Bachelor of Science in Architecture

University of Batangas – Lipa Campus

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the Subject

Planning 3 - Introduction to Urban and Regional Planning

Land Use Planning

To be presented to:

Ar./EnP. Gerelson Ray R. Bernardino UAP, PIEP, MSCM

Submitted by:

Andal, Rhizzel D.

Cresino, Arlene

Madlangbayan, Marion Anne A

Martinez, Christine K.

Perez, Nicole Yzobelle P.

Pusag, Jannah Gine D.

Suarez, Apreal

Umali, Gabriel

ARCH 4A
 Chapter I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGS

I.1 Introduction

The Pansipit River, which stretches approximately 8.2 kilometers, meanders through the
province of Batangas in the southern part of Luzon. It serves as the primary connection between
the southern basin of Lake Taal and Balayan Bay. The river merges with the Palanas River, a
smaller outlet stream extending just over one kilometer, near its coastal terminus. Despite the
presence of 37 inlet tributaries nourishing Lake Taal, the Pansipit River is the only outlet
responsible for draining the lake's waters. The river has an average depth of approximately 4
meters and a channel width ranging between 10 to 15 meters in most sections, playing a crucial
role in controlling water levels and maintaining the region's ecological balance.

However, the rapid pace of urbanization, industrial growth, and agricultural expansion in
the surrounding area has posed significant challenges to the health and vitality of the Pansipit
River ecosystem. In response to these threats, the implementation of land use planning has
emerged as a strategy aimed at effectively managing and alleviating these pressures while
fostering sustainable development initiatives.

I.2 Background of the study

The Pansipit River runs through multiple Batangas municipalities, altering the
socioeconomic and environmental habitats. San Nicolas, located at the river's mouth in Balayan
Bay, serves as a commercial and ecological hub. Moving toward the west, Lemery is known for
its agriculture and fishing businesses. Agoncillo, located south of Taal Lake, has natural
attractions such as Taal Volcano . Lastly, Taal is located on the northeastern coast of Taal Lake,
connected to the Pansipit River, combining ecological importance with its cultural background.

Beyond the Pansipit River, land use planning has a greater impact on community growth
and sustainability. It ensures ideal use of land resources by optimizing land use and identifying
appropriate sites for various forms of development, such as residential, commercial, industrial,
and recreational zones. Furthermore, good land use planning promotes economic growth by
providing a favorable environment for businesses to thrive, attracting investment, creating job
opportunities, and encouraging entrepreneurship, all of which contribute to the community's
economic vitality. Furthermore, land use planning contributes significantly to environmental
quality preservation by identifying and maintaining environmentally sensitive regions such as
wetlands, forests, and water bodies, thereby preserving biodiversity, conserving natural habitats,
and protecting air and water quality.

Land use planning in the Pansipit River watershed is of utmost importance, serving as
an indispensable tool for balancing development pressures with ecological protection. Zoning
restrictions protect habitats, biodiversity hotspots, and vulnerable ecosystems within the
watershed by designating designated conservation areas, assuring water quality and natural
landscape preservation. This planning method helps to mitigate flood risks by designating
flood-prone zones and limiting development appropriately, protecting communities and
infrastructure from the effects of inundation. Furthermore, proper zoning promotes sustainable
water resource management by reducing pollution, sedimentation, and misuse of water sources,
maintaining their availability for both human and ecological demands.

Furthermore, it eliminates hazards and dangers by prohibiting construction in high-risk

regions and enforcing appropriate zoning rules, hence decreasing vulnerability to natural
disasters and minimizing property damage and fatalities. Land use planning also promotes
social equality and inclusion by providing affordable housing options, ensuring access to
essential services and amenities, and fostering mixed-use developments. Lastly, land use
planning promotes walkable neighborhoods, access to green spaces, and active transportation
options, all of which encourage physical activity, reduce traffic congestion, and improve air
quality, resulting in better overall health outcomes for residents. In conclusion, land use planning
serves as a cornerstone for constructing sustainable, resilient, and livable communities that
balance economic prosperity

I.3 Statement of the problem

The Pansipit River region faces a complex set of challenges that require a
comprehensive approach to achieve sustainable development while addressing social,
environmental, and economic considerations. It is necessary to find a balance between
promoting social progress, protecting the environment, and supporting economic growth.
Numerous significant issues arise about how to strike this balance effectively;

● How can sustainable development be implemented in the Pansipit River region

so that economic progress does not impair the environment or social well-being?
● Second, what practical efforts may be made to reduce pollution, preserve
biodiversity, and sustain water quality in the Pansipit River?
● How can the community's resilience to natural catastrophes, particularly floods,
be strengthened through improved zoning and infrastructure?
● What sustainable business opportunities, such as eco-tourism, organic farming,
and renewable energy, can be explored to promote economic growth while
preserving the environment?
● How can development initiatives in the Pansipit River region address the diverse
needs of the community, including affordable housing, healthcare, education, and
recreational amenities?

By addressing these problems and possibilities, individuals or organizations may

contribute to a more sustainable and resilient future for the Pansipit River region through
informed decision-making and collaboration.

I.4 Theoretical or Conceptual Framework

I.5 Significance of the study

Land use planning stands as a cornerstone for the development and sustainability of the
Pansipit River community in Batangas. Primarily, it serves as a guardian of the environment,
orchestrating measures to conserve natural resources, uphold biodiversity, and mitigate the
risks of environmental degradation, particularly along the riverbanks. Through strategic zoning
and regulations, planners can curtail the adverse impacts of development while nurturing the
long-term health of the ecosystem.
Moreover, the community's ability to withstand natural disasters, particularly floods, is
greatly enhanced by efficient land use planning. Planners can reduce susceptibility and protect
people and property by identifying flood-prone regions and implementing appropriate measures
like green infrastructure and zoning restrictions. In addition to reducing hazards, this proactive
approach helps inhabitants live in a safer and more secure environment, which supports the
wellbeing of the community.
The Pansipit River community's land use planning is centered on sustainable
development. Through the integration of social justice, environmental conservation, and
economic growth, planners may guarantee that current demands are met without compromising
the chances of coming generations. This means promoting sustainable land-use practices,
fostering ecotourism and sustainable agriculture as sources of income, and putting the welfare
of the community first by ensuring that everyone has fair access to infrastructure and basic
services.

I.6 Goals and objectives of the study

I.6.1 Project objectives

Planning for the Pansipit River's land use has as its main goal promoting
sustainable development that strikes a balance between social progress, environmental
protection, and economic expansion. This entails protecting the environment of the river
by taking action to stop pollution, preserve biodiversity, and uphold water quality. Another
important goal is to increase the community's resilience to natural catastrophes,
especially floods. This is accomplished by judicious zoning and infrastructure upgrades.
Another important objective is to support business ventures that support environmental
sustainability, such eco-tourism, sustainable agriculture, and renewable energy
 initiatives. Furthermore, it is crucial to make sure that growth satisfies the requirements
of the community by giving access to reasonably priced housing, healthcare, education,
and recreational areas. Lastly, a key goal is to preserve and advance the cultural legacy
of the Pansipit River region by incorporating customs into development plans and
encouraging cultural tourism.

I.6.2 Design objectives

The Pansipit River land use planning project's design goals are based on
developing a community that is resilient, sustainable, and thriving via careful
infrastructure construction and spatial planning. Enhancing land use and reducing
environmental effects requires zoning laws that are unambiguous and clearly define
zones for residential, commercial, agricultural, and conservation uses. For stormwater
management, flood risk reduction, and ecological health enhancement, integrating green
infrastructure solutions—such as wetlands, green roofs, and permeable pavements—is
essential. Improving the quality of life for locals is the goal of designing accessible public
areas and community facilities, such as parks, community centers, and waterfront
pathways. Reducing the environmental impact also means promoting the use of
energy-efficient designs and sustainable building materials in new construction and
renovations. Last but not least, creating effective transportation networks and
connectivity options will minimize environmental effects while promoting economic
activity, improving mobility, and reducing traffic.

I.7 Scope, delimitation, and limitations

Scope
The land use plan for the Pansipit River comprehensively covers its entire length
from the source to its confluence with Taal Lake, including adjacent floodplains and
upland areas, ensuring a comprehensive approach to the river's ecosystem. It focuses
on key components such as environmental conservation, identifying critical habitats,
implementing restoration projects, and establishing protected areas. Sustainable
development zones are designated for eco-friendly infrastructure and economic activities
like eco-tourism, balancing growth with conservation. The plan aims to preserve and
promote cultural and historical sites, enhancing the region's heritage, as well as
 recreational facilities, parks, and trails that will be developed to improve residents' quality
of life and attract tourists. The plan also aims to improve transportation and connectivity
with water-based and land-based infrastructure. Additionally, the plan involves local
communities, indigenous groups, and stakeholders in planning and decision-making to
ensure collaboration and inclusivity.

