Unit 1

Unit-1 (Introduction to AI): Definitions, Goals of AI, AI Approaches, AI

Techniques, Branches of AI, Applications of AI. Introduction of Intelligent
Systems: Agents and Environments, Good Behavior: the concept of Rationality,
The Nature of Environments, The structure of Agents, How the components of
agent programs work.

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

In today's world, technology is growing very fast, and we are getting in touch
with different new technologies day by day.
Here, one of the booming technologies of computer science is Artificial
Intelligence which is ready to create a new revolution in the world by making
intelligent machines.The Artificial Intelligence is now all around us. It is
currently working with a vaStructureriety of subfields, ranging from general to
specific, such as self-driving cars, playing chess, proving theorems, playing
music, Painting, etc.
AI is one of the fascinating and universal fields of Computer science which has
a great scope in future. AI holds a tendency to cause a machine to work as a
human.
Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence,
where Artificial defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power",
hence AI means "a man-made thinking power."
So, we can define AI as:

"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create

intelligent machines which can behave like a human, think
like humans, and able to make decisions."

Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such
as learning, reasoning, and solving problems
With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine to do
some work, despite that you can create a machine with programmed algorithms
which can work with own intelligence, and that is the awesomeness of AI.

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 It is believed that AI is not a new technology, and some people says that as per
Greek myth, there were Mechanical men in early days which can work and
behave like humans.

Why Artificial Intelligence?

Before Learning about Artificial Intelligence, we should know that what is the
importance of AI and why should we learn it. Following are some main reasons
to learn about AI:

With the help of AI, you can create such software or devices which can
solve real-world problems very easily and with accuracy such as health
issues, marketing, traffic issues, etc.

With the help of AI, you can create your personal virtual Assistant, such as
Cortana, Google Assistant, Siri, etc.

With the help of AI, you can build such Robots which can work in an
environment where survival of humans can be at risk.

AI opens a path for other new technologies, new devices, and new
Opportunities.

Goals of Artificial Intelligence

Following are the main goals of Artificial Intelligence:

1. Replicate human intelligence

2. Solve Knowledge-intensive tasks

3. An intelligent connection of perception and action

4. Building a machine which can perform tasks that requires human

intelligence such as:

Proving a theorem

Playing chess

Plan some surgical operation

Driving a car in traffic

5. Creating some system which can exhibit intelligent behavior, learn new
things by itself, demonstrate, explain, and can advise to its user.

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 What Comprises to Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence is not just a part of computer science even it's so vast and
requires lots of other factors which can contribute to it. To create the AI first we
should know that how intelligence is composed, so the Intelligence is an
intangible part of our brain which is a combination of Reasoning, learning,
problem-solving perception, language understanding, etc.
To achieve the above factors for a machine or software Artificial Intelligence
requires the following discipline:

Mathematics

Biology

Psychology

Sociology

Computer Science

Neurons Study

Statistics

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 Advantages of Artificial Intelligence
Following are some main advantages of Artificial Intelligence:

High Accuracy with less errors: AI machines or systems are prone to less
errors and high accuracy as it takes decisions as per pre-experience or
information.

High-Speed: AI systems can be of very high-speed and fast-decision

making, because of that AI systems can beat a chess champion in the
Chess game.

High reliability: AI machines are highly reliable and can perform the same
action multiple times with high accuracy.

Useful for risky areas: AI machines can be helpful in situations such as

defusing a bomb, exploring the ocean floor, where to employ a human can
be risky.

Digital Assistant: AI can be very useful to provide digital assistant to the

users such as AI technology is currently used by various E-commerce
websites to show the products as per customer requirement.

Useful as a public utility: AI can be very useful for public utilities such as a
self-driving car which can make our journey safer and hassle-free, facial
recognition for security purpose, Natural language processing to
communicate with the human in human-language, etc.

Disadvantages of Artificial Intelligence

Every technology has some disadvantages, and thesame goes for Artificial
intelligence. Being so advantageous technology still, it has some disadvantages
which we need to keep in our mind while creating an AI system. Following are
the disadvantages of AI:

High Cost: The hardware and software requirement of AI is very costly as it

requires lots of maintenance to meet current world requirements.

