DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINED PIEZOELECTRIC VIBRATION

AND SWING DOOR MOTION ENERGY HARVESTER FOR POWER

GENERATION

A Project Study
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Engineering
University of Batangas
Batangas City, Batangas, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

by

Bautista, Aaron Jemuel D.

Nodera, Francis Carlo M.

Mañibo, Jayred Adame M.

Belen, Florenz King M.

Abaja, Jestoni B.

October 2022

i
 DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP

We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and, to the best of

my knowledge, it contains no materials previously published nor written by another

person. This work does not also contain materials which, to a substantial extent,

has been accepted for an award of any other degree or diploma, except where due

acknowledgement is made in the manuscript. Any contribution made to the

research by others, with whom we have worked at the University of Batangas or

elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in the manuscript.

We also declare that the intellectual content of this manuscript is the product

of our own work, except the assistance that we received in the project’s design,

concept and style, presentation and linguistic expression which we also

acknowledge.

Signed:

Bautista, Aaron Jemuel D. Nodera, Francis Carlo M.

Mañibo, Jayred Adame M. Belen, Florenz King M.

Abaja, Jestoni B.

Date Signed:

ii
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINED

PIEZOELECTRIC VIBRATION AND SWING DOOR MOTION ENERGY

HARVESTER FOR POWER GENERATION, prepared and submitted by

BAUTISTA, AARON JEMUEL D., NODERA, FRANCIS CARLO M., MAÑIBO,

JAYRED ADAME M., BELEN, FLORENZ KING M., and ABAJA, JESTONI B. in

partial fulfillment for the degree BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING, has been examined and is recommended for approval and

acceptance for oral examination.

ENGR. GILBERT M. MENDOZA, ECE, ME

Research Adviser

THESIS COMMITTEE

DR. HENRY I. CABATAY, REE

Chairman

ENGR. PAUL BRYAN C. AMAGON, ME, MSME

Member

ENGR. JOSEPH KIMUELD. CAGUETE, ME

Member

iii
 CERTIFICATE OF THE PANEL OF EXAMINERS

Approved by the Committee on Oral Examination with a grade of

DR. HENRY I. CABATAY, REE

Chairman

ENGR. PAUL BRYAN C. AMAGON, ME, MSME

Member

ENGR. JOSEPH KIMUELD. CAGUETE, ME

Member

Accepted and approved as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering degree.

Comprehensive Examination:

DR. HENRY I. CABATAY, REE

Chairman

Date

iv
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The following individuals deserve the researchers' sincere appreciation and

gratitude for their unwavering encouragement and guidance as they completed

every component of this study work.

First and foremost, to their thesis advisor, Engr. Gilbert Mendoza, for his

never-ending support as the researchers, conduct this study. Without the

knowledge and methods that he shared with them during the research phase, the

research paper would be senseless and dull. His remarks and insights about the

research topic contributed a lot as they try to fully develop this study.

To Dr. Henry I. Cabatay, for being the pillar of hope for the researchers to

finish their research paper with the feeling of ease and satisfaction.

To Engr. Marizen Contreras, the Panelists and the Professors, for

helping the researchers and providing them advice/comments that could add up to

the betterment of the said study.

Their Family and Friends, for the continuous provision as the researchers

construct the entire process of the research study.

Lastly, to our Almighty God, for showering HIS blessing to the researchers

and giving them wisdom to conquer all the struggles they have encountered

throughout this research study.

v
 DEDICATION

This work is the result of long, tough sacrifices. This work is sincerely and

proudly dedicated to the people who serve as inspiration thanks to the researcher's

efforts. From parents and guardians to classmates and friends who offered

assistance when there were difficulties with the project.

To the Faculty and Staff of the Mechanical Engineering Department,

College of Engineering, and to our Almighty God who showered his blessing in our

everyday lives, especially for the strength, courage, patience, wisdom, time, and

guidance in the realization of this project study.

A.J. Bautista
F.C. Nodera
J.A. Mañibo
F.K. Belen
J. Abaja

vi
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF COMBINED PIEZOELECTRIC VIBRATION

AND SWING DOOR MOTION ENERGY HARVESTER FOR POWER

GENERATION

Author : Bautista, Aaron Jemuel D., Nodera, Francis Carlo M.,

Mañibo, Jayred Adame M., Belen, Florenz King M., Abaja,

Jestoni B.

Degree/Major: Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

College/Institution: College of Engineering/ University of Batangas

Adviser : Engr. Gilbert Mendoza, ECE, ME

Number of Copies: 1

Number of Pages: 150

ABSTRACT

The Philippines’ demand for electric power increases significantly every

yearwith the rapid industrialization and lifestyle modernization of the Filipinos. The

study aims to harness electricity from human motion using the wasted energy from

the footsteps of humans and the opening and closing of swing doors through a

combined mechanical system. The research method used was quantitative

vii
research for the analysis of numerical data. Results of the developed machine

show that the average power that the footstep power generator can produce is

12.40 Watts and that the swing door motion energy harvester produces an average

of 47.28 Watts combining these energies into parallel connection the average

power produced by the combined system is 104.62 Watts with an overall efficiency

of 43%. The energy harvested by this mechanical system was stored in a battery

to conserve the energy for long time use.

Keywords: Piezoelectric Transducers, Gear, Generator, Autodesk Inventor

viii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
Title Page i
Declaration of Authorship ii
Approval Sheet iii
Certificate of the Panel of Examiners iv
Acknowledgement v
Dedication vi
Abstract vii
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xii
Appendices xiii

Chapter 1 The Research Problem

Introduction 1
Objectives of the Study 4
Conceptual Framework 5
Null Hypothesis 7
Significance of the Study 7
Scope, Limitations, and Delimitations of the Study 8
Definition of Terms 10

Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature and Studies

Related Readings 11
Related Literature 12
Related Studies 24
Synthesis and Justification 35

Chapter 3 Research Methodology

Research Design 39
Development Procedures 40
Statistical Data Treatment 59

Chapter 4 Results and Discussion

Design of the System 61

ix
 4.1 Design of Swing Door Motion Energy Harvester 61
Spur Gear 62
Spur Gear Specification 63
Design Calculation 64
Material Selection for Gears 66
Shafts 66
Design Calculation 67
Material Selection for Shafts 67
DC Generator 68
Material Selection for DC Generator 68
CAD Model of Swing Door Energy Harvester 69
4.2 Design of Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generator 69
Piezoelectric Transducers 70
Material selection for Footstep Plate 71
Battery 71
Spring 72
Spring Specifications 72
CAD Model of Piezoelectric Footstep 73
Electrical Material Specifications 73
Energy Production Process 75
Electrical Schematic Diagram 76
Production Cost 77
4.3 CAD Model Simulation 78
4.4 Development of Combined Piezoelectric Vibration
and Swing Door Motion Energy Harvester Equipment 81

4.5 Results of Testing 82

Evaluation of Developed Mechanical Equipment 86

Chapter 5 Summary of Findings, Conclusions and

Recommendations
Summary of Findings 88
Conclusions 89
Recommendations 91

x
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE

2.1 PZT Properties 19

2.2 Working Condition Parameters 25
2.3 DC Output Voltage Test From 27 mm Disc 30
During Casual Steps
2.4 DC Output Voltage Test From 35 mm Disc During 30
Casual Steps
2.5 Summary of important Piezoelectric Energy 31
Harvesting Applications
3.1 Voltage Measurement for Different Percentage 56
Opening of Swing Door
3.2 Voltage Measurement for Different Percentage 57
Closing of Swing Door
3.3 Current Measurement for Different Percentage 58
3.4 Current Measurement for Different Percentage 59
Closing of Swing
3.5 Voltage, Current and Power Measurement for 59
Every Step Applied in the Footstep Power
Generator.
4.1 Spur Gear Specification 64
4.2 Material Selection for Gears 67
4.3 Material Selection for Shafts 68
4.4 Material Selection for DC Generator 69
4.5 Material Selection for Footstep Plate 72
4.6 Spring Specifications 73
4.7 Electrical Material Specifications 74
4.8 Production Cost 78
4.9 Average Voltage Data of Swing Door 83
4.10 Calculated Current 84
4.11 Calculated Power 85
4.12 Correlation of Percentage Opening/Closing of 85
Swing Door to Voltage
4.13 Average Voltage Data of Footstep Power 86
Generator
4.14 Correlation of Weight and Voltage in Footstep 87
Power Generator

xi
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. DESCRIPTION PAGE

1.1 Conceptual Framework 6

2.1 DC Generator 13
2.2 Carbon Emissions by Sector 15
2.3 Autodesk Inventor 16
2.4 Power Density versus Voltage 16
2.5 Self-charging Structure Prototype with Flexible 18
Metallic
2.6 35mm PZT Piezoelectric Ceramics 20
2.7 Renewable Energy Prospective by 2050 21
2.8 Model of a Linear, Inertial Generator 22
2.9 Swing Door Movement Diagram 24
3.1 Block Diagram of the System 40
3.2 Multimeter 56
4.1 Spur Gear 64
4.2 12mm Shaft 69
4.3 Swing Door Motion Energy Harvester 70
4.4 Piezoelectric Transducers 71
4.5 Piezo-electric Footstep 74
4.6 Energy Production Process 76
4.7 Electrical Schematic Diagram 77
4.8 Electrical Box/ USB Hub 78
4.9 Spur Gear Simulation Results 79
4.10 12mm Shaft Simulation Results 80
4.11 Footstep Simulation Results 81
4.12 Gear 3D-Printing 82
4.13 Footstep Power Generator 83

xii
 APPENDICES

APPENDIX DESCRIPTION PAGE

A Matrix of Related Literature and Matrix of 97

Related Studies
B Stress Analysis of Spur Gear Simulation 103
Result and Computation
C Stress Analysis of 12mm Shaft 105
Simulation Result and Computation
D Stress Analysis of Footstep Simulation 108
Result and Computation
E Tabulated Data of Simulation 110
F Data Gathered In Testing 112
(Swing Door)
G Data Gathered In Testing 121
(Footstep)
H Statistical Data For Swing Door 125
I Statistical Data For Footstep 128
J Statistician’s Certification 130
K Curriculum Vitae 132

xiii
 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

This chapter contains the overview, statement of the problem, objectives,

conceptual framework, null hypothesis, significance of the study, scope, limitations

and delimitations, and definition of terms of the study about the Design and

Development of Combined Piezoelectric Vibration and Swing Door Motion Energy

Harvester for Power Generation.

Overview and Background

The Philippines’ demand for electric power increases significantly every

year with the rapid industrialization and lifestyle modernization of the Filipinos

(IRENA,2017). The conventional method of producing electricity in the country is

burning fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas. The gross power produced

nationwideis 74,968 GWh by burning fossil fuels alone in 2017. Power generation

using fossil fuels emits carbon dioxide, which significantly contributes to the

greenhouse effect.The energy generation growth rate of the Philippines increased

by 5.3% from 2015 to 2020 (DOE Power Statistics, 2018), which means that the

emission of carbon dioxide is getting worse. Clean alternative renewable energy

resources areneeded to reduce the carbon emissions of the country’s - renewable

natural resources.

1
 Renewable energy resources gained the highest share in power generation

with a denotative capacity of 11,340 MW in 2018 (DOE, 2017). Its continuous

development is an essential part of the low carbon emission strategy of the

Philippines and is vital in maneuvering climate change, energy security, and

access to electricity. There is an agreement among nations to transmute the global

energy systems, which depend mainly on fossil fuels, into utilizing renewable

energy resources to forestall the incessant effect of climate change due to carbon

emission (NRDC, 2017). Since the Philippines is eminently dependent on imported

fossil fuels, varying increases in the price of these fuels in the world market will

directly affect energy security, considering society's increasing demand for

electricity. Renewable energy is an uttermost and long-term solution by

acquainting localized renewable energy sources.

The renewable energy provision is increasing significantly. Investments in

development have been made in recent years and have led countries to produce

renewable energy more cost-effectively. Thus, fossil fuels remain the primary

energy source. In 2011, only 16.7 % was marked as a share of renewable energy

resources to the global final energy consumption, and fossil fuels share was 80.6

% (REN21, 2012). Nevertheless, projected fossil fuel energy depletion and

emerging climate change have driven countries to cast about viable alternative

energy resources—existing renewables such as geothermal, solar, hydro, and

wind have shown potential in this regard.

2
 However, regardless of the country's bounty potential in developing

renewable energy sources, challenges arise such as competitive prices of fossil

fuels, fully developed technology of power generation from fossils, and very costly

development of renewable energy. This gives the researchers the motivation to

design and develop economic mechanical equipment which can harvest energy

from human effort in their daily activity using swing doors and convert it into usable

electrical energy as a drive to support sustainable development through renewable

energy resources.

Renewable energy resources such as wind power, hydropower, solar

power, and tidal power are readily available and are currently being harnessed.

Modern technologies in power-converting mechanisms such as windmills, water

turbine generators, and solar panels are utilized. However, there are still

uncommon renewable energy resources that are not used. Take the force exerted

by humans in their everyday lives, such as walking through, opening, and closing

doors. Humans usually exert 15 N-m torque when opening a door that is wasted

(Murthy et al.,2011). The force applied to floors by human steps is 1.3 timesits weight

(Kumar, 2014). This paper aims to design and develop mechanical equipment to

harvest these energies and convert them into renewable and clean energy

resources.

3
Objectives of the Study

This section highlights both the general and specific objectives of the design

and development of combined piezoelectric vibration and swing door motion

energy harvester for power generation.

The researchers designed and developed mechanical equipment that could

harvest piezoelectric vibration and swing door motion energy to provide an

engineering solution in the emerging renewable energy resources for sustainable

development.

Specifically, this study aims to:

1. Design a machine that converts the wasted force exerted by

humans when using the swing door into electrical energy.

2. Design a footstep machine that converts vibration energy from

piezoelectric transducers when applied by mechanical force.

