SINGAPORE

STANDARD SSA 230

ON AUDITING

Audit Documentation

SSA 230, Audit Documentation superseded the SSA of the same title in
April 2008.

SSA 230 was updated in January 2010 following a clarity consistency

review of various SSAs.

SSA 610 (Revised 2013), Using the Work of Internal Auditors gave rise
to conforming amendments in SSA 230 in November 2013.

The new and revised auditor reporting standards gave rise to

conforming amendments in this SSA in July 2015. SSA 720 (Revised),
The Auditor’s Responsibilities Relating to Other Information gave rise
to conforming amendments in this SSA in November 2015. These
amendments are effective for audits of financial statements for
periods ending on or after 15 December 2016.

SSA 540 (Revised), Auditing Accounting Estimates and Related

Disclosures gave rise to conforming amendments in SSA 230 in August
2019. These amendments are effective for audits of financial statements
for periods beginning on or after 15 December 2019.

SSA 315 (Revised 2021), Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material
Misstatement gave rise to conforming amendments in SSA 230 in
December 2021. These amendments are effective for audits of financial
statements for periods beginning on or after 15 December 2021.

The new and revised quality management standards give rise to

conforming amendments in SSA 230 in December 2022. These
amendments are effective for audits of financial statements for periods
beginning on or after 15 December 2022.
 SINGAPORE STANDARD ON AUDITING 230
AUDIT DOCUMENTATION
(Effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after 15 December 2022)

CONTENTS
Paragraph

Foreword

Introduction
Scope of this SSA 1

Nature and Purposes of Audit Documentation 2-3

Effective Date 4

Objective 5

Definitions 6

Requirements

Timely Preparation of Audit Documentation 7

Documentation of the Audit Procedures Performed and Audit Evidence Obtained 8-13

Assembly of the Final Audit File 14-16

Application and Other Explanatory Material

Timely Preparation of Audit Documentation A1

Documentation of the Audit Procedures Performed and Audit Evidence Obtained A2-A20

Assembly of the Final Audit File A21-A24

Appendix: Specific Audit Documentation Requirements in Other SSAs

Singapore Standard on Auditing (SSA) 230, “Audit Documentation” should be read in conjunction
with SSA 200, “Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and the Conduct of an Audit in
Accordance with Singapore Standards on Auditing.”

2
SINGAPORE
STANDARD SSA 230
ON AUDITING
Foreword
This Standard is based on International Standard on Auditing 230, with such amendments as were
considered appropriate for local adoption.

Introduction
Scope of this SSA
1. This Singapore Standard on Auditing (SSA) deals with the auditor’s responsibility to prepare
audit documentation for an audit of financial statements. The Appendix lists other SSAs that
contain specific documentation requirements and guidance. The specific documentation
requirements of other SSAs do not limit the application of this SSA. Law or regulation may
establish additional documentation requirements.

Nature and Purposes of Audit Documentation

2. Audit documentation that meets the requirements of this SSA and the specific documentation
requirements of other relevant SSAs provides:

(a) Evidence of the auditor’s basis for a conclusion about the achievement of the overall
objectives of the auditor1; and

(b) Evidence that the audit was planned and performed in accordance with SSAs and
applicable legal and regulatory requirements.

3. Audit documentation serves a number of additional purposes, including the following:

• Assisting the engagement team to plan and perform the audit.

• Assisting members of the engagement team responsible for supervision to direct and
supervise the audit work, and to discharge their review responsibilities in accordance
with SSA 220 (Revised)2.

• Enabling the engagement team to be accountable for its work.

• Retaining a record of matters of continuing significance to future audits.

• Enabling the conduct of engagement quality reviews,3 other types of engagement

reviews4 and monitoring activities under the firm’s system of quality management.

• Enabling the conduct of external inspections in accordance with applicable legal,

regulatory or other requirements.

