" pÜks" uia" ud¿ jeks úúO wdydr j¾.
yd úúO jHdxck msiSfï § yd wdydr l,a ;nd
.ekSfï § úkdlsß nyq,j Ndú; fõ' fmd,a u,a
ue§fuka ,nd .kakd órd" úkdlsß ksIamdokhg
fhdod .kshs' kuq;a j¾;udkh jk úg mek
rEmh 3'( fmd,a úkdlsß
60
ke.S we;s iajdNdúl fmd,a rdj, ys`.h ksid ta i|yd fjk;a wdfoaYl Ndú;hg keUqre ù
we;' fuhg b;d fyd| wdfoaYlhla f,i 3-4]la muK iSks wvx.= fmd,a j;=r Ndú; fõ'
órd u.ska úkdlsß ksIamdokh mshjr 2 lska iukaú; h'
1' t;fkda,a ksIamdokh

laIqø Ôùka u.ska ldfndayhsfâ%Ü meiSug ,la lr t;fkda,a ksmojd .ekSu
2' t;fkda,a TlaislrKh
iajdhq ;;a;aj hgf;a Acetobacter aceti, Gluconobacter u.ska t;fkda,a TlaislrKh
ùfuka úkdlsß ksmofõ' fuh my; iólrKfhka ir,j oelaúh yels h'
Acetic acid
2C2 H5OH + 2O2 
bacteria
 2CH3COOH + 2H2O
fmd,a j;=r u.ska úkdlsß ksIamdokfha mshjr(
fmd,a j;=r ,Sgr 2" iSks 250 .%Eï


meiagÍlrKh

ldur WIaK;ajhg isis,a lsÍu

hSiaÜ f;a ye|s 1$2 la muK tl;= lsÍu

uoHidr meiùu ^Èk 7-10 muK&

uoHidr ødjKh fjka lr r;a lsÍu ^60 0C" úkdä' 20&

isis,a lsÍu

úkdlsß uqyqka tl;= lsÍu ûoHidr ødjK mßudfjka 10]la&

meiùu ûdihla muK&

úkdlsß ^4] weisála wï,h&

meiagÍlrKh ^60 0C úkdä 20&

fnda;,aj, weisÍu
61
5' weuhsfkda wï, ksIamdokh
fm%daàk iE§fï ;ekqï tallh jkafka weuhsfkda wï, h' laIqø Ôùka ;ukag wjYH
weuhsfkda wï, ;ud úiska u ksmojd .kakd w;r uyd Ôùkag tu yelshdj fkdue;'
ñksid mßfNdackh lrk fm%daàkj, we;s weuhsfkda wï, W!k;d u.yrjd .ekSug;a"
rildrl f,i Ndú; lsÍug;a" i;a;j
a wdydrj, .=Kd;aulNdjh jeä lr .ekSug;a weuhsfkda
wï, jdKsc jYfhka ksIamdokh lrkq ,nhs'
laIqø Ôùyq ;u wjYH;djg jvd weuhsfkda wï, ksIamdokh lsÍu isÿ fkdlr;s' kuq;a
mßKdufha § we;s jQ úlD;s fya;=fjka wjYH m%udKhg jvd weuhsfkda wï, ixYaf,aIKh
lrk Ôúka ìys ù we;' tjeks laIqø Ôúka y÷kdf.k" fjka lr Tjqka ,jd wjYH lrk
weuhsfkda wï, ksmojd .ekSu isÿ lrhs' fï wdldrhg ksmojk weuhsfkda wï, 2 ls'
1' .aÆgñla wï,h
2' ,hsiska wï,h
;u wjYH;dj blaujd fuu wï, ksmojk nelaàßhd tu jeämqr wï,h ffi, ma,diauh
yryd ffi, mg,fhka msg;g ksl=;a lrhs' jdKscj weuhsfkda wï, ksIamdokfha § nyq,
j we;s ñf,ka wvq frdamK udOH Ndú; lr wod< nelaàßhd u.ska meiSug ,la lr b;d
úYd, jYfhka by; weuhsfkda wï, ksIamdokh lrhs' fuys oS ldnka m%Njh f,i fud,eiia
o khsg%cka m%Njh f,i hQßhd o Ndú; fõ'
fhdod .kakd nelaàßhd úfYaI( .aÆgñla wï,h - Corynebacterium glutamicum
,hsiska wï,h - Corynebacterium glutamicum strain

ATCC 1327
6' wdydr mßmQrl ksIamdokh (Food supplement production)
ñksidf.a ffoksl wdydr mßfNdackfha we;s fmdaIK wvqmdvq iïmQ¾K lr .ekSu i|yd
wdydr mßmQrl Ndú; lrhs' fuu.ska fmdaIK W!K;d u.yerùug wu;rj m%;sYla;sh o
jeä lrhs' fuu wdydr mßmQrl ksIamdokh i|yd nyq,j u laIqø Ôùka Ndú; lrhs' nelaàßhd"
hSiaÜ" m%NdixYaf,aIl nelaàßhd" ihfkdnelaàßhd iy we,a.S fï i|yd nyq,j fhdod
.kakd laIqø Ôùyq fj;s'
wdydr mßmQrl ksIamdokfha § laIqø Ôùka Ndú;fha jdis lsysmhls'

1' by< fm%daàk m%;sY;hla wvx.= ùu
2' laIqø Ôùkaf.a j¾Ok fõ.h wêl ùu
3' Ydl j.d lsÍug fyda i;=ka md,kh lsÍug ;rï úYd, bvla wjYH fkdùu
4' Ydl yd i;=kag fuka b;d úfYaI mßir ;;a;aj wjYH fkdùu
5' DNA m%;sixfhdað; ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSu myiq ùu
62
6' b;d ,dNodhS Wmia;r j¾. fndfyduhla u; myiqfjka j.d l< yels ùu
7' b;d flá ld,hla ;=< úYd, m%udKhla ksIamdokh lr .; yels ùu
laIqø Ôúka Ndú;fhka ksmojd .kakd wdydr mßmQrl lsysmhla

(i) ìïu,a j.dj - mushroom cultivation
(ii) hSiaÜ ksiaidrl - yeast extracts
(iii) úgñka B12 ksIamdokh - vitamin B12 production
(i) ìïu,a j.dj
fi,s hq f,da ia nyq, ldnks l Wmia ;rj, myiq fjka jefvk ;D;S hs l È,S r cd,hl
îcdKqOdksOrh ìïu,a f,i y÷kajhs' iajdNdúlj ìïu,a yg .kafka f;;ukh" wd¾ø;dj
yd WIaK;ajh m%Yia; uÜgug meñKs úg muKs'
tu ksid fuu ;;a;aj lD;%suj imhd jdKsc l¾udka;hla f,i ìïu,a j.dj isÿ lrhs'
fuys § Wmia:rh f,i ,S l=vq fyda fi,shqf,daia iys; øjHhla ^msÿre&" iy,a ksjqvq" CaCO3,
MgSO4 yd c,h iys; ñY%Khla fhdod .kshs'
ìïu,a j.dfõ uQ,sl mshjr(
Wmia;rh ilid .ekSu

fmd,sfm%dms,Ska u¨j, weisÍu

ÔjdKqyrKh
^meh 2 yqud,fhka ;eïîu&

îc we;=¿ lsÍu

jd;dY%h iys; isis,a ia:dkhl ;eîu ^24 oC-30 oC &

u¨j, újr ilia lsÍu ^ìïu,a yg .ekSu i|yd&

ìïu,a fk<Su
63
(ii) hSiaÜ ksiaidrl
îr fmÍfï w;=re M,hla f,i hSiaÜ ksiaidrlh ,efí' jvd;a u m%p,s; hSiaÜ ksiaidrlh
jkafka uduhsÜ h' th úgñka B nyq, mdkhls' ukao h;a hSiaÜ ffi,j, úgñka B1
^;hñka&" úgñka B2 ^ßfndmaf,úka&" úgñka B12 ^fldne,ñka& nyq, j wvx.= fõ' îr fmÍfï
w;=re M,h jk hSiaÜ ksiaidrlh ;jÿrg;a msßhï lsÍfuka uduhsÜ ksIamdokh flf¾'
(iii) úgñka B12 ksIm

a dokh
fldne,ñka f,i o y÷kajk fuu úgñkh

ks moùu g nelaàÍ hd ú fYAI fhka u
welaáfkdauhsisáia udÈ,s Ndú; lrhs'
7' m%;scSjl" fydafudak iy tkaihsu ksmoùu
ffjoH lafIa;%h i|yd laIqøcSù Ndú;h 1900 rEmh 3'20( Y%Su;a wef,laiekav¾ *af,ñx
j¾I olajd úysfoa' 1928 § Y%u
S ;a wef,laiekav¾
*af,ñx (Sir Alexander Fleming) f,dj m%:u m%;sÔúlh jk fmksis,ska fidhd .kakd ,È'
thska werô ffjoH lafIa;%fha laIqø Ôù Ndú;h wo jk úg m%;sÔjl muKla fkdj
fydafudak" úgñka yd tkak;a j¾. ksIamdokh olajd ÈhqKq ù we;'
(i) m%;scSjl ksIamdokh
laIqø Ôùyq ;udf.a wdrlaIdj yd meje;au ;yjqre lr .ekSu i|yd m%;sÔjl ksmoj;s' úlD;s
laIqø Ôùyq mßjD;a;Sh l%shdj,sfha § muK blaujd m%;sÔjl ksmoùula isÿ lr;s' tu laIqø
Ôùka y÷kd f.k" fjka lr" frdamk udOH ;=< j.d lr m%;sÔjl ksmojd .ekSu isÿ lrhs'
nelaàßhd" welaáfkdauhsisgdjka yd È,Sr u`.ska m%Odk jYfhka m%;sÔjl ksmojk w;r tajd
fhdod .kafka fjk;a nelaáÍhd" È,Sr yd fm%dgfidajdjkag tfrysj lsh
% d lsÍughs' j¾;udkfha
fufia ksmojk m%;sÔjl lsysmhla my; j.=fõ ±lafõ'
laIqøÔù úfYaIh m%;sÔjlh

Bacillus polymyxa Polymyxin
Streptomyces griseus Streptomycin
Streptomyces aureofaciens Tetracycline
Streptomyces erythreus Erythromycin
Penicillium notatum Penicillin
64
(ii) fydafudak ksIm
a dokh
uyd Ôùkaf.a .%kaÓ ;=< iq`M jYfhka ksmojd ixirK moaO;sh u`.ska foayfha fjk;a
ia:dkhlg ixirKh ù l%shdldÍ jk ridhksl øjHhla fydafudakhla f,i y÷kajhs' foay
lD;Hhka ksis wdldrfhka mj;ajd .ekSug fydafudak l%shdldß;ajh w;HjYH fõ' fydafudak
wiu;=,s;;dj ksid Ôùkag f,v frda. we;s fõ' Wod( Èhjeähdj" l=reNdjh
fujeks wjia:dj, § tu wod< fydafudakh msg;ska YÍrhg we;=`M lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
laIqø Ôù ;dlaIKh Ndú;fhka fydafudak ksmoùug fmr fuu fydafudak i;a;aj foayj,ska
,nd .kakd ,È' ñ, wêl ùu wid;añl m%;sl%shd we;s ùu" úYd, i;=ka m%udKhla fhdod
.ekSug isÿ ùu jeks .eg¨ ksid cdk ;dlaIKfhka fydafudak ksIamdokh lsÍu wdrïN
flßKs'
fuys § tu fydafudakh ksmoùug wod< cdkh fjka lr f.k th nelaàßhd ffi,hlg

we;=¿ lr tfia mßKdukh lrk ,o nelaàßhdj j.d lsÍfuka uyd mßudKfhka wod<
fydafudak ksmojd .kshs' udkj bkaishq,ska iy udkj j¾Ol fydafudak fufia ksmojk
fydafudak j¾. folls'
udkj bkaishq,ska fydafudakh ^Human insulin&
udkj bkaishq,ska hkq cdk bxÔfkare ;dlaIKh Ndú; lr ksmojQ m%:u fydafudakhhs'
fufia fydafudakh ksmoùug fmr bkaishq,ska ,nd .kq ,enQfha t<fokqkaf.a yd W!rkaf.a
w.akHdYj,sks' kuq;a j¾;udkfha bkaishq,ska cdkh Ndú; lr ksmojQ m%;sixfhdað; DNA
ma,iañv" Escherichia coli nelaàßhdj ;=<g we;=¿ lr lD;%u
S j j.d lsÍfuka uyd mßudKfhka
,dNodhs f,i bkaishq,ska ksmojhs'
udkj j¾Ol fydafudakh ^Human Growth Hormone - HGH&
l=reNdjh ^Pituitary dwarfism) we;s jkafka fuu fydafudakfha W!k;djla we;s jQ úg h'
w;S;fha fuu fydafudakh ,nd .kakd ,oafoa i;=kaf.a msáhqgß .%kaÓ ksiaidrKfhks'
fufia tla ud;%djla ksmoùug msáhqgß .%kaÓ 20la muK wjYH jQ ksid j¾;udkfha HGH
cdkh E. coli ;=<g we;=¿ lr lD;S%u udOH ;=< j.d lr uyd mßudKfhka tu fydafudakh
ksmojkq ,nhs'
(iii) tkaihsu ksIamdokh
ridhksl m%;sl%shdjla W;afm%arKh i|yd WmldÍ jk Ôùka u.ska ksmojk fm%daàkuh

øjHh" tkaihsu f,i y÷kajhs' ridhksl m%;sl%shdjl fõ.h jeä lsÍu fuu`.ska isÿ lrhs'
iu uDÿ lsÍu" msßisÿ ldrl iE§u" uia uDÿ lsÍu" fílß l¾udka;h" lsß wdYs%; ksIamdok"
65
m,;=re îu ksIamdokh wdos l¾udka; i|yd tkaihsu Ndú; fõ'
laIqø cSùka Ndú;fhka jdKsc l¾udka; i|yd wjYH tkaihsu ksIamdokfha jdis .Kkdjls'
1' l=vd bvlvla ;=< uyd mßudKfhka flá ld,hl § ksmojd .; yels h'
2' cdk ;dlaIKh u`.ska ksmojd .kakd m%udKh jeä lr yels h'
3' ksiaidrKh yd msßisÿ lsÍu myiq h'
4' tla udÈ,shlska tkaihsu lsysmhla ksmojd .; yels h'
Wod( Aspergillus oryzae u`.ska weuhsf,aia" fm%daáfhaia" ,hsfmaia ksmojd .; yels h'
laIqø Ôùka ksmojk fndfyda tkaihsu nysiaffi,Sh fõ' fïjd Wmia;r úfhdackh i|yd
Y%djh lrk tkaihsu fõ' tuksid msßisÿ frdams;hla Ndú;fhka tkaihsu ixY=oaO ;;a;j
a fhka
,nd .; yels h' wka;#ffi,Sh f,i o laIqø Ôùyq tkaihsu ksmoj;s' tajd ,nd .ekSug
ffi, ì;a;s ì| fy<sh hq;=h' tf,i ,nd .kakd tkaihsu wmøjH iys; jk neúka msßisÿ
lr Ndú;hg .; hq;=h'
66
4' îc Ydlj, jHQyh yd wd¾Ól jeo.;alu
4'1 ye|skaùu
bhQleßhd wêrdcOdkshg wh;a ma,dkafÜ rdcOdksfha yuq jk ikd, Ydl w;=ßka îc ork
ikd, Ydl" îcYdl f,i ye|skafõ' ,sx.sl m%ckkfha§" ixfiaÑ; äïnh îchla f,i
ks¾udKh ùu mßKdñlj ÈhqKq ,laIKhls' îcYdlj, úfYaI;ajh ,sx.sl m%ckkfhka
iEfok l<,h;a l<,h fmdaIKh lsÍug ieliqKq N%EKfmdaIh;a îcdjrKhlska jg ù
îc yg .ekSuhs' fuu îc ndysr mßirhg újD;j mej;Su fyda ndysr
s mßirhg újD; fkdù
M,hla ;=< mej;Su u; îcYdl m%Odk ldKav follg j¾.SlrKh lrkq ,efí' tkï"
1' újD;îcl Ydl
2' wdjD;îcl Ydl
újD;îcl Ydl" ldIaÁh Ydl fõ' mqIam yg.ekSu isÿ fkdjk neúka wmqIam Ydl f,i o
y÷kajkq ,efí' M, yg.ekSula o fkdue;s w;r" îc ndysr mßirhg újD;j mj;S' Ydl
mßKdufha § wdjD;îcl Ydl" újD;îcl Ydlj,ska mßKduh jQ nj mejfia' újD;îcl
Ydl ldKav lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
1' Conifers (fla;=Or Ydl)
2. Cycads (uvq Ydl)
3. Ginkgo (.skaf.da Ydl)
4. Gnetophytes (fcksfgd*hsg)
rEmh 4'1( uvq Ydl rEmh 4'2( .skaf.da Ydlhla rEmh 4'3( fla;=Or Ydl
fuu ldKavj,g wh;a Ydl rEm úoHd;aulj tlsfklg fndfyda fihska fjkia h' kuq;a
ish¨ Ydl újD; îc orhs' fufidfidhsl hq.fha uq,a ld,fha § f,dalfha m%uqL Ydl njg
m;a ù we;af;a újD;îcl Ydlhs' kuq;a ;ju;a f,dalfha we;eï m%foaYj, úfYaIfhka
W;=re w¾Of.da,fha fi!uH l,dmSh jkdka;rj, m%uqL Ydl f,i yuq fõ' YS; mßir
;;a;ajj,g Tfrd;a;= §ug fuu Ydl i;= yelshdj thg fya;=jhs' újD;îcl Ydlj,
wd¾Ól jákdlu ms<sn| i,ld ne,Sfï§ fla;=Or Ydlj,g úfYaI ;ekla ysñ fõ' fuu
Ydl l|ka ±j f,i by< wd¾Ól jákdlula ysñ lr .kS' tfia u újD;îcl Ydl ksmojk
oaú;Shsl mßjD;a;c wd¾Ólj jeo.;a fõ' fïjd úúO l¾udka; i|yd wuqøjH f,i Ndú;
67
jk w;r tajd fuu Ydlj,ska i%dj f,i fyda ksiaidrl f,i ,nd .kS' ;j o .skaf.da
ldKavfha Ydlj, T!Iëh jákdlula we;s w;r uvq Ydlj, N%EKfmdaIh iy o¨ wdydr
f,i m%fhdackhg .kS'
wdjD;îcl Ydl
f.dvìu mßirhg jvd;a fyd|ska yev.eiqKq mßKdñlj jvd;a ÈhqKq ,laIK ork îc Ydl
jkafka wdjD;îcl Ydlhs' fïjdfha ,sx.sl jHQy jvd;a wdrlaId fjñka iy ixlS¾K
fjñka mqIam njg m;a ù we;' tkï fuu Ydlj, mqIam yg.kS' fï ksid fuu Ydl imqIam
Ydl f,i o ye|skafõ' wdjD;îcl Ydlj, îcfhaa we;s îc m;% ixLHdj wkqj ldKav
follg fjka l< yels h'
1' talîcm;%S Ydl
2' oaúîcm;%S Ydl
wdjD;îcl Ydlj, îcfha tla îcm;%hla muKla msysgd we;s Ydl talîcm;%S Ydl f,i
y÷kajhs ^Wod( ù" nv bß`.=" l=rlalka" fmd,a" ls;=,a&' îcfha îcm;% folla msysgd we;s Ydl
oaúîcm;%S Ydl f,i y÷kajhs ^Wod( wU" fldia&' talîcm;%S yd oaúîcm;%S Ydlj, m;%" l|"
uq, yd mqIam hk wx.j, jHQyd;aul ,laIK tlsfklg fjkia fõ'
4'2 talîcm;%S yd oaúîcm;%S Ydlj, m;%fha jHQyh
talîcm;%S yd oaúîcm;%S Ydl m;%j, jHQyfha úúO fjkialï ksÍlaIKh l< yels h'
talîcm;%S Ydl m;% oaúîcm;%S Ydl m;%
 iuoaúmd¾Yaúl m;% we;'  iuoaúmd¾Yaúl jk yd fkdjk wjia:d we;'

 m;% ;,h isyska yd È.eá h'  m;% ;,h m<,a h'
 iudka;r kdrá úkHdihla we;'  cd,dN kdrá úkHdihla we;'
rEmh 4'4( talîcm;%S Ydl m;%hl fldgila rEmh 4'5( oaúîcm;%S Ydl m;%hla
68
 Wvq yd há wmsp¾ufha msysgd we;s  há wmsp¾ufha we;s mQáld ixLHdj
mQáld ixLHdj iudk h' idfmalaI j by< w.hla .kS'
^mdfjk m;% iys; c,c Ydl yer&
 m;% wmsp¾ufha m;% ;,fha Èla  wmsp¾ufha wl%uj;a f,i mQáld msysgd we;'
wlaIhg iudka;rj fma<s
f,i mQáld msysgd we;'
 md,l ffi, vïfn,a yeve;s h'  md,l ffi, fndaxÑ îc yeve;s h'
 m;% uOH ffi," bksuDÿia;rh  m;% uOH ffi, tfia úfNaokh ù we;'
yd iújr uDÿia;rh f,i
úfNaokh ù ke;'
4'3 m%NdixYaf,aIKh
Ydlfha m%NdixYaf,aIK lD;Hh bgq lsÍu i|yd wkqj¾;kh ù we;s wjhjh Ydl m;%hhs'
m%NdixYaf,aIKh hkq wdf,dal Yla;sh Wmfhda.s lr f.k ldnkavfhdlaihsâ ^CO2& yd
c,h ^H2O& hk wldnksl wuqøjH fhdod .ksñka yß;m%o (chlorophyll) orkakd jQ iÔù
ffi, ;=< isÿ jk ldnksl wdydr ksmoùfï l%shdj,shhs' fuh ffcj ridhksl l%h
s dj,shls'
fuys § ksmojkq ,nk ldnksl wdydr ;=<" iQ¾h Yla;sh ridhksl Yla;sh f,i /|ùu isÿ
lrkq ,efí' th ir,j my; ±lafjk iólrKfhka ksrEmKh l< yels h'
iQ¾h Yla;sh
6CO2 + 6H2O ---------------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 
yß;m%o
m%NdixYaf,aIK l%shdj,sh by; i|yka mßÈ ir,j ±laúh yels jqj o th wkqhd; ffcj
ridhksl l%shdj,s ud,djla Tiafia isÿ fõ' fuu l%shdj,s m%Odk jYfhka wÈhr folla
hgf;a úia;r l< yelsh'
1' wdf,dal Yla;sh wjYH jk wdf,dal m%;sl%shdj (light reaction)
2' wdf,dal Yla;sh wjYH fkdjk w÷re m%;sl%shdj (dark reaction)
wdf,dal m%;sl%shdj
wdf,dal m%;slh
%s dj wdf,dalh u; r|d mj;sk m%;slh%s djhs' m;%fha yß;,j ;=< ;hs,fldhsv
mg, yd iïnkaOj ;sfnk m%;l s %shd uOHia:dk ;=< isÿ fõ' fuu ;hs,fldhsv mg, u;
m%NdixYaf,aIl j¾Kl msysghs' m%NdixYaf,aIl j¾Kl u.ska iQ¾h Yla;sh wjfYdaIKh
lrhs' m%NdixYaf,aIl j¾Klhla hkq oDYH wdf,dalh wjfYdaIKh lrk ix>gl fõ'
yß;,j ;=< m%NdixYaf,aIl j¾Kl y;rla wvx.= h'
1' yß;m%o a
2' yß;m%o b
3' lefrdáka
4' iekaf;d*s,a
69
fuys § yß;m%o wKq u.ska wdf,dal Yla;sh wjfYdaIKh lr" ATP ^weäfkdiska
g%hsfmdiafmaÜ& yd TlaisyrKh jQ ksfldákuhsâ weäkska vhskshqla,sfhdaghsâ yhsv%cka
fmdiafmaÜ ^NADPH& ksmofõ' ta wkqj wdf,dal m%;sl%shdfõ M, jkafka ATP, NADPH yd
Tlaiscka h'
w÷re m%;sl%shdj
m;%h ;=< we;s yß;,jj, mxcrh fldgfiys § tkaihsu .Kkdjla fhdod .ksñka wÈhr
lsysmhlska w÷re m%;sl%shdj isÿfõ' wdf,dal m%;sl%shdfõ § ksmojQ ATP yd NADPH fhdod
.ksñka CO2, .aÆfldaia njg m;a lsÍu fuys § isÿ fõ'
fuu w÷re m%;sl%shd ud,dfõ m%:u m%;sl%shdfõ § iefok m%:u ia:dhS M,h wkqj Ydl
ldKav 3lg fjka lr olajhs'
1. C3 Ydl
Ydlj, w÷re m%;sl%shdfõ iEfok m%:u ia:dhS M,h f,i ldnka mrudKq ;=kl ^C-3)
ixfhda.hla iEfoa kï tu Ydl C3 Ydl f,i y÷kajhs' Wod( fndaxÑ" lerÜ jeks oaúîc
m;%S Ydl' o< jYfhka mDÓúfha we;s Ydlj,ska 85] la muK C3 Ydl fõ' isi,
s a foaY.=Khla
iys; m%foaYj, C3 Ydl fyd|ska j¾Okh fõ'
2. C4 Ydl
Ydlj, w÷re m%;sl%shdfõ § iEfok m%:u M,h ldnka mrudKq y;rla iys; ^C-4 &
ixfhda.hla ^Tlaif,da weisfÜÜ& kï tu Ydl C4 Ydl f,i y÷kajhs' Wod( nv bß`.="
Wla" fida.ï' >¾u l,dmsl foaY.=Khla we;s m%foaYj, C4 Ydl jeä m%udKhla fyd|ska
jefvk w;r C4 Ydlj, m%NdixYaf,aIK ld¾hlaIu;dj C3 Ydlj,g jvd jeä h'
3. CAM Ydl ^Crassulacean Acid Metabolism&
CAM l%shdj,sfha § Èjd ld,h ;=< iQ¾hdf,dalh wjfYdaIKh lrk w;r CO2 ,nd
.ekSu rd;%S ld,h ;=< isÿ fõ' Èjd ld,h ;=< mQáld jeiS we;' ta ksid Èjd ld,fha
Ydlfhka W;aiafõokh u`.ska c,h msg ù úc,kh ùu je<fla' l,ska Èkfha rd;%s
ld,fha mQ áld újr ùu ks i d ,nd .;a CO2 fhdod f.k miq Èk Èjd ld,fha
m%NdixYaf,aIKh isÿ lrhs' CAM l%shdj,sh Y=Ial foaY.=Khla we;s m%foaYj, jefvk
Ydlj,g mßirhg wkqj¾;kh ùu i|yd WmldÍ fõ' Wod( ldka;dr wdY%s;j jefvk
mf;dla" wkakdis yd ´lsâ jeks Ydl'
4'4 Ydl m;%
Ydl m;%fha m%Odk lD;H m%NdixYaf,aIKh jk neúka tys ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kexúh
yels whqßka Ydl m;%fha jHQyh ilia ù we;'
70
WÉp¾uh ffY,u
maf,dahu Wvq wmsp¾uh
bks uDÿia;r
jdhq wjldY
iújr uDÿia;r
mQáld isÿr
há wmsp¾uh
rEmh 4'6( Ydl m;%hl yrialv
Ydl m;%fha mglSh jHQyfha tla tla fldgia yd tajdfha ld¾h my; olajd we;'
WÉp¾uh
ish¨ Ydl úfYaIj, m;% ;,fhaa u;=msg wdjrKh lrk báuh ia;rh WÉp¾uhhs' WÉp¾uh
ffi,j,ska iE§ fkdue;s w;r mßir WIaK;ajh wêl wjia:dj, m;%h u;=msáka úYd,
m%udKfhka c,h jdIam ùu ^W;aiafõokh& je<elaùu i|yd ndOlhla f,i l%shd lrhs'
iQ¾h lsrKj,g WÉp¾uh úksúo hEfï yelshdj we;'
Wvq wmsp¾uh
m;%h u;=msg wdjrKh lrk m;%h u;=msg msysá iÔù ffi, ia;rhhs' th Ydl m;%h;a
ndysr mßirh;a w;r iSudj ks¾udKh lrk w;r wNHka;r mgl wdrlaId lrhs' fuu
ffi,j, ndysr mßirhg ksrdjrKh jk ia;rh WÉp¾ufhka wdjrKh fõ' Wvq wmsp¾ufha
ffi,j, yß;,j fkdue;' Wvq wmsp¾uh ;=<k s a wdf,dalh m;%h ;=<g .uka lrhs' wmsp¾ufha
ndysr j¾Olhla f,i we;s frdau$ flaYr" m;%fhka c,h ydks ùu j<lajhs' ;j o È,sfik
frdau u.ska w;sßla; wdf,dalh mrdj¾;kh lsÍu o lrkq ,nhs'
bks uDÿia;rh
Ydl m;%hl isÿ jk m%NdixYaf,aIKfhka 80]la muK isÿ jkafka bks uDÿia;r mglh
;=< h' bks ffi, ;=< úYd, jYfhka yß;,j wvx.= fõ' ia;ïNsl wdldr bks ffi,
tlsfkl ;Èka weisÍ we;' ffi, ma,diauh ;=kS ia;rhla f,i we;s w;r c,h yd jd;h
myiqfjka ffi, ;=<g .uka lrhs'
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iújr uDÿia;rh
iújr uDÿia;r ffi, ,sys,a j weisÍ we;s w;r tajd w;r we;s jdhq wjldYj,g mQáld isÿre
;=<ska jd;h yqjudre fõ' mQáld hkq há wmsp¾ufha jdhq yqjudrej i|yd ieliS we;s
wkaùlaISh jHQyhls' iújr uDÿia;rj, o yß;,j we;s ksid tajd ;=< m%NdixYaf,aIKh isÿ
fõ' fuu ffi,j, msIagh ixÑ; ù we;'
há wmsp¾uh
m;%fha háme;af;a msysá ffi, ia;rhhs' fuys md,l ffi, w;r msysgd we;s wKaùlaISh
isÿre ^mqáld& ;=<ska jdhq yqjudrej isÿ fõ' m%NdixYaf,aIKh i|yd m;%h ;=<g jdhqf.da,Sh
jd;h ^CO2& we;=¿ lr .kafka fuu isÿr ;=<sks' Èjd ld,fha fuu isÿre újD; jk ksid
Ydlfha we;s c,h msg;g .uka lrk w;r tu l%shdj,sh W;aiafõokh f,i y÷kajhs'
m%NdixYaf,aIKfhka ksmofjk Tlaiscka Ô2& m;%fhka msg jkafka o mQáld Tiafia h'
ikd, mglh
Ydl uq,aj, isg m;% lrd c,h mßjykh jkafka lf|ys we;s ikd, mglfhks' fuu
ikd, mglh m;% jDka;h u.ska m;%h yd iïnkaO fõ' ks¾jDka; m;% Rcqj u l|g
iïnkaO fõ' ikd, mglh m;% jDka;h yryd f.dia YdLkh ù m;%h ;=< cd,dldrj me;sÍ
we;' ikd, mglh ffY,uh" maf,dahuh yd leïìhfuka ieliS we;' Ydl m;%j,g wjYH
c,h yd Lksc ,jK ffY,uh yryd Ydl m;%hg ,nd foa' m;%h ;=< m%NdixYaf,aIKh
u.ska ksmofjk .aÆfldaia ;djld,slj msIaGh f,i m;%h ;=< .nvd lrk w;r tajd
iqfl%daia njg m;alr m;%fhka bj;a lrkafka maf,dahuh yryd h' ;j o leïìhu u`.ska
kj ffY,u ffi, yd maf,dahu ffi, ksmoùu isÿ fõ' ikd, mglh u.ska ;efkk
kdrá u.ska m;% ;,fha ikaOdrK lD;Hh bgq fõ'
m%NdixYaf,aIKh i|yd Ydl m;%j, we;s wkqj¾;k