Can't think out of the box: Even we are making smarter machines with AI,
but still they cannot work out of the box, as the robot will only do that work
for which they are trained, or programmed.

No feelings and emotions: AI machines can be an outstanding performer,

but still it does not have the feeling so it cannot make any kind of emotional

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 attachment with human, and may sometime be harmful for users if the
proper care is not taken.

Increase dependency on machines: With the increment of technology,

people are getting more dependent on devices and hence they are losing
their mental capabilities.

No Original Creativity: As humans are so creative and can imagine some

new ideas but still AI machines cannot beat this power of human
intelligence and cannot be creative and imaginative.

What are the Different Types of Artificial

Intelligence Approaches?
While everything seems green and sunny to a non-specialist, there is a lot of
technology to build AI systems. There are four types of artificial intelligence
approaches based on how machines behave - reactive machines, limited
memory, theory of mind, and self-awareness.

1. Reactive machines
These machines are the most basic form of AI applications. Examples of
reactive machines are Deep Blue, IBM's chess-playing supercomputer, and the
same computer that defeated the then-grand master of the world.
AI teams do not use training sets to feed the machines or store subsequent
data for future references. Based on the move made by the opponent, the

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 machine decides/predicts the next move.

2. Limited memory
These machines belong to the Category II category of AI applications, and
Self-propelled cars are the perfect example. Over time, these machines are fed
with data and trained on the speed and direction of other cars, lane markings,
traffic lights, curves of roads, and other important factors.

3. Theory of mind
It is where we are struggling to make this concept work. However, we are not
there yet. Theory of mind is the concept where bots will understand and react
to human emotions, thoughts.

If AI-powered machines are always mingling and moving around with us, then
understanding human behavior is imperative. And then, it is necessary to react
to such behaviors accordingly.

4. Self-awareness
These machines are an extension of class III type AI, and it is a step ahead of
understanding human emotions. It is the stage where AI teams build machines
with self-awareness factors programmed into them.
When someone is honking the horn from behind, the machines must sense the
emotion, and only then do they understand what it feels like when they horn
someone from behind.

Types of Artificial Intelligence

There are four types of Artificial Intelligence:

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 Reactive Machines AI

Limited Memory AI

Theory Of Mind AI

Self-aware AI

Now, we will discuss them in deep.

Reactive Machines AI:

This category of AI comprises devices that only use the data that is now
available and take into consideration the current circumstances.
Reactive AI systems are unable to conclude from the information to choose the
best course of action. They are only capable of a limited set of predetermined
duties.
Examples:

chess-playing supercomputer

spam detection

recommendation engine for Netflix

Limited Memory AI:

Artificial intelligence is one form that has limited memory. It speaks to an AI’s
capacity to retain past information and forecasts and use it to inform future
predictions.
The complexity of Machine Learning design increases slightly when memory is
constrained. Every ML model needs a little amount of memory to build, but the
model may be used as a reactive machine type, as this is the most fundamental
and straightforward kind of AI.
Example:

Self-driving automobiles are examples of Limited Memory AI, which

leverages data gathered recently to make quick decisions.

Theory of Mind AI:

Theories of Mind Artificial intelligence (AI) is a highly developed form of AI. It is

thought that this class of devices is crucial to psychology. To better understand
human beliefs and ideas, this sort of AI will primarily rely on emotional maturity.

Self-Aware AI:

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 The evolution of AI has reached its conclusion, yet it only exists in theory for
now. Self-aware AI, as the name suggests, is an AI that has evolved to be so
like the human brain that it has developed self-awareness.
The main goal of all AI research has been and will always be developing this
kind of AI, which is decades, if not centuries, away from becoming a reality.

AI Techniques
Depending on the machine’s ability to utilize past experiences to anticipate
future judgments, memory, and self-awareness, artificial intelligence can be
classified into a variety of subcategories.

IBM created the chess program Deep Blue, which can recognize the pieces on
the chessboard. However, it lacks the memory necessary to anticipate future
behavior. Even if this approach is helpful, it cannot be modified for different
circumstances.
The decision-making capabilities of self-driving automobiles serve as an
illustration of this type of AI system. Here, observations aid in the quick
decisions that must be made since they change often and are not permanently
preserved.
The development of technology may also make it feasible to create machines
with a sense of awareness that can recognize the status of the world and
determine what has to be done. But there are no such systems.