Delimitation
The delimitation of the land use plan for the Pansipit River includes clearly
defined temporal boundaries with short-term (5 years), medium-term (10 years), and
long-term (20 years) goals, facilitating phased implementation and periodic adjustments.
The plan adheres to local, provincial, and national laws, ensuring alignment and support
through collaboration with agencies like DENR, NHCP, and LGUs. It strategically focuses
on areas critical for conservation, sustainable development, and cultural heritage to
efficiently allocate resources while excluding regions designated for incompatible uses
such as heavy industrial zones, thus preventing land use conflicts and ensuring coherent
development.

Limitations
The limitations of the land use plan for the Pansipit River encompass data and
information constraints, with a lack of comprehensive and current environmental and
socio-economic data possibly affecting the accuracy of assessments. Financial and
resource constraints may also hinder the scope and scale of projects, necessitating
strategic resource management and the acquisition of funds from government, grants,
and private investments. Environmental challenges like flooding, erosion, and climate
change impacts require continuous monitoring and adaptive management to maintain
the plan's sustainability and resilience. Social and political factors introduce complexities
in decision-making due to diverse interests, potential conflicts among stakeholders, and
the risks posed by political changes and administrative turnover. Additionally, regulatory
and enforcement issues highlight the need for clear frameworks and mechanisms to
ensure compliance with land use policies and effectively manage potential resistance.

I.8 Justification of the study

The justification for a land-use study of the Pansipit River in Batangas hinges on critical
needs for environmental protection, sustainable development, and disaster risk management
considerations. This study aims to balance economic growth with ecological sustainability,
preserve rich cultural heritage, and enhance community engagement and social equity. It
addresses the area's vulnerability to natural disasters like flooding, ensuring strategies for risk
reduction are integrated into development planning. Moreover, the plan aligns with regulatory
frameworks, improving governance, and compliance with environmental and urban development
regulations. Overall, this comprehensive approach aims to maximize the area's economic
potential while maintaining its ecological and cultural integrity, ensuring long-term sustainability
and prosperity for the region.

I.9 Definition of terms, abbreviations, and concepts

Pansipit River - A natural waterway spanning approximately 8.2 kilometers in

Batangas, Philippines, acting as the primary connection between Lake Taal and Balayan
Bay. As used in this study, it was referenced throughout as the focal point of the land
use planning efforts in Batangas, serving as a critical waterway connecting Lake Taal
and Balayan Bay.

Tributaries - Small streams or rivers that flow into a larger body of water, such as
the 37 inlet tributaries nourishing Lake Taal from its surrounding watershed. As used in
this study, it was mentioned in the introduction as the smaller streams feeding into Lake
Taal from its surrounding watershed.

Ecological Balance - The state of equilibrium within an ecosystem is

characterized by the maintenance of biodiversity, energy flow, and nutrient cycling. As
used in this study, it was discussed in the introduction regarding the importance of
maintaining the river's ecosystem for ecological balance.

Urbanization - The process of population concentration into cities, accompanied

by infrastructure development, industrialization, and social transformation. As used in
this study, it was referred to in the background of the study, highlighting the challenges
posed by rapid urbanization to the health of the Pansipit River ecosystem.

Industrial Growth - The expansion of manufacturing and industrial activities

within a region, often leading to economic advancement but also environmental
implications. As used in this study, it was discussed in the background of the study as
factors contributing to environmental pressures on the Pansipit River.
 Agricultural Expansion - The increase in agricultural land use for cultivation,
farming, and food production, is typically driven by population growth and economic
demand. Central to the study's objectives, land use planning is proposed as a strategy to
manage development pressures while promoting sustainability.

Land Use Planning - A systematic process of allocating land for various

purposes such as residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and conservation,
aimed at ensuring sustainable development and efficient resource utilization. As used in
this study, it was central to the study's objectives, as land use planning is proposed as a
strategy to manage development pressures while promoting sustainability.

Conservation - The preservation, protection, and management of natural

resources and ecosystems to maintain biodiversity and ecological integrity. As used in
this study, it was discussed in the significance of the study section, emphasizing the
importance of conservation and zoning regulations in preserving natural habitats and
mitigating flood risks.

Zoning Regulations - Legal provisions that designate specific areas for

particular land uses or activities, guiding development and safeguarding sensitive
environments. As used in this study, it was discussed in the significance of the study
section, emphasizing the importance of conservation and zoning regulations in
preserving natural habitats and mitigating flood risks.

Sustainable Development - Development that meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs,
balancing economic, social, and environmental considerations. As used in this study, it
was highlighted in the significance of the study section, emphasizing the role of land use
planning in promoting sustainable development practices.

Flood Risk Management - Strategies and measures implemented to reduce the

likelihood and impact of flooding on communities and infrastructure. As used in this
study, it was discussed in the background of the study as a key consideration for land
use planning along the riverbanks.

Community Engagement - The process of involving and empowering

community members in decision-making processes that affect their lives and
environment. As used in this study, it was mentioned in the stakeholder engagement
section as an essential aspect of the planning process to ensure community involvement
and representation.

Inclusivity - The principle of ensuring that diverse voices, perspectives, and

needs are considered and represented in decision-making processes.

Stakeholders - Individuals, groups, or organizations that have an interest or

stake in a particular issue, decision, or outcome. As used in this study, it was discussed
in the stakeholder engagement section, emphasizing the importance of engaging diverse
stakeholders in the planning process.

Environmental Degradation - The deterioration of the environment through

depletion of resources, pollution, habitat destruction, and other harmful activities. As
used in this study, it is highlighted in the background of the study as a consequence of
unchecked development and industrial activities.

Cultural Heritage - The legacy of physical artifacts, traditions, customs, and

beliefs passed down through generations, contributing to a community's identity and
sense of place. As used in this study, it was mentioned in the significance of the study
section, emphasizing the importance of preserving cultural heritage sites along the
riverbanks.

Socio-economic Data - Information related to social and economic factors such

as population demographics, income levels, employment, and infrastructure. As used in
this study.

Regulatory Frameworks - Legal structures and regulations established by

governments to guide and control land use, environmental protection, and development
activities. As used in this study, it was discussed in the scope section, emphasizing the
need to adhere to existing regulations and collaborate with government agencies.

Adaptive Management - An iterative approach to decision-making that involves

learning from past actions, monitoring outcomes, and adjusting strategies based on new
information and changing circumstances. As used in this study, it was alluded to in the
limitations section as a necessity for responding to environmental challenges and
changing circumstances.
 Green Infrastructure - Natural or engineered systems that provide ecological,
social, and economic benefits—such as parks, wetlands, and green roofs—are essential
for addressing environmental challenges and enhancing quality of life. In this study,
these systems were implicitly referenced in the conservation and restoration zones
section, suggesting the integration of nature-based solutions into the planning process.
This approach highlights the importance of incorporating sustainable and multifunctional
landscapes to improve environmental resilience and promote community well-being.
 Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

II.1 Review of Related Literature

Water is an essential natural resource that has been crucial to the development of
settlements all over the world. Waterfront areas were heavily used and bustling with people and
activity in pre-industrial cities. But as the industrial era progressed, the growth of big ports,
commerce, industry, warehouses, and transportation disrupted this relationship. Port operations
have shifted outside of cities, industrial plants have been abandoned, and transportation modes
have changed as a result of containerization technology advancements. The phenomenon of
waterfront regeneration emerged when cities' waterfronts were rediscovered due to growing
environmental consciousness and demands for urban improvements. Since the 1980s, urban
waterfront regeneration projects have gained international traction as a potent instrument for
urban politics and planning.

Establishing pathways for bicyclists and pedestrians to connect the city to the waterfront
is known as "City-Waterfront Connectivity." The concept of Inter-Waterfront Zone Continuity
guarantees the continuity of neighboring waterfront features like boardwalks, greenways, and
linear parks. Access to the water, including boat docks, kayak launches, and other water-based
amenities, is made easier with waterfront-water connectivity, which improves the experience all
around. Local economies are strengthened by revitalized waterfronts because they draw
investment, commerce, and tourists. They improve the standard of living for locals by offering
leisure activities and beautiful scenery. It is also possible to incorporate sustainable elements
like stormwater management and green infrastructure.

1. Environmental Assessment

Recent large-scale geological events have changed the Pansipit River's

behavior. A portion of the river has dried up as a result of geological tilting, a
phenomenon in which the ground moves and alters natural water flow. The river's path
has changed due to this tilting, which has caused dehydration in some places and
decreased water levels in others. The ecology of the river is impacted by this
 phenomena, as are the livelihoods of those who depend on its supplies. Sevilla claims
that the earth bulging and swelling in Barangay Tatlong Maria, Taal stopped the flow of
water and caused part of the Pansipit River to dry up.

A serious risk to the communities near the Pansipit River's banks is the river's
frequent flooding. The flooding problem has not been adequately remedied by disaster
mitigation measures, which have mostly involved expensive dredging activities. These
measures, which come at a cost of millions of pesos, do not include indirect economic
losses caused by flooding-related disruptions to activities.

At the river's terminus, Taal Heritage Town, the Taal Volcano instability of 2020
made matters worse by revealing a heavily silted riverbed. When the Pansipit River
was visited in 2021, it was discovered that the waves in Balayan Bay had reduced its
flow, causing a tiny discharge that was clogged with debris. To further worsen the
quality of the water, sewage from houses and businesses, backyard animal waste, and
normal agricultural methods all run straight into the river. Environmental degradation is
made worse by the absence of a green buffer along the concreted riverbed as the
region is increasingly urbanized and commercialized.