1
SSA 200 (Revised), Overall Objectives of the Independent Auditor and the Conduct of an Audit in Accordance with
Singapore Standards on Auditing, paragraph 11.
2
SSA 220 (Revised), Quality Management for an Audit of Financial Statements, paragraphs 29-34.
3
Singapore Standard on Quality Management (SSQM) 2, Engagement Quality Reviews.
4
SSQM 1, Quality Management for Firms that Perform Audits or Reviews of Financial Statements, or Other Assurance or Related
Services Engagements, paragraph A135.
3
Effective Date
4. This SSA is effective for audits of financial statements for periods beginning on or after
15 December 2022.

Objective
5. The objective of the auditor is to prepare documentation that provides:

(a) A sufficient and appropriate record of the basis for the auditor’s report; and

(b) Evidence that the audit was planned and performed in accordance with SSAs and
applicable legal and regulatory requirements.

Definitions
6. For purposes of the SSAs, the following terms have the meanings attributed below:

(a) Audit documentation – The record of audit procedures performed, relevant audit
evidence obtained, and conclusions the auditor reached (terms such as “working
papers” or “workpapers” are also sometimes used).

(b) Audit file – One or more folders or other storage media, in physical or electronic form,
containing the records that comprise the audit documentation for a specific
engagement.

(c) Experienced auditor – An individual (whether internal or external to the firm) who has
practical audit experience, and a reasonable understanding of:

(i) Audit processes;

(ii) SSAs and applicable legal and regulatory requirements;

(iii) The business environment in which the entity operates; and

(iv) Auditing and financial reporting issues relevant to the entity’s industry.

Requirements
Timely Preparation of Audit Documentation
7. The auditor shall prepare audit documentation on a timely basis. (Ref: Para. A1)

Documentation of the Audit Procedures Performed and Audit Evidence

Obtained

Form, Content and Extent of Audit Documentation

8. The auditor shall prepare audit documentation that is sufficient to enable an experienced
auditor, having no previous connection with the audit, to understand: (Ref: Para. A2-A5, A16-
A17)

(a) The nature, timing, and extent of the audit procedures performed to comply with
the SSAs and applicable legal and regulatory requirements; (Ref: Para. A6-A7)

(b) The results of the audit procedures performed, and the audit evidence obtained;
and
4
 (c) Significant matters arising during the audit, the conclusions reached thereon, and
significant professional judgments made in reaching those conclusions. (Ref:
Para. A8-A11)

9. In documenting the nature, timing and extent of audit procedures performed, the auditor shall
record:

(a) The identifying characteristics of the specific items or matters tested; (Ref: Para.
A12)

(b) Who performed the audit work and the date such work was completed; and

(c) Who reviewed the audit work performed and the date and extent of such review.
(Ref: Para. A13)

10. The auditor shall document discussions of significant matters with management, those
charged with governance, and others, including the nature of the significant matters
discussed and when and with whom the discussions took place. (Ref: Para. A14)

11. If the auditor identified information that is inconsistent with the auditor’s final conclusion
regarding a significant matter, the auditor shall document how the auditor addressed the
inconsistency. (Ref: Para. A15)

Departure from a Relevant Requirement

12. If, in exceptional circumstances, the auditor judges it necessary to depart from a relevant
requirement in an SSA, the auditor shall document how the alternative audit procedures
performed achieve the aim of that requirement, and the reasons for the departure. (Ref:
Para. A18-A19)

Matters Arising after the Date of the Auditor’s Report

13. If, in exceptional circumstances, the auditor performs new or additional audit procedures or
draws new conclusions after the date of the auditor’s report, the auditor shall document: (Ref:
Para. A20)

(a) The circumstances encountered;

(b) The new or additional audit procedures performed, audit evidence obtained, and
conclusions reached, and their effect on the auditor’s report; and

(c) When and by whom the resulting changes to audit documentation were made and
reviewed.