The top four techniques of AI:

Machine Learning:

Machines, in this use of AI, naturally learn from experience rather than being
explicitly taught to carry out certain tasks.

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 Artificial neural networks are the foundation of the subfield of machine learning
known as “Deep Learning” that is used for predictive analysis. Unsupervised
machine learning, supervised and unsupervised, and reinforcement learning
are only a few examples of the many machine learning algorithms.
The algorithm is unsupervised learning and does not employ categorized
information to make choices on its own without any direction.

In supervised learning, a feature that includes a combination of an input data

set and the intended output is inferred from the training data.
Machines utilize reinforcement learning to determine the best alternative that
needs to be considered and to take the appropriate actions to improve the
reward.

Machine Vision:

Machines are capable of collecting and analyzing visual data. In this case,
cameras are utilized to record sensory information, which is then processed
using digital signal processing once the picture is converted from analog to
digital.
The data that is produced is then input into a computer. Sensitivity is the
capacity of the machine to recognize weak impulses and resolution. The
extent to which it can discriminate between objects—are two essential
components of machine vision.
Machine vision is used in a variety of applications, including object recognition,
medical picture analysis, and signature detection.

NLP( Natural Language Processing)

The way in which computers were trained to comprehend natural languages is

via their connections with human language.
Natural Language Processing, the method of extracting meaning from human
languages, is trustworthy technology. The machine in NLP records the speech
of a person speaking.
Following the audio-to-textual dialogue, the writing is converted to turn the data
into audio.
The system then responds to people via audio. Applications of NLP may be
found in Interactive Voice Response (IVR) systems used in contact centers, in
language translations like Google Translate, and in word processors that verify
the correctness of syntax in text, like Microsoft Word.

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 Automation and Robotics

The goal of automation is to enable machines to perform boring, repetitive jobs,

increasing productivity and delivering more effective, efficient, and affordable
results. In order to automate processes, many businesses employ machine
learning, artificial neural, and graphs.
By leveraging the CAPTCHA technique, this automation can avoid fraud
problems during online payments.
Robotic process automation is designed to carry out high-volume, repetitive
jobs while being capable of adapting to changing conditions.

Application of AI
Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is becoming
essential for today's time because it can solve complex problems with an
efficient way in multiple industries, such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance,
education, etc. AI is making our daily life more comfortable and fast.
Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:

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 1. AI in Astronomy
Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe
problems. AI technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such
as how it works, origin, etc.

2. AI in Healthcare
In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the
healthcare industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry.

Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis

than humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can inform when
patients are worsening so that medical help can reach to the patient before
hospitalization.

3. AI in Gaming
AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic
games like chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of
possible places.

4. AI in Finance
AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance
industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence,
algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial processes.

5. AI in Data Security
The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are
growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data
more safe and secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are
used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.

6. AI in Social Media
Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions
of user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient
way. AI can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze
lots of data to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of
different users.

7. AI in Travel & Transport

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 AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable of
doing various travel related works such as from making travel arrangement
to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel
industries are using AI-powered chatbots which can make human-like
interaction with customers for better and fast response.

8. AI in Automotive Industry
Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their
user for better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an
intelligent virtual assistant.

Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars

which can make your journey more safe and secure.

9. AI in Robotics:
Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually, general
robots are programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task,
but with the help of AI, we can create intelligent robots which can perform
tasks with their own experiences without pre-programmed.

Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics, recently the

intelligent Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed
which can talk and behave like humans.

10. AI in Entertainment
We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with
some entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of
ML/AI algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs
or shows.

11. AI in Agriculture
Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and
time for best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is
emerging in this field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics,
solid and crop monitoring, predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very
helpful for farmers.

12. AI in E-commerce

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 AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is
becoming more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping
shoppers to discover associated products with recommended size, color, or
even brand.

13. AI in education:
AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach. AI
chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.

AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which
will be accessible easily at any time and any place.

What is an intelligent system?