In spite of these obstacles, the Pansipit River continues to be essential to the

ecology. Its pockets provide a safer home for juvenile fish and raise their chances of
surviving in the freshwater ecology of Lake Taal by acting as nurseries for marine
species from Balayan Bay. Nevertheless, disruptions to the interchange of marine
species due to geophysical changes have made a reassessment of biodiversity
richness necessary. Non-native tilapia are currently the main catch, while non-native
flora dominate in the river.

2. Stakeholder Engagement

Engagement with diverse stakeholders is a cornerstone of the land use planning

process for the Pansipit River in Batangas, ensuring that the resulting plan reflects the
needs and aspirations of the community while addressing environmental concerns and
promoting sustainable development. To achieve this, the planning team will undertake
several key steps:
Stakeholder Identification

The initial phase of stakeholder identification for the land use planning
process of the Pansipit River in Batangas necessitates a meticulous mapping out
of the various parties with vested interests in the river and its adjacent areas. Key
stakeholders encompass a broad spectrum, including:

a. Local Communities: Residents residing along the riverbanks whose

livelihoods, cultural practices, and quality of life are intricately tied to the
Pansipit River. Their perspectives on development, environmental
conservation, and community well-being are crucial.
b. Indigenous Groups: Indigenous communities with ancestral connections
to the land surrounding the Pansipit River hold invaluable traditional
knowledge and cultural heritage. Their input is vital for preserving cultural
identity and ensuring respect for indigenous rights.
c. Environmental Organizations: Advocacy groups and non-governmental
organizations (NGOs) dedicated to environmental conservation play a
pivotal role in advocating for the protection of the Pansipit River
ecosystem. Their expertise in environmental science and advocacy efforts
contribute to sustainable management practices.
d. Government Agencies: Regulatory bodies and government agencies
tasked with overseeing land use planning, environmental protection, and
infrastructure development in the region are significant stakeholders.
Collaboration with these agencies ensures alignment with regulatory
frameworks and compliance with legal requirements.
e. Businesses: Enterprises operating within or adjacent to the Pansipit
River area, such as tourism operators, agricultural ventures, and industrial
facilities, have economic interests that may impact land use decisions.
Their perspectives on economic development, job creation, and resource
utilization are essential considerations.
f. Academic Institutions: Universities and research institutions possess
expertise in fields such as environmental science, urban planning, and
cultural studies. Their research insights, data analysis capabilities, and
academic perspectives contribute valuable input to the planning process.
 Mapping out these diverse stakeholders provides a foundation for
inclusive engagement and collaboration throughout the land use planning
process. Each stakeholder group brings unique perspectives, interests, and
expertise to the table, ensuring that the resulting plan reflects a comprehensive
understanding of the complexities and opportunities associated with the Pansipit
River and its surroundings.

Outreach and Communication

Once stakeholders are identified, the planning team will initiate outreach
efforts to inform them about the planning process and invite their participation.
This will involve organizing public consultations, workshops, and stakeholder
meetings held at accessible locations and times. Clear and culturally sensitive
communication strategies will be employed to ensure that all stakeholders
understand the purpose of the planning process, the opportunities for
engagement, and the potential impacts on their lives and livelihoods.

Information Sharing and Collaboration

During the engagement process, the planning team will facilitate open
dialogue and information sharing among stakeholders. This will include providing
relevant data, maps, and background information about the Pansipit River and its
surrounding environment, as well as presenting various planning scenarios and
options for consideration. Stakeholders will be encouraged to share their
knowledge, experiences, and concerns, fostering collaboration and mutual
understanding.

Feedback Collection and Analysis

Feedback from stakeholders will be systematically collected, recorded,

and analyzed to identify common themes, concerns, and preferences. This will
involve documenting stakeholder input through surveys, focus group discussions,
written submissions, and verbal feedback. The analysis will help the planning
team identify areas of consensus, areas of disagreement, and potential trade-offs
that need to be addressed in the development of the land use plan.
 Integration of Stakeholder Input

Finally, the input gathered from stakeholders will be carefully considered and
integrated into the land use planning process. This may involve revising planning
proposals, adjusting priorities, or developing alternative strategies based on
stakeholder feedback. Throughout this process, transparency and accountability
will be maintained, ensuring that stakeholders are kept informed about how their
input has influenced the planning outcomes.

3. Conservation and Restoration Zones

Establishing conservation and restoration zones along the Pansipit River

represents a conscientious effort to protect its ecological well-being. Below is a
proposed strategy for the designation of these zones:

A. Habitat Assessment: Begin by assessing the existing state of habitats along the
Pansipit River. Identify important ecosystems including wetlands, riparian zones,
woodlands, and other ecologically sensitive places. Assess the biodiversity in
these habitats and establish their value in supporting local flora and fauna, such
as planting trees, reviving wetlands, and applying erosion control strategies, in
order to improve the ecosystem's health and functionality.
B. Stakeholder Consultation: Collaborate with local communities, environmental
organizations, government agencies, and other stakeholders to obtain thoughts,
concerns, and suggestions for the Pansipit River's protection and restoration.
Include their feedback in the planning phase to ensure inclusivity and support.
C. Zoning Plan:

Conservation Zones: Identify regions with major ecological significance

as conservation zones. To conserve their natural state, these regions
should be kept free of development and human disruptions. Enforce
stringent rules to prevent habitat damage, pollution, and encroachment.

Restoration Zones: Identify and define regions that have been

deteriorated as a result of human activity or natural disasters. Create
restoration strategies that are suited to each zone's unique requirements,
 such as reforestation, wetland restoration, or erosion control techniques.
Encourage community participation in restoration efforts to instill a sense
of ownership and responsibility.

Buffer Zones: Create buffer zones around conservation and restoration

areas to mitigate the effects of nearby land uses. Buffer zones can assist
reduce pollution, sedimentation, and habitat fragmentation, increasing the
resilience of protected areas.

Access Zones: Areas where controlled public access is authorized for

recreational and educational activities. Take steps to ensure that
recreational activities do not jeopardize the integrity of conservation and
restoration efforts.

D. Adaptive Management: Use an adaptive management method to continuously

assess the efficacy of conservation and restoration initiatives and adjust
strategies as necessary. Monitor changes in environmental conditions, species
populations, and human activities, and alter management strategies as needed to
maximize long-term ecological resilience.

By implementing these measures, the Pansipit River can be transformed into a

model of sustainable river management, benefiting both local communities and
the broader ecosystem.

4. Sustainable Development Areas

The Pansipit River, the only river that flows from Lake Taal into the Balayan Bay,
has long served as a fishing route for locals. This river, which also embraced the west,
is continually altered by the eruptions of the Taal volcano. Stories and creatures had
passed through the ecosystem's waters. Pansipit provides essential biological and
hydrological support to Lake Taal. Nevertheless, there is less focus on Pansipit River in
terms of study, regulations, and activities. The river does not qualify as a major
freshwater environment of conservation concern due to the benefits it provides to
freshwater communities.
 Because of its frequent floods, the Pansipit River seems to pose a threat to
settlements around rivers. Dredging the riverbed has traditionally been one of the
disaster mitigation strategies for the flooding issue, but at a cost of millions of pesos.
There is still no accounting for indirect investment losses brought on by economies
devastated by floods. The Taal Volcano Unrest (2020) revealed a badly silted river bed
and dried up the last portion of the Pansipit River in Taal Heritage Town. A recent visit
in 2021 revealed that Pansipit Delta had been restricted by waves from Balayan Bay,
creating a small outflow laden with trash.

Direct sewage canals from homes and businesses drain into the river. Water
quality declines as a result of conventional farming methods and backyard animal
raising. There is no vegetative buffer along the concreted riverside. Concerns about
water become increasingly prevalent as places become more developed and
commercialized. The river's Pansipit pockets provide a nursery for marine species from
Balayan Bay, strengthening them and increasing their chances of surviving in Lake
Taal's freshwater ecology.

Given that the geophysical changes on the river inhibited the exchange of marine
species, it is also necessary to reconsider Pansipit's biodiversity richness. The
non-native species of tilapia was the typical catch, according to fishing operations.
Most of the plants along the Pansipit are non-native.
 Many people are reluctant to support conservation because they think our society
lacks an intrinsic understanding of sustainability and is shortsighted. Furthermore,
green solutions are frequently seen as anti-economic growth and anti-poor. These are
in addition to the fact that many people are still unaware of the river's value as a
resource and as a conduit for services that it provides to the communities. As a way of
life grows more and more isolated from the river by commerce and industry.
 The following building types would be perfect in this environment:

A. BAMBOO ARCHITECTURE - Bamboo grows quickly and is a renewable

resource that is widely available in the Philippines. Structures made of bamboo
can be strong, robust to local climate conditions, and lightweight. Furthermore,
bamboo farming and harvesting can give nearby populations access to new
markets.
B. GREEN WALLS AND LIVING WALLS - Building designs that use living walls
and green roofs can reduce the effects of urban heat islands, enhance air quality,
and provide habitat for regional wildlife and plants. Additionally, by lowering
erosion and stormwater runoff, these elements can improve the ecosystem
health of rivers.
C. COMMUNITY CENTERS WITH EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES - Constructing
community centers or educational buildings next to the river can act as focal
points for community involvement, environmental research, and education. These
structures can serve as demonstrations of sustainable architecture, offer venues
for cultural and recreational events, and hold lectures on subjects like river
protection and ecosystem restoration.
D. WATERFRONT RESTAURANTS AND CAFE - In addition to serving food that is
locally sourced, environmentally friendly waterfront cafés and restaurants can
also include elements like composting areas, energy-efficient appliances, and
waste minimization strategies in their design. These businesses can encourage
sustainable eating practices while acting as meeting spots for both locals and
visitors.