3. Simulate the design of the combined Piezoelectric vibration

and swing door motion energy harvester equipment.

4. Develop the combined mechanical Piezoelectric vibration and

swing door motion energy harvester equipment.

5. Test and evaluate the developed mechanical equipment

based on:

5.1 Output Voltage

5.2 Output Current
5.3 Power Output

4
Conceptual Framework

To determine the concept of the study, the researchers create a flow of

process showing the proceeding of the Design and Development of Combined

Piezoelectric Vibration and Swing Door Motion Energy Harvester for Power

Generation. This conceptual paradigm contains six phases of the process.

As indicated in figure 1.1, the first phase is the Design, Consideration, and

Requirements which shows the consideration before designing a machine. The

second phase, Materials Selection and design calculations, explain the materials'

cost and the suitable software. The software that will be used for the CAD layout

is Solid works. The third phase exhibits the use of Autodesk Inventor as a method

for the simulation of the design project. The fourth phase is Fabrication which will

describe the project output and inspect the fabricated machine if the fabricator

meets the desired outcome. The fifth phase is the Test which will test the fabricated

work upon the application to the chosen establishment based on the following

criterion:

1a. Power generated from the swing door motion energy harvester in every

25, 50, 75, and 100 percent opening and closing the swing door.

1b. Power generated by the footstep power generator in every step or

pressure applied on the equipment.

Lastly, the evaluation, where the system performance will evaluate to know

if the results based on the tests conducted satisfy the target output.

5
6
Null Hypothesis

The researchers come up with the following null hypothesis:

1. There is a significant relationship between the angle or percentage of

opening and closing of the swing door to the voltage generated by the

mechanical system.

2. There is a significant relationship between the weight of humans and the

output voltage induced by the footstep power generator.

Significance of the Study

The results of this study will help society consider how importantelectricity

is in today's society. The world's electricity consumption is increasing quicker than

global energy use; therefore, the electricity demand is growing by theyear. There is

only limited space to build additional power plants to meet future demand

increases.

This study aims to contribute to the development of renewable and green

energy resources to benefit society and the environment. The study aims to

provide electricity through human effort. Using the wasted energy from the

footsteps of humans and opening and closing the door with the help of

piezoelectric transducers, gears, and generators can produce electrical energy.

This study will also be beneficial to:

7
 The chosen establishments can use the power generated by the

fabricated equipment to charge battery-operated devices such as cell phones and

power banks, which is also beneficial for their customers.

The researchers- The knowledge and skill in designing the machine would

significantly contribute to the researchers' intellectual development for their future

jobs as Mechanical engineers.

The future researchers- This study could be their reference for future

research or design modification beneficial for sustainable development.

Scope, Limitations, and Delimitations of the Study

The study focused on the power output of the combined piezoelectric

footstep and swing door power generator. This study assesses whether the power

output can generate loads and provide enough power to supply other loads.

Researchers conducted surveys to determine which establishments will allow the

installation of the project machine on their premises after its fabrication. The study

respondents are the establishments such as McDonald's, Max's Restaurant, and

boarding houses located in Batangas City.

From the three establishments that responded positively to the survey

conducted, the researcher chose only one establishment to install and test the

machine. The basis of the establishment selection is the frequency of people using

swing doors several times. The researchers conducted interviews in each

establishment alongside the survey form to distinguish which establishment has

8
the highest frequency of users, and who will benefit the machine operation by

producing a more significant amount of electricity. With this in regard, the

researcher chose a boarding house, which has the highest frequency of users daily,

and for convenient-testing procedures.

Researchers shall conduct a test on the establishment subjected to

installing the equipment on their premises. The working of a test is during the

chosen measurement period. Researchers shall conduct an assessment on five

consecutive days in the chosen establishment with a six-hour duration. The

sampling schedule started from 9:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m., when many users entered

the establishment as observed during the survey. This study's limitation is that the

energy harnessed will be stored at a charging station with a power output of 30000

mAh. The design of the footstep power generator is for one person at a time only.

The swing door motion energy harvester will be installed in the single face of a

swing door, thus, if the door used is a two-way door, only a single face be used for

installation.

However, the force exerted by the person in opening and closing the swing

door is not included in the statistical analysis of data since the researchers cannot

measure the magnitude of a certain force. Also, the force of a single step applied

to the footstep is not included in the statistical analysis, this force is relatedto how

quick or how high the elevation of the human foot is before it lands on the

9
 footstep. Thus, the force based on their corresponding weight will be the basis of

its statistical data interpretation.

Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined lexically and operationally in this study.

Autodesk Inventor. This term refers to computer-aided design software

utilized for collaborative product development that combines several engineering

designs into one software solution.

DC Generator. This is defined as a machine that generates and converts

mechanical energy into electricity.

Energy. This means the property of matter and radiation, which is apparent
as a capacity to do work.
Piezoelectric Transducers. It refers to a device that measures the
pressure, force, or strain and then converts them to electricity.

Renewable energy. In this study, the term refers to the energy that
comes from natural resources which are not depleted when used.

Vibration. This term is identified as a fluctuation of the parts of a fluid

or elastic solid whose balance has been disturbed by an electromagnetic wave

10
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES

Introduction

This chapter discusses the related literature and studies that are beneficial

for the further development of the study. This helps the researchers to prompt a

synthesis that will serve as the foundation for the whole study.

Related Readings

As stated in Republic Act No. 9513, commonly known as the "Renewable

Energy Act of 2008," enacted on December 16, 2008, an Act promoting the

development, exploitation, and commercialization of renewable energy resources,

among other things. This sector's emissions increased by 39% in 2000, compared

to the previous high of 50, 038 CO2 Gigagrams in 19994. The combustion of

imported fuels and other activities related to energy production, such as coal

mining, oil and gas exploration, production, and processing, account for the

majority of emissions (EMB,2011). The "Renewable Energy Act of 2008" was

enacted to formalize the government's commitment to increasing the country's use

of renewable energy (RE) resources. This is done in order to successfully minimize

hazardous emissions while also achieving economic development and protecting

human health and the environment. The state is required by this law to accelerate

the discovery and development of renewable energy resources in order to attain

energy independence, as well as to improve renewable energy use by

11
institutionalizing the development of national and local skills. Solar, wind, hydro,

biomass, geothermal, and ocean energy are examples of sustainable energy

resources that could be used instead.

Related Literature

DC Generator

The journal entitled "Excitation Of D.C Generator," conducted by Tarun

Saini, Sangeet Kumar, Shruti Khanna. An electric generator is a device that

converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. A generator causes electrons

to flow through an external electrical circuit. It is similar to a water pump in that it

creates a flow of water but does not create the water itself. The prime mover, or

source of mechanical energy, can be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine,

water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a

wind turbine, a hand crank, compressed air, or any other source of mechanical

energy. The two primary components of an electrical machine can be stated in

either mechanical or electrical terms. The rotor is the rotating part of an electrical

machine, while the stator is the stationary part. The armature is the power-

producing component of an electrical device, and the field is the magnetic field

component. The armature can be attached to either the rotor or the stator.

Electromagnets or permanent magnets installed on either the rotor or the stator

can provide the magnetic field.

12
 Figure 2.1. DC Generator

The journal entitled “Voltage control of dc generators using load

characteristic,” was conducted by Abdulsalam M. Abbooda, Munther Naif Thiyabb,

Rafid S. Abdullahc and Settar S. Keream. The devices used in application systems

make extensive use of DC generators. Voltage control in an electrical system is

critical for the proper operation of electrical power equipment, preventing damage

such as overheating generators and motors, reducing transmission losses, and

maintaining the system's ability to withstand and avoid voltage collapse. Modern

generators are prepared with auto voltage control, potentially solid-state, for

excellent regulation; the design of the control system is determined by the

generator's external characteristics. However, solid-state rectifiers are rapidly

replacing dc generators in most applications; technological advances have

enabled the production of commercial solid-state components with high ratings,

i.e. components capable of passing high currents and standing high voltages. D.C.

13
voltage regulation. The generator is determined by the type of field connection

specified by the designer.

Energy

According to the book entitled “Energy and the Environment” by Abbas

Ghassemi, by 2050, the energy demand could double or even triple. As the global

population continuously rises and the development of countries expands their

economies. All life on Earth is significantly dependent on energy. It is essential for

economic and societal development and poses an environmental dispute. For

sustainable development, society must explore all aspects of energy production

and consumption encompassing clean energy, efficiency, and climate and natural

resources issues. Additionally, the availability of affordable oil for power generation

emerges as a huge dilemma. This has resulted in the debate on the availability of

fossil energy resources and the various renewable energy resources to aid the

problem. There is a step back and reconsideration in energy management. More

aggressive methods in green energy will be emerging in the coming years.

As defined in the book “Energy, Its Use and the Environment” by Roger

Hinrichs, energy is the primary building block of modern society. It is the immediate

need to create goods from natural resources and provide household services.

However, energy resources are one of the significant contributors affecting the

environment. The increasing demand in energy supply directly affects the rising

carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere. Since fossil fuels represent

almost 90% of our consumption, carbon dioxide emissions increase every year.

14
The proper utilization of energy requires consideration of societal issues and

technological ones.

Figure 2.2 Carbon Emissions by Sector

Most carbon emission is caused by massive energy demand in commercial,

industrial, and large residential areas. There is a need for these areas to deal with

the development of their individual renewable energy resources.

Autodesk Inventor

Rapid advancements in Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) have resulted

in exciting advances in the engineering community. Recent improvements have

brought the long-desired goal of concurrent engineering closer to reality. CAE has

evolved into the foundation of contemporary engineering to reduce design time,

produce prototypes faster, and achieve higher product quality. Autodesk Inventor

is a mechanical computer-aided engineering software package developed by

Autodesk, Inc.

15
 Autodesk Inventor is a tool that allows for a concurrent engineering

approach to mechanical engineering product design and stress analysis.

Manufacturing equipment such as machining centers, lathes, mills, or rapid

prototyping machines can also use computer models to manufacture the product.

Figure 2.3 Autodesk Inventor

Piezoelectric Transducer

According to the book "Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting." According to

Williams and Yates, there are three fundamental vibrations in electric energy

conversion: electromagnetic, electrostatic, and piezoelectric transductions. As

previously noted, the advantages of Piezoelectric materials over other basic

transduction processes include their high-power densities and ease of use.

Figure 2.4 Power Density versus Voltage

16
 Figure 2.2 shows the power density vs. voltage graph, which shows that

piezoelectric energy harvesting covers the most region in the chart compared to

other materials used. Furthermore, the voltage output of electromagnetic energy

harvesting is typically low, necessitating multistage post-processing to charge a

storage component. However, a usable voltage can be obtained directly from the

material in piezoelectric energy harvesting. Furthermore, the prospective method

of delivering small electronic and remote sensors drew researchers from a variety

of engineering disciplines, including mechanical, aerospace, civil, electrical

engineering, and material science specialists. In the past, researchers used

"Lumped-parameter" solutions with a single mechanical degree of freedom to

forecast the coupled system dynamics of piezoelectric energy harvesting. Because

the electrical domain consists of lumped parameters, lumped-parameter modeling

is a valuable approach. As obtained from the result, the only requirement is to

acquire the mechanical domain parameter, which can then be associated with

electrical loop equations using piezoelectric constitutive equations, allowing the

transformer relationship to be constructed.

17
Figure 2.5 a.) Self-charging structure prototype with flexible metallic,

piezoceramic, a thin-film battery, solar, Kapton, and epoxy layers b.)

Itsschematic representation

The research article entitled “A Novel Method for Electricity Generation from

Footsteps Using Piezoelectric Transducers” was conducted by D. Sathish, C.

Srisailam, D. Harsha, and K. MuralidharGoud. This paper discussed the process

of converting the mechanical energy of human footsteps into electrical energy

using a piezoelectric transducer. As stated herein in this paper, the old conversion

of mechanical energy into electrical energy is through a rack and pinion model

consisting of a dynamo. Creating this system is too expensive and cannot be

applicable to multiple units; that is why a piezoelectric model develops due to its

ability to transform severe pressures and kinetic movements into electrical energy.

In addition, this paper discussed that the most common and economical

18
piezoelectric materials are the Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) sensors because

they have the highest Curie point, high piezoelectric coefficient, and are highly

polarized due to their atomic structure. The properties of the PZT sensors are

shown in table 2.1.

Table 2.1 PZT Properties

Properties Quantity
Relative Dielectric Constant 1645
Piezoelectric coefficients d33 390x10-12 m/V
Piezoelectric coefficients d31 -190x10-12 m/V
Curie temperature 300 degree Celsius
Capacitance 203mph
Open circuit voltage 13 v
Rated frequency 47 Hz

As stated in table 2.1, the PZT sensors can generate a maximum voltage of 13

volts and a maximum current of 200 microamperes.

The research article entitled “A Systematic Review of Piezoelectric

Materials and Energy Harvesters for Industrial Applications” was conducted by

Abdul Aabid, Md Abdul Raheman, Yasser E. Ibrahim, Asraar Anjum, Meftah Hrairi,

Bisma Parveez, Nagma Parveen, and Jalal Mohammed Zayan. This study focused

on the fundamental idea of piezoelectric materials. According to the authors,

piezoelectric materials became famous because of their superficial characteristics,

low cost, lightweight, and high piezoelectric charge and voltage coefficient. In

addition, they have been tested in renewable energy applications because of their

outstanding mechanical-to-electrical conversion and have shown crucial

19
characteristics for engineering applications. Over the last century, many

piezoelectric materials have been developed. Still, one sensor became the most

popular, most widely used, and has been standout in all piezoelectric materials

that are the PZT sensor as stated herein in this paper.

Figure 2.6 35mm PZT Piezoelectric Ceramics

Renewable energy

According to the book entitled, “Renewable Energy Resources” by John

Twidell, renewable energy is today a significant electricity resource worldwide.

