Forest Bio Me

FOREST ECOSYSTEM / BIOME (FORIS - OUTSIDE)
Included all uncultivated and uninhabited land covered with trees, shrubs, climbers,
etc., managed for the diverse purposes of forestry.
The forest biome includes a complex assemblage of different kinds of biotic
communities. Optimum conditions of temperature and ground moisture responsible for the
growth of trees contribute greatly to the establishment of forest communities. In addition,
50mm rainfall is a pre-requisite for the growth of trees. The nature of soil wind and air
currents determines the distribution (abundance or sparseness) of forest vegetation. Normally
we find evergreen, deciduous or in deciduous broad leaved or needle like, based on these
features the forest biome, of the world have been classified into following biomes –
Coniferous forests – cold regions with high rainfall strongly seasonal climates with long
winter and fairly short summers are characterized by boreal conifer forest, which is
transcontinental.
Northern coniferous or Boreal or taiga is the god example stretches across both North
American and Eurasia (Canada, Sweden, Finland, Siberia & Missouri)
Soil – podozols, slow degradable litter acidic and mineral deficient; Ca, N, K are leached out
tuned to acidic. Productivity & community stability of aboreal forest are lower those of any
other biomes.
Plants –Spurce, Fir, Pine, Orchids, blue berry Thalloid mosses, Lichens etc.
Animals - snow shoe hare, lynx, wolf, red fox, porcupines, squirrels, hyla, elk, bears, birds,
defoliate insects, etc.
Temperate deciduous forests (arranged north to south or from high altitude to lower
altitudes)
Characterized by a moderate climate and broad leaved deciduous trees, which shed
their leaves and bare over winter and grow new foliage in the spring – North America,
Europe, Eastern Asia, Chile, part of Australia and Japan with a cold winter and annual rain
fall of 75-150cm and a temperature of 10-20C precipitation may be fairly uniform throughout
the year. In India at elevations of 9000-12000ft in Himalayas occur temperate vegetation
including pines fir, gew, and juniper trees with an undergrowth of scrubby rhododendrons.
Soil - podozolic and fairly deep
Trees – seasonal ones, short day – spring flowers, lowlight forms -maple, beech, oak,
hickory, basswood, chestnut, cotton wood, sycamore, elm, willow, white pine, hemlock, red
cedar, epiphytes, lichens, vitas grape etc.
Animals – deers, bears, squirrels, gray foxes, bobcats, wild turkey, wood peckers, hawk,
earthworms, snails, millipedes, coleopteran, orthopteran insects, newts, salamanders, toads,
frogs, turtles, lizards, snakes, opossum, pigs, lions, etc.
Temperate evergreen woodland

Climate includes warm, dry summers and cool, moist winters. There are commonly
inhabited by low evergreen trees with small hard needles or slightly broader leaves. The
most important area of tropical evergreen woodland is North America pacific coast,
Mediterranean region, Spanish region, and Australia’s south coast.
In such woodland, trees are essentially lacking, although shrubs may range up to 3-4
in height. Species diversity is roughly intermediate between that of a temperate deciduous
forest and drier grassland. Five is an important factor in this ecosystem, and the adaptations
of the plants enable them to regenerate quickly after being burned.
Animals – mule deer, brush rabbits, wood rats, chipmunks, lizards, brown towhees, wem-tits,
small hoofed cursorial ungulates, jumping (saltatorial) animals, fast moving ungulates, etc.
Temperate rain forests
It is a colder ecosystem, has a definite seasonality, with both temperatures ad rainfall
varying throughout the year and rainfall varying throughout the year. Rainfall is high, but fog
may be very heavy and actually more important as a source of water than rainfall. The
diversity is much lower, both in plants of 100mt (coast red wood, alpine ash - a eucalyptus)
height and epiphytes and lianas are common and animals (similar to deciduous forests), but
show a some what higher diversity, yet it remains still higher than other temperate forest
types.
Tropical rain forests / Tropical evergreen

Occur near the equator in central and South America, central and western Africa south
Asia (parts of India and Malaysia), Malaya, Borneo, and northwest Australia, having most
diverse community on earth. Both temperature and humidity are high and constant. Annual
rainfall 200-225cm is generally evenly distributed throughout the year. Flora highly
diversified: a square mile may contain 300 different species of trees. Extremely diversified
dense vegetation remains vertically stratified, a continuous evergreen carpet (2.5 - 3.5mt)
with creepers lichens, ferns and epiphytic orchids and bromeliads, sherbs and herbs moderate
size leaves with leathery and dark green in color. Soil type is red latosols, exceedingly thick
high rate of leeching, rapid cycling of nutrients with in the litter layer.
Animal – invertebrate density are very high vertebrates are diverse not so abundant.
Tropical seasonal /Tropical deciduous forests

Occur in region whose total annual rainfall is very high, but segregated into
pronounced wet and dry periods – found in Southeast Asia, central and south America,
northern Australia, western Africa and the tropical islands of the pacific as well as India an
south Asia. Monsoon forest – extremely wet forest annual precipitation is high. Stratification
relatively simple type with a single under story tree layer (teak, bamboo) canopy is deciduous
and the under story is evergreen.

Forest Bio Me

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FOREST ECOSYSTEM / BIOME (FORIS - OUTSIDE)

Temperate evergreen woodland

Tropical rain forests / Tropical evergreen

Tropical seasonal /Tropical deciduous forests

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