5. Recreational and Cultural Zones

Cities all across the world have been reviving their connections with rivers and
lakes in recent decades. Waterways, which were often overlooked, are now recognized
as important resources that provide urban dwellers with improved access to waterfront
areas and a variety of recreational opportunities. The resurgence of interest in the urban
river ecology has prompted the creation of a variety of public open spaces, each with a
unique strategy for interacting with the river. These riverfront areas, which range from
 tranquil parks to busy promenades, offer a wealth of chances to interact with and enjoy
the city's natural beauty.

The efforts made by Governor Mandanas and his team have transformed the
Pansipit River in Batangas into a popular tourist attraction. Despite facing numerous
challenges during the project, Mandanas persevered and succeeded through political
will and cooperation. The success of the program was largely due to the increased
awareness among people of the cultural and historical value of the Pansipit River and
Taal Lake, which goes beyond their tourism and economic potential. This realization
allowed for the development of the area to take place in a sustainable and responsible
manner, ensuring that the river and lake remain significant for the people of Batangas.

A comprehensive development plan for recreational and cultural zones is

suggested in order to support tourism, outdoor recreation, and the preservation of
cultural heritage along the Pansipit River. This plan calls for the construction of parks,
trails, waterfront promenades, and cultural heritage sites. Picnic places, vistas, visitor
centers, and explanatory signage will all be included in these areas.

Development Plan for Recreational and Cultural Zones

Parks and Green Spaces: Creating pleasant green areas is the first step.
Examples of these are riverfront parks featuring open lawns, playgrounds, picnic areas,
and groomed gardens. Families and tourists will be able to enjoy themselves at these
parks. Furthermore, it is possible to create instructional and recreational botanical
gardens with native plant species.

Trails and Promenades: Trails for bicycling and hiking should be built along the
riverbanks to encourage outdoor activity and offer picturesque river views. These bike
and hiking trails will showcase the river's and its surroundings' natural beauty. In
addition, waterfront promenades featuring benches and viewing platforms will provide
areas for strolls and river viewing, complemented by historical markers and art pieces.

Cultural Heritage: It is also important to celebrate and preserve the region's

cultural history. To do this, important historical sites along the river should be located,
restored, and accompanied by interpretative signage informing tourists of their
significance both historically and culturally. The creation of cultural hubs honoring the
 region's history and showcasing folklore, traditional crafts, and local history will serve as
locations for performances, workshops, and cultural festivals.

6. Waterfront Access and Connectivity

Water is an essential natural resource that has played a significant role in the
development of communities over time. Port operations and infrastructure are
frequently found along waterfronts, which form the conflux area between water and
land. These are the places where water and urban development meet. Cities and
waterfronts had a close relationship during the industrial era, but this relationship was
strained by the expansion of large ports, trade, and transportation. Port operations
were moved outside of cities, industrial facilities were closed, and transportation
modes were changed as a result of containerization technology.

There are several ways to enhance the Pansipit River, which is an important
waterway in the Philippines that connects Taal Lake to Balayan Bay. These consist of
community involvement, water transportation, environmental preservation, public
spaces and amenities, and infrastructure development. Promenades, walking and
cycling routes, bridges, and boat docks and piers are examples of infrastructure
development. Parks, picnic areas, and waterfront promenades are examples of public
spaces and amenities that draw both tourists and families. Eco-friendly boat tours,
eco-tourism boats, and ferry services are examples of water transportation options.

Green infrastructure techniques, which control stormwater runoff and enhance

water quality, include rain gardens, permeable pavements, and bioswales.
Solar-powered lighting is one example of a renewable energy source that can lower
operating costs and its impact on the environment. Feasibility studies, partnerships
and funding, regulatory compliance, and maintenance and management plans are
some implementation considerations.

Improving Pansipit River waterfront access and connectivity necessitates a

comprehensive strategy that incorporates sustainable practices, community
involvement, infrastructure development, and environmental preservation. The Pansipit
River can develop into a lively and accessible waterway that supports local livelihoods,
encourages tourism, and builds a strong sense of community by giving priority to these
strategies.
 Design Criteria for Waterfront Spaces

Pedestrian Connectivity: On larger sites, adequate pedestrian access should

be provided and linked to the waterfront to increase accessibility, when possible.
These pedestrian paths need to be designed to be safe and comfortable (Pandita et al.
2021). The pedestrian path must be unobstructed along the path and the materials
from which the track is made must be resistant to moisture and surrounding climatic
factors (Amany and Rasha 2020).

Surface Parking: Parking spaces are not recommended along the waterfront
and alternative locations should be provided. However, if it is necessary to provide a
parking lot close to the waterfront, the visibility of cars on the site should be reduced by
planting trees to obscure the view of the parking lot (Pedro 2020).

Vehicular Access: Cars must be separated from pedestrians when they reach
the waterfront. Providing continuous vehicular access external to the pedestrian area
to connect with the neighboring properties is one method of doing this (Oriana and
Marta 2010).

Seating area: Providing seating areas that are appropriate to each space and
are directed towards the waterfront (Min et al. 2019).

Signage: These must be made of durable materials that can withstand moisture
and the environmental conditions surrounding waterfronts (Reyhan et al. 2015).

Walls: Avoid having empty or ugly walls overlooking the waterfront and good
architectural details should be used on building facades to create a visually pleasing
view (Cecil Group Inc 2008).

7. Water Management and Flood Control

 There are many different types of water management techniques and goals.
Techniques include directing extra water away from fields, creating buffer zones for
floodwater, storing water for irrigation, and slowing down water flow with natural river
beds (WWF Baltic Farmer, 2024). Riparian buffers are vital components of a thriving
stream habitat. They offer wildlife value, flood protection, erosion management, and
pollution reduction. The last line of defense for streams is trees. A healthy transition
from land to water can be achieved by creating riparian buffers along streams. These
buffers also help to filter out pollutants and sediment before they reach the water,
improving the quality of the water for both wildlife and humans. Additionally, riparian
buffers can provide shade, which helps regulate water temperature and create a more
stable ecosystem (Riparian forest buffers).

Dikes and levees are hydraulic structures that are built to retain water
(Climate-ADAPT, 2023). Dikes are often parallel to a water body (such as a river or
sea) and have water on only one side. The initial objective of dikes was to safeguard
land that would normally be submerged beneath water by reclaiming it from the sea. In
addition, they also offer defense against sea level rise during severe weather.
Embankments designed to prevent flooding are called levees. Usually made of earthen
embankments, they only contain water on one side. Land that is often dry but could
flood during severe weather is protected by levees. Dikes and levees are both
essential structures for managing water levels and protecting land from potential
flooding. While dikes are typically built along rivers or seas to reclaim land and prevent
submersion, levees are specifically designed to prevent flooding in areas that are
prone to inundation during extreme weather events. Together, these structures play a
crucial role in maintaining the integrity of coastal and riverine landscapes.

8. Monitoring and Adaptive Management

Adaptive Management for the Pansipit River

Land-use planning and community development have changed over the last few
decades to meet a variety of emerging challenges.
 Some of the challenges that have prompted changes in the manner in which
communities are designed and created include low-density development, which leads to
longer commutes, higher petrol costs, traffic congestion, and reduced mobility. It also
results in the loss of agriculture, animal habitat, and natural resources in undeveloped
areas. Air quality and climate change issues arise from automobile emissions and
energy consumption. Traditional landscaping inefficiently uses water, and infrastructure
investments fail to keep up with expansion.

The type and location of labor, as well as a weakening economic foundation in

older urban districts and aging suburbs, are at stake when jobs and businesses relocate
to fresh locations or leave the region entirely.

As the subject of urban planning has progressed, topics that were formerly
peripheral to planning have become increasingly central. Concerns about the
environmental repercussions of land use, for example, prompted the development of
rules and procedures to guarantee that decision-makers and the general public
understand the environmental consequences of actions and that officials take efforts to
reduce or eliminate environmental damage.

Demographic trends have also influenced the sorts of houses and localities that
individuals desire throughout their lifetimes. These trends include shifting family patterns,
such as an increase in the number of smaller households, a rise in the number of
families with three or more generations living together, and "downsizing" by
empty-nesters and retirees.