Several renewable energies continuously emerge, such as Solar, Wind,

Geothermal, etc. Thus, the development of such renewable resources is costly and

insufficient due to society's massive usage and need for electricity. Modern

renewable energy technologies bear up self-generation or micro-generation.

Current renewable energy technology serves several areas where most people

now live. For instance, safety is the primary consideration; several requirements

20
are associated with the design and construction of renewable energy equipment.

The benefits of renewable energy contribute to less global warming, improved

public health, stable energy prices, and reliability and resilience.

From the book entitled “Renewable Energy and the Public” by Patrick

Wright, renewable energy is an umbrella term delineating a wide variety of energy

sources that are non-conventional use, such as wind, tidal solar, or bio-energy. At

least 73 countries set the policy mark for renewable energy in 2008 which

significantly increased as the depletion of fossil fuels emerged. However, the

transition to low-carbon energy generation has not proved straightforward. Given

the aspiring targets that multiple governments have now adopted for increasing

renewable energy development, orderly social science research into public

espousal with renewable energy is urgently required. Research and development

into renewable energy is a significant cure for the depletion of conventional energy

resources to provide sustainable development.

Figure 2.7. Renewable Energy Prospective by 2050

21
The reduction of non-renewable energy reliance is an aid for the depletion of

carbon-emission, thus, supporting the needs of the society for the further

development of the country.

Vibration

According to a journal, “A micro electromagnetic generator for vibration

energy harvesting”. Vibrations are appealing because the energy can be captured

by small inertial devices with a high Q-factor, which amplifies the base excitation

amplitude. Vibrations suitable for a variety of applications can be widely used in

daily items, industrial plant equipment, moving vehicles such as automobiles and

airplanes, and structures such as buildings and bridges. Low-frequency high-

amplitude displacements characterize human-based applications.

Figure 2.8. Model of a Linear, Inertial Generator

22
 According to the article entitled “A piezo magnetoelastic structure for

broadband vibration energy harvesting” Vibration-based energy harvesting has

received great attention over the last decade. The basic transduction mechanisms

used for vibration-to-electricity conversion are piezoelectric, electromagnetic,

electrostatic, and magnetostrictive transductions. Regardless of the transduction

mechanism, a primary issue in vibration-based energy harvesting is that the best

performance of a generator is usually limited to excitation at its fundamental

resonance frequency. If the applied ambient vibration deviates slightly from the

resonance condition, then the power out is drastically reduced. Hence a major

issue in energy harvesting is to enable broadband energy harvesters. Although the

magnetoelastic structure is addressed here in the context of piezoelectric energy

harvesting, it can easily be applied to electromagnetic, electrostatic, and

magnetostrictive energy harvesting techniques, as well as hybrid combinations

with similardevices.

23
Related Studies

DC Generator

The study entitled “Potential for harvesting electrical energy from swing and

revolving door used by J.S. Partridge and R.W.G. Bucknall considered the energy

generation from revolving and swing door use. This study involves the design

modeling of the mechanical works using MATLAB. As obtained from the results, it

was found that door use has the potential for electricity generation. From the simple

swing door activity, the door is initially closed, and at rest, with force acted upon

opening, the door angle reaches 60 degrees open.

Figure 2.9 Swing Door Movement Diagram (Partridge and Bucknall, 2018)

This was to ensure that the door opening was sufficient for the user to pass

through. The researchers applied three approaches for generating energy from the

swing door motion using a DC generator. Method 1 is to directly drive the generator

during the opening and closing of the swing door. Method 2 utilizes two springs;

one is to close the door after opening, whereas the other is to drive the generator.

24
Method 3 is to replace the viscous damper of the door with a generator to harvest

energy during the closing motion of the door. Working condition parameters are as

follows:

Table 2.2. Working Condition Parameters

Item Unit Value

Mass of the door, md Kg 30
Length of door, rd m 0.8
Input force, Fin N 25
Force applied at, rf m 0.7
Force applied until rad 60
Torsional spring Nm/ rad 10
constant, k
Critical damping, dc Nms 18.9

Comparing the three methods subjected for energy generation implies that

method 3 proffers the best energy and power generation and has an edge of not

affecting the motion of the swing door upon use. From the design used in method

3, all the input energy has been utilized for energy dissipation. Therefore, if both

the opening and closing motion of the swing door is considered, it can generate an

enormous amount of power.

The study entitled “Investigation of DC Motors for Electric and Hybrid Electric

Motor Vehicle,” conducted by Robert H. Todd, Chair, Perry W. Carter, and Barry

M. Lunt revealed that direct current motors eliminated the need to convert the

power source to an alternating current sine wave, thereby eliminating losses in any

inverter or conversion device and lowering costs. Direct current motors also allow

for a morestraightforward motor speed control system. Instead of requiring a

25
precise AC

26
frequency to be supplied to the stator, DC motors rotate using a non-oscillating

supply voltage and commutator. A battery is the most common form of power in

an EV powertrain. Despite the fact that many different types of batteries are being

investigated, all of these batteries produce direct current (DC) power. Power is

sometimes generated in the vehicle by an IC engine/generator or a fuel cell, but

when power is delivered to or from the batteries, it must be in the form of direct

current (DC). The increasing price of fuel and concerns about energy dependence

have sparked interest in vehicles powered by alternative energy sources. One

potential solution to this problem is the use of electric powertrains. Electric vehicles

aren't the only places where electric vehicle powertrains can be used. Vehicles

with electric powertrains can reduce, if not eliminate, consumer reliance on

gasoline.

The study entitled “Study of direct current generator losses and improvement,”

conducted by Md. Sabbir Hossain. Electromagnets, rather than permanent

magnets, generate the magnetic field in a direct current generator. Generators are

generally classified based on how they excite the area. D.C. comes in twovarieties.

Separately excited D.C. generators and self-satisfied D.C. generators. Separately

enthralled D.C. A separately excited generator is a field coil whose excitation is

supplied by generating current from a separate generator. D.C. is overjoyed. A

self-excited generator is a field coil whose current is caused by the current

generated by the self-generator. In the operation of a direct current generator,

according to Faraday's laws concerning electromagnetic induction, we

27
know that E.M.F. conductors are induced when a current-carrying conductor is

placed in different magnetic fields. Then, according to Fleming's right-hand law,

the direction of flow changes when the direction of motion of the conductor

changes. Rotate an armature clockwise and proceed to the top of a conductor on

the left. When a current breakdown occurs, the connections of the armature

conductors are reversed due to the change of a split ring commutator. Efficiency

is a very important specification of an electric machine. When we discuss

efficiency, we must also address the issue of loss. When we consider the total loss,

we can calculate the efficiency of the DC generator. D.C. There are various types

of damage that generators can cause. Copper losses, iron losses, and mechanical

losses are the three types of DC generator losses. Generator losses are caused

by a generator rotor winding fault, an excitation system fault, an automatic

demagnetization switch trip, and a circuit fault. The term "generator loss of

excitation fault" refers to the sudden disappearance of the excitation current

provided by the excitation system.

Energy

According to the study "Energy Outlook and Energy Saving Potential in East

Asia," the stipulation of electrical energy is now focused on households throughout

the country. In 2017, electrification in households met 88.3% of the average

consumption in the whole country. The enormous demand for energy emerges as

the country's population and economic growth continue. This study mainly focused

on implementing energy efficiency and conservation standards and measures to

28
attain sustainable development for energy needs in the Philippines. This shows

that the energy sector should consider the development of other energy resources

such as renewable energies to surpass the energy shortage, which is outlined in

several studies. Researchers recommended continuous growth in green energy to

meet the shifting demand of the population in power. Government should adopt

research and studies in several possible and efficient energy sources for

sustainability.

The study “Worldwide Research on Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in

Public Buildings” conducted by Moreno et al., focused on energy conservation and

management in public buildings. The building and construction sector had

undoubtedly contributed to too much increase in energy consumption. These

buildings include several establishments where people usually work or spend time.

Appliances and other electric-operated equipment used in public establishments

contribute an ample amount of electricity demand, which has a domino effect in

utilizing conventional energy resources to meet shifting demands. Infrastructures

that need electricity should develop energy resources to reduce and limit fossil fuel

consumption and move towards the sustainability of society.

Autodesk Inventor

The study entitled “Process simulation of power screw failure on fatigue load

using Autodesk Inventor” conducted by V Mustika, A Triono and R K K Wibowo,

regarded this as a tool for visualizing a continuous process in fatigue load. The

29
purpose of this study is to simulate the stress distribution caused by power screw

fatigue loading using Autodesk Inventor software simulation version 2018.

The stress analysis modeling method was used in this study, which consists

of several steps. The steps involve 3D geometry design based on existing

dimensions, importing the CAD (Computer Aided Drawing) of 3D geometry design

to finite element software, engineering the data by entering mechanical properties,

meshing which indicates the limit of the geometry of the model into numbers of

elements in the properties, determining the fixed position of the central points of

the static load and fatigue load given to power screw components application, and

determining the fixed position of the central points of the static load and fatigue

load given to power screw components application.

Piezoelectric Transducer

The study entitled "Power Harvesting Using Piezoelectric Shoe for External

Power Storage," conducted by Rosalina Mohamad, University Teknologi MARA,

discusses the application of piezoelectric transducers to the shoe footstep. For this

research, the system's work is by applying wasted energy to piezoelectric discsto

generate electrical power. That wasted energy is from human efforts such as

walking and jogging. This study used two piezoelectric transducer sizes to

compare which disc size is viable to operate. The first size is a 27 mm disc resulting

from an average voltage of 5.068V during casual steps.

30
 Table 2.3. DC Output Voltage Test From 27 mm Disc During Casual Steps

Number of discs used Average mean voltage (V)

1 1.903
2 3.631
3 5.068

On the other hand, a 35 mm disc resulted in an average voltage of 6.233V during

casual steps.

Table 2.4. DC Output Voltage Test From 35 mm Disc During Casual Steps

Number of discs used Average mean voltage (V)

1 4.212
2 4.970
3 6.233

The results showed that the 35 mm disc produces more output voltage than the 27

mm disc. Therefore, a 35 mm disc is viable to use for piezoelectric shoe footsteps.

The study entitled “Study of Piezoelectric transducers used for Energy

Harvesting Application”, conducted by Nilimamayee Samal, O Jeba Shiney, and

Abhinandan Patra, School of Electrical, Electronics and Communication

Engineering, Galgotias University, Noida India, discusses the various types of

piezoelectric transducers and their applications. This study showed in table 2 the

significant piezoelectric energy harvesting applications with piezoelectric material

applied.

31
 Table 2.5. Summary of important piezoelectric energy harvesting
applications

Type of Composition Energy Physical energy

Piezoelectric harvesting used for energy
transducer Application harvesting
based on
composition
Piezoelectric PZT Shoe-sole Human motion
Ceramics insertion
Piezoelectric PZT Shoe-sole Human motion
Polymer insertion

Piezoelectric PVDF Wind generator Wind flow

Polymer

Piezo-Film PVDF Rainfall energy Raindrop impact

harvester

Microfiber NCMF-PDMS Hybrid Mechanical

Composite piezoelectric Vibration
generator

Nanofiber PZT nanofiber- Nano generator Mechanical

Composite PDMS Vibration

Cymbal 0.71 Pb Vibration energy Mechanical

(Mg1/3Nb2/3)- harvester Vibration
0.29 PbTiO3

Piezoelectric PVDF Roadway energy Vehicular

Polymer harvester Vibration
3D piezo polymer PVD Biomedical, Body movement
microsystem Vibration energy
harvester

Nano hybrid PZT-PVDF Nano Generator Human motion

According to this study, PZT and PVDF are the most widely utilized piezoelectric

materials because of their excellent piezoelectric characteristics and high

conversion efficiency.
32
 The study entitled “Footstep Power Generation Using Piezoelectric

Transducers,” conducted by Kiran Boby, Aleena Paul K, Anumol.C. V, Josnie Ann

Thomas, and Nimisha K.K, Department Of EEE, MACE, Kothamangalam, this

study analyzes the two most widely utilized piezoelectric materials which are the

PZT and PVDF. They gathered a testing method to determine the most suitable

piezo material from the two. According to the results, the PZT has an output voltage

of around 2V, while the PVDF has about 0.4V. Therefore, the most suitable piezo

material is PZT because it has better output than PVDF.

The study entitled “Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors Based on Flexible PZT

Thick-Film Composite Device, conducted on 2-14 Rongjie Liang, Wuhan University

of Technology, 2014, looks into and builds a flexible, dynamic system or quasi-

static pressure sensor capable of withstanding significant deformation. PZT

ceramics is the piezo material that chose to be used for this study because ithas

the most excellent electrical-mechanical coupling coefficient and piezoelectric

coefficient that is desirable in sensing applications. This study stated that

piezoelectric pressure sensors have advantages in other mechanisms because of

the high modulus of elasticity that goes up to 6.2x10^10 N/m^2, producing a high

output with very little strain. In simple words, these piezoelectric sensing elements

are in a solid state since they have effectively no deflection. Thus, piezoelectric

sensors are potent, with high natural frequencies and good linearity over a wide

range of loads.

33
Renewable energy

The research entitled “Research on renewable energy power generation

complementary and storage distribution model” conducted by Zhang et al. deals

with the renewable energy and storage distribution development model. This study

focused on the hybrid interconnection of renewable energy. Energy demand is

treated as a random variable in energy distribution. The energy gathered was

stored in the battery until the system fully charged the battery; while providing an

energy supply in the distribution system. Battery charge and discharge cycle

efficiency is the product of charge efficiency and discharge efficiency. The

utilization of renewable energy is susceptible to the impact of external nature. In

the energy transfer process, energy will be “storage” and “released” in two stages

of secondary use.

The study entitled “Systematic Review of Renewable Energy sources,

Technologies, and Public opinions" by Rahim et al. discussed the world's energy

needs and renewable energy technologies. The analysis showed that despite

serious efforts to reduce reliance on fossil fuels by elevating renewable energy,

fossil fuels still impart a more significant percentage to worldwide electricity in

2017. The study shows that worldwide energy crises can be managed by

developing renewable energy resources in power generation. Moreover, future

researchers' public opinion and direct attention should be considered to ease the

development of renewable energy technologies. There are still ample non-

conventional energy resources besides those existing ones that need deep

research and study for further development.