 m;%fha yevh iy m;% úkHdih - Ydlj, m;% ;,h mq¿,aj me;,sj ^mDIafGdaoÍhj
me;,s& msysgd we;s ksid m;% iQ¾hdf,dalhg ksrdjrKh jk lafIa;%M,h jeä fõ'
 Ydlfha by<ska msysá m;%j,g fuka u my< msysá m;%j,g o fyd|ska wdf,dalh
,efnk mßos m;% úúO m;% úkHdij,g wkqj l|g iú ù we;'
 m;%fha jHqyh - ;=kS WÉp¾uhla yd mdroDYH wmsp¾uhla ±Íu yd m;% ;=kS me;,s
yevhla .ekSu;a ksid m%NdixYaf,aIKh isÿ jk mgl lrd wdf,dalh .uka lsÍfï
yelshdj ,efí' m;% ;=kS ùu ksid ldnka vfhdlaihsâ úirKh myiq fõ'
 yß;,j wvx.= ùu - m;%j, wvx.= yß;,j ;=< yß;m%o jeks m%NdixYaf,aIl j¾Kl
msysàu ksid iQ¾hdf,dalh wjfYdaIKh lr .ekSfï yelshdj we;'
 bksuDÿia;r ffi, weisÍ we;s wdldrh - m;%fha mDIaÁhj we;s bksuDÿia;r ffi,
ia;ïNsl wdldrhg fma<s f,i weisÍ ;sîu u.ska m;%fha jeä ffi, ixLHdjla wvx.=
jk w;r tu ksid tu ia;rfha we;s yß;,j ixLHdj jeä ùug fya;= fõ' tfuka u
bks ffi, Èla w;g isriaj msysàu ksid iQ¾hdf,dalhg fyd¢ka ksrdjrKh fõ'
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 cd,dldr kdrá moaO;sh - m;%h mqrd cd,dldrj fyd|ska me;sreKq kdrá moaO;shla
we;' tA ;=< we;s ikd, l,dmj, wvx.= ffY,ufhka m;%hg m%NdixYaf,aIKh i|yd
c,h imhk w;r ikd, l,dmfha we;s maf,dahu u.ska m;%fha ksIamdÈ; iSks Ydlh
mqrd mßjykh i|yd m;%fhka bj;a lrhs' tu.ska m;%hg wjYH c,h ld¾hlaIuj
iemhSug;a m%NdixYaf,aIK M, ld¾hlaIuj Ydl mqrd fnod yeÍug;a yels fõ'
 mQáld msysàu - m%NdixYaf,aIKh i|yd wjYH CO2 ,nd .ekSug;a m%NdixYaf,aIKfha
§ ksIamdos; jdhquh M,h jk O2 Ydlfhka bj;a lsÍu i|yd o ^jdhq yqujdrej& m;%fha
úfYaIfhka ilia jQ mQáld we;' Ydl m;%j, wmsp¾ufha msysgd we;s md,l ffi,
follska jg jQ isÿrla f,i mQáldj ye|skaúh yels h' md,l ffi, m;% wmsp¾ufha
úfYaIKh jQ ffi, j¾.hla jk w;r tal îc m;%S Ydlj, vïfn,a yevfhka o"
oaúîc m;%S Ydlj, fndaxÑ îc yevfhka o msysgd we;' tu md,l ffi,j, o yß;,j
wvx.=h' md,l ffi, u.ska mQáld újrfha yevh yd úYd,;ajh md,kh lrhs'
md,l
ffi,
mQáld isÿr
rEmh 4'7( mQáldj
jdhq yqjudrej mQáld isÿre Tiafia úirKh u.ska isÿ fõ' md,l ffi,j, Y+k;dj
u; isÿf¾ újD; ùu fyda jeiSu ;SrKh fõ' md,l ffi,j,g c,h we;=¿ jQ úg tajd
Y+k ù ffi,h úYd, fõ' tfy;a c,h we;=`M jQ úg md,l ffi, ish¨ ÈYdj,g
taldldÍj we§ úYd, fkdfõ' idfmalaI jeä >klulska hq;= wefok iq¨ nj wvq
we;=¿ ì;a;sh ksid md,l ffi, tlsfklska bj;g we§ hhs' tu fya;=j ksid mQáld
isÿr újD; fõ' md,l ffi,fha c,h ys`. jQ úg md,l ffi,j, Y+k;dj wvq
ùfuka tajd yels<S we;=<; ì;a;s Rcq ù mQáld isÿr jefia'
W;aiafõokh
Ydl m;%fhka c,h jdIam wdldrfhka msg ùu W;aiafõokh ^transpiration& f,i y÷kajhs'
fuh wdldr 3lg isÿ fõ'
1' mQáld W;aiafõokh - m;%fha wmsp¾ufha msysgd we;s mQáld isÿre Tiafia c,h jdIam
wdldrfhka msg ùu
2' WÉp¾óh W;aiafõokh - m;%fha WÉp¾uh yryd c,h jdIam wdldrfhka msg ùu
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3' jdisÿre W;aiafõokh - jdisÿre Tiafia c, jdIam msg ùu
Ydlj,ska W;aiafõokh u.ska bj;a jk c, m%udKfhka 85-90]la muK bj;a jkafka

mQáld W;aiafõokh u.sks' m;%fha ikd, l,dmj, ffY,u m;%h mqrd cd,hla f,i me;sr
mj;shs' ta ksid c,h myiqfjka m;% uOH ffi,j,g we;=¿ fõ' tajd m;% uOH ffi,
Tiafia c, úNj wkql%uKhlska .uka lr m;% uOH ffi,j, f;;a ffi, ì;a;sj,ska
wka;¾ ffi,Sh wjldYhg we;=¿ fõ' túg m;% wNHka;rfha c, jdIam idkaøKh wjg
mßirfha c, jdIAm idkaøKhg jvd jeä ksid idkaøK wkql%uKhg wkqj c,jdIam
jdhqf.da,hg úirKh fõ' fufia m;%j,ska W;aiafõokh u.ska c,h jdIam ùu Ydlh
isis,aj mj;ajd .ekSug WmldÍ fõ'
Y=IalrEmS Ydl W;aiafõokh wvq lsÍu i|yd úúO úlrK olajhs' Ydlfha m;% ixLHdj wvq
ùu" m;% ;,fha m%udKh wvq úu" .s¨Kq mQáld msysàu" udxi, l|ka msysàu" m;%j, bá
;Ügqjla fyda frdau msysàu wdÈh óg ksoiqka fõ'
Ydl m;%j, jeo.;alu
jdhqf.da,Sh ;=,H;dj mj;ajd .ekSu
Ydl u.ska jdhqf.da,fha we;s O2 yd CO2 ;=,H;dj hdukh lsÍu isÿ lrhs' Ôùkaf.a Yajikfhka
msg jk CO2 Ydl m;% u.ska m%NdixYaf,aIK l%shdj,sh i|yd Wmfhdackh lr w;=re M,hla
f,i O2 ksmojhs' fuu ls%hdj,sh ksid jdhqf.da,fha CO2 m%;sY;h ia:dhSj ;nd .ekSu
fya;f= jka yß;d.dr jdhqjla jk CO2 u.ska isÿ jk mDÓúfha WIaK;ajh by< hEu j<lajd,hs'
ñksia wdydrhla f,i Ndú;h
Ydl m;% wdydrhla f,i nyq,j Ndú; lrhs' fïjd kejqï wdydr fuka u msiQ wdydr f,i
o Ndú; l< yels h' kshñ; mßK; wjia:dfõ we;s m;% Ndú; lsÍu jvd fhda.H fõ' Wod(
i,do" ksú;s' Ydl m;%j, Ô¾Kl ;ka;= (dietary fibre)" úgñka C" fm%dú
a gñka A" lefrdáfkdhsv"
f*daf,aÜ" ueka.kSia yd úgñka K wvx.= h'
i;A;aj wdydrhla f,i Ndú; lsÍu
i;a;aj wdydr f,i nyq,j kejqï ;DK yd rks, Ndú; lrhs' fïjd frdaudka;sl i;=kag
W,d lEu i|yd fyda lmd i;=kag lEug ,nd foa' rks, f,i nyq,j bms,a bms,a yd
.a,sßiSähd ,nd foa' t¿jkag fldia fld<% jeks Ydl m;% ,nd foa' tfia u fuu Ydl m;%
úh,d úh<s wdydr f,i o i;=kag ,nd foa' Wod( msÿre" rks," ;DK' rks, Ydlj,ska i;=kag
jeä fm%daàka m%udKhla ,nd Èh yels h' tfia u i;=kag wjYH Lksc fmdaIl yd úgñka
o ,nd foa'
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fmdfydr f,i Ndú;h
fld< fmdfydrj,ska Ydlj,g wjYH fmdaIl ,nd fohs' tu.ska mfia fmdaIl ;;a;ajh
jeä ÈhqKq lrñka mdxY= fi!LHh ÈhqKq lrhs' fld< fmdfydr f,i nyq,j Ydl m;% fhdod
.kakd w;r ù j.dfõ § fld< fmdfydr f,i bms,a bms,a fyda .a,sßiSähd 120 kg/ha fh¥
úg hQßhd 60 kg/ha fh¥ úg ,efnk wiajekak u ,efnk nj m¾fhaIK u.ska fidhd f.k
we;' fld< fmdfydr Ndú;h u.ska ridhksl fmdfydr Ndú;h wvq lr .; yels h' fld<
fmdfydr Ndú;fhka ridhksl fmdfydrj,ska isÿ jk wys;lr n,mEï wju lr .; yels
w;r fifuka fmdaIl ksoyia lrk neúka È.= ld,hla Ydlj,g fmdaIl ,nd foa' óg
wu;rj fld< fmdfydrj,ska mfia ldnksl øjH m%udKh by< kxjhs'
o< ;ka;= ,nd .ekSu i|yd
talîc m;%S Ydlj,ska o< ;ka;= ,nd .kS' fuu ;ka;= È.e;s yd myiqfjka fkdkefuk iq¨
h' fïjd ±ä ;ka;= neúka jdKscj jeo.;a fõ' fuu ;ka;= m%Odk jYfhka wism;a yeve;s
m;%j,ska ,nd .kakd w;r m;%h >klï" udxi, yd l,d;=rlska r¿ u;=msg mDIaG iys; tajd
fõ' w.dfõ (Agave) l=,fha Ydlj,ska o< ;ka;= ,nd .kshs' fuu m;%j, ;ka;= ñá f,i
Yla;su;aj mj;sk w;r iuyr wjia:dj, wä lsysmhla È.= fõ' w;smsys; jQ ffi,j,ska
iukaú; tu ;ka;= wef,k iq¨ øjHhlska ne|S we;' ;ka;= idudkHfhka m;%fha È.= wlaIh
Tiafia ia:dmkh ù we;s w;r m;%fha há me;af;a jeämqr we;' iuyr m;%j, ;ka;= ñá
kdráfha ia:dmkh ù we;' Wod Abaca Ydlh' m;% wiajkq ñksia Y%ufhka fk<d m;%fha
we;s mglj,ska tys wvx.= ;ka;= fjka lrkq ,nhs' fuh w;ska fyda hka;%dkqidrfhka
iSÍfuka fyda fmd;= yeÍu u.ska isÿ lrhs' bka miq msßisÿ lr úh<d .kq ,nhs' tfia ksoyia
lr .kakd ;ka;= l¾udka; i|yd fhdod .kshs' fïjd /yeka fyda lU ksIm a dokfha § Ndú;
lrhs'
T!IO i|yd Ndú;h
Ydlfha Ôj l%shd i|yd wjYH úúO ridhksl øjH ksIamdokh lsÍfï yelshdj m;% i;=j
mj;S' tu øjH lDóka" È,Sr jeks m<sfndaOlhkaf.ka Ydlh wdrlaId lr .ekSu i|yd o
Ndú; lrhs' iuyr Ydluh ridhksl øjH mßfNdackh lsÍfuka ukqIHhkag kSfrda.s nj
,nd fok w;r ñksidg je,f|k frda. i|yd m%;sldr lsÍug o Ydl m;% Ndú; lrhs' fuu
ridhksl øjH Ydlfha oaú;Shsl mßjD;a;c øjH jk w;r lDñ m<sfndaO md,kh i|yd
fhdod .kshs' tfia u Ydl m;% u.ska ksmojk fydafudak mrd.kh i|yd lDóka wdl¾IKhg
WmldÍ fõ' fuu oaú;Shsl mßjD;a;c øjH Ñls;ail lghq;= i|yd;a T!IO ilia lsÍug;a
Ndú; flf¾'
rEm,djKH lghq;= i|yd
fldaudßld nyq,j rEm,djKH lghq;= i|yd fhdod .kakd T!Iëh Ydlhls' ifuys fldaudßld
hqI wdf,am lsÍu u.ska iu úc,kfhka je<fla' ifuys u;=msg ydks ùu je<fla' ifï
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f;;ukh wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd jk wdf,amk iE§u i|yd fldaudßld Ndú; fõ' ifï
ffi,j,g ydks lrk ixfhda.j,g úreoaO j l%shd lrk úgñka C yd E fldaudßldj,
wvx.= h' tfia u tys úgñka A wvx.= ksid ifï fld,ecka ksIamdokh jeä lrhs'
fldaudßldj, fmdgEishï" f*da,sla wï,h" iskala jeämqr wvx.= h' tajd u.ska iu kSfrda.S
fõ' lDókaf.ka isÿ jk imd lEï ksid we;s jk fõokdjg fldaudßld u.ska iykhla ,nd
foa' tfia u fïjd ifï we;s jk ìì<s" iQ¾hdf,dalh ksid we;s jk ms,siaiSïj,g m%;sldr
i|yd fhdod .kshs'
ñkaÜ m;%j,ska úysfok iqj| u.ska wd;;sh wvq lrhs' tfia u ñkaÜ m;% l=re,E i|yd
m%;sldrhla f,i o Ndú;d fõ'
i.kaO f;,a ksiaidrKh
iuyr Ydlj, m;% u.ska i.kaO f;,a ksiaidrKh l< yels h' ta i|yd l=re÷" me`.sß Ydl
îsg%fk,a,d& m;% fhdod .kshs' l=re÷ Ydlfha m;% yqud, wdijkh lsÍfuka l=re÷ f;,a
fjka lr .kshs' tys we;s m%Odk ixfhda.h bhqðfkda,a h' isg%fk,a,d Ydlfha m;% yqud,
wdijkfhka me`.sß f;,a ,nd .kshs'
4'5 Ydl l|
talîcm;%S yd oaúîcm;%S Ydl m;%j, fuka u l|kaj, o jHQyuh fjkialï olakg ,efí'
talîcm;%S Ydl l|l yrialv jHQyh yd oaúîcm;%S Ydl l|l yrialv jHQyh iei£u
lf|ys jHQyh talîc m;%S Ydl l| oaúîc m;%S Ydl l|

 ikd, l,dm ikd, l,dm wiSñ; h' iSñ; h'
m%udKfhka fjkia h' m%udKfhka iudk h'
 ikd, l,dm ms<sfj<la fkdue;s j mQrl j,hdldrj msysgd we;'
ixLHdj yd msysàu mglh mqrd úisÍ we;'
 ikd, l,dm jgd ikd, fldmqjla ke;' we; îkd, fldmq u.ska ikd,
ikd, fldmq msysàu l,dm yd uDÿia;r w;r øjH
yqjudrej isÿ lrhs&
 maf,dahufha jHQyh maf,dahu uDÿia;r yd maf,dahu maf,dahu uDÿia;r yd maf,dahu
;ka;= ke;' ;ka;= we;'
 ndyslh yd uÊcdj mQrl mglh" ucacdj yd ndyslh ndyslh yd uÊcdj f,i
f,i úfNaokh ù fkdue;' mQrlh úfNaokh ù we;'
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talîcm;%S yd oaúîcm;%S Ydl l|kaj, my; oelafjk iudk lï o ±lsh yelsh'
 lf|ys wmsp¾uh tal ffi,Sh ùu'
 lf|ys >k WÉp¾uhla ;sîu'
 lf|ys ndyslfha fyda wmsp¾uhg wdikak j yß; l,dmhla we;' tys m%NdixYaf,aIKh
isÿ fõ'
 mQrlfha wvx.= m%Odk ffi, j¾.h uDÿia;r fõ'
 ffY,u yd maf,dahu ikd, l,dm f,i ilia ù we;'
oaúîc m;%S Ydl l|l m%d:ñl jHQyh my; ±lafõ'
wmsp¾uh
ndyslh
ucacdj
ikd, l,dmhla
úYd, l< ikd, l,dmhla

ffY,u
ikd, leïìhu
maf,dahu
ikd, fldmqj
rEmh 4'8( oaúîc m;%S Ydl l|l m%d:ñl jHQyh
77
oaúîc m;%S Ydl l|l fldgia yd tajdfha ld¾h
lf|a fldgi jHQyh ld¾hh
1' wmsp¾uh msg;ska we;s ;ks ffi, ia;rhls' WÉp¾uh ksid Ydlh úh<Su
lshqáka iys; WÉp¾uhla msg;ska j<lajd f.k we;' wka;¾ fi,Sh
we;' iÔj ffi, fõ' wjldY ke;s ksid jHdêcklhka
wka;¾ffi,Sh wjldY ke;' we;=¿ ùu je<fla' wNHka;r
mgl wdrlaId lrhs' lf|a we;s mQáld
jdhq yqjudrejg jeo.;a fõ'
2' ndyslh l,dm lsmhls' ia:q, fldaKdia;r ia:q, fldakdia;r u.ska l|g
ffi, ia;r lsysmhla fndfyda ikaOdrkhla ,nd foa' uDÿia;r
úg msg;ska ±ls h' ndyslfha we;=¿ ffi, ixÑ; ld¾hhka bgq
fldgi uDÿia;rj,ska ;ekS we;' lrhs' yß; ia;rh we;akï
uDÿia;r ffi, w;r m%NdixYaf,aIKhg odhl fõ'
wk;¾ffi,Sh wjldY we;' N+.; l|kaj, ndyslfha we;s uDÿ
iuyr úg fuu ffi,j, ia;r ffi,j, wdydr ixÑ; ù
yß;,j o ;sìh yels h' we;'
^yß; ia;rh&
3' ikd, l,dm ffY,u yd maf,dahu tlg we;' ffY,u c,h yd Lksc ,jk
miqj ffY,u yd maf,dahu w;r mßjykh isÿ lrhs' maf,dahu
wka;#l,dmSh leïìhu we;s fõ' ldnksl wdydr mßjykh isÿ lrhs
wka;#l,dmSh leïìhu miqj
ikd, leïìhu iE§ug odhl fõ'
^úNdcl lD;Hh bgq lrhs&
4' uÊcdj uDÿia;r ffi,j,ska ;ekS we;' N+.; l|kaj, uÊcdfõ

f.da,dldr ffi, fõ' wka;¾ wdydr ixÑ; lrhs
ffi,Sh wjldY we;' ikd,
l,dm w;r we;s uDÿia;r
m%d:ñl uÊcd lsrK kï fõ'
78
oaúîcm;%S Ydl lf|a oaú;Shsl j¾Okh
Ydl l|l fyda uq,l md¾Yaúlj yg .kakd oaú;Shsl úNdcl u.ska oaú;Shsl mgl we;s ùu
ksid uy;ska jeä ùu oaú;Shsl j¾Okhhs' Ydlhl m%d:ñl j¾Okh werö hï ld,hlg miq
oaú;Shsl j¾Okh werfò' fuh isÿ jkafka ikd, leïìhfï yd j,al leïìhfï
l%shdldß;ajfhks' oaú;Shsl j¾Okh ksid Ydl l| uy;ska jeä fõ' fndfyda talîcm;%S
Ydl l|kaj,;a iuyr oaúîcm;%S Ydl l|kaj,;a oaú;Shsl j¾Okh olakg fkd,efí'
m%d:ñl l|l ikd, l,dmfha m%d:ñl ffY,u yd m%d:ñl maf,dahu w;r wka;#l,dmSh
leïìhu ±lsh yels h' fuh m%d:ñl úNdclhls' kuq;a fuh fyd|ska l%shdldÍ jkafka
j¾Okh wdrïNh;a iu. h'
ikd, leïìhu we;s ùu
ikd, l,dm w;r we;s m%d:ñl uÊcdlsrKj, uDÿia;r ffi, ia;rhla úNdcl yelshdj
,nd f.k wka;¾l,dmSh leïìhu idok w;r wka;¾l,dmSh leïìhu yd wka;#l,dmSh
leïìhï tlg tl;= ù ikd, leïìhï j,h ielfia' ikd, leïìhfï we;s ffi,j,ska
uOH foig lefmk ffi, oaú;Shsl ffY,u we;s lrhs' msg;g lefmk ffi, oaú;Shsl
maf,dahu we;s lrhs' oaú;Shsl ffY,u i|yd lefmk ffi, .Kk oaú;Shsl maf,dahug
lefmk ffi, .Kkg jvd jeä h' iuyr wjia:dj, § fuu iam¾Y ;, Tiafia fnfok
ffi,j,ska uDÿia;r ffi, fma<s ;khs' fïjd oaú;Shsl uÊcd lsrK fõ' oaú;Shsl ffY,u
m%udKh jeä j;au ikd, leïìhu lf|a msg;g ;,a¨ úh hq;= h' túg ikd, leïìhu
jg m%udKh jeä lr .kshs' fufia oaú;Shsl j¾Okh isÿ j;a u l| uOHfha oaú;Shsl ikd,
is,skavrh iefoa' tys jeämqr we;af;a oaú;Shsl ffY,u jk w;r oaú;Shsl maf,dahu wvq h'
ta ksid m%d:ñl ffY,u uÊcdj foig ;,a¨ ù uÊcdj wjysr lrhs' m%d:ñl maf,dahu
fldgia msg;g ;,a¨ fõ'
j,al leïìhu we;s ùu
fï wjia:dfõ § ndyslfha we;s uDÿia;r ffi, ia;rhla úNdcl yelshdj ,nd f.k j,al
leïìhu ;khs' th iïmQ¾Kfhka u oaú;Shsl úNdclhls' j,al leïìhfï we;s ffi,
fnfoñka we;=¿ foig we;s lrkafka uDÿia;r ffi,j,ska hq;= oaú;Shsl ndyslhhs ^j,al
p¾uh&' msg;g lefmk ffi,j,ska iqfnßkaj,ska >k jQ wÔù j,alh we;s fõ' fuu
leïìhï foflys u l%shdldß;ajfhka l| uy;ska jeä fõ'
j,alfha ld¾h
 wNHka;r mglj,g wdrlaIdj iemhSu
 jHdêckl Ôùka we;=¿ ùu je<elaùu
 lf|ka c,h msgùu wvq lsÍu
 ;dm mßjdrlhla f,i l%shd lsÍu
79
Ydl l|l fmd;a; ±lsh yelafla oaú;Shsl j¾Okfhka miqj h'
j,alh yd wmsp¾uh u.ska lf|a wNHka;r fldgiaj,g hdka;%sl wdrlaIdj yd jHdêckl

Ôùkaf.ka wdrlaIdj ,ndfohs' lf|ys we;s jd isÿre jdhq j¾. úirKhg jeo.;a fõ'
m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl maf,dahu wdydr mßjykhg;a m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl ndyslh wdydr ixÑ;
lsÍug;a jeo.;a fõ'
j¾Ol j<¨ we;sùu
Ydlfha j¾Ol j<¨ olakg ,efnkafka oaú;Shsl j¾Okfha § we;s jk oaú;Shsl ffY,u
u.sks' oaú;Shsl j¾Okfha § ikd, leïìhfï l%shdldß;ajfhka oaú;Shsl ffY,u lefmk
úg ys;lr yd wys;lr mßir ;;a;aj hgf;a yg.kakd ffY,u w;r fjkialï mj;S'
tkï mßir ;;a;aj ys;lr ld,fha § iEfok oaú;Shsl ffY,ufha l=yrh úYd, ffY,ï
jdyskS jeä m%udKhla o wys;lr ld,fha § iEfok oaú;Shsl ffY,ufha l=yr l=vd ffY,ï
jdyskS wvq m%udKhla o ±lsh yels h' úYd, jdyskS we;s úg tajdfha ì;a;s ;=kS ksid tu
m%foaYh <d meyefhkq;a jdyskS l=yrh l=vd jk úg tys ì;a;s >klï ksid ;o meyefhkq;a
Èia fõ' oaú;Shsl ffY,ufha olakg ,efnk fuu <d meye;s yd ;o meye;s ia;r j¾Ol
j<¨ kï fõ'
Y%S ,xldfõ m%Odk foaY.=Ksl l,dm ie,l+ úg my;rg f;;a l,dmfha fndfyda úg
taldldÍ foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajhla mj;S' ta ksid jif¾ ieu ld,hla u Ydl j¾Okhg ys;lr
h' tu ksid tu Ydlj, j¾Ol j<¨ meyeÈ,s ke;' kuq;a úh<s l,dmfha jeis ,efnk
ld, yd kshx ld, we;' jeis ld,fha § ikd, leïìhu il%sh ù oaú;Shsl ffY,u
iEfokafka úYd, l=yr iys; jdyskS tl;= ùfuks' tu m%foaYh <d meye;s h' iEfok
oaú;Shsl ffY,u ;Srej m<,a h' kshx ld,fha § ikd, leïìhu t;rï il%sh ke;' ta
ksid iEfok oaú;Shsl ffY,u jdyskS l=yr l=vd jk w;r ffi, .Kk o wvq h' ta ksid
tu m%foaYh mgq jk w;r ;o meye;s h' tu ksid úh<s l,dmSh Ydlj, oaú;Shsl ffY,ufha
meyeÈ,sj ;o yd <d meye;s j<hka ±lsh yels h'
jd¾Isl j<¨ we;s ùu
fi!uH l,dmSh rgj, meyeÈ,s R;= y;rla we;' jika; ld,fha § oaú;Shsl ffY,uh
l=yr úYd, jdyskS jeä .Kkla ;khs' tu ffY,u fldgi jika; ldIagh fõ' ir;a
R;=fõ § iEfok oaú;Shsl ffY,u jdyskS l=yr l=vd jk w;r ffi, .Kk o wvq h' tu
ksid tu m%foaYh ;o meye;s h' fuh ir;a ldIagh fõ' fï whqßka tl jirla ;=< ikd,
leïìhfï l%shdldß;ajfhka we;s jk j¾Ol j<¨ tl;= lr th jd¾Isl j<,a,la f,i
ye|skaúh yels h'
80
wrgqj yd t,h
oaú;Shsl j¾Okh wjika jQ l|l ikd, leïìhug wdikakj Bg we;=<;ska oaú;Shsl

ffY,u we;' tu m%foaYh <d meyefhka Èia fõ' tys we;s ffY,u jdyskS" jdyldN fyd|ska
c, mßjykh isÿ lrhs' tu m%foaYfha f;;ukh jeä h' tu fldgi t<h fõ' kuq;a l|
ueo we;s jvd jhia.; ffY,u óg jvd fjkia h' tkï tu m%foaYh jvd ;o meye;s h'
tys uDÿia;r ffi, ñh f.dia we;' tu fldgfia ish¨ ffi, wÔù fõ' tys we;s jdyskS
yd jdyldN ;=< c, mßjykh isÿ fkdfõ' ffY,u jdyskSj, ì;a;sfha we;s l+ újr ;=<ska
uDÿia;r ffi,j,ska jefvk áf,dai m%ir .uka lsÍfuka jdyskS l=yr wjysr ù we;' tu
wjysr jQ jdyskS l=yr ;=< gekska" friska jeks fkdfhla ldnksl øjH ;ekam;a ù we;' tu
ixfhda. ksid tu m%foaYh ;o meyefhka Èia fõ' tu m%foaYh wrgqj kï fõ' .Dy NdKav
iE§ug wrgqj fhdod .kshs' t,h ta i|yd Ndú; fkdlrkafka tys ixÑ; wdydr yd
f;;ukh jeä neúks'
talîc m;%S Ydl lf|a m%Odk fldgia yd tys ld¾hhka
fldgi jHQyh ld¾hh
1' wmsp¾uh ;ks ffi, ia;rhls' wmsp¾uh lf|a wNHka;r fldgiaj,g

u;=msg is,sld ;ekam;a ù we;' hdka;%sl wdrlaIdj i,ihs'
jHdêcklhka we;=¿ ùu j<lajhs'
2' mQrl mglh ndyslh yd uÊcdj fjka lr ixÑ; ld¾hh yd ikaOdrKhg

y÷kd .; fkdyels h' jeo.;a fõ'
3' ikd, l,dm úisÍ we;' rdYshls' m%udKfhka fY,ufhka c,h yd Lksc
fjkia h' ueog jkakg úYd, ,jK mßjykh lrk w;r
ikd, l,dm we;' maf,dahufhka wdydr
ffY,u lf|a flakaøh foig mßjykh lrhs'
jkakg msysgd we;'
lf|ys jeo.;alu
Ydl l|" m;%" mqIam yd M, ord isàfï jHQyh f,i l%shd lrhs' Ydl lf|a m;% msysàu wkqj
l| wdf,dalhg ksrdjrKh jk m%udKh ;SrKh fõ' tfia u Ydl l| uQ, moaO;sfha isg
lf|a w.%ia:h olajd c,h yd Lksc øjH mßjykh lsÍug;a m;%j, ksIamdÈ; wdydr uQ,
moaO;sh olajd mßjykh lsÍug;a WmldÍ fõ' th Ydl lf|a úys§ we;s ikd, moaO;sh
81
Tiafia isÿ fõ'
lf|a wd¾Ól jeo.;alu

1' ±j ,nd .ekSfï m%Njhla f,i
Ydl l|ka u.ska ,nd .kakd ±j f.dvke.s,s bÈ lsÍï øjH f,i" .Dy NdKav ie§ug"
fndaÜgq" .=jka hdkd" r:jdyk fldgia i|yd fuka u ix.S; NdKav" l%Svd NdKav" f¾,a mdr"
.skl
s +re" ;=kS,E,s" ñkS fmÜá" ner,a" fi,a,ï nvq" fu,ïj, yev," msk;
a r
+ rduq ie§u i|yd
fuka u ±j w`.=re yd or i|yd o jeo.;a fõ'
fi,shqf,daia nyq, ±j m,amh (wood pulp) lvodis" ldâfndaâ" iafmdkaÊ" fif,daf*aka yd

frÈ j¾. ksIamdokhg jeo.;a fõ'
WK Ydlfha l|ka lvodis ie§ug" bÈ lsÍï i|yd" .Dy NdKav" úis;=re NdKav" jeg"
fi,a,ï NdKav" ix.S; NdKav wdosh ie§ug" jeg ne|Sug" ì<Sms;s ie§ug" c, k, i|yd
fuka u m,xÑ i|yd o fhdod .kshs' WK Ydlfha fl|sj, we;s nelaàßhd kdYl .=Kh ksid
fïia we;=¿ fjk;a me,÷ï iE§ug fhdod .kS' ;d, j¾.hg wh;a Ydlj, l|ka yd ójk
Ydlj, l|ka o bÈ lsÍï i|yd fhdod .kS'
Ydl lf|a j,alfhka fnda;,a uQä, ìï we;=reï yd ;dm mßjdrl ksIamdokh lrhs'
brE ±jj, jákdlu yd tajdfha w,xldrh ;SrKh lsÍfï tla idOlhla jkafka jhsruhs
(grain). fuu jhsru ±jj, ks¾udKh jkafka .fia m%Odk wlaIhg idfmalaIj ;ka;= úys§
we;s wdldrh wkqj h' Rcq ;ka;=" o`.r jQ ;ka;=" ;rx.S ;ka;= f,i ;ka;= msysáfï wdldrhg
wkqj jhsrï úúO yev olajhs' jhsru ±jj, Yla;sh flfrys n,mdhs' Wod( Rcq ;ka;= iys;
jhsru we;s ±j Yla;sfhka jeä h' Rcq jhsru iys; ±j w,xldrfhka wvq úh yels h'
tfy;a ±j bÍu myiq h' nqre; ,S ishqï jhkhlska hq;= w;r tajdfha ffi, l=vd fõ' l=Uqla
r¿ jhkhlska hq;= w;r ffi, úYd,h' ±jj, ffi, ì;a;sj, ;ekam;a jk øjH fya;f = jka
±jj,g fjkia jQ j¾K ,efí' Wod( l¨jr' oejj, we;s iuyr j¾Kl c,fha Èh fõ' Wod(
fld;, ysUqgq
±jj, ;ekam;a ù we;s ridhk øjH wkqj ±jj, iqj| fjkia fõ' .ï ûe,shï&" frisk
^ÿïu,& jeks ;ekam;= ksid oejj, iqj| fjkia fõ' Ydl lf|a wka;¾.; úfYaIs; ridhk
øjH tu Ydl úfYaIhg u wdfõKsl ksid tajdg wdfõKsl iqj|la yd j¾Khla we;s fõ'
2' l¾udka; wdY%s; iajdNdúl ksIamdok ,nd .ekSfï m%Njhla f,i
Ydl lf|ka ,nd .kakd gekska vhs ksIamdokhg fhdod .kshs' iuyr Ydl l|kaj,ska
ñksidf.a m%fhdackh i|yd wjYH i%dj ,nd fokq ,efí' Wod( rn¾" .ï" ÿïu,
3' T!IO m%Njhla f,i
82
Ydl lf|ka úúO T!IO j¾. ,nd .kshs' Wod( iskafldakd Ydlfha fmd;af;ka uef,aßhd
frda.hg m%;sldr lsÍug laúfkdaka ,nd .kshs' N+.; l|ka jk b`.=re" iqÿ¿EKq iy ly
T!IO f,i Ndú; fõ' b`.=re biau wdydr cS¾K l%shdj,sh iu;=,s; lrhs' YÍrhg fmdaIl
wjfYdaIKh jeä lrhs' iqÿ i÷ka yd r;a i÷ka Ydl l| ifï frda. j,g fuka u fjk;a
úúO frda. i|yd o T!IOhla f,i Ndú; fõ'
4' ukqIH wdydr m%Njhla f,i(