Assembly of the Final Audit File

14. The auditor shall assemble the audit documentation in an audit file and complete the
administrative process of assembling the final audit file on a timely basis after the date of the
auditor’s report. (Ref: Para. A21-A22)

15. After the assembly of the final audit file has been completed, the auditor shall not delete or
discard audit documentation of any nature before the end of its retention period. (Ref: Para.
A23)

16. In circumstances other than those envisaged in paragraph 13 where the auditor finds it
necessary to modify existing audit documentation or add new audit documentation after the
assembly of the final audit file has been completed, the auditor shall, regardless of the nature
of the modifications or additions, document: (Ref: Para. A24)
5
 (a) The specific reasons for making them; and

(b) When and by whom they were made and reviewed.

***

Application and Other Explanatory Material

Timely Preparation of Audit Documentation (Ref: Para. 7)

A1 Preparing sufficient and appropriate audit documentation on a timely basis helps to enhance
the quality of the audit and facilitates the effective review and evaluation of the audit evidence
obtained and conclusions reached before the auditor’s report is finalized. Documentation
prepared after the audit work has been performed is likely to be less accurate than
documentation prepared at the time such work is performed.

Documentation of the Audit Procedures Performed and Audit Evidence

Obtained

Form, Content and Extent of Audit Documentation (Ref: Para. 8)

A2 The form, content and extent of audit documentation depend on factors such as:

• The size and complexity of the entity.

• The nature of the audit procedures to be performed.

• The identified risks of material misstatement.

• The significance of the audit evidence obtained.

• The nature and extent of exceptions identified.

• The need to document a conclusion or the basis for a conclusion not readily
determinable from the documentation of the work performed or audit evidence
obtained.

• The audit methodology and tools used.

A3 Audit documentation may be recorded on paper or on electronic or other media. Examples of

audit documentation include:

• Audit programs.

• Analyses.

• Issues memoranda.

• Summaries of significant matters.

• Letters of confirmation and representation.

• Checklists.

• Correspondence (including e-mail) concerning significant matters.

6
 The auditor may include abstracts or copies of the entity’s records (for example, significant
and specific contracts and agreements) as part of audit documentation. Audit documentation,
however, is not a substitute for the entity’s accounting records.

A4 The auditor need not include in audit documentation superseded drafts of working papers and
financial statements, notes that reflect incomplete or preliminary thinking, previous copies of
documents corrected for typographical or other errors, and duplicates of documents.

A5 Oral explanations by the auditor, on their own, do not represent adequate support for the work
the auditor performed or conclusions the auditor reached, but may be used to explain or
clarify information contained in the audit documentation.

Documentation of Compliance with SSAs (Ref: Para. 8(a))

A6 In principle, compliance with the requirements of this SSA will result in the audit
documentation being sufficient and appropriate in the circumstances. Other SSAs contain
specific documentation requirements that are intended to clarify the application of this SSA in
the particular circumstances of those other SSAs. The specific documentation requirements
of other SSAs do not limit the application of this SSA. Furthermore, the absence of a
documentation requirement in any particular SSA is not intended to suggest that there is no
documentation that will be prepared as a result of complying with that SSA.

A7 Audit documentation provides evidence that the audit complies with the SSAs. However, it is
neither necessary nor practicable for the auditor to document every matter considered, or
professional judgment made, in an audit. Further, it is unnecessary for the auditor to
document separately (as in a checklist, for example) compliance with matters for which
compliance is demonstrated by documents included within the audit file. For example:

• The existence of an adequately documented audit plan demonstrates that the auditor
has planned the audit.

• The existence of a signed engagement letter in the audit file demonstrates that the
auditor has agreed the terms of the audit engagement with management or, where
appropriate, those charged with governance.

• An auditor’s report containing an appropriately qualified opinion on the financial

statements demonstrates that the auditor has complied with the requirement to
express a qualified opinion under the circumstances specified in the SSAs.

• In relation to requirements that apply generally throughout the audit, there may be a
number of ways in which compliance with them may be demonstrated within the audit
file:

○ For example, there may be no single way in which the auditor’s professional
skepticism is documented. But the audit documentation may nevertheless
provide evidence of the auditor’s exercise of professional skepticism in
accordance with the SSAs. For example, in relation to accounting estimates,
when the audit evidence obtained includes evidence that both corroborates
and contradicts management’s assertions, documenting how the auditor
evaluated that evidence, including the professional judgments made in
forming a conclusion as to the sufficiency and appropriateness of the audit
evidence obtained.