34
focused on the hybrid interconnection of renewable energy. Energy demand is

treated as a random variable in energy distribution. The energy gathered was

stored in the battery until the system fully charged the battery; while providing an

energy supply in the distribution system. Battery charge and discharge cycle

efficiency is the product of charge efficiency and discharge efficiency. The

utilization of renewable energy is susceptible to the impact of external nature. In

the energy transfer process, energy will be “storage” and “released” in two stages

of secondary use.

The study entitled “Systematic Review of Renewable Energy sources,

Technologies, and Public opinions" by Rahim et al. discussed the world's energy

needs and renewable energy technologies. The analysis showed that despite

serious efforts to reduce reliance on fossil fuels by elevating renewable energy,

fossil fuels still impart a more significant percentage to worldwide electricity in

2017. The study shows that worldwide energy crises can be managed by

developing renewable energy resources in power generation. Moreover, future

researchers' public opinion and direct attention should be considered to ease the

development of renewable energy technologies. There are still ample non-

conventional energy resources besides those existing ones that need deep

research and study for further development.

Vibration

One method of harvesting kinetic energy is to use a trembler to convert

environmental vibrations into electrical energy, as mentioned in the study "Study

35
of Energy Harvesting from Low-Frequency Vibration with Ferromagnetic Powder

and Non-magnetic Fluid. "Vibration Energy Harvesting" is the term for this. The

electrostatic electret, the piezoelectric element, the reverse magnetostriction

effect, and the electromagnetic induction effect have all been developed in recent

years using vibration energy as a source of electricity. In general, electricity-

generating systems are based on the electromagnetic induction method, which is

thought to produce the highest output of electric energy. A magnetic levitation

vibration device was used to generate low-frequency power in vibration energy

harvesting. A linear electromagnetic vibration energy harvester with weak

magnetic coupling was also proposed by Zergoune et al. Because of a one- or

two-degree freedom oscillation mechanism, the power generators in these

experiments were sophisticated in structure and had the disadvantage of

generating electricity at one or two limited resonance locations.

The control and application of vibration are very extensive, according to the

research "Analytical and Experimental Studies of Double Elastic Steel Sheet

(DESS) Vibration Energy Harvester System." The study of converting the energy

derived from vibration into electric energy—vibration energy harvester (VEH)—has

been one of the key points of the research and development of green energy

technology. The VEH system's traditional power generation principle can be split

into two categories: electromagnetic and piezoelectric. In addition, the Bistable

Energy Harvester (BEH), which is based on similar architecture and addresses

nonlinear vibration phenomena, can be used in the VEH system. To completely

36
demonstrate the operational benefits of BEH, Stanton et al. established a

theoretical model and employed numerical simulation and experimental methods.

The piezoelectric vibration energy harvester (piezo-VEH) system generates

current by deforming the piezoelectric patch (piezo patch) and changing the

electric field.

According to the research with the titled “The Effect of the Parameters of a

Vibration-Based Impact Mode Piezoelectric Power Generator” The basic power

generation operation for linear vibration motion can be divided into two modes:

bending mode and impact mode in the case of vibration energy harvesting using

piezoelectric devices. One end of the piezoelectric cantilever beam is attached to

the vibration sources in bending mode for power generation, while the other end

freely vibrates with the vibration sources. The shape of the device is crucial for

improving the output power of the piezoelectric power generator in bending mode

since it has been proven that devices of particular shapes are more effective than

others. Piezoelectric devices do not bend as a result of vibration-based impact

mode power production. The impact caused the deformation. A structure with a

freely moving steel ball repeatedly hits the piezoelectric wall to generate electricity,

as reported.

Synthesis and Justifications

Garnering the ideas from various studies, researchers have braced their

37
knowledge which helped them to design the mechanical equipment intended for

its objectives ingeniously.

From the book "Piezoelectric energy harvesting" by Williams and Yates,

researchers got an idea upon utilizing piezoelectric transducers, which is,

according to the text, shown as a substantial region in an energy harvesting chart.

This means that piezoelectric is superior to other materials capable of generating

electricity from mechanical vibrations. Focusing on piezoelectric energygeneration,

the researchers got an idea of what type of piezoelectric transducer isviable and

efficient from the study of Samal et al. and Rongie Liang. According to their

research, P.Z.T. and PVDF are the most widely utilized piezoelectric materials

because of their excellent characteristics and high conversion efficiency. Liang

appended that P.Z.T. ceramics could withstand prodigious pressure since it has a

high modulus of elasticity that goes up to 6.2x1010 N/m2.

Additionally, from the study entitled "Power Harvesting using Piezoelectric

shoe for external power storage" conducted by Rosalina Mohamad, the

researchers obtained an idea regarding the diametral size of piezoelectric

transducers to be used in this project. From this study, a 35 mm disc shows an

enormous amount of voltage generated during casual steps with an average of

4.212 volts per disc compared to a 27 mm disc with 1.903 volts per disc. The

researchers decided to utilize 35mm P.Z.T. Piezoelectric transducers in their

project to gain a prodigious amount of electricity for better performance of the

footstep equipment.

38
 On the other hand, researchers got an idea for the operating condition

parameters for the baseline calculation for the study entitled "Potential for

harvesting electrical energy from swing and revolving door used" by J.S. Partridge

and R.W.G. Bucknall swing door motion energy harvester. The researchers opt to

utilize the swing door movement diagram used in the previous study.

Furthermore, the operating condition parameters used in the study of

Partridge and Bucknall were used as reference values for the swing door motion

energy harvester; the design covers the door closer for restoring torque. The

design of the swing door motion energy harvester in this current study will utilize

both the forward and backward motion of the swing door, which is not used in the

previous studies. Researchers considered only single motion from other studies

since the power generator requires the clockwise direction of its shaft's rotation to

convert mechanical energy into valuable electrical energy. From the studies'

recommendation, garnering the swing door's forward and backward motion will

produce an enormous amount of electricity. Since the door was designed closer,

it will induce another rotation of gears that can be harvested through a power

generator.

Researchers obtained conducive guidelines and parameters essential for

the further development of this study. This study deals with the research regarding

energy and renewable energy, which states that development studies should forge

green energy for the betterment of the future. Related studies and literature are

well-founded for the equipment design and calculations.

39
 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the research methods and procedures for the design

and development of the combined piezoelectric vibration and swing door motion

energy harvester for power generation.

Research Design

In this study about the Design and Development of Combined Piezoelectric

Vibration and Swing Door Motion Energy Harvester for Power Generation, the

researchers used Quantitative Research to get the desired data. Quantitative

research is significant to use as a research method because this kind of research

method involves collecting and analyzing numerical data obtained from tests,

surveys, and design computation, which is necessary to the study. In addition,

through the quantitative method, the researchers can present data obtained in

tables, graphs, or figures in orderly identified data and easily understood by the

readers and future researchers. Herein the quantitative approach, the researchers

could easily establish what type of research instrument is preferred for the study.

The researchers found that the survey and tests are preferable research

instruments to obtain the needed data.

40
Procedures

Phase I: Design, Consideration, and Requirements

Step 1: Determining the process of the machine

To come up with the idea of combined piezoelectric vibration and swing

door motion energy harvester for power generation, the researchers first

constructed two particular topics subjected to a title defense. One is the swing door

motion energy harvester alone, and the other is the footstep power generator.The

idea of a swing door motion energy harvester came up from a bicycleequipped

with a dynamo that produces electricity to charge its portable light. The researchers

looked for other rotating objects which humans use daily. With this in regard, the

swing door was considered a subject that can rotate the generator through gear

assembly.

On the other hand, the idea of a footstep power generator came up with a

vortex wind turbine, which utilizes vibration to produce electricity. The researcher

looked for micro-generation materials that also use vibration to produce electricity.

With this, piezoelectric transducers show that they can produce electricity through

vibration. This piezo material produces electricity upon the application of pressure

into its structure. The researchers came up with the idea of utilizing human

footsteps to be the pressure applied to the piezo material.

During the title defense, the researchers defended these two ideas as their

subjects of research. Since both ideas are intended for power generation,

panelists
41
suggested combining two-mechanical equipment for better power generationsince

both of the two can be applied to the door of any establishment. As the person

enters or exits a door, he/she can walk through the footstep, providing rotation for

the generator equipped in the door and both will produce electricity. Researchers

utilized the internet and google for collaborative research to come upwith the topic.

Figure 3.1 Block Diagram

42
 The block diagram shows the system setup for power generation. The swing

door motion energy harvester was equipped with a stepper motor to gain low

speed—high voltage output. The motor produces AC output which will need a bridge

rectifier to convert it to pulsating DC. The voltage generated will flow to the buck

converter to step down its value. On the other hand, the footstep power generator

was equipped with a piezoelectric disc arrangement. This material also produces

ACoutput and requires a bridge rectifier to convert it into DC. The charge will be

stored first in a capacitor to utilize the charge induced by each disc. The system

will be joined into a parallel connection. The charge will flow into the charge

controller to maintainthe input required by the battery and it will be stored in an

electrical box.

Step 2: Pre-design of the equipment

Garnering the concept of a generator and piezoelectric transducer, the

researchers designed how the following materials will be utilized appropriately. The

pre-design was made before the survey to the establishments to explain how this

mechanical equipment works and the consequences of its installation in their

premises. This gives them an overview of this project and its benefits to their

facility.

In connection to their business, this equipment could be a great marketing

strategy in their store since the beneficiary of the output of the equipment is their

customers. Thus, it does not require electricity to function but human motion only,

which will not affect their bill in electricity.

Step 3: Determining the criteria, consideration, and requirements for each process
43
 From the concept of the combined piezoelectric vibration and swing door

motion energy harvester for power generation, the researchers looked for locations

best fit for the application and testing of the mechanical equipment. With this, the

researchers conceptualized that, since the mechanical equipment requires human

motion for energy generation, establishments where people usually go arethe best

location for massive door usage and human footsteps. These establishments are

those food chains and boarding houses where many customers usually enter to

buy their food.

Alongside the initial design, the researchers conducted surveys of some

establishments in Batangas City to consider their perceptions of the project. This

isto assure the other installation and testing of the fabricated output to validate its

functionality. Additionally, the design should also consider the working condition of

the door used in the establishments to provide hassle-free usage of the door for

the customers. Ergonomics should also be considered, especially in the footstep

equipment for the safety of the end-users. The researchers constructed a survey

form to be distributed to the chosen establishments.

44
45
46
 The researchers distributed the survey form and explained its concept to

ten (10) establishments within Batangas City. Three of them responded positively:

McDonald’s, Max’s restaurant, and The Ping milk tea shop, the other five are

dormitories, and the remaining neglected the survey form. With this in regard, the

researchers opt to choose from the three food chains and boarding houses, which,

as per observation and interviews, have a high frequency of customers daily, as

stated in the scope of the study.

Phase II: Material Selection and Design calculations

Step 4: Determining the materials needed

In this step, the researchers will use previous studies to establish the requisite

materials for material selection and CAD design. By then, researchers will have

decided on the type of material to use—steel or alloy. These materials are the most

commonly used type of material in the related studies gathered by the researchers.

The researchers will compare the cost to choose from the two options since both

materials show how good gear meshing and structural analysis performance are.

Researchers must also evaluate the number of materials needed. Furthermore,

the data collection instrument included the use of the internet and previous

research.

The researchers seek previous research and other information on the internet

to find materials used in the existing projects. In addition, it will serve as our

reference for easy access for the proponents to gather some data.

Step 5: Verifying the availability and cost of materials

47
 By canvassing local establishments such as hardware and electronic supplies,

the researchers will confirm the cost and availability of materials. In addition, it will

be easy for the researchers to locate the stores where the materials are available

because of the canvassing in local establishments.

The researchers will conduct a canvass for them to know if the materials needed

are available in the market. Furthermore, if the price is appropriate with the

components’ attributes. For the price breakdown and listing, Microsoft Excel will

be used as the research tool. By this, proponents will assess the prices of the

components with the various types of project machines easily.

The manager and personnel of the stated local stores are the respondents to

be considered in this phase. The researchers chose them because it will be

convenient for both parts since the materials needed can be found in most

hardware and electronic supplies.

Step 6: Design Calculations

The proponents of this study will compute the desired parameters of both the

swing door and the footstep during the design calculation period so that they can

easily identify the material specification that must be utilized for the project

machine. In order to proceed with the calculation, the related studies and design

calculations will be the basis of the calculation, this is to assure that the calculation

will validate the desired function of the project.

As obtained from the previous studies, the methodology that will be

implemented in modeling the swing door is as follows. In opening the door, a force

48
is acted in the doorknob. This force creates a torque to swing the door open. The

design calculations for used for spur gear are permissible tangential tooth load,

tensile stress, and static and dynamic loads. To calculate the permissible

tangential tooth load, the formula used is:

𝑃
𝑊𝑡 = 𝑥 𝐶𝑠
𝑉
Where;

P= power produced from applied torque and speed

V= velocity of the gear due to applied load

Cs= service factor

For the gear analysis, the researchers applied Lewis' equation to determine the

tensile stress experienced by a gears tooth. Using the following Lewis equation:

𝑊 𝑡𝑃
𝜎=
𝐹𝑌

Where;

𝝈 = allowable dynamic bending force in lb.