In reality, the biggest population increase is happening at both ends of the age
spectrum, among the young and the elderly. Squeezed between these two increasing
populations is a busy "sandwich generation" of middle-aged folks, many of whom are
caring for children, grandkids, or aging parents. As a result of these demographic shifts,
local governments have realized that they must prepare for new patterns of land use and
transportation, as well as a broader range of development types.

Concerns concerning the link between health and the built environment are
increasingly being addressed in land-use planning. Local communities are attempting to
revitalize downtowns and major streets, refit auto-oriented suburbs, find new uses for
aging strip malls and retail complexes, and construct new neighborhoods that are
 socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable. Many of these initiatives are
motivated in part by a desire to create healthier and safer neighborhoods in which
citizens have more opportunities for physical activity and access to a variety of nutritious
foods (Institute for Local Government, 2015).

Integrated land use planning is a strategic approach to allocating land for various
uses, balancing economic, social, and environmental values at national or sub-national
levels. It helps decision-makers and land users select the best combination of land uses
to meet multiple needs while safeguarding natural resources and ecosystem services.
This approach addresses issues such as population growth, competing uses of limited
resources, land degradation, and unsustainable urban development. Climate change is
another challenge to land use planning, as it can help prevent climate impacts such as
flooding, drought, water scarcity, and heat stress, while reducing the exposure of
valuable assets to risks. Strategic land use planning can also help prevent and reduce
impacts of natural disasters, such as snow avalanches in Switzerland and Austria. Local
and regional governments can increase resilience to climate change and equip
communities with built-in mechanisms to face and mitigate such changes. To include
climate change in land use planning, vulnerability mapping of current and future climate
conditions should be included in the planning process (European Climate Adaptation
Platform, 2023).

Land Use Map of Cities Surrounding Pansipit River (Past, Present and Future Proposal)

Agoncillo, Batangas
Geographic Location and Topography

Agoncillo is situated as a lakeshore municipality with approximately 10 kilometers

of shoreline along Taal Lake. Bounded to the north by the Municipality of Laurel and to
the south by the Municipalities of Taal and San Nicolas, it is flanked to the east by Taal
Lake and to the west by the Municipality of Lemery. Positioned between 13º 51¹ to 14 º
01¹ latitude and 120 º 54¹ to 120 º 57¹ longitude, Agoncillo covers a land area of 5,133
hectares. Established as a municipality on April 7, 1949, Agoncillo exhibits a variety of
land uses, including mixed development, commercial, industrial/eco. zone, residential,
institutional, agricultural, and special/other uses. The municipality's land area comprises
2.0518 hectares for commercial use, 0.1500 hectares designated for industrial or
economic zones, 22.5473 hectares for residential purposes, and 2.3071 hectares for
institutional use. Additionally, a significant portion of 3,161.50 hectares is allocated for
agricultural activities, while 1,249.73855 hectares are designated for special or other
uses. Notably, there are no protected areas within Agoncillo's jurisdiction.

Demography

Land Area fast facts

In the 2015 census, Agoncillo had a population of 38,059. The population density
was 760 inhabitants per square kilometer (2000/sq mi).

Lemery, Batangas

In the province of Batangas, Lemery is a first-class

municipality situated in the northwest. It shares the
First Congressional District and is made up of 46
barangays, of which 16 are classified as urban and
30 as rural. The municipality is bordered on the
north by the Municipality of Calaca, on the east by
the Municipality of Agoncillo, on the south by the
Municipality of Taal, and on the west by Balayan Bay.

The public market serves as the hub for trade in agricultural and fisheries
products within the municipality. On market days, this is the meeting place for farmers,
wholesalers and casas (for exchanging fish). Here are brought produce and fish caught
not only in Lemery but also neighboring municipalities of Calaca, Balayan, San Nicolas.
San Luis, Taal and Bauan.

Past Land Use of Lemery, Batangas

According to the Land Management Bureau and the National Statistics Office, the
municipality’s total land area is 10,155 hectares; however, the municipal assessor’s
record indicates that the municipality’s entire land area is 6,653.23 hectares. Residence
of Brgy. coastline area said that Sinisian West is the reason for their area’s reduction
over time due to constant erosion caused by water removing sand from the shorelines,
which pushes the coastline further inland. In additional coastal regions, especially in
urban barangays, residents told them that the water had progressively receded from
their places over time, and the dry areas that resulted or were salvaged are now being
used as residential lots.

Land Use Development Trends

In CLUP 2000, land use is classified into four primary categories: built-up land
(which includes residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional sectors), agricultural
land, production forest/watershed regions, and special uses.

1. Since most of the buildings and structures in the CLUP 2010 are used for
residential purposes, a large section of the built-up area is now regarded as a
residential area. Barangays in both urban and rural areas may have this.
2. Barangay Maguihan, Brgy District II, Barangay District III, District IV, Palanas,
Bagong Sikat, Sangalang, and District I are the main locations of the area's
commercial area, which is located along national and provincial routes with
businesses or structures.
3. The smallest percentage of built-up areas, present in both urban and rural areas,
are institutional areas, which include government buildings, educational institutions,
religious institutions, and public health facilities. In contrast to rural regions, which
have barangay offices, schools, chapels, government offices, health centers, and
day care centers, are these areas.
4. Based on ArcGIS computation, the agricultural area was adjusted to include
1,807.4800 hectares more. This includes all agricultural land, whether it is used for
farming or not, as well as potential areas, idle, wet, and/or undeveloped land,
including fishponds. 3,723.0000 hectares are suitable for agricultural production,
according to the Municipal Agriculturist's records. These are the agricultural lands
that are used for agricultural services and are planted with a variety of crops,
including palay, corn, garlic, onions, and other vegetables.
Development Constraints and List of Prioritized Issues and Concerns

Because of its low, level terrain and close proximity to the Pansipit River, Lemery
is a catch basin that frequently floods. The town's level geography adds to water sources
from upland areas and neighboring municipalities, and heavy rains and storms can be
dangerous for people and property.

Because of Taal Volcano's proximity to the area, natural dangers include storm
surges, landslides, sea level rise, and volcanic eruptions. Commercial districts' narrow
roadways impede traffic flow and have an impact on tourism. The increasing number of
people means that jobs and basic needs like energy, housing, and education are in high
demand. In addition to endangering their lives, informal squatters in disaster-prone areas
impede important projects.
 They also contaminate the Pansipit River and Balayan Bay's water supply. The
lack of suitable recreational and irrigation amenities highlights the residents' reliance on
assistance from the local authorities. In certain places, encroachment is also evident,
especially near water course and riverbanks. Another issue is the mindset of the
populace, since some prefer financial aid to self-sufficiency. Funds for capital aid and
livelihood training have been allocated, but these choices are still controversial.

Future Land Use of Lemery, Batangas

Several criteria are considered when determining the future land use of Lemery,
Batangas. Urbanization is expected to increase as populations and economic activity
develop. This could take the shape of increased residential, commercial, and industrial
growth in the municipality. Furthermore, government investment in infrastructure projects
such as roads and public transit networks has the potential to influence land use
patterns by making them more accessible and offering up new development
opportunities. Lemery's proximity to tourist sites such as Taal Volcano and Taal Lake
offers potential for tourism development, which could lead to the construction of
tourism-related infrastructure such as hotels, resorts, and recreational facilities.

Total Land Utilization by 2021

ADDL. LAND
TOTAL
AREA LAND
LAND AREA
AREA REQUIREMENT REQ.
IN HAS.
LAND USE CATEGORIES 2011 2012-2021 2012-2021

Residential 759.8275 106.9000 866.7275

Commercial 88.6200 334.7576 423.3776
 Institutional 62.3400 5.5600 67.9000
Agriculture 5531.4800 -552.0480 4979.4320
Agro industrial 4.0000 10.0000 14.0000
Protection forest/watershed 3258.0000 0.0000 3258.0000
Industrial 23.4900 13.0000 36.4900
Tourism 164.0825 21.7255 185.808
Cemeteries 9.5893 4.1149 13.7042
Mangrove 20.3407 0 20.3407
Water bodies 4.9980 0 4.9980
Parks &
Recreation/greenpasture 1.8000 2.8487 4.6487
Infrastructure/r/utilities/roads 221.25 54.4900 275.7400
Disposal facility/landfill 5.182 -1.3487 3.8333

10155.000
10155 0
Source:Actual survey/mpdc data

PROPOSED GENERAL LAND USE PLAN

RESIDENTIAL
The Comprehensive Land Use Plan has earmarked the expansion of residential areas
toward identified rural barangays with an aggregate area of 868.7275 hectares to include
for the proposed resettlement and socialized housing and for residential purposes in the
poblacion area. Residential subdivision is eyed in upland area such as Payapa Ilaya and
or Payapa Ibaba. The socialized housing however, include relocation sites which are
proposed in barangays Payapa Ilaya, Ayao-iyao, Tubigan , Mataas na Bayan, Talaga,
Maigsing Dahilig, Nonong Casto and Malinis. A 1 hectare lot at sitio Arandatis is
proposed for development for the informal settlers to be affected by infrastructure
development at Brgy. District IV and Bagong Sikat.
The subdivisions at Matingain II, Bucal, and Malinis could be used for socialized
housing, negotiating with landowners for affordable options. Despite available lots, many
can't afford them. Total land for residential use: 868.7275 hectares.