An intelligent system is an advanced computer system that can gather, analyze
and respond to the data it collects from its surrounding environment. It can
work and communicate with other agents, such as users or other computer
systems. It can also learn from experience and adapt according to current data.
An intelligent system might also support remote monitoring and management.

There is no single definition for an intelligent system. The term is applied in

different ways by various sources. For example, a Roomba vacuum is often
referred to as an intelligent system. However, some could argue that its limited
capacity to learn, such as its inability to avoid the same obstacle, disqualifies it
from this category. On the other hand, most would consider a self-driving car to
be an intelligent system or a valid attempt at an intelligent system.

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 Most consider driverless cars to be intelligent systems.

There is no single standard that defines an intelligent system. It is often

determined by degrees of intelligence rather than a checklist of
characteristics. Martin Molina, a professor in the department of artificial
intelligence at the Technical University of Madrid, offered the following
description of an intelligent system in his paper "What is an intelligent system?"
(published February 2022):
An intelligent system (1) operates in an environment with other agents, (2)
possesses cognitive abilities such as perception, action control, deliberative
reasoning or language use, (3) follows behavioral principles based on
rationality and social norms and (4) has the capacity to adapt through learning.

Molina added that his definition should not be taken as a "rigid characterization
to determine whether a system is intelligent or not." Instead, the definition
outlined the usual characteristics that might be present in an intelligent system.
For example, a system might be considered intelligent if it has perception and
can control action, even if it doesn't possess deliberative reasoning or a
capacity to learn.
He further stated that the "concept of intelligent system has emerged in
information technology as a type of system derived from successful
applications of artificial intelligence." In fact, AI is commonly cited as a central

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 characteristic of any intelligent system. Molina also said that one of the most
important aspects in the construction of an intelligent system is the selection
of AI methods which provide the system with the cognitive abilities necessary
to function as a complete system.

Some believe the intelligent systems should include AI methods that provide
them with cognitive abilities to function as complete systems.
However, an intelligent system is not the same thing as AI, although the terms
are sometimes used interchangeably. With AI, computers and other machines
attempt to simulate human intelligence, but its presence does not automatically
imply an intelligent system. For example, a computer running an AI-based
application does not mean that the computer itself is an intelligent system,
although it might contribute to such a system as one of its agents.

What are examples of intelligent systems?

Intelligent systems are omnipresent and offer endless possibilities. They can
benefit many industries and affect both our personal and professional lives. The
following table provides examples of how intelligent systems can be used in

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 different industries. This is just a glimpse into the potential application of
intelligent systems.

Industry Examples

Traffic control systems, traffic flow analysis and congestion

Transportation monitoring, delivery fleet coordination, autonomous cars, public
transportation systems, accident prevention

Airline cockpit controls, drones, spacecraft monitoring, mission

Aerospace
planning, advanced guidance and navigation, air traffic control

Human Visual surveillance, biometric monitoring (such as face or

identification fingerprint recognition), character or speech recognition

Advanced robotics and automation, autonomous systems,

Manufacturing
diagnostics and repairs, inventory management, visual inspection

Tutoring, identifying student learning patterns, question and answer

Education systems, course planning and scheduling, interactive online
education

Forecasting, advance warning systems (such as tornados or

Climatology tsunamis), field research and monitoring, satellite imaging and
analysis

Online shopping recommendations, point-of-sale (POS) terminals,

Retail
digital signage, product planning and delivery

Home automation Smart appliances, climate and lighting control, entertainment

Medical care, medical diagnostics, telemonitoring, health crisis

Public health management (such as the COVID-19 pandemic), violence pattern
detection, biomedical engineering

Built-in intelligence is an integral component of the internet of things (IoT). IoT

devices have the ability to automatically transfer data over a network without
human interaction. Used with AI and 5G, IoT can create intelligent systems with
the potential to impact our lives on every level.

Agents in Artificial Intelligence

An AI system can be defined as the study of the rational agent and its
environment. The agents sense the environment through sensors and act on
their environment through actuators. An AI agent can have mental properties
such as knowledge, belief, intention, etc.

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 What is an Agent?
An agent can be anything that perceive its environment through sensors and
act upon that environment through actuators. An Agent runs in the cycle
of perceiving, thinking, and acting. An agent can be:

Human-Agent: A human agent has eyes, ears, and other organs which
work for sensors and hand, legs, vocal tract work for actuators.

