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    Assignment 02 (Vap) PC

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    prateekchaudhary4142

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    Assignment 02 (Vap) PC

    Uploaded by

    prateekchaudhary4142
    4 views2 pages

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    ASSIGNMENT 02 (VAP)PC

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    4 views2 pages

    Assignment 02 (Vap) PC

    Uploaded by

    prateekchaudhary4142

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    ASSIGNMENT- 02 (VAP)

    PRATEEK CHAUDHARY (BBA.LLB 4TH YEAR)

    Question 1: Explain the P-Value with the help of SPSS results

    The P-value in statistical hypothesis testing is the probability of obtaining test results
    at least as extreme as the results actually observed, under the assumption that the
    null hypothesis is correct. In SPSS, the P-value is typically displayed in the output
    tables when you conduct statistical tests such as t-tests, ANOVA, regression, etc.
    The P-value helps determine the significance of the results. A commonly used
    threshold is 0.05; if the P-value is less than 0.05, you reject the null hypothesis,
    indicating that your results are statistically significant

    Question 2: Explain the reliability and validity with SPSS example

    Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure. A test is reliable if it produces


    consistent results under consistent conditions. In SPSS, reliability can be assessed
    using various methods, such as Cronbach's alpha, which measures internal
    consistency. For example, if you have a questionnaire with multiple items designed
    to measure a single construct, you can use SPSS to calculate Cronbach's alpha. A
    value above 0.7 is generally considered acceptable, indicating that the items reliably
    measure the construct.

    Validity refers to the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure. In
    SPSS, validity can be assessed through different types of validity tests:
    - Construct Validity: Ensuring the test measures the concept it intends to measure.
    - Content Validity: Ensuring the test covers the entire range of the concept.
    - Criterion-Related Validity: Comparing the test with other measures or outcomes
    already considered valid.

    Question 3: Conduct a two-way ANOVA Test on SPSS with results

    To conduct a two-way ANOVA in SPSS, follow these steps:


    1. Input the Data: Enter your data into SPSS, with one column for each factor and
    one column for the dependent variable.
    2. Select ANOVA: Go to `Analyze > General Linear Model > Univariate`.
    3. Specify the Model: Move your dependent variable to the "Dependent Variable" box
    and your two factors to the "Fixed Factor(s)" box.
    4. Options and Post Hoc Tests: Click on `Options` to select descriptive statistics,
    estimates of effect size, and post hoc tests if necessary.
    5. Run the Analysis: Click `OK` to run the ANOVA.

    The output will include tables showing the main effects and interaction effects of the
    factors on the dependent variable. The significance of these effects is determined by
    the P-values in the "Tests of Between-Subjects Effects" table.

    Here is a brief interpretation of the results:


    - Main Effects: Look at the P-values for each factor. If the P-value is less than 0.05,
    the factor has a significant effect on the dependent variable.
    - Interaction Effect: Look at the P-value for the interaction term. If the P-value is less
    than 0.05, there is a significant interaction effect between the factors.

    These results help in understanding whether and how the factors independently and
    together influence the dependent variable.

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