Commercial Area
The Comprehensive Land Use Plan designates 423.3776 hectares for commercial use.
As urban commercial areas are saturated, expansion is proposed towards barangay
Malinis and beyond, including areas eastward of the National Highway south of Malinis
diversion road and an area 200 meters eastward of the National Highway at barangay
Malinis to promote commercial development.

The 100-meter stretch on both sides of the national highway from portions of Brgy.
Malinis to Sinisian West, Mahayahay to Brgy. Mayasang, and from Malinis to Ayao-iyao
are designated for accommodating locators and investors. Additionally, a 5-hectare
agricultural area eastward of the national highway to Pansipit river in Brgy. District IV will
be repurposed for commercial development in the urban zone.

A one (1) hectare area is allotted for a satellite market at Payapa Ilaya to cater to
agricultural produce of farmers which later on could be developed into commercialized
centre in upland area. This could be possible thru partnership with private investors.

Institutional
The municipality’s institutional facilities have a total area of 67.4000 hectares. This will
accommodate the need for additional health centers to cater health services in the rural
barangays , other facilities such as Day Care Centers, expansion of education facilities
from elementary to tertiary level.

Utilities/Roads
CLUP 2021 allocates 275.7400 hectares for utility construction, including slope
protection, road widening with drainage, construction along the Pansipit River, and
additional cell sites in various barangays. To fund these projects, negotiation with private
corporations as LGU partners will be pursued for capital investment.
Tourism
Most tourism in the municipality centers around the resort area, especially the
proposed resort spa at Brgy. Talaga. Additionally, the sanitary landfill and mangrove
areas serve for eco-tourism and educational purposes. Baywalks or linear parks near
Balayan Bay shores serve as both recreational spaces and embankment protection.
These projects can be achieved with assistance from other government agencies and
through public-private partnerships with private investors. Total tourism area: 181.5825
hectares.

Parks and Recreation

Parks and recreation shall be established in various areas in the municipality with
a total area of 6.8742 hectares for the urban tree parks, the basketball courts and/or
covered courts and 1.3487 hectares disposal facility. This facility is subject for
mandatory closure for rehabilitation and protection and to utilize as open space/park. A
proposed tree parks will be established at Brgy. Mayasang, District I, Palanas, District IV
, Bagong Sikat and Wawa Ibaba to protect the environment and promote urban
greening.

PROPOSED WATER USE

The water flowing in the rivers, streams and creeks including the water in most
lakes and ponds are classified as surface water. Lemery’s municipal water has a total
area of 9,000.000 hectares. Of the said area, 2,000.000 hectares is utilized for tourism
specifically for recreational resorts. Fish cages were also allocated the same area at
0.0060 hectares.

Rehabilitation and protection of Balayan Bay and its coastal resources is

included in the LGU plan. Mangrove and fish sanctuary expansion are both necessary.
Mangroves, aside from providing protection, also serve as spawning ground for different
varieties of fishes and this will be increased from 8.0000 hectares covering Brgy.
Palanas and Mataas na Bayan to 13.0000 hectares. This additional 5.0000 hectares is
proposed at Brgy. Palanas, an area adjacent to the present mangrove area. An
additional 1.3500 hectares fish sanctuary is proposed at Nonong Casto bringing the total
to 7.5300 hectares.
 In Lemery, the main river that conveys the surface water to Taal Lake is the
Pansipit River. Its area of 5.0000 hectares was retained. Proposed widening and
deepening of the Pansipit River is important for Lemerenos, particularly the area
between Nonong Castro and Sambal Ilaya where bancas of most fisherfolks are placed
for protection during rainy/habagat season. Likewise, in Wawa Ibaba and Taal near the
Taal-Lemery bridge but will have to take into consideration its historical depth. Thorough
study on Environmental impact on siltation and dredging shall be undertaken. The
Environmental Compliance Certificate and Non compliance certificate is essential, hence
be secured before dredging activity is undertaken.

For the protection of Pansipit River, rehabilitation of existing drainage canals

especially in the poblacion area is ongoing. The municipality has a Master Drainage
Plan as a basis for the construction of drainages especially in the poblacion. As a
mitigating measure against water pollution of Pansipit River, wastewater treatment
facilities are required to be installed for all locators within the freshwater zone. For waste
water discharges from different barangays, all drainage outlets going to Pansipit river
must have a wastewater treatment facility under the Clean Water Act.

For commercial establishments, all the necessary permits are required to secure
prior to any construction. Measures for protection of Pansipit River are mandated to be
implemented which include construction of water impounding and treatment facilities.

With regards to the water quality monitoring of the Pansipit River, it is initiated by
the Batangas Environmental Laboratory. Considering the presence of informal settlers
along the area of Pansipit River in Lemery, the municipality has proposed a plan for their
relocation instead an alternate route along the area from barangay Bagong Sikat will be
established and Informal settlers will be transferred to Brgy. Payapa Ilaya.
San Nicolas, Batangas

During the Moro piracy, the town of

Taal was situated on the west coast of Taal
Lake, and is now known as the Barrio of San
Nicolas. San Nicolas de Tolentino, the patron
saint of the area, is the source of the name.
Malays from Borneo were the original
occupants, and they governed the barrio in
accordance with their encroachment. The teniente del barrio has been in charge of the
neighborhood since the Spaniards brought a more democratic system of government.
 The Taal Volcano is one of the main causes of the changes in the region.
Thirteen eruptions in three hundred years caused major damage in the surrounding area
of this volcano. Barrios like Subic, Bilibinwang, Banyaga, Alas-as, and Pulang Bato are a
few of the ones that have been abandoned. These barrios' inhabitants almost all
perished. People from Maabud, Tambo, Munlawin, and Saimsim now live in these
barrios.

The most notable eruption of 1754 was a six-month long quake that produced
strong tidal waves and violent earthquakes. The lush valley gave rise to Taal Lake,
formerly known as Bonbon Lake. San Nicolas, formerly known as Kumintang town, was
entirely covered in rocks and lava, and the old church was demolished. After escaping, a
few survivors came back and established the town that is now known as Taal in a forest
seven kilometers away.

Existing Land Use Plan of San Nicolas, Batangas

San Nicolas is separated into 18 barangays, as can be seen. Of these, two are
island barangas or offshore, and sixteen are on the mainland. Poblacion, Abelo,
Baluk-baluk, Tagudtod, Maabud North, Balete, and Bancoro are seven of the sixteen
barangays on the mainland that are lakeshore, with the other barangays being
categorized as flat and gentle slopes. The TVPL contains the two island barangays,
Alas-as and Pulang Bato. Pulang Bato was formerly a Sitio under Brgy authority.
Unfortunately, that was before Republic Act No. 1687 was passed, which separated the
aforementioned Sitio as a separate barangay from the Alas-as barrio. Within the borders
of San Nicolas, there are no known barangay conflicts.

Land Classification

The entire mainland of the municipality of San Nicolas is classified as fully

Alienable and Disposable (A&D) on the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources' (DENR) land classification map, meaning that properties may be purchased
and given titles. However, the most recently approved TVPL Management Plan also
maps the TVI portion of the municipality as Unclassified Public Forest.

Land Cover

The municipality of San Nicolas is primarily made up of grasslands (15.08%) and

annual crops (26.19%), according to data from the NAMRIA for 2015. The most common
land cover on the mainland is built-up areas and annual crops, whereas the majority of
the landform in the TVI is made up of brushlands, grasslands, and open/barren areas.
The Pansipit River in the mainland region and Taal Lake in the TVI region make up the
majority of the inland waters.

Land Cover Area %

Annual Crop 668.82 26.19

Brush/Shrubs 353.16 13.83

Built-up 239.65 9.38

Grassland 385.13 15.08

Inland Water 62.46 2.45

Open/Barren 236.88 9.27

 Perennial Crop 263.71 10.33

Others/Unidentified 344.19 13.48

TOTAL 2554 100

With the aid of ground surveying, participatory mapping, and GIS software, an
inventory of the current land uses was completed. According to the findings, about 33%
of the land is put to use for agriculture. Sugarcane and root crops like cassava are the
two principal crops farmed in the region. Still, about 6% is allocated to urban uses. Due
to its barren nature, Taal Volcano Island, which presently comprises roughly 45% of the
municipality's total land area, is recognized as an open space.

Land Use Area %

Agricultural Use 844.39 33.06

Urban Use

● Residential 138.32 5.42

● Commercial 1.51 0.06

● Institutional 6.94 0.27

● Agri-industrial 1.04 0.04

● Cemetery 2.26 0.09

● Industrial 0.22 0.01

Sports and Recreational 0.92 0.04

Tourism 0.28 0.01

Infrastructure Use (Roads) 32.41 1.27

 Rivers and Creeks 18.76 0.73

Open Spaces (Taal Volcano Island) 1144.17 44.80

Functional Open Spaces 18.70 0.73

Others 344.08 13.47

TOTAL 2554 100

Urban Use Area Exposure and Risk to Hazards

During the Moro piracy, the town of Taal was situated on the west coast of Taal
Lake, and is now known as the Barrio of San Nicolas. San Nicolas de Tolentino, the
patron saint of the area, is the source of the name. Malays from Borneo were the original
occupants, and they governed the barrio in accordance with their encroachment. The
teniente del barrio has been in charge of the neighborhood since the Spaniards brought
a more democratic system of government.