○ Similarly, that the engagement partner has taken responsibility for the direction,
and supervision of the engagement team and the review of their work5 may be
evidenced in a number of ways within the audit documentation. This may include

5
SSA 220 (Revised), paragraph 29.
7
 documentation that evidences the engagement partner’s sufficient and
appropriate involvement in the audit, such as participation in engagement team
discussions.

Documentation of Significant Matters and Related Significant Professional Judgements (Ref:

Para. 8(c))

A8 Judging the significance of a matter requires an objective analysis of the facts and circumstances.
Examples of significant matters include:

• Matters that give rise to significant risks (as defined in SSA 315 (Revised 2021))6.

• Results of audit procedures indicating (a) that the financial statements could be
materially misstated, or (b) a need to revise the auditor’s previous assessment of the
risks of material misstatement and the auditor’s responses to those risks.

• Circumstances that cause the auditor significant difficulty in applying necessary audit
procedures.

• Findings that could result in a modification to the audit opinion or the inclusion of an
Emphasis of Matter paragraph in the auditor’s report.

A9 An important factor in determining the form, content and extent of audit documentation of
significant matters is the extent of professional judgment exercised in performing the work
and evaluating the results. Documentation of the professional judgments made, where
significant, serves to explain the auditor’s conclusions and to reinforce the quality of the
judgment. Such matters are of particular interest to those responsible for reviewing audit
documentation, including those carrying out subsequent audits when reviewing matters of
continuing significance (for example, when performing a retrospective review of accounting
estimates).

A10 Some examples of circumstances in which, in accordance with paragraph 8, it is appropriate

to prepare audit documentation relating to the use of professional judgement include, where
the matters and judgements are significant:

• The rationale for the auditor’s conclusion when a requirement provides that the auditor
‘shall consider’ certain information or factors, and that consideration is significant in
the context of the particular engagement.

• The basis for the auditor’s conclusion on the reasonableness of areas of subjective
judgements made by management.

• The basis for the auditor’s evaluation of whether an accounting estimate and related
disclosures are reasonable in the context of the applicable financial reporting
framework, or are misstated.

• The basis for the auditor’s conclusions about the authenticity of a document when
further investigation (such as making appropriate use of an expert or of confirmation
procedures) is undertaken in response to conditions identified during the audit that
caused the auditor to believe that the document may not be authentic.

• When SSA 7017 applies, the auditor’s determination of the key audit matters or the
determination that there are no key audit matters to be communicated.

6
SSA 315 (Revised 2021), paragraph 12(l).
7
SSA 701, Communicating Key Audit Matters in the Independent Auditor’s Report
8
A11 The auditor may consider it helpful to prepare and retain as part of the audit documentation
a summary (sometimes known as a completion memorandum) that describes the significant
matters identified during the audit and how they were addressed, or that includes cross-
references to other relevant supporting audit documentation that provides such information.
Such a summary may facilitate effective and efficient reviews and inspections of the audit
documentation, particularly for large and complex audits. Further, the preparation of such a
summary may assist the auditor’s consideration of the significant matters. It may also help
the auditor to consider whether, in light of the audit procedures performed and conclusions
reached, there is any individual relevant SSA objective that the auditor cannot achieve that
would prevent the auditor from achieving the overall objectives of the auditor.

Identification of Specific Items or Matters Tested, and of the Preparer and Reviewer (Ref:
Para. 9)

A12 Recording the identifying characteristics serves a number of purposes. For example, it
enables the engagement team to be accountable for its work and facilitates the investigation
of exceptions or inconsistencies. Identifying characteristics will vary with the nature of the
audit procedure and the item or matter tested. For example:

• For a detailed test of entity-generated purchase orders, the auditor may identify the
documents selected for testing by their dates and unique purchase order numbers.