Wla" WK wxl=r" weiamer.ia o N+.; l|ka jk fldau" ffrfidau" n,aì, yd ialkaO wdlkao
^lsß w," w¾;dm,a" nq;airK& wdydr i|yd fhdod .kshs' tfia u l=re÷ fmd;= yd b`.=re
l=¿nvq f,i fhdod .kshs' fk¨ï Ydlfha l| o wdydrhla f,i Ndú; fõ'
5' fl|s ,nd .ekSu
fl|s ,nd .ekSu i|yd l|ka fhdod .kshs' w;S;fha isg frÈ úùu i|yd Ydl l|kaj,ska
,nd .;a fl|s Ndú; lrhs' tfia u lU ie§ug" nquq;=reKq ie§ug" lvodis ie§ug Ydl fl|s
Ndú; lrhs'
,skka fl|s ,nd .kafka *e,laia Ydl lf|a ndyslfha msysgd we;s ;ka;= ñá fjka lr
.ekSfuks' fi,shf
q ,daij
a ,ska ;ekS we;s fuu fl|sj,ska ;kkq ,enq frÈj, c, wjfYdaIl;dj
by< h' ,skka we÷ï iqjmyiq h'
6' laISrh ,nd .ekSu
rn¾ lsß" rn¾ lf|ka ,nd .kakd m%Odk ksIamdokhhs' rn¾ lsß hkq wef,k iq¨" l,s,uh
i%djhls' rn¾ Ydlfha fmd;a; lemSfuka miq i%djh jk laISrh tl;= lr .kshs' fuu laISrh
msßisÿ lsÍu u.ska rn¾ ksmojk w;r úúO rn¾ ksIamdok i|yd fufia ksmojkq ,nk
iajdNdúl rn¾ fhdod .kq ,nhs' rn¾ lsß ,nd .ekSfï oS fmd;af;a w`.,a 1$4la muK .eUqrg
we,shla fldl= yeve;s msyshla u.ska lmkq ,efí' fmd;a; wKaùlaIfhka ksÍlaIKh l< úg
tys ia;r lsysmhla ±lsh yels h' fï w;ßka leïìhug wdikaku ia;rfha .eUqrg úysÿKq
l=vd we,s olakg ,efí' fïjd laISrOr jdyskS f,i ye|skafjk w;r tajd u.ska rn¾ lsß
ksmofõ' lsß lmk úg fuu jdyskS lemSu u.ska rn¾ lsß ,nd .; yels h' kuq;a lemSfï
§ leïìhug ydks fkdùug j. n,d .; hq;= h'
7' ffcj bkaOk ,nd .ekSu i|yd
ffcj bkaOk ,nd .ekSu i|yd Ydl wjfYaI Wod( ;DK" nv bß`.= o~q" ±j len,s fhdod
.kshs' t;fkda,a ^nvbß`.= yd Wlaj,ska ksmojk&" ffcj ãi,a ^fidahd fndaxÑ" lefkda,d"
rglcq f;,a" t<j¿ f;,aj,ska ksmojk& yd Ôj jdhqj ^óf;ka" i;a;aj u, øjH yd
úfhdackh jk ldnksl øjHj,ska iEfok& ffcj bkaOkj,g WodyrK fõ'
8' ±j úÿ,sh (Dendro power) ksmoùu i|yd
mqk¾ckkSh n,Yla;s m%Njhla f,i ±j úÿ,sh jeo.;a fõ' fuys § m%Odk jYfhka
83
.a,sßiSähd ±j fhdod .kshs' fuh >¾u l,dmSh rgj,g fmdis, bkaOk fjkqjg jvd;a
fhda.H Yla;s m%Njhls'
4'6 Ydl uq,
ikd, l,dm weisÍu yer talîcm;%S yd oaúîcm;%S Ydl uq,aj, wfkl=;a mglj, msysàu
fndfyda ÿrg iudk h'
 uqf,a msg; ia;rh wmsp¾uhhs' wmsp¾ufhka msg;g j¾Okh tal ffi,Sh j¾Ol jHQy
jk uq,flaY olakg ,efí' uq,flaY msysá fldgi flaYOr ia;rhhs' fï u.ska c,h
yd Lksc ,jK wjfYdaIKh lrk w;r uq,flaY msysàu u.ska wjfYdaIK mDIaGfha
lafIa;%M,h jeä fõ' wmsp¾uh u.ska uqf,a wNHka;r mgl wdrlaId lrhs'
 wmsp¾uh yd ikd, iss,skavrh w;r mQrl mglh ndyslh f,i y÷kajhs' th uDÿia;r
ffi, yd wka;¾ ffi,Sh wjldYj,ska iukaú; fõ'
 ndyslfha ldfndayhsfâ%Ü ;ekam;a jk w;r c,h yd Lksc ,jK wka;Yap¾uh olajd
mßjykh lrhs'
 ndyslfha we;=<; msysá úfYaIKh jQ ffi, ia;rh wka;Yap¾uhhs' wka;Yap¾ufha
ffi, È.eá h' <má uq,l tajdfha wÍh yd yria ì;a;sj, máhl wdldrhg iqfnÍka
fyda ,s.akSka fyda fï fol u fyda ;ekam;a ù we;' fïjd leiamd¾ má kï fõ' tys
wka;¾ ffi,Sh wjldY fkdue;'
 wka;Yap¾ufha we;=<; úfYaIKh fkdjQ ffi, iys; mßpl%h we;s w;r tys
ia:,
q fldakdia;r ffi, ia;r 2-3la we;' oaúîcm;%S Ydl uqf,ys fuu ffi, úNdcl
lD;Hhla bgq lrñka md¾Yaúl uq,a we;s lrk w;r uqf,a oaú;Shsl j¾Okh o isÿ lrhs'
 uqf,a wNHka;rfha we;s uOH is,skavrfha ikd, mgl msysgd we;' oaúîcm;%S Ydl
uqf,a yrialvl ikd, l,dm ;rejl yevfhka fmkakqï lrhs' maf,dahu" ffY,u
YdLd w;r we,shl ia:dk.; ù we;'
 talîcm;%S Ydl uqf,a ikd, l,dmj, uOHh mQrlh uDÿia;r ffi,j,ska jg ù
we;s w;r ffY,u yd maf,dahu j<,a,la f,i mj;shs' uqf,ys uQ,d.% fldmqj r¿ mia
wxY= w;=ßka hk <má uQ,d.%h wdrlaId lrhs' mßK; uqf,ys uQ,flaY fkdue;s w;r
jdisÿre msysghs'
uqf,ys jeo.;alu
uqf,ys jeo.;alï lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'

1' uq, uKav,h u.ska Ydlh Wmia;rhg iú lrk w;r l| ord isàu
2' c,h yd Lksc ,jK wjfYdaIKh
3' wdydr ixÑ; lsÍu
uQ,flaY fyda uqf,a wmsp¾óh ffi, ;=<ska c,h wjfYdAIKh
84
uqf,a wmsp¾uhg msg;ska mdxY= ødjKh mj;S' mdxY= ødjKfha wvq idkaøKhla mj;sk ksid
c, úNjh jeä h' uqf,a wmsp¾óh ffi,j, fyda uQ,flaY ffi, ;=< mj;sk ßla;l
hqIfha jeä idkaøKhla mj;S' tneúka c, úNjh wvq h' fï ksid c,h mdxY= ødjKfha
isg ßla; hqIhg wdi%e;sh u.ska we;=¿ fõ' uqf,ys wmsp¾óh ffi,j,ska wjfYdAIKh l<
c,h uqf,ys ffY,u olajd yria w;g mßjykh ùu wÍh c, mßjykh f,i ye|ska fõ'
wdydr yd fmdaIl .nvd lsÍu
lerÜ" îÜ" rdnq" fkdaflda,a" n;, hk Ydlj, uqÿka uqf,a ldfndayhsfâ%Ü .nvd ù we;s w;r
tajd ukqIH wdydr i|yd Ndú; lrhs'
T!IO i|yd
úúO T!IO j¾. Ydl uq,aj,ska ksiaidrKh lrkq ,efí' ;j o mdjÜgd" neì, jeks
Ydlj, uq,a Rcqj u T!IO f,i Ndú; fõ'
khsg%cka ;sr lsÍu
rks, Ydl uQ,.eá;sj, jdih lrk rhsfidaìhï nelaàßhdj u.ska jdhqf.da,Sh khsg%cka
Ydlhg ,nd .; yels khsg%cka njg m;a lrhs'
mdxY= ixrlaIKh i|yd
mdxY= Ldokh je<elaùug wdjrK fnda. j.d lrhs ^f.da;ud,d" iejekaord&' ;j o l,d;aul
ks¾udK iEoSug rela w;a;k" lÿre jeks Ydl uq,a Ndú; fõ' lsr, wen iEoSug lsr, Ydlfha
uq, fhdod .kshs'
85
5' YS% ,xldfõ jkdka;r iy jk j.d
5'1 ye|skaùu
YS% ,xldj tys N+f.da,Sh msysàu" ¥m;la ùu" wNHka;r N+ úIu;dj yd fudaiï iy ixjyk
j¾Idjkaf.a n,mEu ksid úúO jQ foaY.=Ksl l,dmj,ska hq;a rgla fõ' tksid u tys we;s
Ydl úfYaI yd tajdfha jHdma;sfha b;d úYd, úúO;ajhla oelsh yels h' tfia u fuys
iajdNdúl jkdka;rj,g wu;rj ñksid úiska j.d lrkq ,enQ jkdka;r o olakg ,efí'
jkdka;rhla hkq l=ula o hkak úúO wdldrfhka ks¾jpkh lrkq ,nhs' mßir úoHd;aulj
.;a l, jkdka;rhla hkq" zzWiska ógr 2'5lg jvd jeä" jDlaI wdjrKh 30]g jeä
fyla ghd¾ 0'5lg jeä m% foaYhl me;sr we;s Ydlj,sk a hq;= m% foaYhls' ZZ
- uOHu mßir wêldßh
tfy;a jvd;a ms<s.kq ,nkafka tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdydr iy lDIsl¾u ixúOdkh u.ska
bÈßm;a lrk ,o ks¾jpkhhs' ta wkqj" zzfylaghdr 0'5lg jeä N+ñ m%udKhl me;sr
mj;a k d ógr 5lg jvd Wis k a hq ;= Ydlj,s k a iuka ú ; iy ;= r eúhk 10]g jvd
jeä fyda tu ;;a ; a j hg tu ia : dkfha u <`.d úh yels Ydl iys ; N+ ñ hla
jkdka;rhla f,i ks¾jpkh flf¾ZZ' tfia u lDIsld¾ñl fyda kd.ßl N+ñ fuhg
wh;a fkd fõ'
tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wdydr yd lDIsl¾u ixúOdkfha ks¾jpkhg wkqj"

1. jk j.d iy rn¾ j.d jkdka;r hg;g we;=<;a fõ'
2. lgq fmd,a Ydl Ôil palm& fyda m,;=re j.d jkdka;r hg;g wh;a fkd fõ'
3. f.j;=j, ;=re úhka 10]g jvd jeä jqj o tu f.j;= l<ukdlrKfha uQ,sl wruqK
lDIsld¾ñl wruqKla neúka tu f.j;= o jkdka;r f,i fkdie,fla'
4. ;j o YS% ,xldfõ iqúfYaIS mßir moaO;s jk ;DK N+ñ" ú,a¨" m;k iy ,jK j.=re
jkdka;r f,i fkdie,fla' thg fya;=j tajdfha ;=re úhk u.ska we;s lrk wdjrKh
10]g jvd wvq ùuhs'
j¾;udkfha Y%S ,xldfõ jkdka;r jHdma; ù mj;sk rgdj ;SrKh ùu i|yd m%Odk idOl
y;rla n,md we;'
1. ck.yk jHdma;sh
2. lDIsld¾ñl lghq;=
3. foaY.=Ksl idOl
4. N+f.da,Sh idOl
5'2 iajdNdúl jkdka;r

iajdNdúl jkdka;rhla hkq ;=re,;dj,ska hq;a fndfyda Ôùkag jdiia:dk imhk f.dvìï
mßir moaO;shls' fïjd ld,dka;rhla ;siafia mßKduh fjñka W;al¾Ij;a ;;a;ajhg m;a
jk w;r tys § tu jkdka;rj, we;s ixrpl w;r .;sl iu;=,s;;djla we;s fõ' ld,hla
87
;siafia mßKduhg ,la jk fuu iajdNdúl jkdka;r we;eï wjia:dj, § laIKslj we;s
jk <eõ.sks wd§ mdßißl n,mEï fyda ñksia ls%hdldrlïj,g f.dÿre fjhs' túg tu
jkdka;rj, lemSfmfkk fjkialï we;s fõ' iajdNdúl jkdka;rj,g isÿj we;s fujeks
n,mEï u; fïjd m%d:ñl jkdka;r iy oaú;Shsl jkdka;r f,i uQ,sl j¾.SlrKhlg
,la lrkq ,nhs'
m%d:ñl jkdka;r oaú;Shsl jkdka;r

1.ñks i a ls % h dldrlïj,gfyda ia j Ndúl 1. <eõ.sks jeks iajNdúl jHikhkag f.dÿre
jHikhkag ,la fkdù ld,dka;rhla mej;S jQ fyda ñksidf.a t<s lsÍïj,g ,la ù
we;' kej; mq k ¾ckkh fjñka mj;s k
jkdka;r fõ'
2. ffcj úúO;ajh idfmalaIj b;d by<h' 2. ffcj úúO;ajh idfmalaIj wvq h'
3. úúO jhiaj, Ydl yuq fõ' 3. fndfydaÿrg iu jhiaj, Ydl yuq fõ'
4. foaY.=Ksl ;;a;ajj,g wod< jkdka;r- 4. lgql mßirj, jefjk iy fõ.j;aj
j, ,laIK fyd|ska fmkakqï lrhs' m%pdrKh isÿ jk Ydl nyq,j yuq fõ'
fïjdfha fndfyda j,a o¾Y iy wdfõKsl Wod( fndfyda úh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r
Ydl y÷kd .; yels h' fïjd .sks .ekSïj,g ,la ù fyda
Wod( isxyrdc jkdka;rfha uOH l,dmh ñks i a jdiia : dk f,i ld,hla
fuu jkdka;rfha jeä m%foaYhla j,a mej;Su ksid oaú;Shsl jkdka;rj,
o¾Y iy wdfõKsl Ydlj,ska ,laIK fmkajhs'
iukaú; fõ'
rEmh 5'1( m%d:ñl jkdka;rhla f,i mj;sk rEmh 5'2( lels,a, jeù we;s oaú;Shsl
isxyrdc jkdka;r m%foaYhla jkdka;r m%foaYhla
iajdNdúl jkdka;rhl ixhq;sh flfrys j¾Idm;kh" WIaK;ajh" WÉp;ajh" ,jK;dj"

mdxY= ;;a;ajh iy iq<`. wdÈ mdßißl idOl n,mdk w;r tu n,mEï u; jkdka;rj,
iajNdjh o fjkia fõ' fï wkqj iajdNdúl jkdka;r j¾. ^Forest types& rdYshla Y%S
,xldfõ olakg ,efnk w;r bka lsysmhla fuu mßÉfþofha § úia;r flfrkq we;'
88
tkï"
1' ksj¾;k f;;a iodyß; jkdka;r
2' ksj¾;k úh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r
3' ksj¾;k l÷lr yd Wm l÷lr jkdka;r
4' lgq m÷re yd ,÷ le,E
5' iejdkd jkdka;r
6' lfvd,dk
fïjdg wu;rj jkdka;r f,i fkdie,flk iajdNdúlj yuq jk iqúfYaIS mßir moaO;s
o Y%S ,xldfõ yuqfõ' ;DK N+ñ" ú,a¨" ouk iy j.=reìï fï i|yd WodyrK fõ'
1' ksj¾;k f;;a iodyß; jkdka;r ^my;rg ksj¾;k j¾Id jkdka;r&
YS% ,xldfõ ksß;È. m%foaYfha uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg 900 m

olajd jQ N+ñ m%foaYj, fuu jkdka;r me;sr mj;S'
fïjd tlg hdj msysá úYd, jkdka;r f,i fkdj"
úisÍ fjka fjkaj mj;sk jkdka;r f,i jHdma;j
.s,Suf,a we;' úYd, jYfhka jeú,s l¾udka;h i|yd N+ñh
Ndú; lsÍu;a" ñksia ckdjdi bÈ ùu;a fufia úisÍ
ysksÿï isxyrdch mej;Su i|yd fya;= jkakg we;' tfy;a isxyrdc
l÷jeáh
lkafk,sh
jkdka;rh fylaghdr 11"127la mqrd me;sr we;' tfia u
foosh., lkafk<sh" foÈh., iy kdlshdfoKsh hk jk ;s%;ajh
fldÜgj kdlshdfoKsh
fylaghdr 6"144la mqrd me;sr we;'
fuu jkdka;r msysá m%foaYj, idudkH WIaK;ajh 27

rEmh 5'3( Y%S ,xldfõ f;;a l,dmfha C fõ' tfia u j¾Ih mqrd me;sreKq 2500-5000 mm
0
olakg ,efnk m%Odk jeis jkdka;r muK j¾Idm;khla ,efí' jkdka;r ;=< idfmalaI
ûQ,dY%h( Y%S ,xldfõ jeis jkdka;r
- mS'weï' fiakdr;ak& wd¾ø;dj 75] - 90] fõ'
Ydlj, ia;ÍNjkh b;d meyeÈ,s h' Wi .iaj, uqÿka tlsfkl hd ù 30-45 m muK Wil
§ úhka ia;rhla idohs ' úhka ia;rfha iq, n Ydl w;r yevjl (Chaetocarpus
castanocarpus), u,fn dv (Myristica
dactyloides), kd (Mesua ferrea), wegU
(Mengifera zeylanica), ojg (Carallia brachiata),
ñ,a, (Vitex altissima), wdßoao (Campnosperma
zeylanica) wdÈh yuq fõ'
fuu úhk yryd 45-50 m muK Wi .ia ;ekska
;ekska u;= jk w;r th fkre ia;rh f,i
ye|ska fõ' fkre ia;rfha m%uL
q Ydl (dominants)
rEmh 5'4( ia;ÍNjkh ±lafjk ksj¾;k
f,i fydr (Dipterocarpus zeylanicus), nQfydr f;;a iodyß; jkdka;rhl me;slvla
89
(Dipterocarpus hispidus), ÿka (Shorea congestiflora), kd (Mesua), lsßyeô,sh (Palaquium),
legfudv (Cullenia), lel=K (Cannarium) wdÈh yuq fõ'
úhka ia;rhg my<ska 15-20 m muK Wi .iaj,ska iEÿKq Wm úhka ia;rhls' fuu ia;rfha
Cullenia rosayroana (j,a ¥ßhka& Myristica dactyloides, Èhmr (Dillenia triquetra), f.dvmr
(Dillenia retusa), nÿ,a, (Semecarpus nigroviridis), .,a lr| (Humboldtia laurifolia) wdÈh
iq,N fõ' fuu Wm úhka ia;rhg my;ska há Ydl iy m÷re ia;rhla o ±lsh yels h' fuu
ia;rfha ng (Ochlandra), Ydl yuq jk w;r fõje,a (Calamus rotang), fjksje,a
(Coscinium fenestratum), rils| (Tinospora cordifolia), mqiaje,a (Entada pussaetha) jeks
wdfrdayl Ydl o iq,Nj yuq fõ'
fuu ia;ÍNjkh fya;=fjka ìï uÜgug jefgk wdf,dalh b;d wvq h' tneúka ìï
ia;rfha Ydl iq,N fkd fõ' tfy;a jhia.; úYd, .ia ñh hEfuka iy fmr<Sfuka
u;=jk ysia wjldYj, ìï ia;rfha wldIaÁh Ydl iy ójk j¾. wdÈh jefvkq ±lsh yels
fõ' fmdf<dj u; Èrdm;a jk Ydl fldgia iys; ldnksl øjH ia;rhls'
rEmh 5'5( fíreï ;=vq iys; rEmh 5'6( .ia weo jeàu je<elaùu rEmh 5'7( wmsYdl iy wdfrdayl
m<,a m;% i|yd wkqj¾;kh jQ uq,a Ydl jeã we;s l|ka
fuu jkdka;rj, we;s Ydl úfYaIj, m;% m<,ajk w;r fndfyda m;% fíreï ;=vq iys;
tajd h' m;% u;g jefgk c,h blaukska bj;a ùug fuu ;=vq WmldÍ fõ' fndfyda Wi .ia
fmr<Su je<elaùu i|yd tajdfha mduq, lhsre uq,a olakg ,efí' l|ka u; wdfrdayl Ydl"
wmsYdl wdÈh nyq,j ±lsh yels h' fuu jkdka;rj, ffcj úúO;ajh b;d by< h' we;eï
jkdka;r m%foaY m%d:ñl jkdka;r f,i mj;S' tfia u tajdfha we;s Ydl w;=ßka
60% - 75%la muK ,xldjg wdfõKsl Ydl fõ' fndfyda Ydl iu úIalïNsl l|ka iys;
jk w;r tajd fõ.fhka j¾Okh jQ l|ka fõ' tu l|kaj, c, m%;Y s ;h by< w.hla .kSS'
fï ksid fïjdfha Yla;su;a nj idfmalaIj wvq jk w;r ±juh jákdlu o wvq h' ;rula
jákd Yla;su;a l|ka iys; Ydl f,i yuq jkafka keÿka ^Pericopsis mooniana& iy
l¿ueÈßh ^Diospyros quaesita& jeks Ydlhs'
1970 oYlfha § isxyrdch yd lkafk,sh jkdka;rj, fldgil oej fy<Su isÿ lr tajd
;=kS ,E,s ksIamdokh i|yd fhdod f.k we;s kuq;a" j¾;udkfha tu jkdka;rj, oej
fy<Sï kj;d we;'
2' ksj¾;k l÷lr yd Wm l÷lr jkdka;r
90
Wm l÷lr jkdka;r
uqyqÿ uÜgfï isg 900-1500 m w;r m%foaYj, fuu jkdka;r jHdma;j we;' kl,aia ^ÿïnr
jkdka;r& m%foaY" YS% mdo jkdka;rh" kuqkl
q =, m%foaYh" rlajdk iy foKshdh jeks m%foaYj,
we;s jkdka;r fï i|yd ksoiqka fõ' tfia u isxyrdc jkdka;rfha 900 mg by< fldgi
o fuhg wh;a fõ' fuu jkdka ; rj, ;= r e úhfkys 20 m-25 mla muK Wi
ämafgfrdldfmai sfha (Dipterocapaceae), lDisfha is fha (Crusiaceae) iy uhs fÜis fha
(Myrtaceae) Ydl l=, m%uqL fõ' ;j o ÿka ^Shorea gardneri&, fodU ^Calophyllum spp.&,
fudr ^Cryptocarya wightiana&" u,fndv ^Myristica dactyloides& iy fmar úfYaI ^Syzygium
spp.& fuys olakg we;s Ydl i|yd WodyrK fõ' fuys we;s Ydlj,ska 50% muK ,xldjg
wdfõKsl Ydl fõ'
l÷lr jkdka;r
uqyqÿ uÜgñka 1500 mg jeä N+ñ m%foaYj, fuu jkdka;r msysgd we;' lDisfhaisfha
(Crusiaceae), uhs f Üis f ha (Myrtaceae), ¨f¾is f ha (Lauraceae), is ï ma f ,dfla i s f ha
(Symplocaceae) iy reìfhaisfha (Rubiaceae) wd§ Ydl l=,j,g wh;a Ydl fuu jkdka;r
;=< m%uqL fõ' fujdfha jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 1500 mmg jvd jeä w;r idudkH WIaK;ajh
15 0Cla muK fõ' Ydl úhfka Wi 10 mla muK jk w;r .eg iys; weUreKq Ydl l|ka
we;' .ia uqÿka me;,s w;r m;% isyska h'
rEmh 5'8( l÷lr jkdka;rhla rEmh 5'9( l÷lr jkdka;rhl me;slvla
ia;ÍNjkh t;rï meyeÈ,s ke;' úhka ia;rhla iy háka l=vd Ydl iys; m÷re ia;rhla
olakg ,efí' úhka ia;rfha u,afjr¿ (Elaeocarpus)" lSk (Calophyllum)" ñysßh (Gordonia),
ukafodr (Stemonoporus), l=re÷ (Cinnamomum verum), uyr;au,a ^Rhododendron& jeks
Ydl o m÷re i;rfha fk¨ (Strobilanthes)" .sksfydg ^Cyathea& .ia ójk iy lgq WK
jeks Ydl o" Bg wu;rj wmsYdl iy ,hslk j¾. o ´lSâ wdÈh o olakg ,efí'
91
rEmh 5'10( uyr;au,a rEmh 5'11( .ia ójk rEmh 5'12( j,a ´lSâ úfYaIhla
l÷lr jkdka;r f,i y.a.," msÿre;,d.," fyda¾gka ;ekak" lsls<shdudk iy óms,sudk

jeks jkdka;r WodyrK f,i y÷kajd Èh yels h' l÷lr jkdka;rj, b;d by< m%foaY
j,dl=¿ jkdka;r f,i y÷kajhs' fuu jkdka;r m%foaYj, WIaK;ajh b;d wvq h' ks;r u
óÿu mj;S' Ydl l|ka iy w;= u; jdhqf.da,Sh c, jdIam Wrd f.k jefvk ,hslk iq,N
oiqka fõ'
fuu m%foaYj, idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj b;d by< w;r fndfyda wjia:dj, c, jdIamj,ska
ika;Dma;j mj;S' flá ld,hl § Ydlj, lf|a w;=j, iy m;%j, l=vd Èh ì|s;s we;s fõ'
fïjd .iaj, w;=j, iy lf|a we;s Èh fij, u.ska Wrd .kS' fufia /ia lr .kakd c,h
l%udkql+,j c, W,am;aj,g uqod yÍ' tu c,h .x.d we< fod< wdÈh fmdaIKh lrhs'
j¾Id ld,fha§ o fndfyda c, m%udKhla Wrd .kakd fuu mdis j¾. ksid c,h tl úg
.x.d we<j,g uqod fkdyßk neúka c, .e,Sï md,kh fõ' Wrd .kakd c,h miq wjia:dj,
§ fifuka uqod yßk neúka ±ä úh<s ld,j,§;a kqjrt<sh jeks m%foaY c,fhka
iajhxfmdaIs;j mej;Sug fuu j,dl=¿ jkdka;r WmldÍ fõ'
rEmh 5'13( j,dl=¿ jkdka;r m%foaYhla rEmh 5'14( by< l÷lr jkdka;rj, Ydl u;
jefvk Usnea barbata ,hslk úfYaIh
92
3' ksj¾;k úh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;r
Y%S ,xldfõ uq¿ N+ñ m%udKfhka 16]la muK m%foaYhla wdjrKh lrñka me;sr we;s fuu
jkdka;r ,xldfõ uq¿ jkdka;r m%udKfhka 57]la muK ksfhdackh lrhs' ,xldfõ
W;=re kef.kysr" W;=re ueo iy ol=Kq m<df;a me;sr mj;sk jkdka;r fuu j¾.hg wh;a
fõ' fuu jkdka;r m%foaYj, idudkH WIaK;ajh 300 Cla muK jk w;r jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh
1250-1900 mm muK fõ' fuu j¾Idm;kh o wjqreoao mqrd taldldÍj me;sreKq j¾Idm;khla
fkdfõ' fkdjeïn¾ ckjdß ld,iSudfõ§ jeä j¾Idm;khla ,efí' ta i|yd Bidk È.
fudaiï j¾Idj n,mdhs' uehs isg iema;eïn¾ olajd ld,iSudj §¾> kshx ld,hls' fuu
jkdka;rj, yuq jk Ydl j, Wi 25 mla muK fõ' kshx ld,fha§ we;eï Ydlj, m;%
m;kh fõ' m;kYS,S Ydlj, úh<s ld,fha § m;% m;kh jk neúka tu ld,fha §
jkdka;rfha fmdf<dj u; wdf,dalh m;s; fõ' kej; j¾Idj wdrïN jk úg m;% yg
.kshs' fï ksid j¾Id ld,fha § ìï ia;rfha Ydl iq,N fõ'
rEmh 5'15( úh<s ld,fha m;% m;kh jQ rEmh 5'16( ksj¾;k úh<s ñY% iodyß;
ksj¾;k úh<s ñY% iodyß; jkdka;rhla jkdka;rhla ;=< o¾Ykh
fuu jkdka;rj, yuq jk fndfyda Ydlj, m;% ixhqla; m;% fõ' Ydl l|ka fyd|ska w;=
fn§ we;' f;;a l,dmSh jkdka;rj,g idfmalaIj wmsYdl wvq w;r lhsre uq,a o wvq h'
.iaj, fmd;= b;d r¨ h' .eg iys; l|ka b;d Yla;su;a l|ka fõ' tneúka tajdfha ±juh
jákdlu by< h' WodyrK f,i nqre; ^Chloroxylon swietenia&" ke÷ka (Pericopsis
mooniana) m¨ ^Manilkara hexandra&" y,añ,a, ^Berrya cordifolia&" l¿jr ^Diospyros
ebenum&" fldaka ^Schleichera oleosa& wd§ Ydl ±laúh yels h' f;;a l,dmfha yuq jk
jkdka;rj, fuka ia;ÍNjkh meyeÈ,s ke;' Ydl úúO;ajh o idfmalaIj wvq h.
Wod( ßá., jkdka;rh" iS.sßh wdYs%; jkdka;r" msÿrx., jkdka;rh
rEmh 5'17( y,añ,a, rEmh 5'18( nqre; rEmh 5'19( m¨ rEmh 5'20( fldaka
93
4' lgq m÷re yd ,÷ le,E
YS% ,xldfõ yïnkaf;dg yd ukakdrï m%foaYj, yuq jk jkdka;r fuu j¾.hg wh;a fõ'
fuu jkdka;r iys; m%foaYj, jd¾Isl j¾Idm;kh 1250 mmg wvq fõ' ie,lsh hq;=
j¾Idm;khla ,efnkafka fkdjeïn¾ foieïn¾ ld, iSudfõ § h' b;d §¾> kshx ld,hla
mj;S' m%foaYfha idudkH WIaK;ajh 30-35 0C w;r w.hla .kshs' Wi .ia ÿ,n w;r nyq,j
yuq jkafka Y=IalrEmS ,laIK fmkajk
lgq iys; Ydl úfYaIhs' uhs, (Bauhinia
racemosa), trñ kshd (Zizyphus
Oenoplea), rKjrd (Cassia auriculata),
o¨la (Euphorbia antiquorum), u,s;a;ka
(Salvadora persica) wkaor (Dichrostachys
cinerea), Acacia planifrons wdÈh fuys
iq,Nj jefvk Ydl h' úfoaYSh Ydlhla
jk lgq mf;dla a (Opuntia dilleni) o
fndfyda ;ekaj, jHdma;j ;sfnkq ±lsh rEmh 5'21( lgq m÷re nyq,j olakg ,efnk hd,
jkdka;rfha o¾Ykhla
yels h'
rEmh 5'22( uhs, rEmh 5'23( trñksh rEmh 5'24( rKjrd rEmh 5'25( lgqmf;dla
5' ijdkd jkdka;r
fuu jkdka;r Y%S ,xldfõ úh<s iy w;rueÈ l,dmfha 300-1000 m w;r m%foaYfha msysgd
we;' uOH l÷lrfha kef.kysr nEjqfï W!j fødaKsfha o" fudkrd.," ìì, iy .,aTh
m%foaYfha o ijdkd jkdka;r jeä jYfhka olakg we;'
rEmh 5'26( ijdkd jkdka;r m%foaY folla
Y%S ,xldfõ ijdkd jkdka;r mej;Sug m%Odk u fya;=j jkafka ñksid úiska jkdka;r ;=<
.sks we;s lsÍu h' tneúka .sks .ekSïj,g Tfrd;a;= fok wr¿" nq¿" fk,a,s" .ïud¨" lyg
94
jeks Ydl fuu jkdka;r ;=< me;sÍ we;' ìï ia;rfha
;DK m%uqL h' újD; jkdka;r iy ;DK iys; ùu
ks id j,a w,s ka f.a iy wfkl=;a jk Ôùkaf.a
jdiia:dk f,i fuu jkdka;r jeo.;a fõ' m%foaYfha
ck;dj fuu jkdka;rj,ska wr¿" nq¿" fk,a,s jeks rEmh 5'27( ijdkd jkdka;rhl
úúO oej fkdjk jkc øjH ,nd .ks;s' me;slvla
6' lfvd,dk fuu jkdka;r fjr< wdY%s; l,mq iy