P= diametral pitch

Y= Lewis' form factor

F= face width

The static (Ws) and dynamic (WD) loads can be calculated from the

following equations:

21 ∗ 𝑉(𝑏 ∗ 𝐶 + 𝑊𝑡)
𝑊𝐷 = 𝑊𝑡 +
21 ∗ 𝑉 + √𝑏 ∗ 𝐶 + 𝑊𝑡

49
Where;

V= velocity of the gear due to applied load

b= face width

C= deformation factor

Wt= calculated tangential tooth load

𝑊𝑠 = 𝜎𝑒 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑚 ∗ 𝑌

Where;

𝜎𝑒= endurance limit from the book of Khurmi and Gupta

b= face width

m= module

Y= Lewis' form factor

For the shaft design, determine the theoretical max stress, it must perform

structural load analysis using Inventor. The torque can be calculated based on the

simulation of the applied load into the component. This torque will be used to

determine the theoretical torsional stress in shafts that the material could resist

using the following equation:

16 (𝑇)
𝑆=
𝜋𝐷3

Where;

T= simulated torque value in N-mm from Partridge and Bucknall

D= shaft diameter in mm

For the footstep power generator, using the material specification from

past studies, the researcher calculated the spring index using the formula:
50
 𝐷𝑚
𝑐=
𝐷𝑊

Where;

Dm= mean diameter

DW= wire diameter

Alongside with the calculation of spring index is the Wahl correction factor

which can be calculated using:

4𝐶 − 1 0.615
𝐾𝑤 = +
4𝐶 − 4 𝐶

Where;

C= calculated spring index

To calculate the theoretical stress acting on the spring, the researchers

utilized the formula:

8𝐾𝑤𝐹𝐶
𝑆=
𝜋𝐷𝑤2

Where;

Kw= Wahl correction factor

F= applied force

C= spring index

Dw= wire diameter

In terms of the weight, the researchers can obtain the force needed in the

design calculation of footstep. The equation is written as:

𝐹 =𝑤∗𝑔

51
 Where F is the force applied, w is the weight, and g is the acceleration due to

gravity. For the design calculations, the researchers of this study will use the

internet, previous findings, and handbooks as their main basis. The formulas used

from the previous designs are essential for the current study. This will be the basis

of the design and material specifications needed.Step 7: Cost evaluation

For the cost evaluation, researchers will compare the costs of several types of

materials to find the best alternative. They will also calculate the individual and

total costs based on the canvass and design calculations that have been

completed. This is to assure the cost-effectiveness of each component used in the

system.

The proponents will use price averaging and comparison as their statistical

analysis method for them to be able to interpret the data collected for better results

and precise inferences of the component’s price.

Step 8: Selection of Design

The researchers will choose the materials for the project machine after

completing the cost investigation and computations. Researchers will now think

about which material is the most cost-effective and appropriate for the project. This

is to be done before the CAD modeling to ensure that the simulation will be

performed well.

52
Step 9: CAD Modeling of the Design

The researchers of this study will now complete the design of the project

machine after completing the previous processes of material selection and CAD

design. The method of the combined piezoelectric vibration and swing door energy

harvester will be modeled using Solidworks software. This software is capable of

dealing with 3D models subjected to simulation. The researchers found this

software convenient to use since they had already experienced utilizing it in

creating 3D models during their Mechanical Elective course.

Phase III: Simulation

Step 10: Importing the components into Autodesk Inventor

For the simulation, the Solidworks components will be imported to Autodesk

Inventor, considering the file type of the components. There are methods for

exporting Solidworks assembly files and opening them in Inventor software.

The process is to package the assembly file and the part files used in the

assembly and use Solidworks' Pack and Go command. The Pack and Go

command can be accessed via the file menu. The Solidworks Pack and Go

dialogue box will display some assembly packaging options and a list of all the part

files associated with the top-level assembly. It will also allow you to specify a folder

or zip folder on your local drive where the top-level assembly and supporting files

should be saved. All of the files packaged in the chosen folder location can now

be uploaded to Inventor software.

53
 The spur pinion, shaft, footstep platform, and spring, these components arefrom

the Solidworks library and designed according to their specific sizes. The spring is

designed using Solidworks; all of the components are exported to Autodesk

Inventor using the process of importing Solidworks files into Inventor software.

Nevertheless, the pinion gear will be the focus of the simulation. According to

Lewis’ formula, the weakest gear must be then analyzed. Since the pinion and the

gear will be made of the same material, the pinion is the weakest gear.

Step 11: Theoretical load analysis and Stress analysis

The objective is to calculate the stresses and strains in materials and structures

that have been subjected to forces.

For the process, to ensure the project's durability and cost-effectiveness, the

researcher will use the structural analysis of Autodesk Inventor software. This

software calculates the stresses and strains in materials and structures. Using

governing equations, structural analysis can determine the maximum torque acting

on the material. Structural load analysis is the process of verifying the loads on

physical structures and their members, including finesses that analyze internal

forces.

To validate the theoretical stress, the researchers will conduct a stress

analysis simulation that can be done experimentally by applying forces to a test

element or structure and then using software to calculate the resulting stress. From

the previous studies obtained, the stress analysis may vary by a minimal amount

54
compared to theoretical calculations. Thus, proving that the subjected mechanism

can withstand its loads.

Step 12: Evaluation

The process is to examine stress analysis and theoretical analysis critically. It

entails gathering and analyzing data about the results, characteristics, and

outcomes. The evaluation considered the comparison of the stress analysis result

and theoretical analysis. The researchers will validate the results if there is a need

for design modification before the fabrication. This is to assure that the mechanism

will function as desired and maintain its structure for several testing methods.

Phase IV: Fabrication

Step 13: Material procurement

Subsequently, the researchers will proceed to material procurement to

gather the materials needed for the fabrication. Following the material cost

evaluation, the researchers will provide all the required materials to the fabricator

for the development process.

Step 14: Fabrication of the project machine

Prior to fabrication, the design of the project machine must be completed. When

the fabrication starts, all the members of the group are present in able to know all

the ongoing processes for fabrication. This is to ensure that the design will be

followed and for easy coordination if there is a need for modification based on the

perspective of the fabricator.

55
 The researchers already looked for the possible fabricator of their project,

which could also help them with further design parameters and check if the

calculations are valid based on their experiences as fabricators of several

engineering projects.

Step 15: Inspect the fabricated machine

After the fabrication of the machine, investigate the fabricated machine if the

fabricator meets the desired output. Ask the fabricator about the life span of the

machine and the maintenance that proponents can do in able to maintain the good

life of the project machine.

Phase V: Testing

Step 16: Test the fabricated output

Proponents will now assess the fabricated output based on the standard being

set. For the power generated by the swing door, the proponents will examine the

swing door's different percentage opening and closing motions. On the other hand,

for the power generated by the footstep, the researchers will measure the

generated voltage and current induced in every step applied by humans entering

the door.

The researchers will utilize a multimeter to measure the amount of voltage and

current induced by the mechanical equipment. This device can measure multiple

electrical properties such as voltage, current, and resistance, which is applicable

in measuring the output of the equipment.

56
 Figure 3.2 Multimeter

The following tests will be conducted to determine the combined system's

average power. This is to evaluate the maximum voltage output of the system to

determine the number of devices that the charging station could support. To

determine the actual power output induced, the researchers will use the formula:

𝑷 = 𝑰(𝑽)

Where;

I= amount of current induced by the system

V= amount of voltage produced.

Table 3.1 Voltage Measurement for Different Percentage Opening of Swing

Door

Trial 25% 50% 75% 100%

# opening opening opening opening

57
 Trial 25% 50% 75% 100%

# opening opening opening opening

10

Table 3.2 Voltage Measurement for Different Percentage Closing of Swing

Door

Trial 25% 50% 75% 100%

# closing closing closing closing

58
 Trial 25% 50% 75% 100%

# closing closing closing closing

10

Table 3.3 Current Measurement for Different Percentage Opening of Swing

Door

Trial 25% 50% 75% 100%

# opening opening opening opening

10

59
Table 3.4 Current Measurement for Different Percentage Closing of Swing

Door

Trial 25% 50% 75% 100%

# closing closing closing closing

10

Table 3.5 Voltage, Current and Power Measurement for Every Step Applied

in the Footstep Power Generator.

Trial Weight Number of Voltage Current Power

step(s)

1
2
3

60
 Trial Weight Number of Voltage Current Power
step(s)
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

The data collected in the test will be treated with the following statistical tool:

Mean. The study will use the mean to compute the average output voltage

andoutput current of the equipment to determine the overall power output of the

system.

Percentage. The tool will be used to analyze the efficiency of the

mechanism in terms of its power output.

Step 17: Evaluate the system performance

The proponents will assess the performance of the entire system of the project

machine. The researchers will also look into the possibilities of misalignment of the

assembly since the actual exertion of force by the users is uncontrollable.

61
 From the obtained data in the testing phase, researchers will evaluate the

design and operation of the machine. In addition, the researchers will evaluate the

relationship between the angle of opening/closing of the swing door to the amount

of energy that could be harnessed to determine the time it takes by the system to

produce enough power to charge a single device. This is to support the project's

viability and create further recommendations for future researchers to improve the

project.

62
 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the design methods implemented to develop the

Combined Piezoelectric Vibration and Swing door motion Energy Harvester for

Power Generation. This includes the design considerations, calculations, CAD

modeling, and simulation of fundamental parts of the mechanical system.

Design of the System

The machine is designed based on the gathered parameters from past

studies, and other related papers. After coming up with the design based on

governing equations, the design was then analyzed through theoretical analysis.

4.1 Design of Swing Door Motion Energy Harvester

The proponents of this study designed the swing door motion energy

harvester based on standards and considerations found in the handbook “Machine

Design,” which shows several measurements to follow in designing machine parts.

The following are the advantages of involute gears:

1. The most important advantage of the involute gears is that the center

distance for a pair of involute gears can be varied within limits without

changing the velocity ratio. This is not true for cycloidal gears which require

an exact center distance to be maintained

63
 2. In involute gears, the pressure angle remains constant from the start until

the end of the engagement of teeth. It is necessary for smooth running and

less wear of gears. But in cycloidal gears, the pressure angle is at the

maximum at the beginning of the engagement then reduces to zero at the

pitch point and starts increasing and returns to its maximum at the end of

the engagement. This results in the less smooth running of gears.

3. The face and flank of involute teeth are generated by a single curve,

whereas in cycloidal gears, double curves (i.e., epicycloid and hypocycloid)

are required for the face and flank. The minimum number of teeth for a 20 °

full-depth involute is 18, while the tooth profile of the 20° full-depth involute

system may be cut by hobs. The increase of the pressure angle from 14.5°

to 20° results in a stronger tooth because the tooth acts as a broader beam

at the base, and the 20° stub involute system has a strong tooth to take

heavy loads.

Spur gear

Spur gears are mechanical devices that transmit motion and power from

one shaft to another through a succession of mated gears to increase or decrease

the speed of a device or multiply torque. In gear analysis, there is Von Mises stress

which is a measurement that determines whether a material will yield or fracture.

According to the von Mises yield criterion, if the Von Mises stress of a material

64
under load is equal to or greater than the yield limit of the same material under

simple tension, the material will yield.

Permissible tangential tooth loads, tensile stress, dynamic load, static load, and

wear tooth load must all be considered in the spur gear analysis. The spur gear

specifications determine the stress and load values.

Table 4.1 Spur Gear specification

Gear Number of Module Tooth Width

Teeth
20° Involute

Rack Full depth 90 3 8 mm

Pinion 18 1.5 8 mm

Figure 4.1 Spur Gear

65
Design Calculations

The design calculations for the design of swing door motion energy

harvester were based on the design procedure for spur gears from the book of

Khurmi and Gupta.

Permissible Tangential tooth load

The permissible tangential tooth load can be calculated from the equation 3.1

P
WT = V × C S ,
πmTN
V=
60
1.5
π( m) (18)(15)
V= 1000
60
m
V = 0.0212
s
CS = 1

Torque applied
The applied torque value was based on the study conducted by Partridge
and Bucknall which is the torque measured from actual opening and closing of
swing doors made by humans.

T = 3.5 N ∙ m
P
WT = × CS
V
15
2π ( rps) (3.5 N ∙ m)
60
WT = m × 1.0
0.0212
s

WT = 259.33 N

66
Tensile Stress using Lewi’s Equation
From equation 3.2 the tensile stress was calculated as:
WTP
σ=
FY
Y = 0.308
Where Y is the Lewi’s factor, and P is the diametral pitch which is the
reciprocal of the module.
1
(259.33 N) ( )
σ= 1.5
8(0.308)
𝜎 = 𝟔𝟔. 𝟒𝟗 𝐌𝐏𝐚
This stress will be the basis of the simulation. If the values will be the
same or precise, it can be concluded that the component is viable and can
withstand the variation of loads.
Calculating Static (Ws) and Dynamic (WD) loads
The static and dynamic loads can be calculated from the equations 3.3
and 3.4
WD = WT + W1
21 ∙ V(b ∙ C + WT)
WD = WT +
21 ∙ V + √b ∙ C + WT
21 ∙ 0.02(8 ∙ 0.17 + 259.33)
WD = 259.33 N +
21 ∙ 0.02 + √8 ∙ 0.17 + 259.33
WD = 266.31 N
The deformation factor (C) used was 0.17 which is the value indicated in
the manuscript by Khurmi and Gupta. Moreover, according to them for safety
against breaker, Ws should be greater than WD.
WS = σe ∙ b ∙ π ∙ m ∙ Y
WS = 252 ∙ 8 ∙ π ∙ 1.5 ∙ 0.308
WS = 3087.56 N
∴ WS > WD

67
 Table 4.2 Material Selection for Gears

Material type Strength Availability Cost Weighted mean

Steel 4 3 3 3.3333

Stainless steel 4 3 2 3

Mild steel 4 3 3 3.3333

PET-G (3D 3 4 5 4
print)

Plastic 3 4 4 3.6667

The materials to be selected are determined by how well they rank for

strengths, pricing, and availability. The researchers are given a score between 1

and 5. The components are PET-G (3D printed), steel, stainless steel, mild steel,

and plastic. Due to its superior strength, availability, and price compared to the

other materials, PET-G (3D print) has the highest weighted mean. PET-G (3D print)

is a thermoplastic polyester that offers significant chemical resistance,toughness,

and formability for manufacturing; for these reasons, PET-G (3D print)was used.