The Taal Volcano is one of the main causes of the changes in the region.
Thirteen eruptions in three hundred years caused major damage in the surrounding area
of this volcano. Barrios like Subic, Bilibinwang, Banyaga, Alas-as, and Pulang Bato are a
few of the ones that have been abandoned. These barrios' inhabitants almost all
perished. People from Maabud, Tambo, Munlawin, and Saimsim now live in these
barrios.

The most notable eruption of 1754 was a six-month long quake that produced
strong tidal waves and violent earthquakes. The lush valley gave rise to Taal Lake,
formerly known as Bonbon Lake. San Nicolas, formerly known as Kumintang town, was
entirely covered in rocks and lava, and the old church was demolished. After escaping, a
few survivors came back and established the town that is now known as Taal in a forest
seven kilometers away.

The San Nicolas Ladies Club honored Miss Marcelina de Sagun with a party in
1954 after she passed the board exam for midwifery. Senior citizens, such as Atty. It was
suggested by Exequiel D. Caringal, Jose R. Caringal, Herminigildo de Sagun, and
Maximo Atienza that San Nicolas be established as a new municipality. Senator Jose P.
Laurel and Provincial Governor Feliciano Leviste led the committee's delegation to the
president.
Future Land Use Plan of San Nicolas, Batangas

Tourism Circuit Plan

With Taal Volcano Island activities presently having less of an impact due to the
volcano's unpredictability, the municipality's tourism will concentrate on the eco-tourist
attractions that are now located on the mainland.

Pansipit River Development

The settings found beside rivers are ideal for ecotourism. In particular, the
rehabilitation and development of the Pansipit River can assist the community both
monetarily and in terms of many ecosystem benefits. The objective of the prior (2013)
Ecotourism Business Plan and Product Manual is to create a co-management position
that unites the tourism sector along the Pansipit River with the neighboring municipalities
of Taal and Agoncillo.

The river is ideal for rafting and paddling because of its lower depth when
compared to other riverine systems.
Activities: Bike trails and jogging/hiking

Future Development

● River Cruise - From the Agoncillo-San Nicolas Bridge, a river cruise route
on bamboo rafts and small non-motorized outrigger bancas will begin,
ending six (6) kilometers downstream to the Lemery Bridge.
❖ Parking is available at San Nicolas Municipal Hall, from where a shuttle
service will make guests arrive at the starting place
❖ A unique river experience can also be had by using bamboo rafts
equipped with seats that can hold two to three people.
❖ At the floating balsa, a package meal or boodle combat meal may also
be provided upon the tourists' request.
❖ The current Local Government Unit administration promotes
collaboration with the private sector to be able to provide additional
viable activities connected to tourism, including ziplining, wall climbing,
and kayaking travels.
● Existing Bike Trails - Current bicycle paths: The easement will be designed
to incorporate a biking and strolling path with places to relax where you can
do line fishing. In addition to preventing erosion and pollution and offering
locals a green space and recreational area, a sustainable easement trail
planted with native vegetation will help restore the biodiversity of the river. It
will also act as a buffer between the river and the nearby farming and
residential areas. The minimum distance from the river ridge to the bike and
pedestrian trail along the easement is 1.20 meters.
● Other proposer facilities:
❖ Picnic cottages and restrooms
❖ Tree house development on Agoncillo side of the river
❖ Hanging bridge
❖ Small jetty
❖ Rest stops/viewing and fishing decks – ideally accommodate less than
10 people; organic material for construction (ideally recycled timber or
moist-treated bamboo)
Taal, Batangas

Taal is a seaside municipality in

Batangas. The municipality's land area
is 29.76 square kilometers (11.49
square miles), accounting for 0.96% of
Batangas' total area. The population as
of the 2020 Census was 61,460. This
accounted for 2.11% of the total
population of Batangas province, or
0.38% of the whole CALABARZON
area. Based on these numbers, the
population density is calculated as
2,065 people per square kilometer or 5,349 people per square mile (PhilAtlas, 2024). The
overall land uses of the 2976.42 hectares are divided into built-up, agricultural, and special
usage (Acuzar, 2016).

Location

The Municipality of Taal is located at latitudes 13–53–00 N and longitude 120 - 56 - 00 E.

It is bordered on the north by the Municipality of San Nicolas and on the east by the Municipality
of Sta. Teresita is bordered by the Municipality of San Luis to the south and the Municipality of
Lemery to the west. Taal's entire land area is 2976.42 hectares. It consists of 42 barangays.
There are 14 urban and 28 rural barangays. Table No. depicts the distribution of population by
barangay. Urban areas occupy around 97.27 hectares, whereas rural regions occupy 2879.15
hectares. Buli has the most land area of any rural barangay, with 260.65 hectares, while Niogan
has the lowest, at 2.55 hectares (Acuzar, 2016).

Transportation Network - Circulation System

Taal is reachable via land. It is approximately 23.8 kilometers from Batangas City, the
provincial capital. The CALABARZON highway connects Manila with Taal, going via Lipa City
and the municipalities of Cuenca, Alitagtag, and Sta. Teresita. Another route takes you via
Tagaytay City before turning left at the Nasugbu Boundary and traveling through the Municipality
of Lemery. The national road serves as the primary admission and outflow route connecting the
municipality to the municipalities of Sta. Teresita, Lemery, Agoncillo, and Saint Nicolas.
Provincial highways joining the towns of San Luis and San Nicolas, as well as the Poblacion to
Barangays, connect to the major route.

Transportation Network - Road Network

In 2005, the total road kilometerage was 76,688.67. Thus, the density is 30.39
kilometers per 100 hectares of land. This is over the requirement of 1.5 km/100 hectares of
land. The road system is categorized as national (9,182.30 km) and provincial (6,424.05 km),
municipal (8,368.68 km), and barangay (52.707.64 km). Pavement types include 73.38%
concrete, 9.49% asphalt, 1.56% gravel, and 15.59% earth-filled. Roads are now being restored
and developed using municipal and barangay funds. The urban road is 8,368.68 kilometers
long, with a total urban population of 9270; the present urban population ratio is 0.90 km/1,000
inhabitants. Taal's urban roadways are insufficient in comparison to the recommended 2.4km
per 1000 inhabitants. While there are ample country roads, this does not prevent the LGU from
opening barangay roads.

Source: Municipal Engineering Office

Bridges

By form of administration, there are two (2) national bridges (Butong and Balisong) and
one (1) provincial bridge (Butong Bridge). Ten (10) are concrete, whereas two (2) are steel.
 Source: Municipal Engineering Office

Legend:

L - Length (in meter)

W - Width (in meter)

LC - Load Capacity ( in metric tons)

Education

Education is significant because it refers to the ways by which a society transmits its
knowledge, culture, and values from generation to generation. Individuals grow physically,
emotionally, cognitively, morally, and socially as they receive an education. As a result, the
municipal government prioritizes it. Taal has 21 schools for the school year 2004-2005, with four
(4) being private and the rest 17 being public.

St. Martin Montessori, a private school, provides pre-elementary and elementary

education; Our Lady of Caysasay Academy (OLCA), another private school, provides
pre-elementary, elementary, and secondary education; Rizal College of Taal, on the other hand,
provides secondary and tertiary education; and Fame Academy of Science and Technology
(FAST), which only provides secondary education. Of the 17 public schools, 16 provide
pre-primary and elementary education, with Taal Central School, located on Calle G. Marella,
having the greatest land area at 21,998 square meters. Taal National High School, a public
school, provides secondary education and has a total land area of 7,183 square meters.
According to the chart above, thirteen public schools have an administration office, one has
sports facilities, nine have a shop/practical arts room, one has a laboratory room, all have a
playground, nine have clinic facilities, and fourteen have an H.E. Two rooms have canteens,
each has a stage, and all must have a restroom. All four private schools have laboratories,
libraries, sports gyms, administrative offices, clinics, playgrounds, and canteens. In the school
year 2005-2006, Taal public schools had 5,815 primary pupils, 547 of them were pre-elementary
students.

Health Resources, Facilities and Services

The Municipality of Taal presently has a two-storey Rural Health Unit (RHU) at Tierra
Alta, Taal, Batangas, which provides health services to the 42 barangays. There are just two (2)
public health nurses, six midwives, two sanitary inspectors, one dentist, and one medical
technician. It oversees twenty-eight (28) barangays and conducts medical and dental
consultations on a regular basis.

The fundamental instruments for diagnosing sickness and detecting vital signs
accessible in RHUs include a sphygmomanometer, stethoscope, and so on. Some instruments
required for health programs include a microscope (PTB Program) and dental equipment
(Dental Care Program). We also offer autoclaves, minor sets, and pap smear instruments. The
most recent acquisition is a blood analyzer machine. The RHU's primary purpose is to ensure
the correct execution of various DOH disease prevention initiatives.