.x fudahj, wka;¾ Woï l,dmfha oelsh
yels h' fïjd hdmkh" uvl,mqj" l,amás h"
/lj" ukakdru iy ;%sl=Kdu,h m%foaYfha
nyq,j jHdm a; ù we;' l fvd, dk
jkdka;r j, r hsfi df*df¾is fha
(Rhizophoraceae)iy weleka f ;a i s f ha
(Acanthaceae) Ydl l=, m%uqL fõ'
fu u Ydl ,j K;dj " c, uÜgfï

rEmh 5'28( lfvd,dk jkdka;rhl o¾Ykhla
úp,;dj hg i y WIaK ld,. =K
;;a;ajhkag wkqj¾;kh ù we;' ks;r c,fhka hg ùu fya;=fjka mdxY= jd;h o y`s. h'
tneúka fuu Ydl fndfydauhl ikaOdrKh i|yd fuka u jdhqf.da,Sh jd;h wjfYdaIKh
i|yd wkqj¾;kh jQ uq,a ±lsh yels h'
wys;lr ;;a;aj hgf;a îc m%frdayKhg olajk wkqj¾;khla f,i c,dnqc;dj o" ia:dhS
fkdjk mdxY= ;;a;ajhg olajk wkqj¾;khla f,i lre uq,a iy lhsre uq,a oeÍu o
lfvd,dk Ydlj, olakg we;'
rEmh 5'29( oKsia uq,a rEmh 5'30( jdhqOr uq,a rEmh 5'31( lre uq,a rEmh 32( lhsre uq,a
5'3 jk j.d
by;ska úia;r lrk ,o iajdNdúl jkdka;rj,g wh;a fkdjk jk j.d fylaghd¾

76"000la muK ,xldfõ we;' jk j.d hkq îc jemsÍfuka fyda me< isgqùfuka lD;s%uj we;s
lrk jkdka;r fõ' jk j.d lsÍfï m%Odk wruqK jkafka ±j ksIamdokh jk w;r óg
95
wu;rj or ksIamdokh" mßir ixrlaIKh" ffcj úúO;aj ixrlaIKh" iq<x ndOl we;s
lsÍu jeks wruqKq i|yd o jk j.d lrkq
,nhs'
fla;=Or jkdka;r
ia j dNdúl fla ; = O r jkdka ; r ola k g

,efnkqfha fi!uH l,dmsl rgj, jqj;a YS%
,xldfõ o ñksid úiska ks¾ñ; fla;=Or
jkdka;r mj;s' YS% ,xldfõ we;s mhskia jk rEmh 5'33( ñksid úiska ks¾ñ; fla;=Or jkdka;rhla
j.d fla;=Or jkdka;r i|yd WodyrK fõ'
Y%s ,xldfõ ydhkhg ,laj we;s N+ñj, foaYSh Ydl j.d lsÍug ork ,o W;aidyhka
wid¾:l ù we;' bka miq tjeks ìïj, fyd|ska jefjk úfYaIhla f,i y÷kdf.k ;snQ
mhskia Ydl tu N+ñj, id¾:lj j.d lr we;' ksire ìïj, mjd myiqfjka j.d lsÍug
yels ùu;a wêl j¾Ok fõ.hlska hqla; ùu;a m<sfndaO yd mrfmdaIs; ydks wju ùu;a jk
j.djg bvlv we;s fmfoiaj, mßirhg fyd|ska wkqj¾;kh ù id¾:lj j.d l< yels
ùu;a mhskiaj, we;s úfYaI;ajh fõ'
;jo ydhkhg ,la jQ m%foaYj, iajdNdúl jkdka;r oaú;Shsl ika;;sl l%shdj,sh yryd
kej; mqk¾ckkh isÿ ùug jir .Kkdjla .; jk ksid tf;la mi ksrdjrKh ù
;sîfuka we;s jk .eg¨ wju lsÍug mhskia j.dj jeo.;a fõ' tneúka by< uyje,s c,
fmdaIl m%foaYfha mej;s wêl mdxY= Ldokh je<elaùug tu m%foaYj, 1980 oYlfha § jeä
jYfhka mhskia jk j.d ia:dms; lrk ,È'
tfia u mhskia Ydlj,ska ,nd .; yels wd¾Ól m%fhdack o .Kkdjls' tkï"

1. oej ,nd .ekSu
2. moï l< oej ,nd .ekSu
3. lvodis l¾udka;hg wjYH È. fl|s iys; m,am ,nd .ekSu ^;dlaIKsl .eg¨jla
ksid j¾;udkfha § mhskia fl|s lvodis l¾udka;h i|yd Ndú;d fkdfõ'&
4. frisk ,nd .ekSu
tfy;a mhskia j.d ksid u;= jk .eg¨ lSmhla fya;=fjka mhskia j.d lsÍug tfrys
úfrdaO;d u;=j we;' tkï"
1' mhskia Ydl wêl f,i N+.; c,h wjfYdaIKh lsÍu
2' mhskia Ydl m;% iajdNdúl úfhdackhg wêl ld,hla .; ùu
3' fï ksid há j.djg ndOd meñKSu iy mi ksire ùu hkdÈhhs'
j¾;udkh jk úg ,xldfõ oej ksIamdokh i|yd we;s lrk jk j.d i|yd f;alal
^Tectona grandis&" hqle,smagia úfYAI Êucalyptus&" uefyda.kS ^ Swietenia macrophyla& yd
ldhd ^Khaya& jeks Ydl nyq,j fhdod .efka' mßir ixrlaIKh i|yd ia:dms; lrk
jkdka;rj, m%foaYfha jefvk foaYSh Ydl j.d lrkq ,nhs'
96
rEmh 5'34( f;alal rEmh 5'35( hqle,smagia rEmh 5' 36( uefyda.kS rEmh 5'37( ldhd
±j ksIamdokh i|yd jk j.d
Y%S ,xldfõ oej b,aü imqrd .ekSu i|yd we;s lrk jk j.d oej ksIamdok jk j.d f,i
ye|skafõ' fï i|yd WodyrK f,i úh<s l,dmfha f;alal jk j.d" uykqjr" nÿ,a,"
kqjrt<sh" .d,a," ud;f,a m%foaYj, j.d lr we;s mhskia iy hqle,smagia jk j.d oelaúh
yels h' ;j o Y%S ,xldfõ w;rueÈ l,dmfha ia:dms; lr we;s uefyda.kS jk j.d o fuhg
wh;a fõ' fuu jk j.dj,ska mßir ixfõ§ ia:dkj, msysá jk j.d oej ,nd .ekSu msKsi
l<ukdlrKh fkdlrhs' tu .ia fy<Su o isÿ fkdlrhs'
S, xl df õ j d¾I sl oej wj YH; dj j i r l g > k ó g ¾ ^m3& ñ,shk 1'24la muK jk nj 2006

Y%
j¾Ifha isÿ lrk ,o wOHhkhlska fy<s ù we;' jir 2020 § tu oej wjYH;dj >k óg¾
ñ,shk 2la muK jk nj 1996 jk lafIa;% uyd ie,iafï § mqfrdal:kh lr we;'
fuu wjYH;dfjka 42% muK jk f.j;=j,ska ,nd foa' jk j.dj,ska ,efnk odhllajh
11% muK fõ' uq¿ oej wjYH;dfjka 10% muK wdkhkh lsÍu isÿ lrkq ,nhs' fmd,a"
iy rn¾ wfkl=;a oej imhk m%Nj fõ'
oej ksIamdokfha § úYd, odhl;ajhla ,ndfok f.j;=j, m%udKh ck.yk j¾Okh;a

iu. wvq jk neúka f.j;=j,ska ksIamdokh jk oej m%udKh bÈßfha § wvq ùug bv we;'
tneúka oej ksIamdokh i|yd l<ukdlrKh lrk ,o jk j.d m%udKh by< kexùu
wjYH fõ' fuys § oej i|yd iqÿiq úfYaI fhdod .kshs' oej ksIamdok jk j.dj, § oej
fy<Sï isÿ lr kej; j.d lr tu j.d mßK; jQ miq h<s fy<Sï isÿ lrhs' fuu l%ufõoh
È.ska È.g u mj;ajdf.k hhs' tfy;a uefyda.kS jk j.d fufia iïmQ¾Kfhka fy<Su
fkdlrk w;r tajdfha isÿ lrkafka f;dard .;a hï m%udKhla fy<Su iy iajdNdúlj
jefvk me<j, j¾Okh fõ.j;a lsÍuhs'
jk j.d i|yd f;dard .kakd Ydl úfYaI m%foaYh wkqj fjkia fõ' fuys § úh<s l,dmfha
iy w;rueÈ l,dmfha kej; j.d lsÍug fhdod .kafka f;alal" ldhd" jeks Ydl j¾. fõ'
my;rg f;;a l,dmfha fydr j.d lrkq ,nhs' l÷lr m%foaYj, hqle,smagia j.d lrk w;r
mhskia kej; j.d lSÍu oekg isÿ fkd lrhs'
97
rEmh 5' 38( f;alal j.djla rEmh 5'39( uefyda.kS j.djla
by; i|yka Ydl j¾. úfoaYSh Ydl jk w;r tajdg o fï jk úg iudc úfrdaO;d t,a,
ù we;' tneúka oej ksIamdok jk j.d i|yd úfoaYSh Ydl j.d lrkafka l=ula ksid oehs
úuid ne,sh hq;= h'
oej i|yd Ydl úfYaI f;aÍfï § ie,lsh hq;=

lreKq jkafka tu Ydl oej l¾udka; i|yd
iqÿiq ùuhs' fuu Ydlj, j¾Ok fõ.h jeä
úh hq;= w;r" Ydlh úYd,j j¾Okh úh hq;=
h' ;j o Rcq l|la iys; ùu iy lgql
mßirfha jeãug we;s yelshdj jeks ,laIK
o jeo.;a fõ' tfia u frda. m<sfndaOj,g
Tfrda;a;= §u jeks ,laIK o ie,ls,a,g .kq
,efí' idudkHfhka oej ksIamdokh lrk rEmh 5'40( mhskia Ydl j.djla
Ydl iïmQ¾Kfhka bj;a lr kej; jk j.d

lsÍu isÿ l< hq;= neúka kej; isgqjk me<j,g b;d lgql mßirhl jeãug isÿ fõ'
fjk;a Ydl fkdue;s tjeks mßirhl fyd|ska jefvk Ydl jkqfha oaú;Shsl ika;;sfha
mqfrda.dó Ydl iy ika;;sfha uq,a wjêfha jefvk Ydl úfYaIhs' lekao ^Macaranga
peltata& .evqU" ^Trema orentalis blume&" uhs, ^Bauhinia racemosa&" f.dvlsß,a, ^Holoptelea
integrifolia& jeks Ydl foaYSh ika;;sfha uq,a wjêfha jefvk mqfrda.dó Ydl jk w;r
f;alal" ufyda.kS" hqle,smagia" mhskia hkq tjeks úfoaYSh Ydl úfYaI fõ'
lekao iy uhs, jeks Ydl oej ksIamdok i|yd iqÿiq fkdjk w;r ika;;sfha uq,a wjêfha
jefvk Ydl jk f;alal" hqle,smagia" wdÈh oej ksIamdokh i|yd iqÿiq Ydl fõ' tneúka
oej ksIamdokh i|yd jk j.d lsÍfï § tu úfYaI fhdod .kshs' oej ksIamdokh i|yd iqÿiq
foaYSh Ydl f,i id¾:l;ajhla olajd we;af;a y,añ,a, ^Berrya corbifolia& iy keÿka
^Pericopis mooniana& jeks Ydl jk w;r tajdfha oejuh jákdlu by< jqj o j¾Ok
fõ.h wvq ùu .eg¨ iy.; fõ' foaYSh úfYaIhla jk fydr ^Dipterocarpus zelanicus&
Ydlh by; ;;a;aj hgf;a fyd| j¾Okhla fmkajqj o oejuh jákdlu wvq h'
98
or ksIamdokh i|yd jk j.d
,xldfõ or wjYH;dj jirlg >k ógr ñ,shk folla muK fõ' tkï Yla;s m%Njhla
f,i or i|yd úYd, b,aüla mj;S' tfy;a ,xldfõ or i|yd fjka jQ jk j.d we;af;a
b;d wvq m%udKhls' fndfyda úg ta i|yd .kq ,nkafka ±j ksIamdokfhka bj;a jk w;=re
M, iy bj;a jk fldgia fuka u f.j;=j,ska ,nd .kakd fldgia h' tneúka by< hk
or wjYH;d i|yd or i|yd Ydl j.d lsÍu w;HjYH ld¾hhla f,i y÷kd f.k we;'
.DydY%s; Yla;s m%Njhla fuka u f;a l¾udka;h" fmd,a wdY%s; l¾udka;" frÈms<s wdY%s;
l¾udka; i|yd o Yla;s m%Njhla f,i or wjYH fõ'
or i | y d i q
ÿi qj k a
f k ah q
l e, sma
g i al eu e, a
vq i si a^ Eucalyptus camaldulensis& weflaIh
f, ka s d
Âcacia), .a,sßisähd (Gliricidia sepium&" bms,a bms,a ^Leucaena leucocephala&" jeks Ydl
úfYaI fõ' or ksIm
a dokfha§ Rcq l|ka fyda uy; l|ka wjYH fkdjk w;r wvq l,dka;rj,ska
or wiajkq fk<Sug yelshdjla ;sîu jeo.;a fõ' we;eï Ydl fy<Sfuka" b;sßjk l|
fldgiska b;d fyd| ;;a;ajfha ßls,s ckkh fõ' tfia fyd|ska jefvk ßls,s ukd f,i
l<ukdlrKh lr tu ßls,s fyd|ska jevqKq miq tajd h<s or f,i Ndú; l< yels fõ' th
ßls,s l<ukdlrKh f,i ye|skafõ' ßls,s l<ukdlrKh lsÍu u.ska kj me< isgù q ulska
f;drj wLKavj jk j.djlska or ,nd .ekSfï yelshdjla we;' ;j o WK ^Bambusa
vulgaris& Ydl o or ksIamdokh i|yd iqÿiq Ydlhla f,i y÷kd f.k we;'
or ksIamdokh i|yd iqÿiq Ydlj, ,laIK

1. orj, by< le,ß w.hla ;sîu
2. by< j¾Ok fõ.h iys; ùu
3. flá ld,hlska .ia lemSug yels ùu
4. .ia lemSfuka miq l| fldgiska fyd|ska ßls,s yg.kakd Ydl ùu
5. lgql mßirhl jeãug yels ùu
wdrlaIdj i|yd jk j.d
wdrlaIdj hgf;a c, fmdaIl ixrlaIKh" mdxY= rlaIKh" fjr< ixrlaIKh yd bjqre

ixrlaIKh i|yd jk j.d lsÍu isÿ lrhs'
w;S;fha § fï i|yd Ndú; lr we;s Ydl úfYAI jkafkaa hqle,smagia" mhskia" ldhd jeks
úfoaYSh Ydl h' ta wkqj ia:dms; lrk ,o jk j.d" Tysh" mÜáfmd< jeks m%foaYj, ±l .;
yels h' j¾;udkfha § wdrlaIdj msKsi isÿ lrk jk j.dj, hqle,smagia iy ldhdj,g
wu;rj foaYSh Ydl úfYaI o j.d lrkq ,nhs' foaYSh úfYaIj,g b;a;Ejka" uqjka yd
f.dakqkaf.ka isÿ jk ydks ;rula jeä ùu .eg¨ldÍ ;;ajhls'
.x.d bjqre Ldokfhka wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd WK j.d l< yels jqj o WK m÷re ksis f,i
l<ukdlrKh fkdlsÍu ksid tajd úYd, f,i j¾Okh ù ±ä j¾Idjl § úYd, ydkshla
isÿ lrñka m÷re f,i .e,ù hEu isÿ fõ' tjeks WK j.d ksis f,i l<ukdlrKh lrñka
j.d lrf;d;a tys hym;a m%;sM, ,nd .; yels fõ'
99
iq<x ndOl jk j.d
iq<x yuk ÈYdjg ,ïNl f,i ;Sre f,i isÿ lrk jk j.d iq<x ndOl jk j.d f,i
kï lrhs' tajd l÷lr m%foaYj, ±ä iq<x ksid lDIs fnda. iy wfkl=;a jeú,s fnda.j,g
iq<`.ska we;s lrk n,mEu wvq lr .ekSug odhl fõ'
c, iy mdxY= ixrlaIKhg iqÿiq Ydlj, ,laIK

1. wys;lr mdxY= ;;a;aj hgf;a j¾Okh ùug yels ùu
2. fyd| ;=re jeiaula we;s lsÍug yels ùu
3. Ydl m;% u.ska fyd| wdia;rKhla ,nd §ug yels ùu
4. há frdamKhla we;s ùug iy iajdNdúl mqk¾ckkh we;s lsÍug ndOd fkdùu
5. jk Ôùkaf.ka jk ydksh wju ùu
6. iajdNdúl mßir moaO;sj,g ydks isÿ fkdlsÍu
5'4 jkdka;rj, jeo.;alu
1. jdhqf.da,fha CO2 yd O2 ;=,H;dj mj;ajd .ekSug odhl ùu yd úfYaIfhka ldnka

;sr lsÍu u.ska CO2 ksid isÿ jk mdßißl n,mEu wju lsÍu
2. mßirh isis,a lsÍu
3. laIqø ld,.=Ksl ;;a;ajh we;s lsÍu iy m%dfoaYSh j¾Id we;s ùug odhl ùu
4. c, fmdaIlj, mdxY= iy c, ixrlaIKh
5. mrd. ldrlhkag yd îc yd M, jHdma;sldrlhkag jdiia:dk ie,iSu
6. iajdNdúl w,xlrKh yd mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;hg odhl ùu
7. Ôùkag jdiia:dk iemhSu
8. tal foaYsl Ôùka wdrlaId lsÍu
9' iq<x ndOl f,i ls%hd lsÍu
10' T!IO" wdydr or wdÈh iemhSu
11' cdk iïm;aa iqrlsk ia:dk f,i l%shd lsÍu
12' ixialD;sl iy ft;sydisl jeo.;alulska hq;a ia:dk iq/lSu
fïjdg wur;j ñksid úiska ks¾ñ; jkdka;r u.ska o iqúfYaIs fufyhla bgq lrhs' tajd
kï
1. iajdNdúl jkdka;r /l .ekSug odhl ùu - ñksidf.a ±j iy or wjYH;d i|yd
iajdNdúl jkdka;r úkdY lsÍu fï ksid md,kh fõ'
2. ksire ìïj, j.d l< yels ùu- mhskia jeks Ydl ksire ìul jqj o .,a w;=ßka mia
fidhd f.dia j¾Okh ùfï yelshdj iy iajdNdúl Wjÿrej,g Tfrd;a;= §fï yelshdj
orhs'
3. leIqßkd - je,s iy ,jK ñY% mfiys o j.d lsÍug yelshdjla we;'
4. oej ksIAmdok u.ska cd;sl wd¾Ólh Yla;su;a lsÍu
100
Y%S ,xldfõ jk ixrlaIKfha úldYkh
f,dalfha ´kE u rgl úfYaIfhka ksj¾;k l,dmSh rgl uq¿ ìï m%udKfhka 30%l
muK jk wdjrKhla ;sîu wjYH jqj;a úúO rgj, iudc wd¾Ól wjYH;d u; th
mj;ajd .ekSu wNsfhda.hlaj mj;S' tneúka ish¨ ldrKd ie,ls,,
a g .;a úg wju jYfhka
25%l jk jeiaula mj;ajd .ekSu w;jYH nj úoHd;aul u;h ù ;sfí' kuq;a jeä jk
ck.ykfha wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug isÿ lrk ixj¾Ok ls%hdud¾. fya;=fjka ,xldfõ jk
wdjrKh wvq fjñka mj;S'
w;S; isxy, rdcOdks hgf;a jk ixrlaIKhg úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduqj ;snQ njg idlaIs
yuq fõ' ,sÅ; b;sydih ;=< tkï ls'% mQ' 247 - 207 w;r ld,fha § foajdkï msh;siai rc;=ud
úiska rlaIs;hla iy wNh N+ñhla f,i kï l< uyfuõkd Whk f,dj m%:u rlaIs;h yd
wNh N+ñh f,i jd¾;d ù we;'
1796 jk úg ì%;dkH cd;slhka furgg meñfKk úg o furg jk wdjrKh b;d fyd|

;;a;ajhl ;sî we;s w;r tksid u 1811 § ieuqfj,a veksfh,a kue;s bx.S%is cd;slhd furg
le,E wêldßjrhd ^Superintendent of forest& f,i m;a lr we;' Tyq úiska úYd, f,i ±j
lmd wmkhkh lr fy<s jQ bvïj, fldams j.dj jHdma; lr we;' kuq;a fuhska jk
úkdYh jgyd .ekSfuka miq 1887 § wd¾' f;dïmaika uy;d furg m%:u jk ixrlaIl
^Conservator of forest& f,i m;a lr jk ixrlaIKh i|yd úoHd;aulj lghq;= isÿ lsÍu
wdrïN lr we;' bka wk;=rej 1899 § jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïk;=j msysgqùfuka jk
ixrlaIKhg úêu;a m%fõYhla i,id fok ,È'
jk iïm;a ixj¾Okfha iy l<ukdlrKfha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d
1. rlaIs; we;s lsÍu iy mj;sk rlaIs; wdrlaId lsÍu

i. oeä ixrlaIs; - ßá., oeä rlaIs;h
ii. cd;sl jfkdaoHdk - hd, jfkdaoHdkh
iii. wNh N+ñ - fn,a,kaú," w;a;säh
iv. iajdNdúl rlaIs; - ñkafkaßh" .sß;,h rlaIs;h
v. ixrlaIK jkdka;r - kl,aia ixrlaIK jkdka;rh
vi. cd;sl Wreu jkN+ñ - isxyrdc cd;sl Wreu jkN+ñh
vii. rlaIs; jkdka;r - lkafk<sh" ,nq.u-l,gqjdj
2. jk m%;sm;a;s yd kS;sh Yla;su;a lsÍu
3. ydhkhg m;a jk jkdka;r m%;sia:dmkh
4. m%cd iyNd.s;aj jk j.d jHdmD;s l%shd;aul lsÍu
fï hgf;a"
• m%cd iyNd.s;aj jk j.d jHdmD;sh
• jk iïm;a l<ukdlrK jHdmD;sh
101
• Y%S ,xld-íafÜ%,shd iajdNdúl iïm;a l<ukdlrK jHdmD;sh
• jk j.d we;s lsÍu iy wid¾:l jk j.d mqkre;a:dmkh
• fhda.H úfYaI kej; ia:dk.; lsÍu
• jkdka;r iSud udhsï kS¾Kh lsÍu
• jkdka;r wdY%s;j mdßißl ixpdrl l¾udka;h m%j¾Okh lsÍu
• jk úoHd wOHdmkh yd m¾fhaIK Yla;su;a lsÍu
• fm!oa.,sl wxYfha iy uyck;djf.a ueÈy;aùu yd ta i|yd Èß .ekaùu
• msgráka oej wdkhkh lsÍu
• rn¾ jeks oej moï lr Ndú;hg .ekSu
• úl,am bkaOk Ndú;h ^fmd,algq" oyhshd" ,S l=vq" iy h;= l=vq&
• oej fjkqjg fldkalS%Ü" hlv" we¨ñkshï ksIamdok y÷kajd §u
• mssßueiqïodhl <sma y÷kajd §u
• bj;a jk ,S l=vq h;= l=vq wdÈh Ndú;fhka lrkq ,nk ksIamdok y÷kajd §u Wod(
*a,hsjqâ
102
6' Ydl mgl frdamKh
6'1 ye|skaùu
wE; w;S;fha isg u ñksid Tyqf.a wdydr" we÷ï" T!IO yd ksjdi ilia lsÍu we;=¿ fjk;a
fndfyda wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug Ydl øjH Ndú;hg mqreÿ ù isáfha h' fï w;=ßka wdydr
i|yd Ydluh øjH w;HjYH wx.hla jQ w;r tu wjYH;dj ;ud Ôj;a jk m%foaYfha tla
tla R;=j, § iajdNdúlj jefvk Ydl fldgia wkqNjhg .ekSfuka imqrd .kakd ,§'
miqld,Skj ;ud jvd;a m%sh lrk fnda. j¾. ;ud úiska u ksmojd .ekSug fm,öu ksid
lDIsl¾udka;h wdrïN úh' kuq;a f,dal ck.ykh l%ufhka j¾Okh úu;a iu. idïm%odhsl
f.dú;eka l%uj,ska ,nd .kakd Ydluh øjH ñksidf.a wdydr wjYH;dj we;=¿ wfkl=;a
wjYH;d imqrd,Sug m%udKj;a fkd ù h' jdKscuh l¾udka; ìys ùfï § hemqï l¾udka;fha
§ Ndú; l< idïm%odhsl l%uj,ska neyer ù ÈhqKq lDIsld¾ñl l%u Ndú; lsÍu w;HjYH
úh' fuys § kj frdamK udOH yd laIqø m%pdrK l%u Ndú; lr .=Kd;aul îc yd me< imhd
.ekSu flfrys úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq úh'
úfYaIs; ;;a;aj hgf;a kj Ydlhla njg úlikh ùug Ydl ffi, i;= yelshdj jir
.Kkla ;siafia lrk ,o m¾fhaIKj,ska wkdjrKh lr we;s w;r tu yelshdj u; kj
Ydl ksmoùu mgl frdamK ;dlaIKh f,i y÷kajkq ,eî h'
mgl frdamK ;dlaIKh Ndú;fhka" ujq Ydlhg iudk" jhsria frda.j,ska f;dr .=Kd;aul
me< úYd, m%udKhla ksmojd .; yels w;r th laIqø m%pdrKh f,i kï flf¾' óg
wu;rj mgl frdamK ;dlaIKh fjk;a fndfyda ld¾hhka i|yd Ndú; fõ' úoHd.dr ;=<
§ ffi, frdamKh u.ska jákd T!IO j¾. we;=¿ fjk;a ridhk øjH ksiaidrKh lsÍu"
cdk bxcsfkare ;dlaIKfha § Wmldr lr .ekSu yd cdk ma,diau ixrlaIKh" mgl frdamK
;dlaIKh Ndú; jk ;j;a wjia:d lsysmhls' Y%S ,xldfõ weka;+ßhï" ´lsâ jeks úis;=re
u,a l¾udka;fha § o" flfi,a jeks m,;=re me< ksIamdokh i|yd o mgl frdamK ;dlaIKh
Ndú; fõ'
6'2 mgl frdamK ;dlaIKfha b;sydih
Ydl ffi,j,g iïmQ¾K Ydlhla njg úlikh ùug we;s yelshdj fyj;a ffi, ckk
úNjh (totipotency) kï ixl,amh f,djg bÈßm;a ùu;a iu. u Ydl ffi,j,ska kj Ydl
ìys lsÍug úoHd{fhda W;aidy l<y' ta wkqj mgl frdamK ;dlaIKh ìys úh'
uq,a ld,fha § fmdaIK udOH ;=< ffi, fyda mgl frdamKh hï uÜgulska id¾:l jqj;a
fndfyda m¾fhaIK wid¾:l jQfha m%Yia; ÔjdKqyß; ;;a;aj Ndú; fkdlsÍfuka we;s jQ
laIqø Ôù wdidok yd fjk;a ;dlaIKsl .eg¨ u;= ùu fya;=fjks'
l%s'j' 1902 § f,dj m%:u id¾:l kd,iaÓ; ffi, frdamKh "mgl frdamKfha mshd" f,i
y÷kajk c¾uka cd;sl Ydl ldhsl úoHd{ y¾n¾,ekaâ (Haberlandt) úiska isÿ lrk ,È'
103
fï i|yd .aÆfldaia yd fmlaàk wvx.= fkdmaia udOHh (Knop's medium) fhdod .kakd ,§'
fulS frdamK flá l,l § laIøq Ôù wdidokhg ,la jQfhka mgl frdamKfha § ÔjdKqyß;
;;a;aj Ndú;h w;HjYH nj y¾n¾ ,ekaâ úiska fmkajd fok ,È'
wk;=rej 1962 § MS udOHh y÷kajd §u uqrIs yd ial+.a (Murashige & Skoog) úoaj;=ka úiska
isÿ lrk ,§'
fuf,iska ÈhqKq jQ mgl frdamK ;dlaIKh j¾;udkfha § cdk bxðfkare úoHdj u.ska
ksmojd .kakd ,o kj ffi, Ydl njg úlikh lr .ekSug úYd, f,i Ndú; lrhs'
6'3 mgl frdamK ;dlaIKh
Ydl m%pdrKh iajdNdúl yd lD;%su f,i m%Odk wdldr follg isÿ lrhs' fuu m%pdrK l%u
fol w;=ßka tljr úYd, me< ixLHdjla ,nd .; hq;= wjia:dj,§ lD;%su Ydl m%pdrK
l%uhla f,i mgl frdamK ;dlaIKh Ndú; fõ' kj me< ,nd .ekSug wu;rj mgl
frdamK ;dlaIKh fjk;a fndfyda ld¾h i|yd Ndú; fõ'
iÔù Ydl fldgila fyda l=vd Ydlhla ixjD; n÷kla ;=< lD;%su fmdaIl udOHhl" wmQ;s
;;a;aj yd md,kh lrk ,o ndysr ;;a;aj hgf;a j.d lsÍu mgl frdamKh f,i ir,j
ye|skaúh yels h' fuys § wdjD; n÷kla ;=< Ydl j¾Okh isÿ lrk neúka Ydlfha
wjYH;dj wkqj Ydlhg wjYH laIqø mßirh fjkia lsÍu yd md,kh lsÍu myiq fõ'
mgl frdamKfha § Ydlh iajdNdúl mßirfhka fjka ù j¾Okh jk neúka Ydl j¾Okhg
wjYH ish¨ idOl lD;%su fmdaIK udOH u.ska m%Yia; m%udKj,ska ,nd Èh hq;= h' ta i|yd
lD;%su fmdaIK udOH" fmdaIl fldgiaj,ska wkQkj mj;sk neúka Ydl fldgia j¾Okhg
wu;rj fmdaIK udOH ;=< b;d myiqfjka laIqø Ôù j¾Okh o" isÿ úh yels h' tu ksid
mgl frdamKfha § wkq.ukh lrk ish¨ mshjrj, § laIqø Ôù j¾Okh je<laùug mshjr
.; hq;= j we;' laIqø Ôù j¾Okh isÿ jqj fyd;a j¾Okh jk Ydlhg fkdfhl=;a .eg¨
iy.; ;;a;aj we;s jk neúka ^WodyrKhla f,i Ydl j¾Okhg n,mEï we;s ùu" tajdfha
wd¾Ól jákdlu wvq ùu" tu Ydl wmkhkfha § .eg¨ we;s ùu& mgl frdamKfha ish¨
mshjr wmQ;s ;;a;aj (aseptic condition) hgf;a isÿ lsÍu yd mj;ajd .ekSu jeo.;a fõ'
tla Ydl ffi,hlg úNdckh ùfuka yd úfNaokh ùfuka iïmQ¾K Ydlhla njg m;a
ùug we;s yelshdj ffi, ckk úNjh (totipotency) f,i y÷kajhs' Ydl ffi,j, we;s
fuu yelshdj ksid Ydl ffi, b;d myiqfjka mgl frdamKh i|yd fhdod .; yels h'
Ydl mgl frdamK ;dlaIKfha jeo.;alu

 laIqø m%pdrl l%uhla f,i Ndú; lr úYd, me< ixLHdjla flá ld,hla ;=< ,nd
.ekSu
 ujq Ydlhg iudk m%fõKs o¾Y iys; ÿys;D Ydl ,nd .ekSu
 Ydl wdY%s; m¾fhaIK i|yd myiqfjka fuu ;dlaIKh Ndú; l< yels ùu
104
 jeäÈhqKq lrk ,o ,laIK iys; Ydl m%pdrKhg Ndú; l< yels ùu ^WodyrKhla
f,i cdk bxðfkare ;dlaIKh u.ska ksmojk wys;lr mßir ;;a;ajj,g Tfrd;a;=
fok" wiajekak jeä ÈhqKq lrk ,o Ydl m%fNao m%pdrKhg&
 Ôù îc fkdidok yd fjk;a l%u u.ska m%pdrKhg wmyiq Ydl m%pdrKh i|yd
id¾:lj fhdod .; yels ùu
 wvq bv m%udKhl jeä me< ixLHdjla ,nd .ekSug yels ùu
 jhsria iy mrfmdaIS wdidokj,ska f;dr kSfrda.s Ydl ,nd .ekSu
 cdk ixrlaIK l%uhla f,i fhdod .; yels ùu
 mgl frdamKfha § Ydl wmQ;s ;;a;aj hgf;a ksmojk neúka wdkhk wmkhk
lghq;=j, § uqyqK fok .eg¨ wju lr .; yels ùu
 mgl frdamKfha § ksmojk Ydl ^me<& b;d l=vd neúka weisÍu" .nvd lsÍu yd
m%jdykh myiq ùu
 mdrïmßl j.d l%u u.ska neyer ù we;s neúka ;reK mrmqr fuu kj l%u flfrys
jeä wdl¾IKhla ±laùu
 idudkH me<j,g jvd jdKscuh jákdlula mj;sk neúka fuh b;d fyd| wdodhï
ud¾.hla ùu
 Ydl idr ksiaidrKfha§ úYd, Ydlj,ska ksiaidrKh i|yd l,a .; jk neúka
ffi, frdamKh u.ska ffi,j,ska flá ld,hl§ ksiaidrK ,nd .; yels ùu
• tal .=K Ydl ,nd .ekSug yels ùu'
• idudkH ;;a;aj hgf;a m%frdayKh fkdjk l,, frdamKh lr iïmQ¾K Ydl ,nd
.ekSu
• lD;s%u îc ksIamdokh
6'4 mgl frdamK ;dlaIKfha úúO wdldr
1' lsKl frdamKh (callus culture)
lsKlhla hkq úfNaokh fkdjQ kshñ; yevhla ke;s ,sys,aj ne÷Kq ffi, f.dkqjls'
fuh ujq Ydl mglhlska wdrïN ù ffi, fn§fuka we;s fõ' idudkH Ydlhla ;=jd,
jq úg o lsKl we;s úh yels h' Ydlhl ´kE u fldgilska lsKl frdams; wdrïN l<
yels h' lsKl ,nd .ekSug lrkq ,nk mgl frdamK lghq;= fndfyda úg wdf,dalfhka
f;dr ia:dkj, isÿ lrkq ,efí'
rEmh 6'1( frdams; lsKl
105
lsKl frdamKfha m%fhdack(
 m¾fhaIK lghq;=j, § iïmQ¾K Ydl fjkqjg lsKl frdams; fhdod .ekSug
 kj Ydl ckkh lsÍug
 cdkuh jYfhka fjkialï iys; Ydl ckkh lsÍug
 m%fhdackj;a Ydluh oaú;Shsl mßjD;a;c øjH ksiaidrKh lr .ekSug
2' ffi, frdamKh (cell culture)
øj fmdaIl udOHlg úfNaokh fkdjQ ,sys,aj ne÷Kq lsKl len,s tl;= lsÍu u.ska
ffi, j.dj wdrïN l< yels h' fï i|yd fla;= ma,dial= fhdod .kakd w;r tajd
ksr;=rej b;d wvq fõ.hlska fi,ùu l< hq;= h' fuu fi,ùu ksid fmdaIl øjH
taldldrj jHdma; ùu" frdamK udOH jd;kh ùu yd úNdckh jk ffi, tlsfklska
fjka ùu isÿ fõ'
ffi, frdamKfha jeo.;alu