Shafts

From the book of Khurmi and Gupta, a shaft is a rotating machine element

that is used to transmit power from one place to another. For the design of this

system, the shafts are chosen based on the internal diameter of the spur gear

used. The diameter shaft size for the spur gear is 12 mm. The strength of the shafts

is analyzed using the formula for maximum torsional stress.

68
Theoretical Stress calculation for 12mm shaft using equation 3.5

16 𝑇
𝑟=
𝜋𝐷3
12 (1.167 𝑁 − 𝑚)(1000)
𝑟=
𝜋(12 𝑚𝑚)3

𝑟 = 3.440 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Where T is the torque applied to shaft from the study of Partridge and

Bucknall, D is the shaft diameter used in the motor.

Table 4.3 Material Selection for Shafts

Material type Strength Availability Cost Weighted

mean
Steel 4 3 3 3.3333
Stainless steel 4 5 4 4.3
Mild steel 4 3 3 3.3333
PET-G (3D
3 4 5 4
print)
Plastic 3 4 4 3.6667

The materials to be selected for the shaft are based on ratings of strengths,

availability, and pricing. The findings are ranked from 1 to 5 by the researcher.

Steel, stainless steel, mild steel, PET-G (3D print), and plastic are the materials.

The effective material in terms of cost, availability, and strength, is stainless steel,

which has the highest weighted mean. The stainless steel shaft is commonly used

in DC motors.

69
 Figure 4.2 12 mm Shaft

DC Generator

A DC generator is an electrical machine which converts mechanical energy

into electrical energy (electricity). As the conductor slashes magnetic flux, an emf

will be generated based on the electromagnetic inductions principle of Faraday’s

Law.

Table 4.4 Material Selection for DC Generator

Motor type Efficiency Availability Cost Weighted

mean
Brushed DC Motor 3 4 5 4
Brushless DC Motor 4 4 5 4.333333
Compound DC Motors 3 4 4 3.666667
Shunt DC Motor 3 4 4 3.666667

Permanent Magnet DC 5 2 3 3.333333

Motors

70
 For choosing materials for a DC generator, efficiency, cost, and availability

are taken into consideration. The materials include brushed DC motors, brushless

DC motors, compound DC motors, shunt DC motors, and permanent magnet DC

motors. The brushless DC motor has the highest weighted mean because it

outperforms the other DC motors in terms of efficiency, availability, and cost. An

electric motor known as a brushless DC electric motor (BLDC) is powered by a

direct current voltage source and commutated electronically as opposed to using

brushes like typical DC motors do.

CAD Model of Swing Door Motion Energy Harvester

Figure 4.3 Swing Door Motion Energy Harvester

4.2 Design of Piezoelectric Footstep Power Generator

This section includes the design of the footstep power generator and the

material selections, specifications, and design calculations used in the

development of the machine.

71
Piezoelectric transducers

Piezoelectric Transducer measures pressure or mechanical energy by

converting it to electrical energy signals via the piezoelectric effect. It’s a powerful

tool that may be used to assess various factors. Compared to other metals, it has

a relatively high modulus of elasticity, reaching 6.2x10^10 N/m^2.

Figure 4.4 Piezoelectric Transducers

Material Specifications:

Thickness: 3.36mm

Resonant Frequency: 10+/-0.5KHZ

Resonant Impedance: 100R MAX

Sound pressure level: 85DB 10cm

The input voltage: 30vp-p max

Operating Temperature: -20~70

71
 Table 4.5 Material Selection for Footstep Plate

Material type Strength Availability Cost Weighted mean

Steel 5 4 2 3.666667

Stainless
5 3 1 3
steel

Aluminum 4 3 3 3.333333

Wood 4 5 5 4.666667

The materials to be used for the footstep plate are chosen based on how

well they rank in terms of their strengths, prices, and availability. The scores for

the studies range from 1 to 5. The materials are aluminum, wood, steel, and

stainless steel. The material with the highest weighted mean in terms of price,

availability, and strength is wood. Wood is incredibly strong and resistant to normal

wear and tear. Steel, which is utilized to support the wood for the strength of the

components, has the second-highest weighted mean. This combination further

ensures the durability of the footstep to withstand flexural stress

Battery

An electric battery is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical

energy using one or more electromechanical cells. As one of the electrical

components, the researchers utilized a 12V battery to store the energy gathered

from the combined mechanical equipment. The basis of using this battery was

based on the initial testing of components and the loads that the system will supply.

72
Spring

For the spring design, the researchers used the reference of the study of

Saeed et al., that the outside diameter and inside diameter is 30 mm and 24 mm,

respectively. In addition, the wire diameter and mean diameter are 3 mm and 27

mm, respectively.

Table 4.6 Spring Specifications

Parameter Measurement

Outside Diameter 30 mm

Inside Diameter 24 mm

Wire Diameter 3 mm

Mean Diameter 27 mm

Spring Index 9

Whal Correction Factor 1.16

Stress 1331.65 MPa

73
CAD Model of Piezo-electric Footstep

Figure 4.5 Piezo-electric Footstep

Table 4.7 Electrical Material Specifications

Components Specifications

• Battery Model No. 12V 30Ah

• Nominal Voltage 12V
• Capacity(10HR/25ºC) 30Ah
• Dimension:
• Length 306±2mm
• Width 169±2mm
• Height 211±2mm
Battery • Approx. Weight 26.5kg±4%
• Nominal operating temperature:
25ºC±3ºC(77ºF±5ºF)
• Self-discharge(25ºC)
• 6month Remaining Capacity:82%
• 12month Remaining Capacity:65%
• Operating temperature range: -15ºC-50ºC(5ºF-
122ºF)
• Max charging current: 45A
• Charging Current: 20-40A (MAX)
• Discharge Current: 10A
Charge Controller
• Battery Voltage: 12/24 V Auto
• Max Solar input: 50V (for 24V battery) 25V (for 12V
battery)

74
Components Specifications

• Discharge stops: 10.7V(default, adjustable)

• Step Accuracy: ±5%
• Ambient temperature range: 20°C ~ 50°C
• Insulation resistance: 100MΩ Min.50V DC
• Dielectric strength: 500V AC for 1 minute
• Step angle: 0.9°
• 400 steps/rev
• Voltage rating: 2.7 V
• Current rating: 1.68 A
Stepper Motor • Resistance: 1.6 Ω per coil
• Inductance: 3.5 mH per coil
• Temperature rise tolerance: 80°C
• Holding torque: 4200 g⋅cm
• Detent torque: 260 g⋅cm
• Number of leads: 4
• Motor length: 4.8 cm
• Nema 17 form factor
• Weight: 340 g
• Peak Reverse Voltage (Vrrm): 400V
• Max. RMS Bridge Voltage (Vrms): 280V
Bridge Rectifier • Max. DC Blocking Voltage (Vdc): 400V
• Av. Forward Rectified Current (Io): 1.5A
• Maximum Reverse Current (Ir): 10µA
• Forward Volt Drop per Element (Vf): 1.0V
• DC 5V-30V
• Input current: 8A (MAX), Peak 10A (6A work for a
long time working) Static current: 4mA (different
operating voltage the static current maybe has a
little error)
• Input Resistance: 650 m (±5%)
Buck Converter
• Output voltage: 1.25V-30V (continuously
adjustable)
• Output Current: 15A (MAX) (natural cooling 5A for
a long time working)
• Output constant current range: 0.2A-15A
• Output power: long time working 50W, the max
can up to 150W, please make allowance to use.

75
 Components Specifications

Working temperature: -40 -85℃ Operating

frequency: 150KHz
• Conversion efficiency: typically, 91% (12V to 12V
15A), the MAX 93%

Energy Production Process

Figure 4.6 Energy Production Process

The energy production process starts with the generation of electricity from

the combined mechanical system. The generated DC voltage will be stored in a

12V battery which is located in an electrical box with USB ports that will serve asthe

charging hub for battery-operated gadgets.

76
Electrical Schematic Diagram

Figure 4.7 Electrical Schematic Diagram

The electrical schematic diagram above shows the flow of electricity from

the source to the USB Charging port. From the footstep power generator, the

electricity produced by a single piezoelectric transducer is an AC output that

requires a bridge rectifier to convert it to pulsating DC, then, to compensate

77
for the generated energy, the charge will be stored in an electrolytic capacitor. On the

other hand, the produced energy from the swing door motion energy harvester willflow

to a charge controller connected in parallel with the footstep power generator,this is to

maintain the required voltage and ampere to charge the battery. The battery is located

in a USB charging port which is equipped with a voltmeter to visualize the voltage

output of the ports.

Electrical Box/ USB Hub CAD Model

Figure 4.8 Electrical Box/ USB Hub

Table 4.8 Production Cost

78
4.3 CAD model Simulation

The simulation was done based on structural analysis using Autodesk

Inventor. Variation of loads is applied to test the stress-induced and compare it

with the theoretical calculation if the design and material used in the development

is viable.

120
111.3
104.98
99.76 108.974359
100 92.3 102.5641026
85.56 96.15384615
78.553 89.743589 74
80 83.33333333
72.23
66.2 76.92307 692
70.51282051
Stress

59.452 64.102564 1
60 5 3.23
57.69230769
51.28205128
40

20

0
150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Loads

Figure 4.9 Spur Gear (Pinion) Simulation Results

79
 The graphical representation above shows the relationship between the

theoretical stress calculations and the simulated stress based on the load

variations applied. Von Mises stress was used as a result of the simulated load

application. The load applied ranges from 200 to 425 Newtons with 25 Newtons

intervals. Furthermore, the simulation result percentage difference from the

theoretical calculations ranges from 2 to 3% showing that the material used can

withstand the applied loads. This simulation result further ensures that the material

selected and used in the development of the system is viable.

4.5
4.095
3.761 3.911
4 3.62
3.49
3.322 3.98089172
3.184
3.5 3.538570418 3.833451286
3.014
2.882 3.391129983
2.725 3.68 6010852
3
3.096249115 3.243689549
2.948808 681
2.5
stress

2.801368247
2.653927813
2

1.5

0.5

0
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
loads

Figure 4.10 12 mm Shaft Simulation Results

The graphical representation above shows the relationship between the

theoretical stress calculations and the simulated stress on 12 mm shaft. Torque

80
applied ranges from 900 to 1350 Newton-meter torque with 50 N-m interval.

Furthermore, the simulation result percentage difference from the theoretical

calculations ranges from 2 to 3% showing that the material used can withstand the

applied torques. This simulation result further ensures that the material selected

and used in the development of the system is viable.

6000

5123
4792
5000
4462
4131
3801 4586.792406
4000 4290.870316
3470
3994.948225
3140
3699.026134
STRESS

2809 3403.104043
3000
2479 3107.181953
2148 2811.259862
1818 2515.337771
2000
1487 2219.41568
1923.49359
1627.571499
1000 1331.649408

0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
LOADS

Figure 4.11 Footstep Simulation Results

The graphical representation above shows the relationship between the

theoretical stress calculations and the simulated stress on the footstep power

generator. A load applied ranges from 450 to 1550 Newtons. Furthermore, the

simulation result percentage difference from the theoretical calculations ranges

from 4 to 8% showing that the material used can withstand the applied loads. This

81
simulation result further ensures that the material selected and used in the

development of the system is viable.

4.4 Development of Combined Piezoelectric Vibration and Swing door

motion energy harvester equipment.

The combined mechanical equipment was developed based on the

theoretical and simulation analysis and material specifications used in the design

process. In piezoelectric footstep, 35 mm PZT cymbal type piezoelectric

transducers were used since it has the most efficient voltage produced based on

gathered parameters from past studies and actual testing in the fabrication

process. Gear rack and pinion were fabricated using PET-G 3D Print since based

on the material selection it is much cheaper but of precise strength compared to

steel considering the applied load could not cause destructive damage to the

component.

Figure 4.12 Gear 3D-Printing

82
 Figure 4.13 Footstep Power Generator

4.5 Results of Testing

The following table shows the average data analysis gathered from the 5-

day testing period.

Table 4.9 Average Voltage Data of Swing Door

Based on the 75 percent opening and closing of the door, it shows that the

average voltage obtained in a five days of testing is precise. The voltage output

produced in opening and closing the door are the same. Moreover, the researchers

noticed that the more percent of opening and closing the door the more voltage

83
will produce. Furthermore, the peak average voltage that the researchers gathered

is 7.68 V.

Table 4.10 Calculated Current

The table displays the estimated current of the five days of testing, which

included opening and closing the door from 25% to 100%. According to the

researcher's testing, the user would normally open a door at 75% and close it at

the same angle. The current produced by the opening and closing is the same.

The tables show that the 75% peak current has a mean of 3.07 amperes and a

standard deviation of 0.15.

84
 Table 4.11 Calculated Power

This table shows the estimated power output from the opening and closing

the door. From the five days of testing the peak average power produced is 23.64W

at 75 percent of opening and closing at the same time with a standard deviationof

2.30. The 75% angle, according to the researchers, is the normal opening of the

door based on the user.

Table 4.12 Correlation of Percentage Opening/Closing of Swing Door to

Voltage

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.992655186
R Square 0.985364318
Adjusted R Square 0.978046477
Standard Error 0.34007411
Observations 4
The table above shows the correlation of percentage opening and closing

of swing doors and the voltage generated. The multiple regression is 99.27% which

means that the greater the opening or closing of the door, the greater the voltage

85
it could generate. This implies that as much as the person uses the door

continuously, the less time it takes to charge the battery and provide enough

energy to support a load. The tabulated raw data which served as the basis of the

data analysis was stated in appendix F.

Table 4.13 Average Voltage Data of Footstep Power Generator

The table above shows the averages of the voltage, current, and power

obtained in five days of testing of the footstep. Based on the data gathered, the

effect of weight in producing voltage is not totally dependent. According to the

results of the data, Day 2 and Day 5 have the same weight but the voltage

produced is not the same. However, the weight of the person is still considered to

be able to produce an

86
output voltage. Furthermore, the peak average voltage, current, and power that

researchers gathered are 19.25V, 0.64A, and 12.40W, respectively.