• For a procedure requiring selection or review of all items over a specific amount from
a given population, the auditor may record the scope of the procedure and identify the
population (for example, all journal entries over a specified amount from the journal
register).

• For a procedure requiring systematic sampling from a population of documents, the

auditor may identify the documents selected by recording their source, the starting
point and the sampling interval (for example, a systematic sample of shipping reports
selected from the shipping log for the period from 1 April to 30 September, starting with
report number 12345 and selecting every 125th report).

• For a procedure requiring inquiries of specific entity personnel, the auditor may record
the dates of the inquiries and the names and job designations of the entity personnel.

• For an observation procedure, the auditor may record the process or matter being
observed, the relevant individuals, their respective responsibilities, and where and
when the observation was carried out.

A13 SSA 220 (Revised) contains requirements and guidance on the review of audit
documentation8. The requirement to document who reviewed the audit work performed does
not imply a need for each specific working paper to include evidence of review. The
requirement, however, means documenting what audit work was reviewed, who reviewed such
work, and when it was reviewed.

Documentation of Discussions of Significant Matters with Management, Those Charged with

Governance, and Others (Ref: Para. 10)

A14 The documentation is not limited to records prepared by the auditor but may include other
appropriate records such as minutes of meetings prepared by the entity’s personnel and
agreed by the auditor. Others with whom the auditor may discuss significant matters may
include other personnel within the entity, and external parties, such as persons providing
professional advice to the entity.

8
SSA 220 (Revised), paragraph 29-34.
9
Documentation of How Inconsistencies have been Addressed (Ref: Para. 11)

A15 The requirement to document how the auditor addressed inconsistencies in information does
not imply that the auditor needs to retain documentation that is incorrect or superseded.

Considerations Specific to Smaller Entities (Ref. Para. 8)

A16 The audit documentation for the audit of a smaller entity is generally less extensive than that
for the audit of a larger entity. Further, in the case of an audit where the engagement partner
performs all the audit work, the documentation will not include matters that might have to be
documented solely to inform or instruct members of an engagement team, or to provide
evidence of review by other members of the team (for example, there will be no matters to
document relating to team discussions or supervision). Nevertheless, the engagement partner
complies with the overriding requirement in paragraph 8 to prepare audit documentation that can
be understood by an experienced auditor, as the audit documentation may be subject to review
by external parties for regulatory or other purposes.

A17 When preparing audit documentation, the auditor of a smaller entity may also find it helpful
and efficient to record various aspects of the audit together in a single document, with cross-
references to supporting working papers as appropriate. Examples of matters that may be
documented together in the audit of a smaller entity include the understanding of the entity
and its environment, the applicable financial reporting framework, and the entity’s system of
internal control, the overall audit strategy and audit plan, materiality determined in
accordance with ISA 3209, assessed risks, significant matters noted during the audit, and
conclusions reached.

Departure from a Relevant Requirement (Ref: Para. 12)

A18 The requirements of the SSAs are designed to enable the auditor to achieve the objectives
specified in the SSAs, and thereby the overall objectives of the auditor. Accordingly, other than
in exceptional circumstances, the SSAs call for compliance with each requirement that is
relevant in the circumstances of the audit.

A19 The documentation requirement applies only to requirements that are relevant in the
circumstances. A requirement is not relevant10 only in the cases where:

(a) The entire SSA is not relevant (for example, if an entity does not have an internal
audit function, nothing in SSA 610 (Revised 2013)11 is relevant); or

(b) The requirement is conditional and the condition does not exist (for example, the
requirement to modify the auditor’s opinion where there is an inability to obtain
sufficient appropriate audit evidence, and there is no such inability).