 Ydl wdY%s; fkdfhl=;a m¾fhaIK lghq;= i|yd
 Ydlj, ksmojk wd¾Ól jYfhka jeo.;a oaú;Shl
s mßjD;a;c
øjH ksiaidrKh lr .ekSug
 Ydl fjkqjg frdams; ffi, ixrlaIKh lsÍug
3' m%dla ma,diau frdamKh (protoplast culture)
ffi,fha m%dla ma,diauh hkq ffi, ì;a;sh bj;a l< úg

b;sß jk ffi, ma,diauh yd kHIaáhhs' fïjd <má Ydl m;% rEmh 6'2( øj fmdaIl
udOHfha ffi, frdamKh
b;d isyska ;Sre lmd fi,shqf,aia yd fu.dihsï hk tkaihsu
ødjKj, nyd meh lsysmhla ;eîfuka ,nd .; yels h' fuys § fi,shqf,aia tkaihsuh
u.ska ffi, ì;a;sh o fu.dihsu u.ska wfkl=;a Ydl ì;a;s øjHh o bj;a lrhs' ffi,
ì;a;sh bj;a l< miq ffi,fha yevh mj;ajd .ekSfï .eg¨j u. yrjd .ekSug
ueksfgda,a kï ridhk øjH fhdohs'
m%dlama,diau ixfhdackh u.ska o Ydl ,nd .; yels h' túg tu ujq Ydl foflys
cdkuh ,laIK ñY% ùula o isÿ fõ' WodyrK f,i wiajekak jeä Ydlhl m%dlama,diauh
frda. m%;sfrdaë Ydlhl m%dlama,diauh iu. ixfhdackh l< úg frda. m%;sfrdaë jeä
wiajkq o ,nd fok Ydl ksmojd .; yels h'
4' uq,a frdamKh (root culture)
fuys § uq,d.%h frdamKh lrhs' øj fmdaIl udOHhla Ndú;fhka ujq Ydlfha uq,aj,g
iudk uq,a .ykhla ,nd .; yels h' hï Ydlhl uq,aj, jHQyh yd l%shdldÍ;ajh yeoEÍu
i|yd fuh m%fhdackj;a fjhs' iïmQ¾K Ydlhl uq,a moaO;sh yeoEÍug jvd b;d myiqfjka
106
fuh yeoEÍug mq¿jk' uq,a frdams; Ndú;fhka uq,aj, ksmofjk oaú;Shsl mßjD;a;c
ksiaidrKh lsÍu b;d myiq h'
5' l,, frdamKh (embryo culture)
fkdfïrE l,, îcfhka fjka lrf.k iqÿiq frdamK udOHhl frdamKh l< yels h'
iqÿiq ;;a;aj iemhSfuka l,,h iïmQ¾K Ydlhla njg j¾Okh fõ' iqma; ;;a;ajfha
mj;sk fyda iïmQ¾Kfhka fkdjevqKq fkdfïrE l,, Ydl njg j¾Okh lr .ekSug
fuu.ska wjia:dj ie,fia'
iuyr wjia:dj, Ydl wNsckkfhka ,efnk kj Ydlhkaf.a l,, idudkH ;;a;aj

hgf;a fyd|ska fkd jefâ' tjeks l,," l,, j.dj u.ska iïmQ¾K Ydl njg m;a lr
.; yels h' iuyr wjia:dj, § Ydl folla w;r ire uqyqula we;s jqj o fkdfhl=;a
ldhsl" ffcùh ridhksl yd cdkuh fya;= ksid l,, wjia:dfjka miq j¾Okh fkd
fõ' tjeks l,, bj;g f.k frdamKh l< yels h'
6' îc frdamKh (seed culture)
ÔjdKqyrKh l< îc mgl frdamK ;;a;aj hgf;a isgqùu fuys § isÿ fõ' Wvjeähd
Ydlj, me< ksmojd .ekSug fuu l%uh Ndú; fõ'
rEmh 6'3( Wvjeähd îc 6'4( îc m%frdayKfhka ksmojd .;a Wvjeähd me<
7' mrd.Odks yd mrd. frdamKh (Anther and pollen culture)
fuys § mrd.Odks fyda mrd. lKsld lD;%su fmdaIK mqIamh mrd.Odks
udOHhl j.d lrhs ' fï i|yd újD; fkdjQ mq I a m

^fmdfydÜgq& Ndú; lrhs' fïjd >k fyda øj fmdaIK
mrd.Odks
kj
udOHhl frdamKh lsÍfuka tal.=K Ydl ,nd .; yels frdamKh Ydl
h' fuu.ska Ydl wNsckk l%shdj,s i|yd tal .=K ,nd
.; yels fõ' Ydl wNsckk jHdmD;sj, § iqÿiq ,laIK
Ydlj,g ,nd §u i|yd fuu l%uh fhdod .kshs' frdamK
udOHhg fld,aÑiSka jeks ridhk øjHhla biSu u.ska
rEmh 6'5( mrd.Odks frdamKh
j¾Kfoay ixLHdj oaú.=Klr oaú.=K Ydl ,nd .; yels
h' fï yreKq úg Ydl m;% fldgiaj,ska Rcq wxl=r ckkh yd l,, ckkh o jl%dldr
wxl=r ckkh yd l,, ckkh o isÿ l< yels h'
107
by; kï lrk ,o ish¨ frdamK l%u wdjD; n÷ka ;=<" wmQ;s ;;a;j
a hgf;a isÿ lrhs' fuys
§ wdjD; n÷kla ;=< Ydl j¾Okh isÿ lrk neúka Ydlfha wjYH;dj wkqj Ydlhg wjYH
laIqø mßir ;;a;aj ,nd §u yd md,kh lsÍu myiq fõ'
6'5 mgl frdamK ;dlaIKh i|yd ;sìh hq;= uQ,sl wjYH;d
m¾fhaIK i|yd fyda jdKscuh lghq;= i|yd mgl frdamKh fhdod .ekSfï § mgl
frdamK ;dlaIKh ms<sn| yi< m<mqreoaola iys; mqoa.,hl= isàu w;HjYH fõ' Tyq fyda
weh úiska fï ms<sn| kj w;ayod ne,Sï isÿ lsÍu" iqmÍlaIdldÍ nj" o;a; /ia lsÍu yd tajd
úYaf,aIKh lsÍu tu ;dlaIKh id¾:lj Wiia m%;sM, iu. wLKavj lrf.k hEug
bjy,a fõ' tfuka u tu úoHd.drh ;=< my; ioyka uQ,sl wjYH;d ;sìh hq;= h'
1' mgl frdamKh ioyd Ndú; lrk ùÿre WmlrK" ma,diaála WmlrK iy wfkl=;a
úoHd.dr WmlrK wjYH m%udKhg ;sîu
2' Ndú; lrk ,o WmlrK fia§u i|yd fjka jQ ia:dkhla ;sîu
3' mgl frdamK fmdaIl udOH ms<sfh, lsÍug" wmQ;slrKh lsÍug yd .nvd lsÍug
wjYH myiqlï ;sîu
4' Ydl fldgia wmQ;slrKh yd tu ld¾hh lsÍug fjka jQ ia:dkhla ;sîu
5' mgl frdamKh lrk ,o Ydl fldgiaj,g wjYH m%iia; idOl ^WIaK;ajh" wdf,dalh
yd idfmalaI wd¾ø;dj& ,nd § tajd mj;ajd .ekSug frdamK ldurhla (culture room)
;sîu
6' mgl frdamKh lr ,nd .;a me<Eá oDV lsÍfï (hardening) ia:dkhla ;sîu
7' tu me< j.d lsÍu i|yd yß;d.drhla ;sîu
flfia fj;;a mgl frdamKh i|yd Ndú; lrk úoHd.drhl wju jYfhka ùÿre
NdKav iy wfkl=;a NdKav fia§ug fidaok ldurhla" ridhk øjH .nvd lsÍug
.nvd ldurhla" NdKav iy fmdaYl udOH ÔjdKqyrKh i|yd fhdod .kakd WmlrK
;eîug ldurhla ;sìh hq;= h' fojkqj fmdaIK udOH ms<sfh, lsÍu i|yd ldurhla"
;=kajkqj ÔjdKqyß; ;;a;aj hgf;a mQ¾jlh frdamKh i|yd ia:dkhla o wjidk
jYfhka ndysr mßir ;;a;aj md,kh l< yels frdamK ldurhla o ;sìh hq;= h'
tjeks mgl frdamK úoHd.drhl o< ie,eiaula my; olajd we;'
ld¾hd,h ÔjdKqyß; m%foaYh
108
frdamK ldurh
yß;d.drh
fiaÿï ldurh
.nvd ldurh udOH ieliSfï
ldurh mSvk ;dmlh
rEmh 6'6( mgl frdamK úoHd.drhl o< ie,eiau
mgl frdamK ;dlaIKfha § mgl laIqø Ôùkaf.ka f;drj mj;ajd .ekSu b;d jeo.;a nj
by; § fmkajd fok ,È' mgl frdamKhg Ndú; lrk ùÿre WmlrK" ma,diaála WmlrK"
fmdaIK udOH" ridhk øjH yd j¾Ol fydafudak iy wfkl=;a fuj,ï (tools) ish,a,
ÔjdKqyrKh lr .; hq;= h' tla tla øjHh iy WmlrK ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍu i|yd Bg wod<
jq ÔjdKqyrK l%uh f;dard .; hq;= h' ÔjdKqyrK l%u lsysmhla we;' tajd kï f;;a ;dm
ÔjdKqyrKh" (autoclaving)" úh<s ;dm ÔjdKqyrKh" ÔjdKqyß; fmÍu ^filteration&" ridhk
ÔjdKqyrKh iy .eud lsrK ÔjdKqyrKh hs' ta wkqj fmdaIK udOH" tajd ms<sfh, lsÍug
fhdod .kakd ridhk øjH" ma,diaála WmlrK jeks øjH f;;a ;dm ÔjdKqyrK l%uh
u`.ska ÔjdKqyrKh lrkq ,efí' fuys § ie,lsh hq;= lreKla jkafka f;;a ;dmh u.ska
ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍug fhdod .kakd ridhk øjH wêl ;dmfha § úkdY fkdjk tajd ùu h'
tfia wêl ;dmfha § úkdY jk ridhk øjH tkï tkaihsu" úgñk" fydafudak jeks oE
ÔjdKqyrKh lr .kafka ÔjdKqyß; fmÍu u.sks' tfuka u ùÿre WmlrK" ÔjdKqyrKhg
fhdod .; hq;af;a úh<s ;dm ÔjdKqyrKh fyj;a Wÿka l%uhhs' mgl frdamKh lsÍug
fhdod .kakd fïi" wkjr; m%jdy l=àrh (laminar flow cabinet) yd wod< ldurj, ìu
ÔjdKqyrKhg ridhk øjH fhdod .efka' th ridhk ÔjdKqyrKhhs' ;j o îfc!IK
ldurh" (incubation room), frdamK ldurh ^cultrure room) jeks ia:dk ÔjdKqyrKh i|yd
.eud lsrK ÔjdKqyrKh fhdod .ksh's tla tla wjia:dj yd øjHj,g jvd;a WÑ; ÔjdKqyrK
l%uh wkq.ukh lsÍu u.ska mgl frdamKfha laIqøÔù j¾Okh b;d myiqfjka j<lajd .;
yels h'
mgl frdamK úoHd.drhlg w;HjYH øjH
WmlrK( mSvk ;dmlh (autoclave)" Wÿk (oven), wkjr; m%jdy leìkÜgqj ^laminar flow
cabinet &" YS;lrKh" pH ógrh" ridhksl ;=,dj" wdiq; c, iemhqula" wKaùlaIh"
pqïnl l,;kh (magnetic stire)" ;dm Wÿk (hot plate), l,;kh ^shaker),
109
rEmh 6'7( wkjr; m%jdy leìfkÜgqj 6'8( mSvk ;dmlh
fuj,ï ^tools): laIqø msfmÜgq (micropipettes), veys w`vq ^forceps), ie;alï msys" l;=re"
wdl%uK lgq" wdl%uK mqvq" Y,H msys wdOdrl (scalpel handle)" ;shqKq
oaú;aj w~q (forcep)" m;a; ^spatula)
ùÿre øjH( idkaø ødjK .nvd lsÍu i|yd fnda;,a (stock bottles), îlr ^beakers),
fla;= ma,dial= ^conical flasks), cEï fnda;,a" ñkqï ird" frdamK fnda;,a
^culture bottles&
ma,diaála WmlrK( fojqï fnda;,a (wash bottle), ridhk øjH nyd,k fnda;,a, flakaø
wmirKh i|yd wjYH fnda;,a (centrifuge bottles), msfmÜgq ú,a, yd
ú,s iys; fmÜáh (pipette tips and tip boxes), frdamK l=mams (culture
vessels), fmryka ÔjdKqyrK tallh (filter sterilizing unit)
wfkl=;a øjH( uqyqKq yd ysia wdjrK" w;a fïia" úoHd.dr lnd, membranes for filter
sterilization, air conditioner, temperature controller, electronic timers.
óg wu;rj fmdaIK udOH ms<sfh, lrk ridhk øjH" ÔjdKqyrK yd wmQ;slrK i|yd
jk ridhk øjH wjYH fõ' tfuka u mgl frdamKh i|yd wjYH Ydl fldgia ,nd
.ekSug ujq Ydl ixÑ;hla mj;ajd .; hq;= h'
6'6 mgl frdamKh i|yd fhdod .kakd Ydl mgl ÔjdKqyrKh
ujq Ydlj,ska mgl frdamKh i|yd mgl fldgia ,nd .ekSfï § by; 6'4 mßÉfþofha
y÷kajd ÿka tla tla mgl frdamK l%uh i|yd fjkia Ydl mgl j¾. ,nd .; hq;= h'
rEmh 6'9 u.ska Ydlhl mgl frdamKh i|yd fldgia ,nd .kakd ia:dk lsysmhla fmkajd
we;' l=uk Ydl mglh ,nd .;a; o th ,nd .kakd ia:dkh yd ,nd .;a Ydl fldgi wkqj
fhdod .kakd mDIaÁh ÔjdKqyrK l%uh (surface sterilization) yd ridhk øjH tlsfklg
fjkia fõ' WodyrKhla f,i <má m;%" mrd. yd Ydl we;=<; mglj,ska ,nd .kakd
mgl fldgia i|yd b;d by< idkaøK iys; ridhk øjH Ndú;h iqÿiq fkdfõ' uDÿ
110
ridhk øjH fhdod f.k b;d wvq ld,hla ;=< § mgl mDIAÁh ÔjdKqyrKh l< hq;= h'
tfy;a Ydl îc" Ydl uq,a fyda idudkH mßir ;;a;aj hgf;a we;s Ydlj,ska ,nd .kakd
mgl jeä ld,hla ;=<" jeä idkaøK iys; ridhk øjH Ndú; lrñka mDIaÁh ÔjdKqyrKh
l< hq;= h' flfia jqj;a Ndú; lrk mglh wkqj tu mglhg ydks fkdjk f,i fuu
ridhk øjH yd tys idkaøK f;dard .; hq;= h' mgl mDIAÁh ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍu i|yd
jeämqr u Ndú; jkafka fidaähï fyda le,aishï yhsfmdlaf,darhsÜ ^NaOCl, Ca(OCl)2& h'
óg wu;r j Triton-X fyda Tween 80 ìkaÿ lsysmhla Ydl mgl u;=msg ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍug
fhdod .kakd ødjKhg tl;= lsÍfuka tys n,mEu ;j;a ÈhqKq lr .; yels h' u;=msg
ÔjdKqyß; ødjKh bj;a lsÍfuka miq j mglh fo;=ka j;djla ÔjdKqyrKh lrk ,o
c,fhka fidaod .; hq;= h' fuh isÿ l< hq;af;a wkjr; m%jdy leìkÜgqjla ;=< § h'
Ydl mgl mDIAÁh ÔjdKqyrK l%shdj,sfha § b;d uDÿ mgl i|yd tkï uDÿ Ydl l,,"
(embryo), m%frday w.% (shoot tip) ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍfï § tajd wjg mj;sk fjk;a mgl iu.
ÔjdKqyrKhg Ndckh lsÍfuka uDÿ mglhg ridhk øjH u.ska jk ydksh wju lr .;
yels h' ÔjdKqyrKfhka miq tu wjYH mgl fldgi muKla wmQ;slrK ;;a;aj hgf;a
úÉfþokh u`.ska fjka lr .kshs'
óg wu;rj iuyr wjia:dj, § B;hs,a yd whsfidfm%dmhs,a uoHidr mgl ÔjdKqyrKhg

fhdod .kshs' tfy;a fu;fkda,a uoHidrh lsis úfglj;a Ndú; fkdl< hq;= h'
6'7 mgl frdamKh i|yd fhdod .kakd fmdaIl udOHh ms<sfh, lsÍu
Ydl mgl frdamKfha § ujq Ydlfhka" ta i|yd fjka lr .kakd mglh mQ¾jlh êxplant&
f,i y÷kajhs' fuu mQ¾jlfha j¾Okh yd rEmdkqckkh ^morphogenesis& tu mQ¾jlfha
we;s cdk" wjg mßirh yd frdamK udOHfha ixhq;sh u; fjkia fõ' fuu idOl ;=k
w;=ßka wmg b;d myiqfjka fjkia l< yels idOlh jkafka frdamK udOHfha ixhq;shhs'
tu ksid mgl frdamK ;dlaIKfha id¾:l;ajh r|d mj;skafka f;dard .kakd mgl
frdamK udOHfha ixhq;sh wkqj h' mgl frdamKh i|yd jeämqr u Ndú; jk fmdaIl udOH
;=kla jkafka" White udOHh ^1963&" Murashige and Skoog (MS) udOHh ^1962& iy Gomborg
et al (1968) fõ' fïjd w;=ßka nyq,j u mgl frdamKh i|yd fhdod .kafka MS udOHh hs'
´kEu mgl frdamK udOHhl ;sìh hq;= uq,sl u wjYH;djla jkafka wldnksl Lksc
,jK iy ldnksl ix>glhhs' fïjd w;=ßka iuyr wldnksl Lksc ,jK b;d jeä
m%udKhlska wjYH jk w;r iuyr wldnksl ,jK wjYH jkafka b;d w,am m%udKfhks'
úYd, m%udKj,ska wjYH jk wldnksl ,jK uyd fmdaIl (macro nutrients) f,i y÷kajhs'
tajd kï fmdgEishï" le,aishï ue.akSishï" khsg%cka" fmdiamria yd i,a*¾ fõ' kuq;a
hlv" uex.kSia" fldm¾" iskala" fndafrdaka yd fud,síäkï hk wldnksl Lksc ,jK
wjYH jkafka b;d w,am jYfhks' tu ksid tajd laIqø fmdaIl (micro nutrients) f,i
y÷kajhs'
111
óg wu;rj ldnksl ix>gl f,i úgñk" j¾Ol fydafudak" weuhsfkda wï, jeo.;a fõ'
fndfyda úgñk" iytkaihsu (coencyme) f,i l%shd lrk w;r th mglfha kSfrda.s
j¾Okh i|yd w;HjYH fõ' nyq, j Ndú; jk úgñk jkafka ;hóka" ksfldàka"
msßfvdlaiSka" fmda,sla wï,h" weiafldìla wï,h" rhsfnd*af,aúka" mekafgdf;ksla wï,h"
nfhdàka yd fgdafldf*frda,a fõ' óg wu;r j ufhdbfkdisfgda,a o ish¨ mgl frdamK
udOHh iE§ug wjYH úgñkhla f,i Ndú; lrhs' tla tla úfYaI wjYH;d i|yd úgñk
ls ysm j¾.hla Ndú; l< o ish ¨ fmda IK udOHj, w;HjYHfhka u ;hñka yd
ufhdbfkdisfgda,a ;sìh hq;= h'
tfuka fmdaIK udOH ;=< khsg%cka wjYH;dj imhd .ekSug úúO weuhsfkda wï, Ndú;
flf¾' nyq,j Ndú; jk weuhsfkda wï, jkafka ,hsiSka" .aÆgñla wï,h" weiamßðka yd
fiÍka fõ'
mgl frdamKh i|yd fhdod .kakd fndfyda Ydl mglj, laf,dafrd*s,a fkdue;s ksid
m%NdixYaf,aIKh l< fkdyels h' tu ksid mgl frdamK udOHhl ldnka m%Njhla ;sîu
w;HjYH fõ' b;d nyq, j Ndú; jk ldnka m%Njh jkafka iSks ^sucrose& h' iuyr
wjia:dj, fuda,afgdaia" .e,elafgdaia" uefkdaia yd ,elafgdaia o Ndú; lrhs'
óg wu;rj mgl frdamK udOHfha w;HjYHfhka u ;sìh hq;= jkafka j¾Ol fydafudakhs'
fuu j¾Ol fydafudak Ydlj, o mj;sk w;r mgl frdamK udOHhg tl;= lrkafka b;d
w,am jYfhks' tfuka u mgl frdamK ;dlaIKfha § mgl frdamK l%shdj,sh mshjr
lsysmhlska isÿ lrk w;r tla tla mshjf¾ oS tys wjYH;dj u; fhdod .kakd j¾Ol
fydafudak j¾.h yd m%udKh fjkia fõ' Tlaisk fydafudakh Ydlfha j¾Ok l%shdj,s
rdYshlg wjYH jk w;r mgl frdamK udOHj, ffi, úNdckh" ffi, úfNaokh" wx.
ckkh iy l<, ckk úfYAISlrKh (organogenic and embryogenic differenciation)
W;af;ackh i|yd Ndú; lrhs' Tlaisk wvq idkaøKhla Ndú; l< úg mglfha uq,a yg
.ekSu isÿ jk w;r úYd, idkaøKhla Ndú; l< úg lsKl iE§u isÿ fõ' Tlaisk
fjf<|fmdf<a úúO kïj,ska mj;sk w;r bka iuyrla bkafvda,a weisála wï,h ÎAA&"
bkafvda,a ìhqá%la wï,h ÎBA& iy 2" 4 vhslaf,dfrd*sfkdlais weisála wï,h ^2" 4 D& fõ'
ihsfgdlhskska Ydl mglj, ffi, fn§u" úlrKh (modification) yd l| úfNaokhg

n,mdk fydafudakhls' ihsfgdlhskska iu. mgl frdamK udOHj, nyq,j Ndú; lrk
Tlaisk jkafka IBA, NAA iy IAA fõ. mgl frdamKfhka ,nd .;a Ydlj, uq,a we;s lr
.ekSug fuu fydafudak ihsfgdlhskska iu. mgl frdamK udOHfha Ndú; lrhs' nyq,j
Ndú; jk ihsfgdlhskska fydafudak jkafka lhsksáka" BAP ^fnkaihs,a weuhsfkd mshqßka&
iy isháka fõ' mgl frdamK ;dlaIKfha § m%frday j¾Okh lr .ekSug ihsfgdlhskska
Ndú; flf¾'
wfkl=;a Ydl fydafudak tkï .snr,sla wï,h" t;s,Ska yd weíisil

s a wï,h úfYaI wjia:dj,
b;d iaj,am jYfhka fhdod .kakd w;r ish¨ mgl frdamK udOHj, nyq,j u fhdod
112
.kakd fydafudak fol jkafka Tlaisk yd ihsfgdlhskska fõ' óg wu;rj mgl frdamK
udOH i|yd fhdod .kakd fmd,sweñka (polyamines) u.ska wx. ckkh ôrganogenesis) iy
ffoysl l,, ckkh (somatic embryogenesis) jeä lrk w;r il%sh ldnka (activated
charcoal) u.ska mgl frdamK udOHfha we;s úI iys; ix>gl wjfYdaIKh lr uq,a iE§u
fõ.j;a lrhs'
Ydl mgl frdamK ;dlaIKfha nyq,j Ndú; jk MS udOHfha ixhq;sh
wvx.= øjH m%udKh (mg/l)
wê ud;% fmdaIl øjH (macro nutrient)
NH4NO2 1" 650

KNO 3 1" 900
CaCl22H2O 440
MgSO47 H2O 370
KH2PO4 170
wxY= ud;% fmdaIl øjH (micro nutrient)
KI 0'83
H3BO4 6'2
MnSO4 H2O 22'3
ZnSO47H2O 8'6
Na2MoO42H2O 0'25
CuSO45H2O 0'025
CoCl46H2O 0'025
FeSO4 7H2O 27'8
Na2EDTA2H2O 37'3
ldnksl ix>gl
Inositol 100
Nicotinic acid 0'5
PyridixineHCl 0'5
Glycine 2'0
Sucrose 3'0
Thimine HCl 0'1
* Ydl j¾Ol øjH fuys wvx.= lr ke;'

113
mgl frdamK udOHfha ixhq;sh fuka u tu udOHfha fN!;sl ;;a;ajh u; mgl frdamK
udOHhka >k" øj fyda w¾O >k hkqfjka j¾. l< yels h' mglh fyda mglfha ffi,
wjg udOHfha .s,ajd ;eîug wjYH fkdjk wjia:dj, mgl frdamK udOH >k ;;a;ajfha
;sìh hq;= w;r fndfyda úg laIqø m%pdrKfha § Ndú; jkafka >k mgl frdamK udOHhs'
frdamK udOH iE§ug Ndú; lrk ish¨ ridhksl ix>gl øj udOHfhka Ndú; lrk w;r
ms<sfh, lr .kakd ,o udOHh o túg øj ;;a;ajfha mj;shs' tu øj udOH >k udOHhla
njg m;a lsÍug fc,s ldrl (gelling agent) Ndú; lrk w;r fc,s ldrlhl ;sìh hq;=
.=Kdx. lsysmhla we;' tkï ish¨ fc,s ldrl fï i|yd Ndú; l< fkdyels h' tu
.=Kdx. jkafka fc,s ldrlh ksIal%Sh înert) úh hq;= h' ÔjdKqyrK l%shdj,sfha § iA:dhS
(stable) úh hq;= h' by< WIaK;ajfha § øj udOHfhka o ldur WIaK;ajfha § >k udOHfhka
o mej;sh hq;= h' fuu ish¨ u ;;a;aj imqrk" mgl frdamK udOHj, nyq,j Ndú; jk
fc,s ldrlh jkafka t.d¾ (agar) h' Bg wu;rj wjYH;dj wkqj we.frdaia (agarose) yd
fc,ka .ï (gellan gum) o Ndú; lrhs'
mgl frdamK udOHhl ;sìh hq;= ;j;a .=Kdx.hla jkafka tys pH w.hhs' ixhq;sh fuka
u tu udOHfha pH w.h o jeo.;a fõ' udOHfha wvx.= øjH Ydl mgl u.ska wjfYdaIKh
lsÍfï fõ.h" udOHfha wvx.= ,jKj, ødjH;dj" iy udOH fc,s ldrlh u.ska >k ùfï
ld¾hlaIu;dj udOHfha pH w.h u; fjkia fõ' fndfyda úg mgl frdamK udOHj, pH
w.h 5'8 fõ' mgl frdamK udOHj, pH w.h 6g jvd jeä jQ úg tu udOH b;d >k jk
w;r pH 5'0g jvd wvq jQ úg udOH >k ùu i;=gqodhl fkd fõ'
mgl frdamK udOHh ms<sfh, lsÍu
mgl frdamK udOHhl ixhq;sh i,ld neÆ úg tys wxY=ud;% uQ,øjH" wêud;% uQ,øjH yd
ldnksl ix>gl wka;¾.; fõ' fuys § udOH ms<sfh, lsÍfï § we;s jk fodaI wju lr
.ekSug kï udOH ms<sfh, lsÍug wjYH ish¨ ridhksl øjHj, idkaø øjK idod .; hq;=
h' wêud;% uQ,øjH wod< m%udKj,ska lsrd f.k idkaø øjK I ^wêud;% fmdaIl øjH&
ms<sfh, lrk w;r wxY= ud;% uQ,øjH wod< m%udKj,ska f.k idkaø øjK II ^wxY=ud;%
fmdaIl øjH& ms<sfh, lrhs' MS udOH ms<sfh, lsÍug wjYH idkaø øjK I iy II ms<sfh,
lsÍug wod< m%udK my; j.=fõ olajd we;'
MS udOH ms<sfh, lsÍu i|yd wjYH idkaø ødjKj, ixhq;sh
wvx.= øjH m%udKh (mg/l)
Stock Solution I îdkaø øjK 20x)
NHNO3 33"000
KNO 3 38"000
CaCl22H2O 8"800
MgSO47 H2O 7"400
KH2PO4 3"400
114
Stock Solution II îdkaø øjK II 200x)
KI 166
H3BO4 1"240
MnSO4 4H2O 4"460
ZnSO47H2O 1"720
Na2MoO42H2O 50
CuSO45H2O 5
CoCl46H2O 5
Stock Solution III Îron 200x)
FeSO4 7H2O 5"560

Na4EDTA2H2O 7"460
Stock Solution IV ^ldnksl ix>gl&
bfkdisfgda,a 20"000
ksfldáksla wï, 100
msßfvdlaiska HCl 100
;hñka HCl 20
.a,hsiska 400
MS mgl frdamK udOH ,Sgrhla iE§u i|yd idkaø ødjK I ka 50 ml o" idkaø ødjK II, III
iy IV ka 5 ml ne.ska o f.k thg 1 l jk ;=re c,h tla lrkak' by; idod .;a ishü
idkaø øjK (I, II, III iy IV) YS;lrKhla ;=< .nvd lr ;eìh hq;= h'
mgl frdamK udOH ms<sfh, lsÍfï mshjr

1& ms<sfh, lrk fmdaIl udOHfha mßudjg wjYH ta.d¾ iy iSks lsrd f.k" th
ms<sfh, lrk udOHfha mßudfjka wvla muK wdiq; c,fha Èh lr .kak' ta.d¾
isis,a j;=f¾ Èh fkdjk ksid WKqiqï j;=r fyda uhsfl%dafõõ Wÿkla wdOdrfhka
iïmQ¾Kfhka Èh lr .; yels h'
2& ms<sfh, lr .;a idkaø øjKj,ska (I, II, III iy IV) wjYH m%udKhg f.k iSks iy
ta.d¾ Èh lr .;a udOHhg tl;= lrkak'
jeo.;a( úgñk iy j¾Ol fydafudak fmdaIl udOH ÔjdKqyrKh lsÍfuka miq
tl;= lrk w;r tajd ÔjdKqyß; fmÍfï l%shdj,sh u.ska ÔjdKqyrKh lr
.nvd lr .; hq;= h'
115
3& bka miq udOHh ms<sfh, lsÍug wjYH mßudj f;la wdiq; c,h tl;= lrkak'
4& b;d fyd|ska ñY% lr .;a udOHfha pH w.h 5.8 olajd 0'1N NaOH fyda 0'1N HCl
Ndú; lr ilid .kak'
5& fufia idod .;a udOHh msßisÿ lr .;a frdamK n÷kaj,g oud mSvk ;dmlh u.ska
ÔjdKqyrKh lr .kak'
^fuys § frdamK udOHh" frdamK n÷ka fyda cEï fnda;,aj,g ±ófuka miq ÔjdKqyrKh
lrk w;r fmá% §isj,g tl;= lsÍug we;akï iïmQ¾K udOHu ÔjdKqyrKfhka miq
ÔjdKqyß; fmá% §isj,g oukq ,efí&
ÔjdKqyrKh lrk ,o udOHh i;shla we;=<; Ndú; fkdlrkafka kï th YS;lrKhl