Table 4.14 Correlation of Weight and Voltage in Footstep Power Generator

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.613418286
R Square 0.376281993
Adjusted R Square 0.168375991
Standard Error 1.490871598
Observations 5

The table above shows the correlation between the weight of a person and

the voltagegenerated by the footstep power generator. The correlation is at 61.34%

which means that there is another factor to consider in the voltage generation of

the piezo-electric footstep other than the weight of the person stepping on the

machine. The tabulated raw data which served as the basis of the data analysis

was stated in appendix G.

Evaluation of Developed Mechanical Equipment

The data analysis has shown that there is a significant relationship between

the door opening and the voltage produced in the swing door motion energy

harvester.Additionally, there is also a significant relationship between the weight

of humansand the voltage produced in the footstep power generator. This implies

that the null hypotheses are validated and that the system is purely dependent on

human motion.

87
 Technically, the combined piezoelectric vibration and swing door motion

mechanism’s electrical wiring is connected in parallel. This is to gain the highest

voltage and apparently increase the current by adding their values as the law in

parallel connection. The average voltage produced by the combined system was

15.43 Volts and the average current was 6.78 Amperes. The total power produced

based on the 10 consecutive trials was 104.62 Watts, considering the expected

power output of 240 Watts the overall efficiency of the system is 43%. Additionally,

the battery capacity used was 30Ah, since the average current produced was 6.78

Amperes the mechanical system with continuous operation would charge the

battery for 4.42 hrs.

However, to be able to produce this amount of power, the system should be

used continuously, considering that each system actuates and produces power

dependently into human motion.

88
 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions, and further

recommendations.

Summary of findings

1. The design for the swing door motion energy harvester is crucial

considering the polarity of the motor. However, by the use of a stepper motor

and the efficient design of the gear mechanism, the designed swing door

energy harvester produced enough power to charge the battery alone.

2. For the Piezoelectric transducers, researchers have chosen large sizes of

discs for the better output of the footstep’s mechanical system Moreover,

the design for the footstep power harvester was also efficient.

3. With regards to the results of the simulation of the project, it shows that the

values obtained are precise in relation to the values obtained in the

theoretical computation of stress. The simulation also dictates that the

material that was chosen for fabricating the gears is viable and could

withstand a variety of forces.

4. For the project fabrication, researchers have used 3D printing in fabricating

gears rather than the typical steel gears. Based on the material selection

the PET-G (3D print) is more convenient to use because it is affordable and

its strength was validated through simulation in comparison to steel gears.

89
 5. With regard to the results of testing, based on the 75 percent of opening

and closing the door, the peak average of voltage, current, and power are

7.68V, 6.14A, and 47.16 W, respectively. Moreover, the peak average of

voltage, current, and power that researchers gathered in the footstep are

19.25V, 0.64A, and 12.40W, respectively. All the data gathered by the

researchers indicated that the expected data output was achieved.

6. The total power produced by the combined system based on the 10

consecutive trials was 104.62 Watts and the overall efficiency of the system

is 43%. Therefore, the mechanical system with continuous operation would

charge the battery for 4.42 hrs. However, it should be taken into

consideration that the mechanical system is dependent on human motion,

this implies that to be able to produce a larger amount of power, the system

should be used continuously.

Conclusions

The following are the conclusions defined by the researchers based on the

design, simulation, computations, and results:

1. Knowing the right and suitable materials is very important in designing a

project system. The good material selections and efficient design led to the

project system being in a good condition.

2. The benefits of having testing trials on the materials will be able to determine

which component is suitable for the specific part of the project system.

90
 Design concepts and computations and modeling used in the system helped

in the development of the prototype.

3. Based on the results of the simulation, the components and design of the

Combined Piezoelectric Transducers and Swing Door Motion Energy

Harvester are efficient. It was concluded that using CAD and simulation

allows the researchers to see the reality behind the project system that they

designed. It shows how it functions and helps to determine the right

components for the project system. Having CAD and simulation in designing

a project will prevent failures such as poor quality of components and etc.

4. Through the help of calculations, CAD, and simulation, the fabrication of the

project is easier because of the vision that can give to the fabricator. It easily

identified the right dimension and materials needed for the fabrication.

5. The results of testing are significant and achieved in determining the

effectiveness of the project system.

6. Based on the output of the system, it was concluded that the system can be

considered as an alternative source of small power generation.

With these sets of data, the researchers were able to draw thorough conclusions

and necessary recommendations for future researchers and for the development

of other alternative energy power generation based on the results of the study.

91
Recommendations

This section includes the recommendations obtained through the results

collected from the assessments. These suggestions are drawn to make

supplementary improvements on some aspects of the Combined Piezoelectric

Transducers and Swing Door Motion Energy Harvester to maintain genuine safety

and comfort for future use. The following project recommendations were listed

below:

1. Larger and Multiple Footstep Generator for higher power generation----

Multiple footstep generators can yield more power which can lead to the

higher efficiency of the system.

2. More efficient design for the swing door and footstep generator. Different

design concepts can lead to further development of the system.

3. Apply and test other kinds of doors and gates that a lot of people walk

through. Apply design concept to other mechanical mechanisms like

sliding doors and gates, folding gates, pull-up doors, etc. This could open

other opportunities for small-scale power generation.

92
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96
 APPENDICES A

MATRIX OF RELATED LITERATURE AND MATRIX OF RELATED

STUDIES

97
 Related
Literature
Author(s) DC Generator

Kaream et al. The generator is determined by the type of field

2019 connection by the designer. Modern generators are
prepared with auto voltage control intended to prevent
damage.
Kumar et al. A DC generator is a device that converts mechanical
2014 energy into electrical energy, which gathers magnetic
fluxes produced by electromagnets coupled into a
rotating shaft.

Piezoelectric Transducers

Zayan Piezoelectric materials became famous for their

2021 superficial characteristics, low cost, lightweight, and
high piezoelectric charge and voltage coefficient. PZT is
widely used in renewable energy applications, which is
superior in most common types of piezoelectric
transducers.
Harsha et al. The piezoelectric footstep model is an efficient
2021 alternative to old conversion using rack and pinion gears
due to its low-cost material. PZT has the highest Curie
point, high piezoelectric coefficient, and high
polarization due to its atomic structure.

William and Yates Piezoelectric energy harvesting cover the most regionin
2011 power generation compared to other basic transduction
processes that utilize vibration in electric energy
conversion.
Energy

Hinrichs Energy generation is one of the significant contributors

2013 affecting the environment. Increasing demand in energy
supply increases carbon dioxide emission, and proper
utilization of energy should consider societal and
technological issues.

98
Ghassemi The world needs to consider energy management and
2011 take more aggressive methods in green energy to attain
sustainability in the coming years.

Autodesk Inventor
Sigh2020 Autodesk Inventor, is an Autodesk software that
combines industrial design, structural design,
mechanical simulation, and CAM. According to the
researchers, it isperfect for the design and development
of small products since it integrates design and
manufacturing, rendering
and analysis, and collaborative management, and it
supports more than 50 document types.
Renewable energy
Twidell The development of typical renewable energy resources
2022 such as solar, wind, and geothermal is costly and
insufficient due to the massive demand for electricity.
Modern renewable energy technologies bear up micro-
generation, which also contributes to electricity
generation.
Wright At Least 73 countries set the policy mark for renewable
2011 energy in 2008 and significantly increasing every year.
However, the transition to low-carbon energy generation
has not been proven yet. Research and development
into renewable energy is a significant cure for the
depletion of conventional energy resources for
sustainable development.
Vibration
Yuan2008 Vibration energy can be converted into valuable
electrical energy. A piezoelectric element is one of the
sources which utilizes vibration to produce electricity.
The vibration applied by forces acting on a piezoelectric
disc creates a collision of materials which induces
electricity.
Beepy et Vibration is suitable for various applications such as
al.2007 daily items, moving vehicles, and structures such as
bridges. A force applied by humans in their daily activity,
explicitly walking, can be a source to produce vibration
on the ground or any platform which can be utilized to
create valuable energy.
99
 Related
Studies
Author(s) DC Generator

Hossain The researcher stated the operation of a direct current

2021 generator. The basis on how the direct current generator
operates is through the Faraday’s law and
Fleming’sright-hand law.
Partridge and The researchers applied three approaches for
Bucknall 2018 generating energy from swing door motion using a DC
generator. Method 1 is to directly drive the generator
during the opening and closing of the swing door.
Method 2 utilizes two springs; one is to close the door
after opening, whereas the other is to drive the
generator. Method3 is to replace the viscous damper of
the door with a generator to harvest energy during the
closing motion of the door. Method 3 shows the best
power generation and efficiency.
Todd et al. A battery is the most common form of power in an EV
2016 powertrain. Despite the fact that many different types of
batteries are being investigated, all of these batteries
produce direct current (DC) power. Direct current
motors eliminate the need to convert the power source
to an alternating current sine wave, thereby eliminating
losses in any inverter or conversion device and lowering
costs.
Piezoelectric Transducers

Samal et al. According to the researchers, PZT and PVDF are the
2021 most widely utilized piezoelectric materials because of
their excellent piezoelectric characteristics and high
conversion efficiency.
Mohamad et The researchers used two piezoelectric transducer
al.2018 sizes to compare which disc size is viable to operate.
The first size is a 27mm disc resulting from an average
voltage of 5.068V during casual steps. On the other
hand, a 35 mm disc resulted in an average voltage of
6.233V during casual steps. Since a 35 mm disc
produces more output voltage, therefore, it is viable to
use forpiezoelectric shoe footstep.

100
Boby et al. The researchers analyze the two most widely utilized
2016 piezoelectric materials which are the PZT and PVDF.
According to the results based on the test that they
gathered, the PZT has an output voltage of around 2V,
while the PVDF has about 0.4V. Therefore, the most
suitable piezo material is PZT because it has better
output than PVDF.
Liang2016 Piezoelectric sensors are potent, with high natural
frequencies and good linearity over a wide range of
loads because of the high modulus of elasticity that goes
up to 6.2x10^10 N/m^2, producing a high output with
very little strain.
Energy
Olvido and Researchers recommended the continuous growth in
L.T.2021 green energy to meet the shifting demand of the
population in power. Government should adopt
research and studies in several possible and efficient
energy sources for sustainability. The energy sector
should consider the development of other energy
resources
such as renewable energies to surpass the energy
shortage.
Moreno et al. The study focused on energy conservation and
2017 management in public buildings. Infrastructures that
need electricity should develop energy resources to
reduce and limit fossil fuel consumption and move
towards the sustainability of society.
Autodesk Inventor
Wibowo The study focused on different simulation procedures
2022 which Inventor software can present. These various
applications are significant in the design process since
it has something to do with load applications in a single
machine part.
Renewable energy
Zhang et al. The researchers focused on the hybrid interconnection
2017 of renewable energy, where the energy gathered will be
stored in the battery until the system fully charged the
battery; while providing energy supply in the distribution
system. The utilization of renewable energy is

101
 susceptible to the impact of external nature.
Rahim et al. Worldwide energy crises can be managed by
2017 developing renewable energy resources in power
generation. Moreover, to ease the development of
renewable energy technologies, future researchers'
public opinion and direct attention should be
considered. There are still ample non-conventional
energy resources besides those existing ones that need
deep research and study for further development.
Vibration
Wang et al. According to the researchers, vibration energy
2020 harvester (VEH) has been one of the key points of the
research and development of green energy technology.
One of the categories of VEH systems is piezoelectric
vibration energy harvester (piezo-VEH) which
generates current by deforming the piezoelectric patch
(piezo patch) and changing the electric field.
Shirai et al. The electrostatic electret, the piezoelectric element, the
2019 reverse magnetostriction effect, and theelectromagnetic
induction effect have all been developed in recent years
using vibration energy as a source of electricity. In
general, electricity-generating systems are based on the
electromagnetic induction method, which is thought to
produce the highest output
of electric energy.
Basari et al. The basic operation of power generation for linear
2016 vibration motion can be divided into two modes: bending
mode and impact mode in the case of vibration energy
harvesting using piezoelectric devices.