Matters Arising after the Date of the Auditor’s Report (Ref: Para. 13)

A20 Examples of exceptional circumstances include facts which become known to the auditor
after the date of the auditor’s report but which existed at that date and which, if known at that
date, might have caused the financial statements to be amended or the auditor to modify the
opinion in the auditor’s report 12. The resulting changes to the audit documentation are
reviewed in accordance with the review responsibilities set out in SSA 220 (Revised). 13

9
SSA 320, Materiality in Planning and Performing an Audit.
10
SSA 200, paragraph 22.
11
SSA 610 (Revised 2013), Using the Work of Internal Auditors, paragraph 2.
12
SSA 560, Subsequent Events, paragraph 14.
13
SSA 220 (Revised), paragraph 29-34.
10
Assembly of the Final Audit File (Ref: Para. 14-16)
A21 SSQM 1 (or national requirements that are at least as demanding) requires firms’ systems of
quality management to establish a quality objective that addresses the assembly of
engagement documentation on a timely basis after the date of the engagement reports. 14 An
appropriate time limit within which to complete the assembly of the final audit file is ordinarily
not more than 60 days after the date of the auditor’s report.15

A22. The completion of the assembly of the final audit file after the date of the auditor’s report is an
administrative process that does not involve the performance of new audit procedures or the
drawing of new conclusions. Changes may, however, be made to the audit documentation
during the final assembly process if they are administrative in nature. Example s of such
changes include:

• Deleting or discarding superseded documentation.

• Sorting, collating and cross-referencing working papers.

• Signing off on completion checklists relating to the file assembly process.

• Documenting audit evidence that the auditor has obtained, discussed and agreed
with the relevant members of the engagement team before the date of the auditor’s
report.

A23 SSQM 1 (or national requirements that are at least as demanding) requires firms’ systems of
quality management to establish a quality objective to address the appropriate maintenance and
retention of engagement documentation to meet the needs of the firm and to comply with law,
regulation, relevant ethical requirements, or professional standards. 16 The retention period
for audit engagements ordinarily is no shorter than five years from the date of the auditor’s
report, or, if later, the date of the auditor’s report on the group financial statements, when
applicable.17

A24 An example of a circumstance in which the auditor may find it necessary to modify existing
audit documentation or add new audit documentation after file assembly has been completed
is the need to clarify existing audit documentation arising from comments received during
monitoring activities or external inspections.

14
SSQM 1, paragraph 31(f).
15
SSQM 1, paragraph A83.
16
SSQM 1, paragraph 31(f).
17
SSQM 1, paragraph A85.
11
 Appendix
(Ref: Para. 1)

Specific Audit Documentation Requirements in Other SSAs

This appendix identifies paragraphs in other SSAs that contain specific documentation requirements.
The list is not a substitute for considering the requirements and related application and other
explanatory material in SSAs.

• SSA 210, Agreeing the Terms of Audit Engagements – paragraphs 10-12

• SSA 220 (Revised), Quality Management for an Audit of Financial Statements – paragraph 41

• SSA 240, The Auditor’s Responsibilities Relating to Fraud in an Audit of Financial Statements
– paragraphs 44-47

• SSA 250, Consideration of Laws and Regulations in an Audit of Financial Statements –

paragraph 29

• SSA 260 (Revised), Communication with Those Charged with Governance – paragraph 23

• SSA 300, Planning an Audit of Financial Statements – paragraph 12

• SSA 315 (Revised 2021), Identifying and Assessing the Risks of Material Misstatement
through Understanding the Entity and Its Environment – paragraph 38

• SSA 320, Materiality in Planning and Performing an Audit – paragraph 14

• SSA 330, The Auditor’s Responses to Assessed Risks – paragraphs 28-30

• SSA 450, Evaluation of Misstatements Identified During the Audit – paragraph 15

• SSA 540 (Revised), Auditing Accounting Estimates and Related Disclosures – paragraph 39

• SSA 550, Related Parties – paragraph 28

• SSA 600, Special Considerations—Audits of Group Financial Statements (Including the Work
of Component Auditors) – paragraph 50

• SSA 610 (Revised 2013), Using the Work of Internal Auditors – paragraph 36

• SSA 720 (Revised), The Auditor’s Responsibilities Relating to Other Information –

paragraph 25

12