.nvd lr ;eîu b;d jeo.;a fõ'
6'8 mgl frdamKh i|yd wjYH mQ¾jlh (explant) f;dard .ekSu iy ms<sfh, lr .ekSu
mgl frdamK udOHh f;dard .ekSu fuka u mgl w.%ia: wxl=rh

frdamKh i|yd wjYH mQ¾jlh f;dard .ekSu o b;d <má
m;%
jeo.;a fõ' ´kE u Ydlhl mgl frdamKh i|yd
fhdod .kakd mgl fldgil mQ¾jlh (explant) f,i
y÷kajhs' mQ¾jlh f,i fhdod .kakd fuu mgl
md¾Yaúl
fldgfia úfYaI;ajh jkafka tu mgl fldgig wxl=r
tkï mQ¾jlhg" lsKlhla (callus) njg j¾Okh ùug
we;s yelshdjhs' tu ksid Ydlhl we;s ish¨ mgl <má l|
mQ¾jl f,i Ndú; l< fkdyels w;r úYd, jYfhka
<má uq,a
mQ¾jl f,i Ndú; jkafka <má m;%" w.%ia: yd
md¾Yaúl wxl=r" <má l| fldgia" mrd." äïn" N%EK rEmh 6'9( Ydl mglhlska mgl frdamKh
fmdaI yd Ydl l,, fõ' tfuka u fuu mgl fldgia i|yd mQ¾jl ,nd .; yels ia:dk
o Ydlfhka Ydlhg fjkia fõ' tkï ish¨ Ydlj,
<má m;% mQ¾jl f,i Ndú; lsÍug fkdyels h'
tfuka u mgl frdamKh i|yd mQ¾jlh ,nd .ekSfï § lreKq lsysmhla ie,lsh hq;= h'
tkï mQ¾jlfha jhi" mQ¾jlh ,nd .kakd Ydlfha ;;a;ajh" mQ¾jlfha m%udKh" mQ¾jlfha
cdk o¾Yh yd mgl frdamKfha wruqKhs' mQ¾jlfha jhi b;d jeo.;a jk w;r tys § <má
mgl fldgia kd,ia: frdamK udOHfha ia:dms; lrhs' mßK; mgl fldgiaj,ska lsKl
we;s jqj fyd;a tu lsKl mqk¾j¾Okh (regeneration) fkd fõ' tfuka u <má mgl
fldgiaj,ska ,nd .;a lsKl mqk¾j¾Okh b;d myiq fõ' mQ¾jlhla ,nd .; hq;af;a b;d
kSfrda.s Ydlhlsks' tfuka u tu Ydlh we;s mßir ;;a;ajh o jeo.;a fõ' Ydlh kSfrda.s
jqj o th b;d wmsßisÿ" mßirh ¥IKh jQ ia:dkhl we;a kï mgl frdamKfha § úúO
jHdl=, ;;a;j a we;s fõ' mgl frdamKh i|yd ,nd .;a mQ¾jlh by; i|yka l< wdldrhg
mDIaÁh ÔjdKqyrKh l< hq;= h'
116
mQ¾jlfha m%udKh o mgl frdamKfha § n,mdk lreKls' tkï mQ¾jlh b;d l=vd jQ úg
mQ¾jlh ;=< we;af;a fmdaIl øjH iaj,am m%udKhla ksid udOHfhka fmdaIl øjH jeämqr
,nd Èh hq;= jk w;r úYd, mQ¾jlhla ;=< mQ¾jlh j¾Okh i|yd wjYH fmdaIl øjH jeä
m%udKhla mj;sk ksid idudkH fmdaIl øjH iys; udOHl jqj o mgl frdamKh l< yels
h' tla tla Ydlj, yd Ydl mglj, wka;¾.; j¾Ol fydafudak iu;=,s;;dj fjkia jk
neúka mQ¾jl i|yd Ydl mgl ,nd .;a ia:dkh wkqj udOHhg tl;= lrk j¾Ol
fydafudak m%udK fjkia úh hq;= h'
tlsfklg fjkia Ydl l=,j,g wh;a Ydl úfYaIj, úYd, jYfhka cdk o¾Y fjkia úh
yels h' tys § iuyr cdk o¾Y mgl frdamKh i|yd hym;a m%;spdr olajk w;r iuyr
cdk o¾Y tfia fkdlrhs' tu ksid mgl frdamKhg mQ¾jl f;aÍfï § tla Ydl .Khl
^genus) mgl frdamKhg hym;a m%;spdr olajk cdk o¾Yh f;dard .ekSu m<uqfjka u isÿ
l< hq;= h'
tfia u mgl frdamKfha § mQ¾jlh f;aÍu mgl frdamKfha wruqK u; fjkia fõ'
WodyrKhla jYfhka laIqø m%pdrKfha § mQ¾jlh f,i md¾Yaúl fyda w.%i: a wxl=r (lateral
or terminal bud) Ndú; l< yels h' kuq;a wruqK jkafka mQ¾jl u.ska lsKl W;af;ackh
lr .ekSu kï <má m;% fldgia" N%EKfmdaI" l,," mrd. Ndú; l< hq;= h'
md,s; ;;a;aj hgf;a fyda yß;d.dr ;;a;aj hgf;a j.d l< ujq Ydlhlska b;d Wiia
;;a;ajfha msßisÿ mQ¾jl mgl ,nd .; yels w;r tajdfha u;=msg ÔjdKqyrKh b;d wvq
idkaø iys; ÔjdKqyß; udOHh Ndú;h u.ska isÿ lr .; yels h'
6'9 mgl frdamKfha mshjr(

1& mgl frdamK udOHh ms<sfh, lr .ekSu
2& ujq Ydl f;dard .ekSu
3& tu ujq Ydlfha mQ¾jlh f;dard .ekSu
4& mQ¾jlh u;=msg ÔjdKqyrKh lr iQodkï lr .ekSu
5& iQodkï lr .;a mQ¾jlh lsKl W;af;ack udOHhg y÷kajd §u- wduql+,kh
(innoculation)
6& md,s; ;;a;aj hgf;a lsKl ,efnk ;=re wjYH ld,hla îfc!IKh (incubate) lsÍu
^Ydlfhka Ydlhg" mglfhka mglhg fuu ld,h fjkia fõ&
7& fyd|ska j¾Okh jQ lsKlh m%frday W;af;ack udOHhg y÷kajd §u
8& fyd|ska jevqKq m%frday fjka fjkaj uQ, moaO;s W;af;ack udOHhg y÷kajd §u
9& fyd|ska jevqK me< mgl frdamK udOHfhka fjka lsÍu yd oDV lsÍu
10& oDV lrk ,o me<Eá lafIa;%hg y÷kajd §u
fuys m<uq mshjr lsysmh by; úia;r lr we;s w;r bka miq mshjr fu;eka isg úia;r lr
we;'
117
6'9'1 mQ¾jl u.ska lsKl W;af;ackh
mgl frdamK l%shdj,shl m<uq mÍlaIK mshjr f,i i,lkafka

mQ¾jlh u.ska lsKl W;af;ackh lr .ekSuhs' by; i|yka lrk
wdldrhg fuu mshjrg fmr u;=msg mDIaGh ÔjdKqyrKh lrk
,o mgl frdamKh i|yd iqÿiq mQ¾jlh f;dard f.k ;sìh hq;= h'
idudkHfhka mQ¾jl u.ska lsKl ,nd .ekSu i|yd îfc!IKh
lrkafka tu mQ¾jlfha lsKl W;af;ack udOHfha h' lsKl
W;af;ack udOHh fndfyda úg fmá%§is j, ms<sfh, lrk w;r ta
rEmh 6'10( lsKl
i|yd fjk;a frdamK n÷ka o Ndú; l< yels h' W;af;ack udOHfha frdams;
lsKl
ujq Ydlfhka fjka lr .;a Ydl mgl fldgila tu fjka lr
.ekSfï § we;s jQ ;=jd,j,g m%;spdr ±laùula f,i w;HjYH fmdaYl udOHhla ;=< lsKl
f,i j¾Okh fõ' lsKlh hkq úfYaIKh fkdjQ ieye,a¨ f,i ms<sfh, jQ úYd, ffi,
f.dkqjls' tfuka u lsKlh iE§ug mQ¾jlfha ishü ffi, iyNd.S fkdjk w;r iuyr
ffi, muKla iyNd.s fõ' by; i|yka l< wdldrhg mgl frdamK udOHfha we;s j¾Ol
fydafudak wkqmd;h lsKl W;af;ackhg úYd, f,i n,mEï we;s lrhs' cdk o¾Yfhka
o¾Yhg fuu j¾Ol fydafudak iu;=,s;;d fjkia jk neúka mQ¾jlfha cdk o¾Yh" jhi"
fmdaIl ;;a;aj yd mgl frdamK udOHfha ;;a;ajh lsKl W;af;ackhg n,mdhs' iuyr
Ydl mgl i|yd b;d jeo.;a fkdjQj o l,," wO#fldá, (hypocotyl), îc m;% (cotyledons)
lsKl j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd fhdod .ekSfï §" mQ¾jlh lsKl W;af;ack udOHfha ;nk
ÈYdk;sh o (orientation) jeo.;a fõ'
kshñ; ;;a;aj hgf;a mQ¾jlh lsKl W;af;ack udOHhg y÷kajd § i;s 6 l muK
ld,hla w÷f¾ îfc!IKh l< hq;= w;r tys § wju jYfhka i;shla ;=< fojrla j;a fuh
ksÍlaIKh l< hq;= h'
6'9'2 lsKl u.ska m%frday W;af;ackh
idudkHfhka fndfyda Ydl ffi,j,g iïmQ¾K

Ydlhla njg m;a ùfï yelshdjla we;s nj by;
úia ;r lrk ,È' tkï tla Ydl ffi,hls k a
úfNaokh fkdjQ ffi, rdYshla we;s lr .; yels
w;r" tkï lsKlhla idodf.k" mgl frdamK
udOHfha j¾Ol fydafudak m%udK fjkia lsÍu u.ska
tu lsKlfhka m%frday we;sùu W;af;ackh l<
yels h' lsKl" m%frday W;af;ack udOHhg udre
6'11( lsKl u.ska m%frday W;af;ackh lr Èk ls y s m hla w÷frys ldur WIa K ;a j h
(280-300C) hgf;a îfc!IKh lrk w;r bka miq tu WIaK;aj ;;a;j a hgf;a u wdf,dalhg
udre lrhs' tys § lsKl u.ska m%frday we;s ùu mgka .kshs' fuu m%frday b;d fyd|ska l|"
118
m;% njg úfNaokh ù j¾Okh jQjdg miqj j¾Okh jQ tla tla m%frdayh fjk fjk u uq,a
moaO;s W;af;ack udOHhg udre lrhs' tla lsKlhlska m%frday rdYshla we;s úh yels w;r
tajd m%fõYfuka ÔjdKqyß; ;;a;aj hgf;a tlsfklska fjka lr fjk fjk u uq,a moaO;s
W;af;ack udOHhg udre lrkq ,nhs' by; i|yka l< wdldrhg u lsKl W;af;ackh
fmá% §isj, isÿ lrk w;r m%frday W;af;ackh fndfyda úg cEï fnda;,a fyda ùÿre fnda;,a
;=< lrkq ,efí' m%frday W;af;ackh i|yd fhdod .kakd mgl frdamK udOHfha ixhq;sh
o MS udOHfha ixhq;sh jk w;r fndfyda úg fjkia jkafka Tlaisk yd ihsfgdlhkska
j¾Ol fydafudak m%udK fõ' tla tla Ydl mgl i|yd fuh ;e;a jro (trial and error)
w;ayod ne,Su u.ska ;SrKh l< hq;=h'
6'9'3 m%frday u.ska uq,a moaO;sh j¾Okh
by; mshjfrys mgl frdamKfhka ,nd .;a m%frday" uq,a moaO;s

W;af;ackh lrk udOHj,g uq,a moaO;s ,nd .ekSu i|yd
udre l< hq;= w;r fuu udOHfha ixhq;sh MS udOHfha ixhq;sh
fõ' fndfyda úg j¾Ol fydafudak Ndú; fkdjk w;r th
fhdod .kakd tla tla mQ¾jlh wkqj fjkia úh yels h' fuu
udOH ms<sfh, lsÍfï § fhdod .kakd fc,s ldrl m%udKh
by; udOH fol tkï lsKl W;af;ac yd m%frday W;af;ac
udOHj,g ,nd .;a m%udKhg jvd wvq jk w;r thg fya;=j
jkafka uq,a moaO;sh fyd|ska j¾Okh jQ úg th myiqfjka
udOHfhka fjka lr .ekSughs' m%frday" fuu uq,a moaO;s
rEmh 6'12( uQ, moaO;s j¾Okh W;af;ack udOHhg udre lr i;s foll § muK fyd| uq,a
moaO;shla iys; l=vd Ydlhla ,nd .; yels w;r tu Ydlh
frdamK udOHfhka mig udre lsÍu isÿ l< yels h' uq,a moaO;s W;af;ackh wdf,dal
;;a;aj hgf;a 280-30 0C WIaK;ajh hgf;a isÿ lrhs'
6'9'4 mgl frdamKfhka ,nd .;a Ydl oDV lsÍu
by; mshjr u.ska ,nd .;a l|" m;%" uq,a iys; l=vd Ydl"
mQ¾jlfha isg tu ;;a;ajh olajd u j¾Okh lrk ,oafoa
md,s; ;;a;aj hgf;a h' tkï WIaK;ajh" wd¾ø;dj jeks
mdßißl idOl fuka u laIqø Ôùkaf.ka neyer mßir
;;a;ajhka hgf;a § h' fufia jevqK l=vd Ydlh b;d
ixfõ§ Ydlhla jk w;r tlajr u idudkH mßirhg udre
l< fyd;a th úkdY úh yels h' tu ksid md,s; mßir
;;a;ja , isg fuu Ydl idudkH mßir ;;a;aj hg;g b;d
fifuka wkq j ¾;kh l< hq ; = h' fuh oeä ls Í u
(aclimatization) f,i y÷kajk w;r tys § m%:ufhka u rEmh 6'13( me< idudkH mßirhg
yqre lsÍu
b;d m%fõYfuka mgl frdamK udOHfha we;s l=vd Ydl tu
119
udOHfhka fjka lr .; hq;= h' fjka lr .;a l=vd Ydlfha uq,aj, we;s mgl frdamK
udOHh fyd|ska bj;a l< hq;= jk w;r th uo riakh iys; wdiq; c,fhka fidaod .; yels
h' bka miq fuh mia msrjQ fmdaÉÑj, isgqúh yels h' tys § fuu fmdaÉÑj,g mqrjk mia
fyda fldïfmdaiaÜ ÔjdKqyß; tajd ùu jeo.;a fõ' ^rEmh 6'13&'
fuu fmdaÉÑj, isgqjQ l=vd Ydl Rcqj idudkH mßirhg ksrdjrKh ùu je<elaùug tu
fmdaÉÑ fmd,s;Ska ljr u.ska wdjrKh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' tla Èkla muK fufia ;nd
fojk Èk tu fmd,s;Ska ljrfha isÿre ie§u u.ska b;d fifuka fuu l=vd Ydl idudkH
mßir ;;a;ajhg ksrdjrKh lrhs' i;shla muK tf,i ;nd fmd,s;Ska bj;a lr yß;d.dr
;;a;aj hgf;a fuu Ydl mßK; Ydl olajd j¾Okh lr .; yels h' tfia ke;akï wjYH
mßÈ lafIa;%hg y÷kajd Èh yels h' fuu l%shdj,sh my; 6'14 rEmfha wdldrhg ksrEmKh
l< yels h'
me< lafIa;%hg
y÷kajd§u
mQ¾jlh
oDV lr .;a me<
lsKlh
Ydl mgl
frdamKfha úúO
l=vd me< oDV wjia:d
lsÍu
m%frday moaO;s
j¾Okh
uQ, moaO;s
j¾Okh
rEmh 6'14( Ydl mgl frdamKfha úúO wjia:d
6'10 mgl frdamKh Ndú;fhka Y%S ,xldfõ lrkq ,nk l¾udka; yd Bg we;s keUqrej
Y%S ,xldfõ mgl frdamK ;dlaIKh Ndú; lsÍu i|yd kj ;dlaIK l%u u.ska ÈhqKq jq
úoHd.dr we;' tu mgl frdamK úoHd.drj, WoHdk w,xlrKh lrk Ydl" úis;=re m;%sl
Ydl" úis;=re u,a Ydl" lemqï u,a" c,c Ydl iy flfi,a Ydl mgl frdamKh fhdod
.ksñka ksmojk w;r tajd foaYSh fjf<|fmd< fuka u úfoaYSh fjf<|fmd< i|yd o
ksmojhs'
120
óg wu;r j f;a" rn¾" fmd,a iy ù m¾fhaIK wdh;kj, o mgl frdamK ;dlaIKh u.ska
.=Kd;aulNdjfhka jeä kj m%fNao y÷kajd §u i|yd m¾fhaIK b;d id¾:l j isÿ lrñka
mj;S'
YS% ,xldfõ fndfyda msßia mgl frdamK ;dlaIKhg keUqre ùug m%Odk jYfhka fya;=
jkafka" tu ;dlaIKh u.ska msgrgj,ska kj m%fNao f.kajd foaYSh fjf<|fmd<g bÈßm;a
lsÍug wjldY mej;Su yd tajd i|yd jeä b,aüla ;sîuhs' mgl frdamK ;dlaIKfha we;s
laIqø m%pdrK l%u u.ska msgrgj,ska f.kajk b;d l=vd Ydl mgl úYd, jYfhka m%pdrKh
l< yels h'
lemqï u,a l¾udka;fha § b;d fyd| ;;a;ajfha me< iy u,a ksIamdokh l< hq;= fõ'
tfuka u tla j¾.hl u,aj, j¾Kh" m%udKh tl u ùu tu u,aj,g úfoaYhS fjf<|fmdf<a
b;d by< b,aüla ,eîug fya;= fõ' tu ;;a;ajfha u,a ,nd .; yels tl u ;dlaIKh
mgl frdamKh ;dlaIKh hs'
me< wmkhkh lsÍfï § iajdNdúl mßirfha j.d l< me< wmkhkh lsÍug wjir ,nd
.ekSu b;d wiSre lreKls' tfy;a md,s; ;;a;aj hgf;a mgl frdamK ;dlaIKh Ndú;fhka
,nd .kakd me< i|yd b;d myiqfjka wjir ,nd .ekSug yels h' thg m%Odk fya;=j
jkafka tu me< m<sfndaO yd frda.j,ska f;dr me< ùu h'
Y%S ,xldfõ weô,smsáh m%foaYfha flfi,a j.dj isÿ lrkafka mgl frdamKfhka ,nd .;a
flfi,a me<j,ska h' tys jdish jkafka tla flfi,a leklska ,efnk ishü flfi,a
f.ä tl u m%udKfhka" tl u j¾Khlska yd tlu rihlska hqla; ùu h' óg wu;rj
c,c Ydl m%pdrKhg o mgl frdamK ;dlaIKh iq¿ jYfhka fhdod .kshs'
mgl frdamK ;dlaIKh i|yd myiqfjka Kh ,nd .; yels ùu" me< wmkhkh i|yd
wjir ,nd .ekSug myiq ùu" mqyqKq lsÍu" mdGud,d y÷kajd §u jeks l%ufõo ksid fuu
l¾udka;hg fndfyda msßia keUqre ù we;s nj ±lsh yels h'
cdk bxðfkare úoHdj yd cdk ;dlaIKh fhdod .ksñka kj úfYaI yd kj ,laIK iys;
Ydl ksmoùfï § mgl frdamKh ke;=j u neß ;dlaIKhls'
121
7' wd¾Ólj jeo.;a mDIAGjxYSka yd wmDIAGjxYSka
7'1 ye¢kaùu
mDIaGjxYSka hkq Ôjk pl%fha lsishï wjia:djl iakdhq ud¾.hg by<ska mDIaG rÊcqjla
iys; Ôù ldKavhls' fndfyda mDIaGjxYSkaf.a l,, wjêfhka miqj mDIaG rÊcqj" lfYarej
u.ska m%;sia:dmkh fõ' lfYarej" lfYAreld kï jQ jHQy fY%aKshlska ieliS we;' lfYAreld
wiaÓuh fyda ldáf,ac úh yels h' fudard uvqjd jeks u;aiHhkaf.a lfYAreld ldáf,ac
jk w;r n,hd fl,j,a,d jeks u;aiHhkaf.a o WNh Ôùka yd laISrmdhskaf.a lfYAreld
wiaÓuh fõ' tfia u fyd|ska j¾Okh jQ fud<h" ysil a n,la ;=< msyg
s hs' iqIï
q kdj lfYarefjka
wdjrKh ù we;' mDIaGjxYSkag fyd|ska jevqKq ixfõ§ wjhj we;' Yajik moaO;sh c,laf,dau
fyda fmKy¨j,ska iukaú; fõ' fndfyda mDIaGjxYSkag p,kh úh yels h' mDIaGjxYSkag
ÈhqKq iakdhq moaO;shla yd ukdj j¾Okh jQ wNHka;r iels,a,la iys; neúka f.dvìu"
uqyqfoa fyda jd;fha Ôj;a ùug wkqj¾;kh ù we;' Tjqkag fõ.fhka j¾Okh ùfï
yelshdjla we;s w;r wmDIaGjxYSkag jvd úYd, YÍr msysghs' mDIaGjxYSkag ukdj j¾Okh
jQ iakdhq moaO;shla msysgk neúka ndysr mßirfha W;af;acj,g blaukska m%;spdr oelaùfï
yelshdj we;' mDIaGjxYSka w;=ßka wiaÓl u;aiHfhda" ldáf,ac u;aiHfhda" mlaISyq yd
laISrmdhsyq wd¾Ól jYfhka jeä jeo.;alula olaj;s'
fndfyda wmDIAGjxYSyq l=vd h' mDIaGjxYSka yd wmDIaGjxYSka w;r we;s m%Odk fjkialula
f,i YÍrfha m%udKh oelaúh yels h' m%udKfhka l=vd mKqjka" lDóka jeks wmDIaGjxYSyq
fifuka p,kh fj;s' wmDIaGjxYSyq úYd, mrdihl jdiia:dkj, yd uqyqÿ m;=f,a uvj,
o Ôj;a fj;s' f,dalfha wmDIaGjxYSka ñ,shk folla muK y÷kd f.k we;' i;a;aj
rdcOdksfha 98]la muK wmDIaGjxYSka h' wmDIaGjxYSkag WodyrK f,i is,skagf¾gdjka
^Wod( fc,s*sIa&" tlhsfkdav¾uegdjka ^Wod( uqyqÿ ,s,s&" wd;%fmdavdjka ^Wod( ó ueiaid" biaid&
yd fudïaldjka ^Wod( f.d¿fn,a,ka& oelaúh yels h' mDIaGjxYSkg a idfmalI a j wmDIaGjxYSkg
a
ir, iakdhq moaO;shla we;' tneúka Tjqyq iïmQ¾Kfhka u bj (instinct) u.ska yeisßu
fmkaj;s' nQj,a,d wmDIaGjxYSka w;r jvd;a nqoaêu;a u i;d f,i ie,fla'
7'2 ó ueiaid
wmDIaGjxYSka w;=ßka wd;%fmdavd jxYhg wh;a Ôùyq wd¾Ólj jeo.;a h' ó ueiaid"
yhsufkdmafgrd ^mg,uh mshdm;a ork lDóka& f.da;%hg wh;a jk w;r nUre" fonre yd
l=yqUqjda o fuu f.da;%hg wh;a fj;s'
ó ueiaidf.a j¾.SlrKh
rdcOdksh ( i;a;aj (Animalia)

jxYh ( wd;%fmdavd (Arthropoda)
j¾.h ( bkafilagd (Insecta)
f.da;h
% ( yhsufkdmafgrd (Hymenoptera)
l=,h ( tamfs â (Apidae)
.Kh ( tamis a (Apis)
122
ó ueiaidf.a ndysr ,laIK
mQ¾j mshdm;
ir, wei
wmr mshdm;
ixhqla; wei YajdirkaOq
ia m ¾Yl
mQ¾j
wfOday kq j uOH wmrmdoh
mdoh
mdoh
Y= K a vdj
ysi Wri Worh
rEmh 7'1( ó ueiaidf.a ndysr rEmdldrh
lhsàkSuh nysIa iels,a,lska wdjrKh ù we;s ó ueiaidf.a foayh ysi" Wri yd Worh f,i
f,i LKav ;=klg fjka ù we;'
ysi
ysfiys ixhqla; weia folla olakg ,efí' tla ixhqla; weila ldp oyia .Kklska iE§
we;' Tjqkag ukd oDIaáuh yelshdjla we;s kuq;a ñksidg o¾Ykh jk wdldrhg rEm y÷kd
.ekSfï yelshdj ke;' ó ueiaidg j¾Kh" wfOdarla; lsrK yd ÈYdj y÷kd .ekSu i|yd
ixhqla; weia WmldÍ fõ' ir, weia ;=kla ôcelli& ysi uqÿfkys msysgd we;' fïjd wdf,dal
;Sj%;dj ks¾Kh lsÍu i|yd" Èjd ld,fhys l%shdldrlï i|yd yd ÈYdk;sh kshdukh lsÍu
i|yd fhdod .kS' j,dl=¿ iys; Èkhl jqjo ysre t<sh oel .ekSfï yelshdj ó ueiaidg
we;' tu.ska ó joh we;s ia:dkh ;SrKh lr .kshs'
ysfiys we;s iam¾Yl hq.,h mßirh ms<sn| ixfõok ,nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; fõ' fïjd
b;d ixfõ§ jk w;r iam¾Yl u.ska ndysr mßirfha WKqiqu" jdhq p,k" iam¾Yh" lïmk
yd ridhk øjH ms<sn| ixfõok ,nd .; yelsh'
Wmdx. (
ó ueiaidg úlk yd f,jlk ^chewing and lapping type& uqL Wmdx. we;' fïjd u.ska Ydl
fldgia úld ó ueiaika ksmojk .ï ^propolis& jeks uY%Khla ó joh ie§ug fhdod .kshs'
úfYAIfhka ieliqK fu!L Wmdx.hla jk kd,dldr Y=Kavdj u,a meKs yd c,h Wrd îug
fhdod .kshs'
Wri LKav ;=klska iukaú; h' ta mq¾j" uOH yd mYapd;a Wria LKav jYfhks' fuu Wria
LKav ;=kg LKavhlg mdo hq., ne.ska mdo hq., ;=kla iú ù we;'
123
llaIdx.h
m%i ßldx.h
mrd. mei
cx>dj W!rej
mrd. uäh
jg/,a , fkrej
msßisÿ lsÍfï nqreiqj l¾Ks l dj

mrd. nqreiqj mrd. nqreiqj
mdo l+¾ph
A - mQ¾j mdoh B - uOH mdoh C - wmr mdoh
rEmh 7'2( ó ueiaidf.a mdo
ó ueiaidf.a mdoj, Tjqka bgq lrk ld¾hh wkqj úúO wkqj¾;k olakg ,efí' mdo ishqï
frdauj,ska wdjrKh ù we;' ó ueiaid mqIamhl jeiQ úg YÍrh mqrd mrd. ;ejf¾' tu mrd.
mQ¾j yd uOH mdo Wmfhda.S wdOdrfhka mSrd bj;g f.k wmr mdo hq.f,a msysgd we;s mrd.
meig we;=¿ lrhs' wk;=rej wmr mdo fofla msysá mrd. mefia we;s mrd. ó johg m%jdykh
lrhs' u,a meKs yd mrd. mqrjd .;a ó ueiaidg fõ.fhka mshEôh yels w;r u,a meKs
fkdue;s úg Bg jvd fõ.fhka mshEôh yels nj mejfia' ó ueiaidg Y%jK bkaøsh fkdue;s
w;r mdo u.ska lïmk ixfõokh lrkq ,efí' ó ueis fmÜáfha fyda jofha fi<ùula we;s
jqj fyd;a th mdo u.ska ixfõokh fõ'
Wrfia uOH yd mYapd;a LKav folg mg,uh mshdm;a hq.,h ne.ska hq., folla iïnkaO
fõ' mQ¾j mshdm;" wmr mshdm;g fldl= u.ska iïnkaO ù we;' ó ueiaidf.a mshdm;a m%Odk
jYfhka mshEöug;a" jevldr ueiaishkaf.a mshdm;a ie,Su u.ska joh ;=< WIaK;ajh wvq
lsÍug;a l%shd lrhs' fuu mshdm;a ie,Su u.ska joh jd;kh lrk w;r tu.ska u,a meKsj,
c,h bj;a ùu o isÿ fõ' ó ueiaidf.a mshdm;a ;;amrhlg jdr 250la muK ie,sh yels h'
Worfha LKav yhla oDYHudk fõ' fuu LKavj, fofl<jr YajdirkaO% we;' jevldr
ueiaishkaf.a Worfha WoÍh me;af;a bá .%kaÓh ^wax gland& we;' fuu .%kaÓh u.ska bá
ksmojk w;r" ksl=;a jk bá len,s" wfOdaykqfjka úld ó joh ks¾udKh lrhs'
ó jofha l=àrhla Ivdi%dldr h' tu yevh ksid wjldYh wmf;a fkdhk mßÈ l=àr
tlsfkl fyd¢ka weisÍ we;'
rEmh 7'3( ó joh
124
ó ueis ú; ^Sting&
ó ueiaidf.a ú; Worfha wjika fl<jf¾ msysghs' fuh idudkHfhka Worh ;=< ;nd
.kakd w;r hï mqoa.,fhl=g oIag lrk úg muKla msg;g meñfKa' ó ueiaid oIag lrk
úg Worh keñh hq;= h' ó ueiaidf.a ú; bÈlgqjla fl<jr ì<S fldlalla mj;skjd jeks
jHQyhls' oIag l< miq th udxi fmaYsh ;=<g we;=¿ ù iu ;=<g .uka lr isr fõ' kej;
bj;g .ekSu wmyiq h' oIag l< miq ó ueiaid mshEöug W;aidy .kakd úg ó ueiaid ñh
hhs' iuyr mqoa.,fhda ó ueis úIg wid;añl;djla olaj;s' túg oIag l< ia:dkh bÈfï'
iuyr wjia:dj, § Yajik wmyiq;d we;s úh yels h' tu wjia:dj, ffjoH m%;sldr i|yd
fhduq úh hq;= h'
ó ueis .Kdjdih
ó ueis .Kdjdihl wdldr ;=kl ó ueiaika olakg ,efí'
1' /ck ^queen&
2' jevldr ueiaisfhda ^worker bee&
3' msßñ ueiafida ^Drone&
fi!LH iïmkak ó johl ó ueiafida 40,000 – 80,000la muK jdih lr;s' tys tla /
ckla" jevldr ueiaisfhda oyia .Kkla yd msßñ ueiafida ish .Kkla fj;s'
msrsñ ueiaid /ck jevldr ueiaish
rEmh 7.4: ó ueis .Kdjdifha idudðlfhda
rEmh 7'5( ó ueis .Kdjdifha /ck
125
iuQyirKh ^swaming& jk wjia:dfõ yer tla ckmohl tla /ckla muKla Ôj;a fõ'
iuQyirKh hkq /ck" jevldr ueiaishka /ila iuÕ .Kdjdifhka msg ù kj ckmohla
iE§u hs' iuQyirKfhka /ck bj;ajQ miq kj /ckla we;s lr .kS'
/ckg jevldr ueiaishkag yd msßñ ueiaikag jvd È.= YÍrhla we;' úfYaIfhka ì;a;r
ouk iufha § Worh jvd È.= fõ' /ckg flá mshdm;a yd l=vd Y=Kavdjla we;s w;r" wmr
mdofha mrd. meila ke;' Worfha bá .%kaÓ o ke;' Worh fl<jr we;s ú;" jevldr
ueiaishkaf.a tajdg jvd È.= yd jl% ù we;skuq;a ì<S fldl= fuka we;s fldgi flá yd l=vd
h' ,sx.slj mßK; jQ .eyeKq i;d /ck fõ' /ck ouk ì;a;rj,ska fldgila ixfiaÑ;
tajd jk w;r fldgila ixfiapkh fkdjQ tajd h' ixfiaÑ; ì;a;rj,ska jevldr ueiaishka
ìys jk w;r msßñ ueiafida ixfiapkh fkdjQ ì;a;rj,ska ìys fj;s' /ckf.a M,odhs
Ôú;ld,h ^productive life span& iuyr wjia:dj, § jir my olajd È.= úh yels h' /ck
fmfrdafudak ksmojk w;r tajdfha .kaOh u.ska .Kdjdih ;=< tlsfkld y÷kd .ekSug
yels fõ' Èk 7-11 jhfia we;s jevldr ueiaishkaf.a YÍrfha we;s .%kaÓj,ska fm%daàkj,ska
wkQk iqÿ meye;s lsß jeks øjHhla jk rdc c,a,sh Y%djh fõ' óueis lSghkag m<uq Èk ;=k
;=< § muKla rdc c,a,sh ,nd fok w;r /ckg wLKavj Ôú; ld,h ;=< § u rdc c,a,sh
wdydr jYfhka ,efí'
msßñ ueiafida
.ykhl 200 – 300la muK olakg ,efí' ixfiaÑ; fkdjk ì;a;rj,ska fl!udfrdaoN a jh
u.ska we;s fõ' /ckg yd jevldr ueiaishkag jvd ysi úYd, h' ysi uqÿfka mDIaÀhj
ixhqla; weia fol tl;= fõ' msßñ ueiaikag ú;" mrd. mei fyda bá .%kaÓ fkdue;' msßñ
i;a;= ì;a;rfhka ìys ù i;shla .;jk úg ,sx.slj mßK; fj;s' /ck iuÕ ffu:qk
ixi¾.h isÿ lsÍu fudjqkaf.a ld¾hh fõ' /ck iuÕ ffu:qk mshdießfha § ixi¾.h isÿ
lr bka miq ñh hhs'
jevldr ueiaisfhda
ckmofha isák l=vdu i;=ka h' .Kdjdifha jeä ixLHdjla olakg ,efí' jevldr ueiaih
s f.a
Ôú; ld,h udi 6la muK h' ì;a;r fkdou;s' fudjqkaf.a YÍrfha úfYaIs; jHQy we;'
megjqkag wdydr Y%djh lrk .%kaÓ" bá .%kaÓ yd mrd. mei' .Kdjdifha lïlrejka úiska
bgqlrkq ,nk ld¾hh bgq lrkafka fudjqka h' fudjqkaf.a uqL Wmdx. úld lEu yd f,j
lEu ^chewing and lapping& i|yd úlrKh ù we;' Y=Kavdj È.= jk w;r th u,a meKs Wrd
îug yd u,aj,ska mrd. ,nd .ekSug WmldÍ fõ' mQ¾j mdo hq.,fha we;s frdau fma<shla
u.ska iam¾Ylh msßisÿ l< yels h'
;j;a frdau fma<shla u.ska ysfia yd uqL Wmdx.j, ;ejÍ we;s mrd. bj;a lr tajd wmr mdo
hq.,g fhduq lrkq ,efí' wdydr ud¾. moaO;sfha l=vd wka;%h yd f.dcqr ;=< mshdießfha §
tl;= lrk u,a meKs .nvd lrhs' tys § u,a meKs iuÕ tkaihsu ñY% fõ' tys § u,a meKsj,
ixhq;sh yd pH w.h fjkia fõ' tu.ska tajd È.=ld,Skj .nvd lsÍug yels ;;a;ajhg m;a
fõ' u,a meKs tl;= lr .;a jevldr ueiaish johg meñKs miq" fjk;a jevldr ueiaih s lf.a
uqLhg f.dcqf¾ we;s u,a meKs jeuEÍu lrhs' fuu u,a meKs ó meKs njg m;a jk ;=re
jevldr ueiaishka kej; kej; jeuEÍu yd wkqNj lsÍu isÿ lr wjidkfha § mshdm;a
ie,Su u.ska c,h jdIamSlrKh ùug i,iajd jofha ó meKs l=àrj, ;ekam;a lrhs'
126
jevldr ueiaishf.a Worh fl<jr ú; ^sting& olakg ,efí' jevldr ueiaishka joh ;=<
iqúfYaIS ld¾hhka lsym s hla bgq lrhs' Wod( l=àr msßisÿ lsÍu" megjqkag wdydr §u" /ck
/l n,d .ekSu" wmøjH bj;a lsÍu" /f.k tk u,a meKs ilid jofha ó meKs l=àrj,
;ekam;a lsÍu" ó joh f.dv ke.Su" .Kdjdifha fodrgq wdrlaId lsÍu" ms,jq iqyU q q,ka njg
m;a jQ miq uq,a i;s lsym
s h ;=< jofha WIaK;ajh wvq lsÍu yd jd;kh lsÍu" u,a meKs" mrd."
yd c,h tl;= lsÍug hEu'
ó ueis .Kdjdihl Y%u úNckh isÿ ù we;s wdldrh my; j.=fõ oelafõ'
ó ueis j¾.h yd jhi ld¾hh

