MEN AND

MASCULINITIES
 - Introduction -
Since the 1970s, there has been a significant increase in
studies examining various aspects of masculinity, including
men's roles in the workforce, family dynamics, and violent
behavior. Despite men historically holding dominant positions
in global economics and politics, these studies have grown
substantially.
 - Introduction -
Researchers have explored topics such as male violence, fatherhood, pornography, criminal
behavior, and non-traditional gender expressions like female masculinity and male femininity.
This surge in studies coincides with ongoing discussions challenging traditional views of
gender, which are often reinforced by media and societal norms.

The rise of the women's liberation movement and subsequent feminist movements has
disrupted traditional gender roles, prompting many men to reconsider their understanding of
masculinity. This has led to increased interest in men's studies and discussions surrounding
masculinity.
 Men’s rights lobby
The Men's Rights Lobby, often referencing Warren Farrell's book "The
Myth of Male Power: Why Men Are The Disposable Sex" (1994),
claims that men are now the victims due to feminism going too far.
They argue that men face increased responsibilities but few rights in
areas such as marriage, divorce, child custody, and access to
children.
 Men’s rights lobby
This lobby suggests that modern laws overly favor women, leading to
discrimination against men, especially in a rapidly changing society
where men face growing challenges.

However, some researchers argue that these pro-male movements

are merely reactions to feminism, blaming women and feminists for
the societal issues men encounter.
Masculilinty Themes
Masculinity varies across cultures, historical periods, and social
contexts, influenced by factors like class, ethnicity, sexuality, age,
and disability. Research on masculinity themes highlights diverse
interpretations:
 - Multiple Masculinity -
There's no universal pattern of masculinity. Different cultures and historical eras define
masculinity differently. Some glorify soldiers and valorize violence, while others disdain
warfare and violence. Views on homosexual relationships also vary. Moreover,
masculinity differs between working-class, middle-class, and wealthy or impoverished
individuals. Within a single culture or social class, various forms of masculinity can
coexist, demonstrating its complex and multifaceted nature.
 - Hierarchy and hegemony -
In society, certain types of masculinity are valued more than others, while some are
disrespected or marginalized. The dominant form of masculinity in a given culture is called
"hegemonic masculinity." This represents the idealized image of a powerful and successful
man, embodying traits like strength, control, and economic independence. Hegemonic
masculinity is associated with power and leadership, and it sets the standard for what it
means to be a man in society.
 - Hierarchy and hegemony -
In Western culture, hegemonic masculinity is linked to heterosexuality, financial stability,
emotional restraint, and avoiding anything perceived as feminine. It promotes qualities like
courage, aggression, and self-reliance.

Importantly, hegemonic masculinity isn't just dominant among different types of masculinity
but also within the broader gender hierarchy. It reflects the privilege that men collectively
hold over women. This hierarchy of masculinities reflects the unequal distribution of
privilege among different groups of men, with some forms of masculinity being valued more
highly than others.
 - Collective Masculinities -
In society, behaviors are categorized as either "masculine" or "feminine," not just for
individuals but also for groups and institutions like businesses, armies, and schools.

In workplaces and informal settings like street gangs, collective notions of masculinity
shape interactions.
 - Collective Masculinities -
Culture, including video games and movies, often promotes stereotypical views of
masculinity, depicting characters like absent fathers, troubled students, abusive
partners, and criminals.

Even in sports, structures like competition, training systems, and reward hierarchies
foster a specific aggressive type of masculinity.
 - Masculinities and well-being -
Research shows that strict ideas about masculinity can harm men's health. Men often
struggle to express their emotions and may turn to unhealthy coping mechanisms like
alcohol and risky behaviors when stressed. This adherence to stoicism and rigid masculinity
norms can contribute to mental health issues like depression and suicide.

Cultural ideals of masculinity can discourage men from seeking help for health concerns and
may even encourage behaviors that harm themselves and their families, such as substance
abuse.
 - Masculinities and well-being -
Men face higher rates of death and disability from alcohol and substance abuse compared
to women, indicating a global trend of substance-related issues being more prevalent
among men.

The emphasis on physical strength as a key aspect of masculinity is widely promoted

through media, toys, and other products, perpetuating unrealistic and sometimes violent
notions of masculinity. For example, action figures often depict exaggerated muscles,
reinforcing the association of masculinity with aggression and violence.
 - Family formation, fathering, caregiving, and domestic roles -

Men's involvement in household chores and caregiving roles has traditionally been
associated with a loss of status. While there's been a lot of focus on women joining the
workforce, men haven't significantly increased their participation in domestic tasks.

Research shows that men, on average, aren't stepping up their involvement in household
work and caregiving. However, being engaged in their children's lives can bring psychological
and health benefits to men, and it's beneficial for children's development too.
 - Family formation, fathering, caregiving, and domestic roles -

Although men may not always contribute directly to domestic chores, they often support
their families financially and participate in their children's activities outside the home.

Men with higher levels of education are more likely to take on domestic roles and caregiving
responsibilities. Education may expose them to diverse ideas and weaken traditional
stereotypes, leading to more active involvement in household tasks.
 - Masculinities and alcohol and drug use -
Men tend to drink more alcohol and use drugs more than women. Studies show they drink
more frequently and in larger amounts, leading to more alcohol-related health and social
problems.