Robotic Agent: A robotic agent can have cameras, infrared range finder,
NLP for sensors and various motors for actuators.

Software Agent: Software agent can have keystrokes, file contents as

sensory input and act on those inputs and display output on the screen.

Hence the world around us is full of agents such as thermostat, cellphone,

camera, and even we are also agents.

Before moving forward, we should first know about sensors, effectors, and
actuators.
Sensor: Sensor is a device which detects the change in the environment and
sends the information to other electronic devices. An agent observes its
environment through sensors.

Actuators: Actuators are the component of machines that converts energy into
motion. The actuators are only responsible for moving and controlling a system.
An actuator can be an electric motor, gears, rails, etc.

Effectors: Effectors are the devices which affect the environment. Effectors
can be legs, wheels, arms, fingers, wings, fins, and display screen.

Intelligent Agents:

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 An intelligent agent is an autonomous entity which act upon an environment
using sensors and actuators for achieving goals. An intelligent agent may learn
from the environment to achieve their goals. A thermostat is an example of an
intelligent agent.
Following are the main four rules for an AI agent:

Rule 1: An AI agent must have the ability to perceive the environment.

Rule 2: The observation must be used to make decisions.

Rule 3: Decision should result in an action.

Rule 4: The action taken by an AI agent must be a rational action.

Rational Agent:
A rational agent is an agent which has clear preference, models uncertainty,
and acts in a way to maximize its performance measure with all possible
actions.

A rational agent is said to perform the right things. AI is about creating rational
agents to use for game theory and decision theory for various real-world
scenarios.

For an AI agent, the rational action is most important because in AI

reinforcement learning algorithm, for each best possible action, agent gets the
positive reward and for each wrong action, an agent gets a negative reward.

Note: Rational agents in AI are very similar to intelligent agents.

Rationality:
The rationality of an agent is measured by its performance measure. Rationality
can be judged on the basis of following points:

Performance measure which defines the success criterion.

Agent prior knowledge of its environment.

Best possible actions that an agent can perform.

The sequence of percepts.

Note: Rationality differs from Omniscience because an

Omniscient agent knows the actual outcome of its action and

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 act accordingly, which is not possible in reality.

Structure of an AI Agent
The task of AI is to design an agent program which implements the agent
function. The structure of an intelligent agent is a combination of architecture
and agent program. It can be viewed as:

1. Agent = Architecture + Agent program

Following are the main three terms involved in the structure of an AI agent:

Architecture: Architecture is machinery that an AI agent executes on.

Agent Function: Agent function is used to map a percept to an action.

1. f:P* → A

Agent program: Agent program is an implementation of agent function. An

agent program executes on the physical architecture to produce function f.

PEAS Representation
PEAS is a type of model on which an AI agent works upon. When we define an
AI agent or rational agent, then we can group its properties under PEAS
representation model. It is made up of four words:

P: Performance measure

E: Environment

A: Actuators

S: Sensors

Here performance measure is the objective for the success of an agent's

behavior.

PEAS for self-driving cars:

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 Let's suppose a self-driving car then PEAS representation will be:

Performance: Safety, time, legal drive, comfort

Environment: Roads, other vehicles, road signs, pedestrian

Actuators: Steering, accelerator, brake, signal, horn

Sensors: Camera, GPS, speedometer, odometer, accelerometer, sonar.

Example of Agents with their PEAS

representation
Performance
Agent Environment Actuators Sensors
measure

• Patient
• Healthy
• • Tests
1. Medical patient Keyboard(Entry
Hospital •
Diagnose • of symptoms)
• Treatments
Minimized cost
Staff

2. Vacuum • Cleanness • Room • Wheels • Camera

Cleaner • • • •
Efficiency Table Brushes Dirt detection
• • • sensor
Battery life Wood floor •

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 • • Vacuum Cliff sensor
Security Carpet Extractor •
• Bump Sensor
Various •
obstacles Infrared Wall
Sensor

• Conveyor belt • Camera

• Percentage of • Jointed Arms
3. Part -picking with parts, •
parts in correct •
Robot • Joint angle
bins. Hand
Bins sensors.

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