1. /ck ì;a;r oeóu
fmfrdafudak ksl=;a lsÍu u.ska .Kdjdifha
ó ueiaika md,kh lsÍu yd uÕ fmkaùu'
2. msßñ ueiafida /ck ouk ì;a;r ixfiapkh lsÍu
3. jevldr ueiafida lSghd" ms<jdg yd ì;a;rj,g WKqiqu iemhSu"
^Èk 1-3 jhie;s& joh msßisÿ lsÍu
4. jevldr ueiafida u,a meKs yd mrd. u.ska jeäuy¨ lSghkag
^Èk 4-6 jhie;s& wdydr iemhSu
5. jevldr ueiafida Tjqkaf.a YÍrfha .%kaÓj,ska Y%djh jk rdc c,a,sh
^Èk 7-11 jhie;s& /ckg yd lSghkag wdydr msKsi iemhSu
6. jevldr ueiafida ó joh iE§ug bá ksmoùu" lSghka iys; l=àr yd
^Èk 12-17 jhie;s& ó meKs iys; l=àr uqød ;eîu
7. jevldr ueiafida ó joh i;=rkaf.ka wdrlaId lsÍu" ó joh
^Èk 18-20 jhie;s& jd;kh lsÍu
8. jevldr ueiafida u,a meKs" mrd. yd c,h tl;=
^Èk >21 jhie;s& lsÍug hEu
ó ueiaikaf.ka ,efnk m%fhdack
1' mrd.kh
mrd.k ldrlhl= f,i ó ueiaidf.ka isÿ jk fiajh w;suy;a h' ó ueiaika u,aj,ska
meKs ,nd .ekSfï § isref¾ ;ejfrk mrd. fjk;a tu úfYaIfha u mqIamhl u,a meKs
.ekSfï § l,xlfha ;ejÍ mrd.kh isÿ fõ' úfYAIfhka u mrmrd.kh i|yd wkqj¾;kh
ù we;s mqIam mrd.kh i|yd ó ueiafida jeo.;a h' mrd.kfhka ksmofjk îc yd M,
i;=kag wdydr msKsi m%fhdackj;a fõ' wdydr ksIamdokhg muKla fkdj N+ñ w,xlrK
lghq;=j, § o mrd.kh jeo.;a fõ' jkdka;rj, mqIam mrd.kh lsÍu u.ska ffcj
úúO;ajh by< kexùfï ld¾hh i|yd o óueiaika odhl fõ'
2' ó meKs ,nd .ekSu

ó jofha we;s meKs joj,ska ó meKs ksiaidrKh lr .kshs'
127
ó meKsj, ixhq;sh
*arlafgdia 38%
.a¨fldaia 31%
fvlaiaá%ka 5%
iqfl%daia 1'5-3'0%
fm%daàk 0'1-2'3%
Lksc 0'1-0'3%
tkaihsu
úgñk
c,h
Wiia ;;a;ajfha ó meKsj, b;d blaukska YÍrhg Wrd .; yels iSks j¾. wvx.= fõ'
óg wu;rj ó meKsj, m%;sTlaisldrl we;' m%;sTlaisldrl wvx.= ó meKs wdydrhg
.ekSfuka reêrh ukdj isrer mqrd ixirKh ùu yd yDohdndO we;s ùfï yelshdj"
wxYNd.h yd iuyr ms<sld j¾. we;s ùfï yelshdj je<flk nj jd¾;d fõ' tfiau ó
meKsj, ldnksl wï, yd *Sfkd,sl ixfhda. wvx.= h' ifï ms<siaiqï ;=jd, yd fjk;a
;=jd,j,g ó meKs wdf,am lsÍfuka tajd iqj jk nj jd¾;d fõ' wjqreÿ tlg jeä l=vd
<uhskaf.a leiai i|yd fjk;a T!IOj,g jvd iajdNdúl wdrlaIdldÍ T!IOhla f,i
w;S;fha isg u ó meKs Ndú; l< yels nj mejfia'
3' ó bá ,nd .ekSu
ó bá hkq ó ueis l¾udka;fha oaú;Shsl ksIamdokhls' ó jo lmd meKs ,nd .ekSfuka miq
joj,ska ó bá ,nd .kS' báj, meyeh" ó jofha l=àrj, ;sfnk wmøjH m%udKh wkqj
fjkia fõ' megjqka isák l=àrj, wmøjH m%udKh jeä neúka tu l=àrj,ska ,nd
.kakd ó bá ;o meye;s fõ' ó báj, meyeh iqÿ meyefha isg ÿUqre meyeh olajd fjkia
fõ' ó bá >k wjia:dfõ mj;sk w;r úúO ridhksl øjHj,ska iukaú; fõ' tys we;s
m% . h triacontanyl palmitate fõ' ó báj, øjdxlh ^62O – 64 OC&
Odk r i dh k sl i xf h da
muK fõ'
ó báj, m%fhdack
udkj fi!LHh m%j¾Okh i|yd
 ifï fi!LHdrlaIs; nj jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd ó bá Ndú; fõ' nelaàßhd

j¾Okh ksfIaOkh lsÍfï yelshdjla ó báj,g we;' tfiau È,Sr j¾Okh o wvq
lrhs'
 ifï f;;ukh r|jd .ekSu i|yd o ó bá jeo.;a fõ' ifuka c,h msg ùu
j<lajd .ekSu i|yd r¿ yd úh<s ifï wdf,am lsÍug Ndú; fõ'
 l=re,E i|yd m%;sldrlhla f,i o ó bá Ndú; fõ' th úIîc kdYlhla f,i
l%shd lrk neúka l=re,E i|yd m%;sldr lsÍug Ndú; fõ'
 ifï we;s bß;e¨k f,i fmfkk ia:dk iqj lsÍu i|yd o Ndú; lrhs'
128
 bámkaoï ksIamdokh isÿ lsÍu i|yd ó bá Ndú; fõ' fjk;a báj¾.j,ska
ksmojk bámkaoïj,g jvd ó báj,ska idokq ,nk bámkaoï §ma;su;aj È.=
fõ,djla oe,afjk w;r" keóu isÿ fkd fõ'
 im;a;= Tm oeóug yd oej Tm oeóu i|yd wuqøjHhla f,i o ó bá Ndú; fõ'
fuys § ó bá g¾mkaghskaj, Èh lr Ndú; lrhs'
 ixY=oaO lr úrxckh l< ó bá wdydr" rEm,djKH ksIamdok yd T!IO ksIamdokh
i|yd Ndú; lrhs' Öiaj, wdjrKh ie§ug ^Öia jd;hg ksrdjrKh ù È,Sr ie§u
je<elaùug& fhdod .kS' E901 wdydr wdl,k i|yd" m,;=rej,ska c,h msgùu
je<elaùug fuka u m,;=rej, wdrlaIdj i|yd ndysr wdf,amkhla f,i o
m%fhdackhg .kS' pqúka.ï ksIamdokh i|yd nyq,j Ndú; lrhs'
 rEm,djKH lghq;=j, § f;d,a wdf,amk" w;aj, wdf,am lrk l%Sï j¾. iE§u
i|yd Ndú; lrhs' tfiau weia wdf,amk ksIamdokh i|yd o ó bá Ndú; lrhs'
óg wu;rj o;a ne£fï lghq;=" n;sla l¾udka;h" úúO wdlD;s iE§ug fuka u úis;=re
NdKav ksIamdokfha§ o ó bá Ndú; fõ'
4' rdc c,a,sh ,nd .ekSu
rdc c,a,sh hkq jevldr ueiaikaf.a YÍrfha we;s .%kaÓj,ska Y%djh jk /ckg yd
lSghkag wdydr i|yd ,nd fok øjHhls' /ck yd ì;a;rfhka ìys ú uq,a Èk lsysmh ;=<
lSghska isák l=àr rdc c,a,sfhka mqrjk neúka tajdfhka nyq,j rdc c,a,sh ,nd .;
yels h' rdc c,a,sfha c,h" ldfndayhsfâ%g" fm%daàk" fïoh" úgñka B yd Lksc ,jK
wvx.= h' tys we;s úfYaIs; fm%daàk yd fïo wï, fi!LHuh m%;s,dNj,g fya;= fõ'
tf,iu YÍrfha mgl w¨;ajeähd lsÍu i|yd wjYH fm%daàka ksmoùu rdc c,a,sh u.ska
jeä ÈhqKq lrk nj iuyr m¾fhaIK u.ska fmkajd § we;'
rEmh 7'6( ó jofha rdc c,a,sh iys; l=àr
ó ueis md,kh
ó ueis md,kh iajhx /lshdjla fukau úfkdaodxYhla f,i o mj;ajd f.k hd yels
,dNodhs l¾udka;hls' ó ueis md,kh i|yd iqÿiq ia:dkhla f;aÍfï § my; i|yka lreKq
ms<sn| i,ld ne,sh hq;= h'
129
• ó ueis fmÜáfha isg ógr 200g jvd wvq ÿrlska wjqreoao mqrd u,a msfmk f.dapr
Ydl ;sîu
• c,dY%s; w÷re isis,a m%foaYhla ùu
• lDIs ridhksl øjH Ndú; lrk m%foaYhla fkdùu
iuQyirKfha § fyda fjk;a ckmohlska fjka lr ó ueis md,kfha § kj ckmohla idod

.; yels h' Y%S ,xldfõ ó ueis ckmo j¾Okh i|yd f.dapr Ydlj, u,a wiajkq
jeämqr we;s ckjdß - wfma%,a ld,h jvd iqÿiq h'
óueis fmÜÜhla fldgia lsysmhlska iukaú; fõ' ó ueis fmÜáfha wäfha ,E,a,g by<ska
f.aÜgq ;yvqj we;' f.aÜgqfõ isÿre ilia lr we;af;a /ckg bj;g hd fkdyels jk f,i
yd jevldr ueiaishkag bj;g hd yels mßÈ h' ms,d rduq ;=< we;s joj, lSgfhda yd ms,jq
we;' meKs fmÜáfha rduq lsym
s hla ;eìh yels w;r tys joj, ó meKs ;ekam;a flf¾' meKs
l=áhg by<ska uqÿka ,E,a, we;' tys jd;dY%h ,efnk isÿre we;' by<ska u jy,h iú lrkq
,efí'
jy,h
uqÿka ,E,a,
meKs fmÜáh
ms,d rduqj
ms,d fmÜáh
f.aÜgq ;yvqj
m;=f,a ,E,a,
rEmh7'7( ó ueis fmÜáhl fldgia
rEmh7'8( ÿï úisrej
130
ó ueis ckmo w,a,d .ekSu yd ;ekam;a lsÍu i|yd my; i|yka WmlrK wjYH fõ'
1' úfYaIs; we÷u yd uqyqKq wdjrKh
2' ÿï úisrej
3' m%jdykh i|yd wjYH rduq
4' rn¾ w;ajeiqï
5' msys$ bá bj;a lsÍug yd jo bj;a lsÍug wjYH WmlrK
ó meKs ksiaidrKh i|yd wjYH WmlrK my; mßÈ fõ'

1' r;a l< msyshla
2' meKs$ bá tl;= lsÍug n÷ka
3' meKs ksiaidrlh
4' oaú;aj fmryk
5' n÷ka $fnda;,a
ó johla mÍlaId lr ó meKs bj;a lsÍfï mshjr ir,j fufia oelaúh yels h'
1' ó joh mÍlaId lsÍug m<uqj YÍrh wdjrKh jk mßÈ we÷ï we| uqyqKq wdjrKh yd
w;ajeiqï me,¢h hq;= h'
2' ó ueis fmÜáfha fodrgqj fyd¢ka ksÍlaIKh lr ó ueis j¾. y÷kd .ekSug W;aidy
l< hq;= h'
3' ÿï úisrej iQodkï lr .; hq;= h' ÿï u.ska ó ueiaikaf.a fmfrdafudak l%shdldß;ajh
wvq jk neúka fmÜáhg ÿï we,a,Su u.ska tlsfkld w;r mKsúv yqjudrej kj;S'
4' kj rduq wi, ;nd .; hq;= h' ó ueis fmÜáfha mshk újD; lr johg ÿï úisreùfuka
ó ueiaikaf.a l%shdldß;ajh wvq fõ'
5' meKs jo rduq bj;a lsÍu yd tajd mÍlaId lsÍfï § tajdfha l=àr jid we;s mg,j,
meyeh ksÍlaIKh lsÍu isÿ fõ' <d meye;s j¾Kfhka hq;= tajd msßisÿ ó meKs h' ;o
meye;s tajd mrd. fõ' jofha ueo <d ÿUqre meye;s ms,jqka isák l=àr olakg ,efí'
u,a meKs yd mrd. uqød fkd;enQ l=áj, we;'
6' jo bj;a lsÍfï § m<uqj meKs rduq bj;a lr tajd n÷klg Wäka ;nd r;a l< msyh
s la
u.ska 30 la wdk;j blaukska lmd jo bj;a l< hq;= h'
O
7' tajd meKs ksiaidrlhg iú lr mshk jid lrleúh hq;= h'

8' úkdä 10 -15lg miq meKs ksiaidrlh m;=f,a meKs tl;= fõ' ksiaidrlh m;=f,a
we;s lrdufhka meKs ,nd .; yels h'
9' fyd¢ka msßisÿ lr jd;fha úh<d.;a meKs ouk msßisÿ n÷k Wvg oaú;aj fmrkh fyda
Öialaf,da;a frÈ lene,a,la ;nd lrdufhka tk meKs fmrd n÷kg .; hq;= h'
10' meh 12la nqnq¿ bj;a ùug ;nd uqød ;eìh hq;= h'
131
7'3 biaid
biaid wmDIaGjxYs c,c Ôúfhls' c,c Ôù j.d w;ßka ñßÈh fyda lrÈh biaika j.dj
,dNodhs jHdmdrhla fõ' biaid wh;a jk l%iafÜishd j¾.hg fmdlsßiaika" ll=¿jka
jeks c,c Ôùyq o wh;a fj;s'
biaidf.a j¾.SlrKh
rdcOdksh ( i;a;j a Animalia
jxYh ( wd;%fmdavd Arthropoda
j¾.h ( l%iafÜishd Crustacea
f.da;%h ( fvlfmdavd Decapoda
l=,h ( fmksfâ Penaeidae
.Kh ( fmkshia Penaeus
biaidf.a rEmSh ,laIK
;=kv
a h
YS¾fI!rih Worh
wei
iam¾Ysld
iam¾Yl
ma,jmdo
prmdo jd, mdÈldj
rEmh 7'9( biaidf.a rEmSh ,laIK
biaidf.a YÍrh YS¾fI!rih yd Worh f,i fldgia follska iukaú; h' lhsákSuh
nysIaiels,a,la we;' iam¾Yl hq., folls' tajd iam¾Ylh yd iam¾Ysldj f,i ye¢kafõ'
iam¾Yl hq.,h iam¾Ysld hq.,hg jvd È.e;s h' uqL Wmdx. f,i ykql Wmdx.h mQ¾j
ykqlWmdx.h yd wfOdaykqj we;'
biaika fvlfmdavd (decapoda) f,i y÷kajkq ,nkafka mdo oyhla we;s neúks' YS¾fI!rihg
iïnkaO mdo hq., myla ^pr mdo& weú§u i|yd o Worhg iïnkaO mdo hq., myla msyskSu
i|yd o fhdod .kS' wmr fl<jf¾ jd,mdÈldj (uropod) msysgd we;' th j,s.jr,la jk
w;r miqmig mekSug m%fhdackj;a fõ' ma,jmdo fl<jr m;% wdldr fõ'
biaikag weú§ug" msyskSug yd mekSug (darting) hk ;=ka wdldrhlg p,kh úh yels h'
weú§fï § YÍrh ;sriaj mj;ajdf.k Worh È.= lr .ksñka prmdoj,ska Wmia;r u;=msg
.uka lrhs' iam¾Ylh yd iam¾Ysldj wLKavj p,kh ù mßirh ms<sn| wdfõok ,nd .kS'
132
ma,jmdo u.ska yn,a .Eu jeks p,k u.ska msyk
s hs' mekSfï § biaid keù Worh YS¾fI!rihg
háka p,kh lrhs' laIKslj j,s. jr, È.= lsÍu u.ska Worfhka c,h u; mSvkhla we;s
lrhs' fuh laIKslj isÿ ù biaid miqmig .eiaiSfuka hï ÿrlg mkshs' fuh fndfyda úg
wk;=reodhl wjia:djl m,dhEu i|yd WmldÍ fõ' biaidf.a Worh LKav yhla ndysrj
y÷kd .; yels h' Worfha fl<jr wka;Hh f,i ye¢kafjk jHQyhla yd jd, mdÈldjla
msysghs'
biail=f.a Ôjk pl%fha úúO j¾Ok wjê we;' ta w;ßka fikaáóg¾ 4-5la m%udKhg
jevqKq miq lSg wjêh biaika j.dfõ § fmdl=Kg y÷kajd §u iqÿiq h'
biaidf.a wd¾Ól jeo.;alu
1' wdydruh jeo.;alu
biaika fm%daàkuh wdydrhla f,i nyq,j Ndú; fõ' w;HjYH weuhsfkda wï, ish,a,u
wvx.= iïmq¾K fm%daàka iys; wdydrhla f,i biaika ye¢kaúh yelsh' biaika .%Eï 100l
fm%daàka .%Eï 25la muK wvx.= h' fuh l=l=¿ uia iudk nrl wvx.= fm%daàka m%udKhg
iudk h' biaika wdydrhg .ekSfuka wvq le,ß m%udKhla YÍrhg ,nd foa' biaika .%Eï
100lska le,ß 115la muK ,efnk w;r l=l=¿ uiaj, fuu w.h tfuka fo.=Khla muK
fõ'
biaika wdydrhg .ekSfuka fldf,iagfrda,a uÜgu idfmalaIj by< hk kuq;a th YÍrhg

wys;lr f,i n, fkdmdhs' biaikaf.a Tfï.d-3 fïo wï, mj;sk neúka fi!LHj;a fïo
me;slvla (healthy fat profile) we;' biaika úgñka B6, B12, yd ksheiska i|yd fhda.H
m%Njhls' tu.ska YÍrfha fmaYs j¾Okh yd r;= reêrdKq m%udKh jeä lrhs' tfia u
biaikaf.a hlv yd YÍrhg wjYH wfkl=;a Lksc ,jK m%Yia; uÜgfuka wvx.= h' thska
YÍrh ;=< Tlaiscka mßjykh jeä ÈhqKq lrhs' biaika fi,skshï nyq, wdydr m%Njhls'
tfuka u m%;sTlaisldrlhla f,i l%shd lrhs' biaika wdydrhg .ekSfuka isrer ;=<
m%;sYla;slrK moaO;sfha l%shdldß;ajh i|yd wjYH iskala imhhs' tys fmdiamria" fldm¾
yd ue.akSishï wvx.= neúka biaika wdydrhg .ekSfuka wiaÓ Yla;su;a fõ'
2' iajhx /lshdjla f,i
iajhx /lshdjla f,i biaika j.d lsÍu ,dNodhs jHdmdrhls' Y%S ,xldfõ mq;a;,u yd
uvl,mqj Èia;%slalj, m%Odk jYfhka biaika j.d lsÍfï f.dúfmd<j,a we;' 1985 isg
1993 j¾Ih olajd ld,fha § Y%S ,xldfõ biaika ksIamdokh fõ.fhka j¾Okh jQ w;r úúO
fya;= ksid miqj th my; jeáKs'
biaika wmkhkh Y%S ,xldjg úfoaY úksuh ,ndfok jHdmdrhls'
133
3' úoHd.dr Ndú;h i|yd lhsàka ,nd .ekSu
biaikaf.a ndysr wdjrKh u.ska úoHd.dr Ndú;h i|yd msßisÿ lhsàka ,nd .kS' biaikaf.a
wdydrhg .kakd fldgia bj;alr b;sß jk iels,s fldgia úoHd.drj, § ieliSfï
l%shdj,shlg Ndckh lr lhsfgdidka ksmojkq ,efí' lhsfgdidka hkq biaika yd fjk;a
l%iafÜishdjkaf.a ndysr iels,af,ka ,nd .kakd iajdNdúl ffcj fmd,sielrhsvhls' tys
we;s úúO .=K fya;=fjka ffcj ffjoH ^bio medical& Ndú; i|yd lhsfgdidka fhdod .kS'
lhsfgdidka úI rys; jk w;r wdrlaIdldÍ h' YÍrh ;=< ffcj úfhdackh isÿ fõ' reêr
jykh je<elaùug Ndú; fõ'
biaika j.d lsÍu
ñßÈh biaid
Y%S ,xldfõ úúO mßirj, úúO biaika úfYaI j.d l< yels h'
ñßÈh biaid lsß biaid lrd~q biaid
rEmh 7'10( biaika úfYaI
ñßÈh biaid ^Macrobrachium rosenbergii&
ñßÈh biaid" ñßÈh c,dY .x.d wdÈfha jdih lrhs' foayh <d meye;s h' m%ckkh i|yd
lsjq,a Èh mßirhg ixl%uKh fõ' tu ksid mßK; i;=ka .x.d fudah yd l,mqj, oelsh
yels h'
lsß biaid ^Penaeus indicus&
lrÈfhys fjfik uOHu m%udKfha foayhla we;s l%iafÜishdfjls' foayh w¾O mdroDYH
iajNdjhla .kshs' fld< j¾Kfha isg w¿ j¾Khg yqre ks,a meye;s ,m foayfha olakg
,efí' mßK; i;=ka lrÈfhys ^.eUqre uqyqfoa& o megjq l,mq yd .x.d fudah wi, o oelsh
yels h'
lrd~q biaid ^Penaeus monodon&
biaika w;r jeä u j¾Ok fõ.hla we;s lrÈh biaika úfYaIh lrd~q biafida fj;s'
Worfha yd YS¾fI!rifhys yria w;g jeà we;s ;Sre iys; h' tajd r;g yqre ÿUqre meyehla
.kS' fuu biaikaf.a ,sx.sl mßK;sh .eUqre uqyqfoa § isÿ fõ' fjr<dikak l,dmfha ì;a;r
ouhs'
óg wu;rj jkñ biaika o Y%S ,xldfõ j.d flf¾'

134
iajdNdúlj mßirfha § wjqreoaola muK jhie;s lrd~q biafila .%Eï 120l muK nrlg
j¾Okh fõ' Y%S ,xldfõ nyq, jYfhka j.d lrkafka lrd~q biaikah' j.dj i|yd lrd~q
biaika jvd;a iqÿiq jkafka j¾Ok fõ.h wêl ùu" by< mßir WIaK;ajj,g Tfrd;a;= §u
yd f,dal fjf<|fmdf<a by< b,aüla mej;Su fya;=fjks'
biaika j.d lsÍfï jHqy
biaika j.dj gexls yd fmdl=Kq ;=< nyq,j isÿ lrkq ,efí'
fmdl=Kla ;=< lrd~q biaika j.dj
biaika j.d lsÍug fmdl=Kla iE§u i|yd ia:dkhla f;aÍfï § my; i|yka lreKq i,ld
ne,Su jeo.;a fõ'
• ueá" je,s ñY% ueá fyda f,dau mila iys; ùu
• úhoulska f;drj c,h ,nd .; yels ia:dkhla ùu
• ÿIKh fkdjQ mßirhla ùu
• m%jdyk ud¾. myiqlï ;sîu
• fjf<|fmd<g wdikak ùu
fmdl=Kla ks¾udKh lsÍu
fmdl=Kla ks¾udKh lsÍfï § fmdl=fKys neïu" c, msúiqï fodrgqj" c, iemhqï ud¾.h"

c,h msg jk fodrgqj yd fmdl=fKys m;a, ksjerÈj ie,iqï l< hq;= h' fmdl=fKys
m%udKh j.dj i|yd we;s bv m%udKh" fmdl=fKa yevh" n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ksIamdokh"
fhdod .kakd j.d l%uh" fmdl=Kq idok ia:dkhg l,mqfõ fyda we< ud¾.fha isg we;s ÿr
u; ;SrKh fõ' idudkHfhka fylaghdr 0'5-1 olajd lafIa;M% ,hlska hq;a RcqfldaKdi%dldr
fmdl=Kq jvd fhda.H fõ' f;dard .;a N+ñh fyd¢ka iQ¾hdf,dalhg ksrdjrKh jk mßÈ ta
wjg we;s úYd, .ia fyda .iaj, w;= bj;a l< hq;= h' bka miq È. yd m<, 3(2 wkqmd;h
jk mßÈ ,Kq weo N+ñh ,l=Kq lr fmdl=K iEÈh hq;= h' iE§fï § bj;a jk mia fhdod f.k
mia neïu iEÈh yelsh' fmdl=fKa .eUqr wju jYfhka wä 3-5 w;r úh hq;= h' neïu ilia
lsÍfï § fmdl=Kg mqrjk c,fha mSvkh ord .; yels jk f,i wdk;j ilia lsÍu wjYH
h'
fufia iE¥ neïu fia§ hEu je<elaùug msve,s we,a,Su isÿ l< yels h' bka miq fmdl=fKa
m;=, fyd¢ka mia ;o lr c,h ldkaÿ fkdjk f,i oeäj ieliSu wjYH h' ;j o wjYH
úg fmdl=Kq ysia lsÍug k,hla yd w;sf¾l c,h bj;a ùu i|yd k,hla ia:dk.; l< hq;=
h' iEu úg u fmdl=Kl c, msúiqï fodrgqj u.ska ksrka;r c, iemhqula ;sìh hq;= h'
fmdl=Kg c,h iemhSug fhdok k,j,g l=vd isÿre iys; oe,la iú lr" c,h fmÍ taug
ie,eiaúh hq;= h'
135
fmdl=K msrùu
fmdl=K ;kd ksu l< miq m<uq Èk fylaghdrhlg w¿yqKq lsf,da.%Eï 2000la fmdl=Kq
m;a, u; taldldÍj úiqrejd yeßh hq;= h' uiqkag wjYH Ydl yd i;a;aj ma,jdx. j¾Ok
lsÍu i|yd fmdaIl ,nd §u wjYH h' ta ksid ;=kajk Èkfha § fylaghdrhlg fgdka 2'5la
jk fia wuq f.du fmdl=K mqrd úiqrejd yeßh hq;= h' bka miq fmdl=fKa c, uÜgu
fikaáóg¾ 60-90la muK jk ;=re jeä lr i;s 1-2la muK ;eìh hq;= h' túg fld<
meyehg yqre ÿUqre meyefhka ma,jdx. j¾Okh ù ;sfnkq oelsh yels h' fiÑ ;eáhla
Ndú;fhka ma,jdx. j¾Okh ù ;sîu m%udKj;a oehs mÍlaId l< yels h' fiÑ ;eáh c,fha
.s,ajd th fkdfmkS hhs kï ma,jdx. ys;lr uÜgul mj;sk nj ks.ukh l< yels h'
fmdl=K jd;kh lsÍu
úúO fya;= ksid fmdl=Kla jd;kh lsÍu w;HjYH fõ' biaikaf.aa Yajikh i|yd wjYH
Tlaiscka ,nd .ekSug" we,a.S j¾Okhg" fmdl=Kq m;a, msßisÿ lsÍug" úI jdhqka bj;a
lsÍug fmdl=K jd;kh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
fmdl=fKa megjqka ;ekam;a lsÍu
biaikaf.a fikaáógr 4-5 m%udKhg jevqKq lSghka fmdl=Kg y÷kajd §u iqÿiq h' fmdl=fKys
megjqka ;ekam;a lsÍfï >k;ajh j.d lrkq ,nk biaika úfYaIh yd j.d moaO;sh wkqj
fjkia fõ'
fmdl=Kg oeóug fhda.H miq lSg wjêfha lSghka ;=< ;sìh hq;= ,laIK my; oelafõ'
• il%shj msyskSu
• msßisÿ foaydjrKhla mej;Su
• foaydjrKh <d ÿUqre meyehla .ekSu
miq lSghka fmdl=K ;=<g ksoyia lsÍug m<uqj Tjqka tu mßirhg yqre lsÍu i|yd lSghka
iys; u¨ fmdl=fKa úkdä 20-30la muK ;eìh hq;= h' tfia lsÍfuka u¨j, yd fmdl=Kq
c,fha WIaK;aj iudk fõ' bka miq u¨ újD; lr lSghka fmdl=K ;=<g ksoyia l< hq;=
h' lSghka ;ekam;a l< miq" fmdl=K kv;a;= lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' fuys § b;d Èßu;a yd ukd
fi!LH ;;a;ajhlska hq;= lSghka f;dard fmdl=Kg ksoyia l< hq;= h'
wdydr l<ukdlrKh
biaika j.dfõ § wdydr l<ukdlrKh jeo.;a jkafka wdydr i|yd wêl uqo,la jeh jk
neúks' iQlaIau j.d moaO;shla i|yd th 55-60]l m%udKhla o w¾O iQlaIau j.d moaO;shla
i|yd 40]la muK m%;sY;hla o fõ' ta ksid wdydr kdia;sh je<laùfuka jeä wd¾Ól
m%;s,dNhla ,nd .; yels w;r fmdl=fKa c, ¥IKh o je<elafõ' biaika fmdaIKh lsÍu
136
i|yd .evú,s mKqjka" lDñ lSghka" biaika T¿" lrj, l=vq wdÈh fhdod .; yels h' kuq;a
lD;%suj ilia lrkq ,enQ fmdaIH .=Kfhka by< wdydr i,dl iemhSfuka biaikaf.a j¾Ok
fõ.h jeä lr .; yels h' lrd~q biaika i|yd wju jYfhka 35]l fm%daàka m%;sY;hla
wvx.= wdydr iemhsh hq;= h' biaikaf.a j¾Okh;a iu. fokq ,nk wdydr m%udKh fuka u
Èklg ,nd fok wdydr fõ,a ixLHdj by< kexúh hq;= h' idudkHfhka Èklg biaidf.a
foay nßka 5]l muK wdydr m%udKhla iemhSu m%udKj;a fõ'
c, l<ukdlrKh
biaika megjqka fmdl=K ;=< ;ekam;a lr" iaj,am ld,hla .; jQ miq fmdl=K ;=< fkdfhla
wdldrfha ridhksl yd Ôj úoHd;aul l%shdldrlï isÿ fõ' túg c,fha .=Kd;aulNdjh
fjkia ù" biaikag wys;lr ;;a;aj we;s fõ' ta ksid fmdl=Kg .=Kd;aulNdjfhka hq;a
c,h fhÈh hq;= w;r m%Yia; c, uÜgula mj;ajd .; hq;= h' c,fha .=Kd;aul nj mj;ajd
.ekSu i|yd c,h udre lsÍu isÿ lrhs' fuys § fmdl=fKa c,h hï m%udKhla bj;a lr ta
fjkqjg w¨;ska c,h tla lrhs' fmdl=fKa we;s c,fha ;;a;ajh ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka
wk;=rej c,h bj;a lr kj c,h fhdok Èkh" fõ,dj yd m%udKh ;SrKh lrkq ,efí'
fmdl=Kqj, c,fha .=Kd;aulnj jeä lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk ,o c,h m%;spl%SlrKh lr
kej; Ndú; l< yels h'
fi!LH l<ukdlrKh
biaikag frda. we;s jQ úg fuu j.dfjka wd¾Ól m%;s,dN fkd,efí' frda.j,g m%;sldr
lsÍu i|yd uqo,a jeh jk w;r tu l¾udka;fha iaÓridr meje;au i|yd o th wjdisodhl
;;a;aj we;s lrhs'
biaika j.dj i|yd c,fha ;sìh hq;= ;;a;aj(
fuys § c,fha pH w.h" ,jK;dj" ødùh Tlaiscka" wdï,sl;dj" laIdÍh;dj ms<sn| i,ld
ne,sh hq;= h' tfia u pH w.h" wdú,;dj ødùh Tlaiscka m%udKh ms<sn| ffokslj
ksÍlaIKh lsÍu wjYH fõ'
7'4 u;aiHfhda
mDIaGjxYSka w;=ßka ñksidg wd¾Ólj jvd;a jeo.;a i;a;aj ldKav jkafka u;aiHhka"
mlaISka yd laIr
S mdhska fõ' c,c mßirfha Ôj;a ùu i|yd yev .eiqKq mDIaGjxYSyq u;aiHfhda
h' lrÈh" ñßÈh yd lsjq,aÈh mßirj, u;aiHhkag Ôj;a úh yels h' wiaÓ mxcrfha
iajNdjh wkqj wiaÓl ^bony& yd ldáf,ac ^cartilagious) f,i u;aiHhka m%Odk ldKav
follg j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'
137
wiaÓl yd ldáf,aÔh u;aiHhka w;r fjkialï my; j.=fõ oelafõ'
wiaÓl u;aiHfhda ldáf,ac u;aiHfhda