102
 APPENDICES B

STRESS ANALYSIS OF SPUR GEAR SIMULATION RESULT AND

COMPUTATION

103
 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 − 𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
% 𝑫𝑰𝑭𝑭𝑬𝑹𝑬𝑵𝑪𝑬 = | | × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
51.28205128 − 52.38

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = | | × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
51.28205128

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2.1%

104
 APPENDICES C

STRESS ANALYSIS OF 12 mm SHAFT SIMULATION RESULT AND

COMPUTATION

105
106
 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 − 𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
% 𝑫𝑰𝑭𝑭𝑬𝑹𝑬𝑵𝑪𝑬 = | | × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
2.653927813 − 2.716

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = | | × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
2.653927813

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2.3%

107
 APPENDICES D

STRESS ANALYSIS OF FOOTSTEP SIMULATION RESULT AND

COMPUTATION

108
 𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 − 𝑺𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
% 𝑫𝑰𝑭𝑭𝑬𝑹𝑬𝑵𝑪𝑬 = | | × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑻𝒉𝒆𝒐𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔
1331.649408 − 1400

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = | | × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
1331.649408

% 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 5.1%
109
 APPENDICES E

TABULATED DATA OF SIMULATION

110
Spur Gear

Shaft 12

Footstep

111
 APPENDICES F

DATA GATHERED IN TESTING

(SWING DOOR)

112
 Day 1

Voltage Output

Calculated Current

113
Power Output

Day 2

Voltage Ouput

114
Calculated Current

Power Output

115
 Day 3

Voltage Output

Trial Percentage Opening / Closing

25% 50% 75% 100%
1 3 6.5 7.1 8.1
2 2.5 5.5 7.7 8.4
3 3.6 6.1 6.8 8.1
4 3.6 5.6 7.4 7.8
5 3.4 4.9 7.1 8.3
6 2.9 4.9 6.7 7.9
7 3 5.5 6.9 7.7
8 3.7 5.3 7 8.1
9 2.4 4.2 6.7 8.1
10 4.3 4.6 8 9

Calculated Current

Resistance Percentage Opening / Closing

25% 50% 75% 100%
2.5 1.20 2.60 2.84 3.24
2.5 1.00 2.20 3.08 3.36
2.5 1.44 2.44 2.72 3.24
2.5 1.44 2.24 2.96 3.12
2.5 1.36 1.96 2.84 3.32
2.5 1.16 1.96 2.68 3.16
2.5 1.20 2.20 2.76 3.08
2.5 1.48 2.12 2.80 3.24
2.5 0.96 1.68 2.68 3.24
2.5 1.72 1.84 3.20 3.60

116
Power Output

Trial Percentage Opening / Closing

25% 50% 75% 100%
1 3.60 16.90 20.16 26.24
2 2.50 12.10 23.72 28.22
3 5.18 14.88 18.50 26.24
4 5.18 12.54 21.90 24.34
5 4.62 9.60 20.16 27.56
6 3.36 9.60 17.96 24.96
7 3.60 12.10 19.04 23.72
8 5.48 11.24 19.60 26.24
9 2.30 7.06 17.96 26.24
10 7.40 8.46 25.60 32.40

Day 4

Voltage Output

Trial Percentage Opening / Closing

25% 50% 75% 100%
1 3.5 5.9 7.8 8.7
2 3.8 5.6 7.2 9.1
3 3.6 6.1 8 8.5
4 2.9 5.5 6.9 7.1
5 3.1 6.3 7.7 8.9
6 3.5 6.1 7.3 8
7 3.9 5.9 7.8 9.3
8 2.5 6.2 6.8 7.2
9 2.6 5.2 7 8.3
10 3.9 4.9 7.8 9.1

117
Calculated Current

Resistance Percentage Opening / Closing

25% 50% 75% 100%
2.5 2.5 1.40 2.36 3.12
2.5 2.5 1.52 2.24 2.88
2.5 2.5 1.44 2.44 3.20
2.5 2.5 1.16 2.20 2.76
2.5 2.5 1.24 2.52 3.08
2.5 2.5 1.40 2.44 2.92
2.5 2.5 1.56 2.36 3.12
2.5 2.5 1.00 2.48 2.72
2.5 2.5 1.04 2.08 2.80
2.5 2.5 1.56 1.96 3.12

Power Output

Trial Percentage Opening / Closing

25% 50% 75% 100%
1 4.90 13.92 24.34 30.28
2 5.78 12.54 20.74 33.12
3 5.18 14.88 25.60 28.90
4 3.36 12.10 19.04 20.16
5 3.84 15.88 23.72 31.68
6 4.90 14.88 21.32 25.60
7 6.08 13.92 24.34 34.60
8 2.50 15.38 18.50 20.74
9 2.70 10.82 19.60 27.56
10 6.08 9.60 24.34 33.12

118
 Day 5

Voltage Output

Trial Percentage Opening / Closing

25% 50% 75% 100%
1 3.5 5.7 7.7 9
2 3.7 6.1 7.2 9.1
3 2.1 5.2 8.1 9.2
4 2.9 5.2 7.6 8.3
5 3.5 5.5 7.5 8.5
6 2 6.3 7.6 7.9
7 3.1 6.3 8.1 8.6
8 2.6 5.7 8.3 8.5
9 2.6 5.3 7.3 8.4
10 3.1 5.1 7.4 8.1

Calculated Current

Resistance Percentage Opening / Closing

25% 50% 75% 100%
2.5 1.40 2.28 3.08 3.60
2.5 1.48 2.44 2.88 3.64
2.5 0.84 2.08 3.24 3.68
2.5 1.16 2.08 3.04 3.32
2.5 1.40 2.20 3.00 3.40
2.5 0.80 2.52 3.04 3.16
2.5 1.24 2.52 3.24 3.44
2.5 1.04 2.28 3.32 3.40
2.5 1.04 2.12 2.92 3.36
2.5 1.24 2.04 2.96 3.24

119
Power Output

Trial Percentage Opening / Closing

25% 50% 75% 100%
1 4.90 13.00 23.72 32.40
2 5.48 14.88 20.74 33.12
3 1.76 10.82 26.24 33.86
4 3.36 10.82 23.10 27.56
5 4.90 12.10 22.50 28.90
6 1.60 15.88 23.10 24.96
7 3.84 15.88 26.24 29.58
8 2.70 13.00 27.56 28.90
9 2.70 11.24 21.32 28.22
10 3.84 10.40 21.90 26.24

120
 APPENDICES G

DATA GATHERED IN TESTING

(FOOTSTEP)

121
 Day 1

Trial Weight Number Voltage Current Power

Of (W)
Step(S)
30 1 45 1 16 0.53 8.53
30 2 48 1 15.1 0.50 7.60
30 3 51 1 15.5 0.52 8.01
30 4 55 1 15.7 0.52 8.22
30 5 56 1 19 0.63 12.03
30 6 60 1 12 0.40 4.80
30 7 64 1 13.8 0.46 6.35
30 8 65 1 14.2 0.47 6.72
30 9 70 1 16 0.53 8.53
30 10 75 1 17 0.57 9.63

Day 2

Trial Weight Number Voltage Current Power

Of (W)
Step(S)
30 1 40 1 17.1 0.57 9.75
30 2 45 1 18 0.60 10.80
30 3 53 1 16.5 0.55 9.08
30 4 58 1 20 0.67 13.33
30 5 61 1 19.3 0.64 12.42
30 6 63 1 16.8 0.56 9.41
30 7 65 1 17.6 0.59 10.33
30 8 70 1 18.3 0.61 11.16
30 9 74 1 19.9 0.66 13.20
30 10 80 1 21 0.70 14.70

122
 Day 3

Trial Weight Number Voltage Current Power

Of (W)
Step(S)
30 1 30 1 13.4 0.45 5.99
30 2 35 1 15.6 0.52 8.11
30 3 42 1 15.6 0.52 8.11
30 4 44 1 17.3 0.58 9.98
30 5 48 1 18.5 0.62 11.41
30 6 54 1 19.7 0.66 12.94
30 7 57 1 12.6 0.42 5.29
30 8 61 1 19 0.63 12.03
30 9 70 1 12 0.40 4.80
30 10 75 1 16 0.53 8.53

Day 4

Trial Weight Number Voltage Current Power

Of (W)
Step(S)
30 1 45 1 18.9 0.63 11.91
30 2 48 1 15.6 0.52 8.11
30 3 51 1 17.1 0.57 9.75
30 4 55 1 12.3 0.41 5.04
30 5 56 1 15.6 0.52 8.11
30 6 60 1 15.5 0.52 8.01
30 7 64 1 16.7 0.56 9.30
30 8 65 1 19.8 0.66 13.07
30 9 70 1 16.4 0.55 8.97
30 10 75 1 18.7 0.62 11.66

123
 Day 5

Trial Weight Number Voltage Current Power

Of (W)
Step(S)
30 1 40 1 19.6 0.65 12.81
30 2 45 1 18.4 0.61 11.29
30 3 53 1 17.5 0.58 10.21
30 4 58 1 21 0.70 14.70
30 5 61 1 20 0.67 13.33
30 6 63 1 19.5 0.65 12.68
30 7 65 1 18 0.60 10.80
30 8 70 1 17.5 0.58 10.21
30 9 74 1 20 0.67 13.33
30 10 80 1 21 0.70 14.70

124
 APPENDICES H

STATISTICAL DATA FOR SWING DOOR

125
Voltage Output

25.00 50.00 75.00 100.00

Day 1 Average 3.39 5.11 6.94 8.74
SD 0.76 0.66 0.60 0.83
Day 2 Average 3.13 5.00 7.01 8.42
SD 0.59 0.67 0.89 0.68
Day 3 Average 3.24 5.31 7.14 8.15
SD 0.59 0.69 0.44 0.37
Day 4 Average 3.33 5.77 7.43 8.42
SD 0.52 0.46 0.44 0.78
Day 5 Average 2.91 5.64 7.68 8.56
SD 0.58 0.46 0.37 0.43

Calculated Current

25.00 50.00 75.00 100.00

Day 1 Average 1.36 2.04 2.78 3.50
SD 0.30 0.26 0.24 0.33
Day 2 Average 1.25 2.00 2.80 3.37
SD 0.24 0.27 0.35 0.27
Day 3 Average 1.30 2.12 2.86 3.26
SD 0.23 0.28 0.17 0.15
Day 4 Average 1.33 2.31 2.97 3.37
SD 0.21 0.18 0.18 0.31
Day 5 Average 1.16 2.26 3.07 3.42
SD 0.23 0.18 0.15 0.17

126
Calculated Power

25.00 50.00 75.00 100.00

Day 1 Average 4.80 10.60 19.39 30.80
SD 2.08 2.73 3.45 5.73
Day 2 Average 4.04 10.16 19.94 28.52
SD 1.48 2.78 5.37 4.47
Day 3 Average 4.32 11.45 20.46 26.62
SD 1.55 2.96 2.55 2.45
Day 4 Average 4.53 13.39 22.15 28.58
SD 1.35 2.07 2.60 5.08
Day 5 Average 3.51 12.80 23.64 29.38
SD 1.33 2.11 2.30 2.94

Correlation of Percentage Opening to Voltage

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.992655
R Square 0.985364
Adjusted R Square 0.978046
Standard Error 0.340074
Observations 4

127
 APPENDICES I

STATISTICAL DATA FOR FOOTSTEP

128
 Weight Voltage Current Power (W)
Day 1 Average 58.90 15.43 0.51 8.04
SD 9.69 1.89 0.06 1.95
Day 2 Average 60.90 18.45 0.62 11.42
SD 12.48 1.53 0.05 1.90
Day 3 Average 51.60 15.97 0.53 8.72
SD 14.58 2.69 0.09 2.85
Day 4 Average 58.90 16.66 0.56 9.39
SD 9.69 2.16 0.07 2.34
Day 5 Average 60.90 19.25 0.64 12.40
SD 12.48 1.33 0.04 1.70

Correlation of Weight to Voltage

Regression Statistics
Multiple R 0.613418
R Square 0.376282
Adjusted R Square 0.168376
Standard Error 1.490872
Observations 5

129
 APPENDICES J

STATISTICIAN’S CERTIFICATION

130
131
 APPENDICES K

CURRICULUM VITAE

132
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Nodera, Francis Carlo M.

City of Sto.Tomas, Batangas
09270891887 / 09325471010
[email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 22
Birth Date: September 12, 1999
Birth Place: Lipa City, Batangas
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

TERTIARY: University of Batangas

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Hilltop, Batangas City
2018-Present

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL: First Asia Institute of Technology and Humanities

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
JP Laurel Highway, Tanauan City, Batangas
2016-2018
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL: San Pedro National High School
San Pedro, Sto.Tomas City, Batangas
2012-2016

PRIMARY SCHOOL: Our Lady of the Abandoned Catholic School

Poblacion, Muntinlupa City
2010-2012

San Roque Catholic School

Alabang, Muntinlupa City
2006-2010

Little Angel’s Early Learning Center

Bayanan, Muntinlupa City
2004-2006

133
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Bautista, Aaron Jemuel D.

Malimatoc 2, Mabini, Batangas
0916-586-5649
[email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 22
Birth Date: April 19, 2000
Birth Place: Golden Gate, Santa Rosa Laguna
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Born Again Christian
Civil Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY: University of Batangas
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Hilltop, Batangas City
2018-Present

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Mabini College of Batangas

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
J. Panopio St. Mabini, Batangas
2016-2018
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Mabini College of Batangas
J. Panopio St. Mabini, Batangas
2012-2016

PRIMARY SCHOOL: Malimatoc Elementary School

Malimatoc 1, Mabini, Batangas
2006-2012

Day Care Center

Malimatoc 2, Mabini, Batangas
2004-2006

134
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Mañibo,Jayred Adame M.
Gasang, Mabini,Batangas
09954722417 / 09195757325
[email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 22
Birth Date: October 29, 1999
Birth Place: Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY: University of Batangas
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Hilltop, Batangas City
2018-Present

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Mabini College of Batangas

Mabini, Batangas
2018
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Mabini College of Batangas
Mabini, Batangas
2016

PRIMARY SCHOOL: Gasang Elementary School

Gasang, Mabini,Batangas
2012

135
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Belen, Florenz King M.

Calatagan, Batangas
09169384382/ 09481126930
[email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 22
Birth Date: February 12, 2000
Birth Place: Balayan, Batangas
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Christian
Civil Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY: University of Batangas
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Hilltop, Batangas City
2018-Present

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Senior High School In Calatagan

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
Calatagan, Batangas
2016-2018
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Calatagan Christian Academy
Lucsuhin, Calatagan Batangas
2013-2016

Calatagan Institute
Poblacion 1, Calatagan, Batangas
2012-2013

PRIMARY SCHOOL: Calatagan Christian Academy

Lucsuhin, Calatagan Batangas
2006-2012

Marry Pam
Calatagan, Batangas
2004-2006

136
 CURRICULUM VITAE

Abaja, Jestoni B.
Tilambo Taysan Batangas
09387038207 / 09266964691
[email protected]

PERSONAL INFORMATION
Age: 22
Birth Date: January 10, 2000
Birth Place: Taysan, Batangas
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Civil Status: Single

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
TERTIARY: University of Batangas
Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Hilltop, Batangas City
2018-Present

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Taysan Senior High School

Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics
Mahanadiong Taysan Batangas
2016-2018
JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL: Tilambo National High School
Tilambo, Taysan, Batangas
2012-2016

PRIMARY SCHOOL: Tilambo Elementary School

Tilambo Taysan Batangas
2006-2012

137