In many cultures, drinking is seen as a bonding activity for men, boosting camaraderie and
courage. However, excessive drinking can lead to violence and other negative consequences,
which are often tolerated as part of male behavior.

For some men, drug use and dealing are ways to assert a masculine identity and gain power.
 - Protest Masculinity -
Protest masculinity is a marginalized form of masculinity that opposes the dominant norms
of society. It mirrors aspects of hegemonic masculinity but operates within socially
disadvantaged contexts.

This form of masculinity is characterized by extreme sex-typed behaviors, particularly high

levels of physical aggression. Traits associated with protest masculinity include
destructiveness, impulsivity, involvement in crime, and substance abuse.

Protest masculinity often stems from feelings of powerlessness and insecurity, leading
individuals to adopt a tough facade to assert power despite lacking genuine resources.
 - Caring Masculinity -
Caring masculinity is a newer concept that's gaining attention globally, particularly since the
early 2000s. It's seen as a positive shift in male identities toward gender equality.

After years of women advocating for equal rights and an end to male dominance, caring
masculinity emerges as a supportive force against traditional views of masculinity.
 - Caring Masculinity -
This concept suggests that men can embrace traditionally feminine traits like emotional
expression, sensitivity, and nurturing without losing their masculinity. Caring masculinities
promote equality by valuing qualities like empathy, interdependence, and shared
responsibilities.

Men who embody caring masculinity reject the dominance and privilege associated with
traditional masculinity, aiming for more balanced and respectful relationships. They're often
seen as part of a "new man" archetype, challenging old stereotypes and promoting positive
change.
 - Summary -
Masculinity and men's studies have evolved significantly over time, exploring
various themes and types of masculinities, including hegemonic, protest, and
caring masculinities. These studies investigate how different forms of masculinity
intersect with different aspects of life and society.
 Presented by Sandra Haro

GENDER-
BASED
VIOLENCE:
Survivor, Victim, Perpetrator,
and Human Rights
 INDTO DUCTION

Violence based on gender is a serious human rights violation that

affects millions around the world. It's rooted in the social distinctions
between men and women, and can be inflicted on anyone regardless of
sex.

This violence has terrible consequences for both the victim and society
as a whole. It can cause physical, emotional, and sexual harm. (Sigal et al
2013) It can take many forms, from intimate partner violence to abuse
at work or school.
 INDTO DUCTION
In the Philippines, the focus on gender-based violence as a women's
rights issue has grown significantly in recent years. Before 1993, many
governments saw violence against women as a personal matter. (Loi et.
al 1999)

The types of violence experienced by women and girls are numerous and
include domestic abuse, sexual assault, forced marriage, and
exploitation. (USAID 2009) This violence can happen anywhere, at home,
work, or school, and during times of peace or conflict. It's a critical
issue for both human rights and development, impacting everyone in
society.
CONSEQUENCES OF
GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE

Gender-based violence has devastating

consequences for survivors, both right
away and for years to come.
 HEALTH
CONSEQUENCES

This violence can lead to unwanted pregnancies, unsafe

abortions with risks, sexually transmitted diseases (including
HIV), physical injuries, and mental health issues like depression,
anxiety, PTSD, and even suicide. It can also negatively impact
children's well-being, affecting their development and school
attendance.
 SOCIAL
CONSEQUENCES

The impact goes beyond the survivor, affecting

families and communities. Families may be ostracized
because of the violence, especially if children are born
from rape or if they support the survivor.
 ECONOMIC
CONSEQUENCES

Violence puts a strain on public healthcare and

social services. Survivors themselves often
struggle to participate fully in society and the
economy due to the trauma they've experienced.
 SURVIVOR, The document says it's better to call
VICTIM, AND someone who has experienced gender-
based violence a "survivor" instead of
PERPENTRATOR a "victim." This term emphasizes their
strength and resilience.

The person who commits this

violence is called a Because every instance
"perpetrator." They can be a of gender-based
single person or a group, and violence involves both a
they often have some kind of survivor and a
power over the survivor. This
perpetrator, efforts to
power can come from their
prevent and respond to
position, authority, or simply
their perception of being this violence need to
stronger. consider both of them.
HUMAN RIGHTS

Everyone deserves the same fundamental rights,

regardless of background. These rights can't be taken
away and are all connected. Violence against people
based on gender hurts their basic human rights. The
Philippine Constitution and international agreements
guarantee these rights, including the right to life,
health, safety, free expression, and education.
 SUMMARY
Violence based on gender (GBV) is a Both those who experience
serious global issue that needs
GBV/VAW (survivors) and those
immediate action on both national
and international levels. It impacts
who inflict it (perpetrators) are
every aspect of our lives, harming key players in this issue. Since
families, communities, economies, GBV/VAW is a fundamental
and health. GBV often takes the form violation of human rights, it's
of violence against women and girls undeniable that these acts of
(VAW), which can affect them at any violence demand attention from
age. VAW is a constant threat, with
both individual countries and
abusers using a range of methods to
control and harm their victims.
the world as a whole.
 Presented by Sandra Haro

THANK YOU
VERY MUCH!