² pQ¾KSN+;" wiaÓuh iels,a,la we; ² ldáf,aÔh iels,a,la we;
² uqLh YÍrfha mQ¾j fl<jf¾ we; ² uqLh mQ¾j WoÍhj msysgd we;
² fndfyda úg YÍr yevh È.eá ² fndfyda úg YÍr yevh rjqï fyda
iajrEmhla .kS Wod( n,hd" iQvhd me;e,s yevhla .kS' Wod( fudard"
uvqjd
² c,laf,dau msOdkhlska jeiS we; ² c,laf,dau msOdkhlska jeiS ke;
² fm!ÉP jr, fndfyda úg iudkj ² fm!ÉP jr, fndfyda úg wiudkj
fn§ we; îudxYmQÉP& fn§ we; ^úIudxYmQÉP&
² jr,aj, lKaGl yd lsrK we; ² jr,a uDÿ jk w;r uDÿ kdrá we;
² fldr, myiqfjka bj;a l< yels h ² fldr, bj;a lsÍu wmyiq h
Wod( mrjd" f;dard Wod( uvqjd" fudard
wiaÓl u;aiHfhda
mrjd n,hd
f;dard fl<j,a,d
;s,dmshd
138
rEmh 7'11( wiaÓl u;aiHhkaf.a ndysr rEmdldrh
ldáf,ac u;aiHfhda
fudard uvqjd
rEmh 7'12( ldáf,ac u;aiHkaf.a ndysr rEmdldrh
u;aiH úfYaI y÷kd .ekSug Ndú; l< yels ,laIK(
1' YÍr yevh(
u;aiHhka Ôj;a jk mßirh wkqj o¾YSh u;aiHhl=g c,h ;=< msyskd hEu myiq
flfrk wkaofï Rcq fyj;a wkdl=, ^stream lined& yevhla foayfha we;' kuq;a úúO
fya;= u; u;aiHhkaf.a YÍr yevh úúO;ajhla f.k we;'
rEmh 7'13( u;aiHhkaf.a úúO YÍr yev
139
 wkdl=, yevh - fuu yevh fõ.fhka msyskSug WmldÍ fõ' Wod( n,hd
 md¾Yaúlj me;,s yevh - fuh c, loïNfha isriaj by<g yd my<g msyskSug
WmldÍ fõ' Wod( takac,a
 mDIafGdaoÍhj me;,s yevh - c, m;af,a úiSug Woõ fõ' Wod( uvqjd
 wd|d yevh - .,a" fldr,a wdÈfhka ßx.d hEug Woõ fõ' Wod( idjd,hd
2' uqLfha msysàu yd iajNdjh
u;aiHhkaf.a uqLh ykqj,ska wdjrKh ù we;'
u;aiHhkaf.a uqLfha msysàu wdydr mqreÿ wkqj
úúO;ajhla oelsh yels h'
 mDIaÁhj msyà
s u ^mDIaÁh uqLh& ^dorsal mouth&
c, mDIaGfha u;=mg s we;s wdydr nqÈkakkaf.a
mDIaÀh uqLhla olakg ,efí'
Wod( iQvhd" ldr,a,d
 ysi fl<jr bÈßfhka msysàu ^w.%i: a uqLh&
^terminal mouth&
c, loïNfha ;sfnk wdydr nqÈkakkaf.a rEmh 7'14( u;aiHhkaf.a uqLfha msysàu yd
uqLh fuf,i msysghs' Wod( n,hd" f;dard iajNdjh
 WoÍhj msyà s u ^WoÍh uqLh& ^ventral mouth&

c, m;=f,a fjfiñka" tys wdydr nqÈkakkaf.a uqLh fuf,i msysghs' Wod( uvqjd"
wÕ=¨jd
3' lru,a fmdarej, ^Gill rakers& iajNdjh(
rEmh 7'15( u;aiHhkaf.a lru,aj, msysàu
u;aiHhkaf.a uqLfha ykqj, wmr fl<jfrys c,laf,dau fyj;a lru,a msysghs'

u;aiHhkaf.a lru,a fmdare" tu u;aiHhkaf.a fmdaIK ú,dih ksrEmKh flfrk
o¾Ylhls'
 yd,aueiaid" id,hd jeks ma,jdx. wdydrhg .kakd u;aiHhkaf.a fmdare úYd,
ixLHdjla we;s w;r tajd ukdj j¾Okh ù we;'
 n,hd" fl<j,a,d jeks udxi NlaIl u;aiHhkaf.a lru,a fmdare ukdj jeã
ke;'
140
4' wxY f¾Ld moaO;sh(
rEmh 7'16( ;s,dmshdf.a wxY f¾Ldfõ iajNdjh
wxY f¾Ld moaO;sh u.ska iam¾Yh yd iudk ixfõokhla we;s lrhs' c,fha ishqï lïmk
mSvk fjkia ùï" p,k wdÈh y÷kd .ekSug u;aiHhkag wxY f¾Ld jeo.;a fõ' fuh foayh
fome;af;a msysgk isÿre fma<s hq.,la f,i ysfiys wmr fl<jr isg fm!ÉP jrf,a mQ¾j
fl<jr olajd msysghs' wxY f¾Ld moaO;sfhys yevj, úúO;ajhla oelsh yels h' Wod(
;s,dmshd" ldjhshd jeks u;aiHhkaf.a wxY f¾Ldj fldgia follg fn§ we;' mrjd jeks
u;aiHhkaf.a wxY f¾Ldj lvqjl wdldr yevhla .kS'
5' jr,a(
u;aiHhkag msyskSug yd msyskSfï § me;a;g fmr<Su je<laùug u;aiHhkag jr,a

jeo.;a fõ' foayfha md¾Yaúlj fyda uOH f¾Ldfõ msysá ;=kS mg,uh jHQyhka jr,a fõ'
jr,a hq., jYfhka fyda ;ks ;ksj msysáh yels h'
jr,a j¾. lsysmhla we;'
 mDIaÁh jr,( fuh u;aiH foayfha mDIaÁhj msysgd we;' c,h ;=< iu;=,s;;dj
wdrlaId lsÍu yd laIKsl p,k isÿ lsÍu tu jrf,a ld¾hhhs'
rEmh 7'17( wiaÓl u;aiHfhl=f.a ndysr fldgia
141
 fm!ÉP$ j,s. jr, ( foayfha wmr fl<jf¾ msysgd we;' c,h ;=< ia:dhs;dj /
l .ekSu" msyskSug wjYH n,h ,nd .ekSu yd msyskSfï ÈYdj fjkia lsÍu fuys
ld¾hhhs'
rEmh 7'18( fm!ÉP jrf,a yevfha fjkialï
 fm!ÉP jrf,a iuñ;slnj wkqj ldKav follg fnÈh yels h'

iudxY mqÉP jr, - fm!ÉP jr, iudk Nd. follg fn§ we;'
úIudxY mqÉP jr, - fm!ÉP jr, wiudk Nd. follg fn§ we;'
 wiaÓl uiqkaf.a fm!ÉP jr, iudxY mqÉP jk w;r ldáf,ac uiqkaf.a jr,
úIudxY mqÉP fõ'
 .=o jr,( .=ohg msgqmiska WoÍhj msysgd we;' msyskk úg ia:dhs;dj mj;ajd .ekSu
fuys ld¾hhhs'
 <h jr,( ysi YÍrhg iïnkaO jk ia:dkfha YÍrh fomi uOH f¾Ldjg jyd u
my<ska msysgd we;' tla ia:dkhl /£ isàu yd c,h ;=< by< my< msyskSug fuh
jeo.;a fõ'
 fY%dK
a s jr,( .=o jr,g bÈßfhka msyg
s d we;' msyk
s f
S ï l%h
s dj,sh laIKslj kj;d,Sug
WmldÍ fõ' iuyr u;aiHhkaf.a mDIaÁh jr, .=o jr, yd fm!ÉP jr, taldnoaO
ù we;' th wLKav jr, f,i y÷kajhs' Wod( wd|d
6' jr,s;s( mDIaÁh jr, yd .=o jr,g msgqmiska msysgk l=vd mg,uh jHQyhka h' LKaGl
fyda lsrK we;'
7' wxl=g( ridhksl m%;s.%dyl y÷kd .ekSug wxl=g jeo.;a fõ' u.=rd" Æ,d jeks u;aiHhskf
a .a
msysgd we;s wxl=g ^barbels) c,fha fjkia jk ixfõok ,nd .kS'
142
uiqka j¾.
uiqka j¾. lsysmhla ms<sn| úia;r my; oelafõ'
n,hd
foayh ;¾l=rEmS yeve;s h' uqLh W,a h' j,s.h w¾O pl%dldr fõ' ysfia msgqmig jkakg
msOdk wiaÓh msysgd we;' foayfha mDIaÁh me;af;a jr,a folla we;s w;r fojeks jrf,a
lsrK È.=j msysgd ke;' WoÍh me;af;a .=ohg msgqmiska .=o jr, msysghs' tys uq,a lsrK
idudkHfhka flá h' thg msgqmiska jr,s;s 7la msysgd we;' <h jr, msOdkhg laIKslj
msgqmiska msysgk w;r th fla;=rEmdldrh' l=vd h' fY%daKs jr, WoÍhj <h jr, iuÕu
my<ska WoÍhj uOH f¾Ldfõ msysgd we;' j,s. jDka;fha w. >k lgqjla we;' ykq fol
u r¿ uqLfha o;a ke;' YÍr j¾Kh u.ska y÷kd .; yels h' by< fome;a; ks,a meye;s jk
w;r my< fome;a; ß§ mdg h' tys b;d meyeÈ,s l¿ bß Èla w;g úysfoa' foayh fomi isksÿ
fõ'
f;dard
W,a jQ uqLfha ykq fofla u b;d ;shqKq fla;=rEmdldr o;a msyg

s d we;' j,s.h w¾O pl%dldrj
fon, ù we;' foayh uy; fuka 8-10 .=Khla È. h' YÍrfha mDIaÁh jr,a folls' Bg miqj
jr,s;s 10la msysgd we;' l=vd WoÍh jr, ;%sfldaKdldr h' foayfha u;=msg uq¿ukska u ;o
ks,a meye .kS' fomi by< isg my<g u ß§ meye;s h' tys keñ /<s wdldrhg úysfok l¿
isria jhsrka mQ¾j fl<jf¾ isg my;g keó we;' fomiska me;,s isk`sÿ foayfha fldr,
ke;'
ldáf,ac uiqka lsysmfokl= ms<sn| úia;r my; oelafõ'
fudard
fudardf.a foayh is,skavrdldr h' lru,a jeiS we;' mDIaÁh jr,a folla we;s w;r .=o" <h
yd WoÍh jr,a hq., ne.ska we;' foayh isyska r¿ fldr,j,ska hqla; h' WoÍh uqLfha ;shqKq
W,a o;a we;' weia úYd, h' úIudxYmQÉp j,s. jr,la oelsh yels fõ'
uvqjka
uv,dldr foayhla we;' ysfiys WoÍhj uqLh yd c,laf,dau msysgd we;' mDIaÁh jr,a
fkdue;s foayhla we;' j,s. jr, lihla fuka msysghs' È.h' <h jr, m<,a j foay u`v,
iE§ug o odhl ù we;' fudjqkaf.a me;,s iuk, wdldr foayfhka y÷kd .ekSu b;d myiq
h'
143
u;aiHhkaf.a wd¾:sl jeo.;alu
wdydr i|yd
ñksil=f.a kSfrda.s meje;au i|yd wjYH ffoksl fm%daàka wjYH;dj .%Eï 65la muK fõ'
thska 14'5 g i;a;aj fm%daàk úh hq;= h' i;a;aj fm%daàka ,nd fok m%Odk m%Njhla f,i
u;aiHhka ye¢kaúh yels h' Wod( fudard" uvqjd" mrjd" f;dard
T!IO i|yd
fudareka jeks u;aiHhkaf.a wlaudfjka ,nd .kakd f;,a ^fish oil& úgñka A yd D j,ska
fmdfydi;a h' Wod( fudarf;,a
úfoaY úksuh Wmhd .ekSu i|yd
Y%S ,xldfõ úfoaY úksufhka 2'5 %la muK c,c Ôj iïm;a wmkhkfhka ,nd .kS' gQkd
uiqka cmdkh yd hqfrdamSh rgj,g wmkhkh lrhs'
/lshd kshqla;sh
u;aiH l¾udka;fha Rcqj yd jl%j kshef<kakka wêl m%udKhla we;' ëjr l¾udka;h
Rcq /lshd wjia:d i,ik w;r ta wdY%s;j fndaÜgq ksIamdokh jeks jl% /lshd wjia:d /
ila o ìys ù we;'
m<sfndaO md,kh i|yd
udxi NlaIl l=vd u;aiHhka fmdl=Kjq , we;s lsÍfuka uÿre lSghka wdydrhg .ekSu ksid
uÿrejka fndaùu je<elaúh yels h'
i;a;aj wdydr f,i Ndú;h
wdydr f,i fhdod .; fkdyels u;aiH fldgia úh<d l=vq lr fm%daàka mßmQrlhla f,i
f.dúfmd< i;=kag wdydr i|yd Ndú; lrhs'
fmdfydr f,i Ndú;h
ldnksl fmdfydrla f,i ud¿ wjfYaI fldgia Ndú; l< yels h' tajd le,aishï" khsg%cka"
fmdiamria jeks fmdaIlj,ska mßmQ¾K h'
144
7'5 mlaISka
mlaISyq wp,;dmS i;=ka fj;s' Y%S ,xldfõ f.dúfmd< i;=ka f,i l=l=<ka" jgqjka" ;drdjka"
l¿l=ï jeks mlaISka we;s lrkq ,efí'
l=l=¿ md,kfha wd¾Ól jeo.;alu
Y%S ,xldfõ i;a;aj ksIamdokfhka 70]la muK ,ndfokafka l=l=¿ uia yd ì;a;r u.sks'
ì;a;rhl fráfkd,a ^úgñka A), rhsfndmaf,aúka ^úgñka B2&" f*da,sla wï,h ^úgñka B6)
úgñka B12, fld,Ska" hlv" le,aishï" fmdiamria yd fmdgEishï wvx.= h' ì;a;r ly uofha
úgñka A, D yd E wvx.= h'
ì;a;rj, iïmq¾K fm%daàka wvx.= h ^w;HjYH weuhsfkda wï, 9la wvx.=fõ&' kj;u
m¾fhaIKj,g wkqj ì;a;rj, wvx.= fldf,iagfrda,a ^dietary cholesterol& yDohdndO i|yd
olajk odhl;aj wvq nj oelafõ' tfia u HDL fldf,iagfrda,a uÜgu ì;a;r wdydrhg
.ekSfuka jeä jk nj fidhd f.k we;' ì;a;rj, we;s fld,Ska" fud<fha we;s iakdhq
ffi, j¾Okhg wjYH fõ' tfia u ì;a;rj, lyuofha we;s ,shqàka ^lutein& yd Zeaxanthin
m%;sTlaisldrl jk w;r tajd weiaj, fi!LHdrlaIs; nj mj;ajd .ekSug WmldÍ fõ'
ì;a;rj, le,ß w.h wvq ksid ;rndre ùug we;s yelshdj wvq fõ'
l=l=¿ uia wdydrhg .ekSfuka wfkla uia j¾.j,g idfmalaIj fïoh wvq fm%dà a ka ,nd .;
yels h' tfia u weuhsfkda wï, uÜgï wvq jk neúka yDohdndO iE§fï wjodku wvq fõ'
fmdiamria wvx.= neúka o;a yd wiaÓ j¾Okh fuka u iakdhq moaO;sfha ukd l%h
s dldß;ajhla
we;sfõ' fi,skshï wvx.= jk neúka ;hsfrdhsâ fydafudakfha l%shdldß;ajhg yd mßjD;a;Sh
l%shd i|yd jeo.;a fõ' úgñkA A wvx.= neúka weiaj, fi!LHdrlaIs; nj jeä fõ'
fï wkqj l=l=¿ uia yd ì;a;r wdydrhg .ekSfuka YÍrhg wjYH fmdaIl wjYH;d iemsf¾'
úfoaY úksuh ,nd .ekSu i|yd l=l=¿ uia wmkhkh isÿ l< yels h'
l=l=¿ md,kh ,dNodhs jHdmdrhla fõ' uyd mßudKfhka fukau iajhx /lshdjla f,i o
l=l=¿ md,kh isÿ l< yels h' th mjqf,a fmdaIK wjYH;dj iïmQ¾K lsÍu i|yd o fhdod
.; yels h' /lshd úrys; mqoa.,hka i|yd iajhx /lshdjla f,i l=l=¿ md,kfha ksr;
ùug fhduq l< yels h'
ksoe,s l%uhg we;s lrk l=l=<ka m<sfndaO wdydrhg .ekSu ksid tajd md,kh lsÍug o
odhl fõ'
mlaISkaf.a foay ,laIK
iEu mlaIsfhl=gu fmdÿ foay ,laIK we;'
mlaISyq wp,;dmS h' foayfha iu msydgqj,ska wdrlaId ù ;sîu YÍr WIaK;ajh wdrlaId lr
.ekSug WmldÍ fõ' tfia u fuu msydgq mshdieÍu i|yd WmldÍ fõ' msydgq flràkaj,ska
145
iE§ we;' uDÿ" f,dï jeks msydgqj,ska YÍrh WKqiqïj ;nhs' mlaIs úfYaIh wkqj msydgq
ye,Su isÿ lr kj msydgq we;s ùu isÿ fõ' mlaISkaf.a mQ¾j .d;%d mshdm;a njg m;a ù we;'
uqLh flrákSuh fydghlska wjidk fõ' th wdydr .ekSug jeo.;a fõ' YÍrh wkdl=,
yevhla .kS' YÍrh ysi" n| yd j,s.h f,i fldgiaj,g fjka l< yels h' j,s.h flá
jqjo È.= j,s. msydgqj,ska wdjrKh ù we;' wmr .d;%dj, my< m%foaYh Y,alj,ska
^fldrfmd;=& wdjrKh ù we;' wmr .d;%d weú§u i|yd WmldÍ fõ' lfkys ndysr" ueo yd
wNHka;r f,i fldgia ;=kla we;' úYd, md¾Yaúl weia we;' weismsh yd ksó,k mg,
iys; h'
mlaISkaf.a wd¾Ól jeo.;alu

 f.dúfmd<j, we;s lrk mlaISka m%Odk jYfhka ì;a;r yd uia ,nd .ekSu i|yd
we;s lrhs' Wod( l=l=<ka" jgqjka" ;drdjka" l¿l=ï' tajd ñksidf.a fm%daàka wjYH;d
iïmq¾K lsÍu i|yd fuka u wfkl=;a fmdaIl wjYH;d o iemsÍug fhdod .; yels
h'
 iajhx /lshdjla f,i mlaISka we;s l< yels h'
 lDIsl¾udka;fha § mlaISkaf.a u, øjH fmdfydrla f,i fhdod .kS' tajdfha wvx.=
hQßla wï,h wefudakshd njg m;a ù Ydlj,g khsg%cka fmdfydr ,nd foa' tfia u
fmdfydrj, fmdiamria yd fmdgEishï hk fmdaIl o fndfyda úg Ydl j¾Okhg
wjYH uÜgñka mj;S'
 wdishd;sl rgj, iqr;,a i;=ka f,i o fndfyda úg mlaISka we;s lrhs' .srjq" ie<,sysks
WodyrK fõ'
 mlaISkaf.a msydgq fldÜg iE§u i|yd Ndú; fõ' md;a;hkaf.a msydgq uDÿ neúka fï
i|yd jvd;a iqÿiq h'
 mdßißl jYfhka mlaISyq wdydr cd, i|yd jeo.;a fj;s' m%Odk jYfhka m,;=re yd
lDóka wdydrhg .kak neúka mßirl moaO;sj, jeo.;a idudðlfhda h' lDóka
wdydrhg .kakd neúka f.j;=j, lDñ ydks md,kh i|yd iajdNdúl i;=rka f,i
l%shd lr;s'
 u,a meKs u; fmdaIKh jk mlaISyq mqIam mrd.kh i|yd jeo.;a fj;s' Wod( Humming
birds
 M, wkqNj lrk mlaISyq îc jHdma;sh i|yd wdOdr fj;s'
 fnda. j.dfõ § lDóka fukau lDka;lhka o m<sfndaO fõ' Wl=iaika jeks mlaISka
lDka;lhka wdydrhg .kak neúka m<sfndaO ydks wvq fõ' tfiau fnda. j.dfõ §
ydks lrk fudïaldjka ^Wod( f.d¿fn,a,ka" yxf.d,a,ka& weá l=l=<ka jeks mlaISka
úiska wkqNj lrk ksid m<sfndaO md,kh isÿ fõ'
 mßirh w,xldrh fyda wdl¾IKh isÿ jk ia:dkj, mlaISyq we;s lrkq ,n;s' tfia
u iuyr rgj, mlaIk S a l%v
S d i|yd Ndú; lrhs' Wod( fmdr l=l<
= ka kuq;a j¾;udkfha
fndfyda rgj, fïjd ;ykï lr we;'
146
laISrmdhska
ujf.a YÍrfhka ìys jQ miq ujf.a ia;k .%kaÓ j,ska Y%djh jk laISrh Wrd î jefvk i;=ka
laISrmdhska f,i ye|skafõ'
wd¾Ól jYfhka jeo.;a laISrmdhSka
ñksidg wd¾Ól jYfhka jeo.;a laISrmdhska j¾. lsysmhls'
laISrmdhSka wp,;dmS mDIaGjxYSka fõ' laISrmdhs i;=ka w;rska fofokl= yer wfkla i;a;=
megjqka m%iQ; lr;ss'
laISrmdhSyq ujf.ka lsß î Ôj;a fj;s' mshEôh yels tlu laISrmdhS i;d jjq,d h' fvd,a*ska
yd ;,auiqkaf.a megjq ;u Ôú; ld,fha uq,a udihl ld,hla ;=< fkdksod Ôj;a fj;s'
laISrmdhSkaf.a foay ,laIK
laISrmdhSyq hkq wp,;dmS mDIaGjxYSyq h' mßirfha WIaK;ajh wkqj foay WIaK;ajh hdukh
lsÍfï yelshdj mj;S' ta ksid foayfha ksh; WIaK;ajhla mj;S' foayfha wdrlaIdj i|yd
frdau msysghs' megjq ujf.a laISrh u; hefm;s' .eyeKq i;=kaf.a laISrh Y%djh lrk ia;k
.%kaÓ msysgd we;' yDoh l=àr y;rlska iukaú; fõ' ndysr lkafm;s msyg s d we;' mxpdx.=,l
s
ie,eiaug wkql+,j .d;%d hq., folla we;' tajd Ôúhd fjfik mßirh wkqj úúO ld¾h
bgq lsÍu i|yd yev.eiS we;'
Wod( ñksidf.a - .%yKhg
jjq,d - mshEöug
;,auid - msyskSug
weiaj, p,kh l< yels weismsh iys; fõ' iuyr úfYaIj, ksó,k mg,hla o msysghs'
jDIK foayfhka ndysrj msysghs'
laISrmdhSkaf.a wd¾Ól jeo.;alu
f.dúfmd<j, we;s lrk .jhd yd t¿jdf.ka ,nd .kakd lsß ñksiqka úiska mßfNdackh
lrkq ,nhs' tajd kejqï lsß f,i fyda lsß ksIamdok ^fhda.Ü" uqojmq lsß& f,i mßfNdackh
l< yels h' Ydluh wdydr muKla ,nd .kakd ukqIHhkag ;u w;HjYH weuhsfkda wï,
wjYH;dj imqrd .ekSu i|yd lsß wdydrhg .; yels h' tfia u t¿jd" .jhd" W!rd" neg¿jd
hk i;=kaf.a uia wdydrhg .; yels h' W!rkaf.ka ,nd .kakd uiaj,ska yeï" fílka"
fidfiacia jeks ksIamdokh ilia l< yels h'
iqr;,a i;=ka f,i n,a,ka yd n<¨ka we;s lrkq ,nhs' wkaO iy oDYHdndê; mqoa.,hka
ndOl wi, fufyhùu i|yd mqyqKq lrk ,o Wmldrl iqkLhka ud¾f.damfoaY iqkLhka
f,i fhdod .kS' wmrdOlrejka fiùfï oS o mqyqKq lrk ,o iqkLhka fhdod .kS'
147
NdKav m%jdykh i|yd wYajhka" nQrejka" Tgqjka" .jhka fhdod .kS' nr tiùu i|yd w,s
fhdod .kS'
iï NdKav ksIamdokhg laISrmdhS i;=kaf.a iu fhdod .efka'
lDIsld¾ñl lghq;= i|yd o ó .jhka fhdod .kS' ù j.dfõ § iS iEu" fmdare .Eu i|yd
o Tjqka fhdod .kS'
ldnksl fmdfydr ksIamdokh i|yd o f.dúfmd< i;=ka jk .jhd" t¿jd" neg¿jd jeks
i;=kaf.a u,øjH fhdod .kS' Ôj jdhqj ksIamdokh i|yd wjYH f.du ,nd .kafka o
.jhdf.a u,øjH u.sks'
laISrmdhSyq wdydr cd, ;=< úúO uÜgfï hefmkakka f,i l%shd lr;s' ydjka" jeks i;=ka
m<uq uÜgfï hefmkakka f,i l%shd lrk w;r úf,damslhka f,i l%shd lrk laISrmdhS
i;a;= o we;' fufia mßir moaO;s ;=< wdydr cd, mj;ajd .ekSu i|yd Woõ ù mßir
iu;=,s;;dj /l .ekSu i|yd laISrmdhSyq iyh fj;s' tfia u jjq,ka jeks laISrmdhSyq îc
jHdma; lsÍu i|yd iydh fj;s'
ñksiqkag frda. fnda lsÍug odhl;ajhla olajk laISrmdhSka we;'
Wod( ó WK ^óhd&" nDDfi,af,disia ^.jhd&
úfkdaodiajdoh yd ixialD;sl lghq;= i|yd o w,s we;=ka jeks laISrmdhSka fhdod .kS'
Wod( w,s kegqï" i¾lia i|yd
ffjoH m¾fhaIK lghq;=j,§ ñksid fjkqjg óhka jeks laISrmdhSka fhdod .kS'
frda.j,g tkak;a lsÍu i|yd m%;sfoay ,nd .ekSu i|yd wYajhd fhdod .kq ,efí'
148
uQ,dY%
YS% ,xldfõ jeis jkdka;r - mS'weï' fiakdr;ak

mßir mSj úoHdj - uydpd¾h tÉ'cS' kkaoodi
jk ixrlaIK fomd¾;fïka;= ixLHd f,aLk
https://cascade.madmimi.com
https://lanka.com
http://tropicalforestrain.weebly.com
https://globalforestatlas.yale.edu
http://s1.thingpic.com
https://upload.wikimedia.org
http://www.naturfoto-spreewald.de
http://www.ecology.kyoto-u.ac.jp
http://upload.wikimedia.org
https://3.bp.blogspot.com
https://i.etsystatic.com
http://www.sadaharitha.com
https://www.sadaharitha.com
http://www.fao.org
https://www.srilankatravelandtourism.com
https://nl.dreamstime.com
https://www.tourtasker.com
http://www.iassrilanka.lk
https://bfnsrilanka.org
https://www.wilpattu.com
http://www.fao.org
https://slflora.blogspot.com
http://www.trees.lk
https://www.foap.com
http://www.instituteofayurveda.org
http://cdn.biologydiscussion.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/clip_image002-217.jpg
149
http://www.edupub.gov.lk/Administrator/Sinhala/11/jalaja%20jeewa%20G-11%20S/
jalaja%20jeewa%20G-11%20S.pdf
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Extraction-of-chitosan-from-shrimp-shells-Fresh-shrimp-
shells-collected-washed-and-dried_fig1_295198404
http://craves.everybodyshops.com/how-to-tell-the-difference-between-a-shrimp-and-a-
prawn/
http://www.filippiandsea.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/WHITE-SHRIMP-OF-
MEDITERRANEAN-SEA.jpg
https://www.indiamart.com/br-sea-foods/sea-food.html
https://www.fishider.org/envira/scomberomorus-commerson/
http://txmarspecies.tamug.edu/fishdetails.cfm?scinameID=Carcharhinus%20leucas
https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/fresh-tuna-fish-18981312191.html
https://www.facebook.com/ratnapuracfc/photos/pcb.536472596873210/536471693539967/
?type=3&theater
https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/56943-Katsuwonus-pelamis
http://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/pacific_cownose_ray
https://www.roysfarm.com/murrel-fish-farming/
https://www.slideserve.com/sadie/fish-guts
https://onlinesciencenotes.com/structure-division-labor-honey-bees/
https://www.npr.org/sections/krulwich/2013/05/13/183704091/what-is-it-about-bees-and-hexagons
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Worker-Queen-and-Drone-of-the-European-honey-bee-
5_fig2_309195367
https://kidsgrowingstrong.org/bees/
https://www.amazon.com/VIVO-Stainless-Beekeeping-Equipment-BEE-V001/dp/B009Z1SLQK
https://www.pierco.com/collections/protective-wear/products/cowboy-bee-veil-ventilated
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_jelly#/media/File:Weiselzellen_68a.jpg
150

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