The DOH has delegated public health programs and projects to the LGUs in charge of
primary health care, maternal and child health care, dental health, nutrition, family planning,
environmental health, and communicable and noncommunicable disease control. Taal has two
(2) private hospitals in the absence of a municipal hospital. These include Taal Polymedic
Hospital and Assumpta Medical Hospital. Both are classified as secondary hospitals and are
accredited by the Philippine Health Insurance. They are outfitted with sophisticated medical
facilities and comforts. Other medical treatments include internal medicine, dental, optical, and
clinical services.
Housing

According to the 1990 NSO Census, the total population was 34,925, with 6,472 homes.
The average household size then is 5.39. In 1995, the population climbed to 38,722, with a total
of 7,186 dwellings. The census year 2000 recorded 43,455 total population and 8,381 total
homes. The predicted total population for 2005 is 48,759, with 9,413 dwellings. The average
household size is 5.18. According to the 1990 Census of Population and dwelling, the
municipality has 6,595 dwelling units, 97% of which are occupied (or 6,369). There were 226
unoccupied dwelling units at the time of the survey. These are housing units with absentee
owners who live and work elsewhere in the nation or abroad.

Source: Municipal Engineering Office

The overall residential area is 346.82 hectares, with a residential density of 141
inhabitants per hectare. The municipality is a low-density region. Household density is 27
households per hectare of residential land. Given this statistic, the average lot size is 370
square meters. The urban residential areas encompass 61.15 hectares, with a population of
9,270. The urban density is 30 households per hectare of residential space, resulting in an
average lot size of 333 square meters.
Infrastructure and Utilities Sector - Water

Three (3) distinct municipal systems serve the Municipality of Taal. One is located in
Barangay Buli and uses a deep well/pump/gravity to serve Barangays M. Ludlod, Buli, and
Bihis. There is another one in Barangay Seiran that uses a spring/reservoir/pump to serve
Barangay T. Maria, Caysasay, Seiran, and the remainder of the Poblacion region. Another one
is at Balisong, which makes use of an existing reservoir and deep well. Another Municipal
System is under development on San Martin St. in Poblacion Zone 11. Taal Water District
serves a total of 2,846 homes. Only 23 of the forty-two (2) barangays are serviced. The
remaining barangays are supplied by the Barangay Water Works System, which is run by an
organization sponsored by the barangay and independent of the municipal system.

Infrastructure and Utilities Sector - Power

Prior to May 7, 1984, the Taal Electric System (TELS) provided electric service in the
municipality under a municipal concession given by the former Public Service Commission in
1957. Because of economic difficulties, inflation, and rampant energy theft, the local
government, via the intervention of the National Electrification Administration (NEA), transferred
the operation and management of TELS to Batangas I Electric Cooperative, Inc. (BATELEC I).
Both TELS and BATELEC I get and purchase power from the National Power Corporation's
(NPC) substation in Butong, Taal, Batangas. The current energization rate is 100% since all 42
barangays are powered. The electricity source is BCFTPP/Luzon Grid, which is located in
Calaca, Batangas. It operates two (2) substations that service the municipality. The first is in
Palanas, Lemery, while the second is in Barangay Butong. It has a total of 9,232 connections,
including residential, commercial, and street lighting, with an average monthly use of 1,102,777
kilowatt hours.

Waste Management

The current dumpsite is at Buliran, Brgy. Pook, where the municipality's three small
dump trucks are emptying the segregated waste gathered in the Poblacion regions. Meanwhile,
inhabitants in the barangays dispose of their solid trash in a variety of ways, including dumping
pits, burning, and tossing it in streams and along roadsides. To correspond to the regulations of
R.A. 9003 and Municipal Ordinance No. 01 Series of 2004, the Buliran Dumpsite was created
with a gate and fence to prohibit people from depositing their rubbish at this site, and it is
currently used as a material recovery facility for garbage segregation. The solid wastes in this
facility are treated using chemicals purchased to minimize bad odors while also cleaning them.
Currently, the local government has bought a 9000-square-meter land in Barangay Gahol for the
proposed material recovery plant. A solid waste machine capable of grinding collected rubbish
and converting it into ornamental bricks was acquired. The municipality operates a garbage
collection system. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable trash are collected separately. In
2005, there was no landfill, therefore rubbish was thrown in a stream between Poblacion and
Barangay Pook. There are three (3) trash trucks being used. Most people burn or bury their
domestic garbage.

Cemeteries and Burial Grounds

The municipality features two (2) cemeteries and a memorial park close to each other, all
situated in Barangay Tierra Alta. It handles interment needs not only for Taal but also for the
nearby towns of San Luis, San Nicolas, and Sta. Teresa. Both the Roman Catholic and
municipal cemeteries are already packed. Holy Land Memorial, a private memorial park that
offers a new trend in burial practice, is offered to those who can afford the expense. The total
area occupied by these burial cemeteries is 38,461 square meters.

Agriculture

Taal is not just a historic town, but also an agricultural community. Agriculture and
livestock are the main sources of revenue. Poultry raising and fishing. The municipality has a
total land area of 2976 hectares, with 2523.22 hectares, or 84.77%, classified as agricultural.
Crop production accounted for 1119.43 hectares, or 44.36%.
Existing Land Use Plan of Taal, Batangas

Built-up Areas

Built-up areas are continuous regions occupied by a cluster of at least ten (10) structures
with land use categories such as residential, commercial, institutional, open space, and
roadways, totaling 435.71 hectares (14.64% of total land area). Built-up areas in urban
barangays or Poblacion total 75.53 hectares, accounting for 17.34% of total built-up area. The
remaining 82.66%, or 360.17 hectares, is rural built-up land. The gross built-up density is 112
people per hectare, whereas urban built-up

The density is 123 people per hectare, whereas the rural built-up density is 110 people per
hectare.

Table captured from the documents of Municipality of Taal (2016) | Accessed on May 13, 2024

Residential Areas

Residential areas account for 346.81 hectares, or 79.60% of total built-up areas and
approximately 11.65% of total land area. Rural areas account for 285.66 hectares, or 65.56% of
these residential areas. With 9413 households spread among 1812 urban households and 7601
rural households, the residential area household density is 141 households per hectare.
Residential areas in rural areas are typically located along highways, while some are next to
farmlands where people prefer to swarm or dwell together. The urban area has a residential
density of 152 people per hectare. Household density is 30 households per hectare of
residential land. The average lot size per dwelling is 333 square meters. Rural regions have a
residential density of 138 people per hectare. Household density is 27 households per hectare
of residential land. The average lot size is 370 square meters per dwelling.

Commercial Areas

Commercial areas cover 6.14 hectares, or roughly 1.41% of the total built-up area. The
Poblacion barangays, notably along M.H., are commercial hotspots. Del Pilar Street and various
business establishments distributed across the Poblacion. Most residential blocks have sari-sari
stores, cafes, and other businesses in addition to residential homes.

Institutional Areas

Institutional areas include the Municipal Building, churches, chapels, educational

institutions, health care facilities, and other institutional establishments. The entire institutional
area is 17.64 hectares, accounting for 4.05% of the total built-up area. The urban institutional
areas number 5.32 hectares, whereas the rural institutional spaces total 12.32 hectares.

Functional Areas

The covered court, chapel, patio, and playfields take up 0.79 hectares of urban usable
open space. The municipal cemetery is located in Barangay Tierra Alta and covers 8.36
hectares. The 0.93-hectare dumpsite is located in Barangay Gahol.
Roads

Taal's road network includes 50.99 hectares, with urban roads accounting for 5.81
hectares. The country roads occupy around 45.18 hectares. The overall area represents
approximately 11.70% of the built-up area. These are the national, provincial, municipal, and
barangay roadways.

Table captured from the documents of Municipality of Taal (2016) | Accessed on May 13, 2024

Agricultural Areas

The municipality is predominantly agricultural, accounting for 2523.22 hectares, or

around 84.77% of total land area. Sugarcane, the town's main crop, is largely grown on
agricultural fields. Food crops include coconuts, corn, bananas, root crops, coffee, vegetables,
fruit trees, and other agricultural products. Other agricultural operations include fisheries and
livestock/poultry production.

Special Use Areas

Agro-industrial, industrial, and tourism special use areas cover a total of 17.50 hectares
(0.5880% of total land area).
Waterbodies

The different water basins that pass through the municipality are only considered
intermittent rivers.

Future Urban Land Use Plan of Taal, Batangas

Taal's population is divided into fourteen (14) barangays, or Zones 1-14. Its entire land
area is 97.27 hectares. It serves as the focal point for both big and small municipal events. The
ground is rather level, with gradients ranging from 0 to 3%. The population is limited to the north
by Barangay Caysasay, south by Barangay Butong, east by Barangay Niogan, and west by the
Pansipit River. The population is accessible by land. It is served by public transportation such as
jeepneys, buses, and tricycles. As of 2005, the total urban population was 9270. With an area of
97.27 hectares, the urban density is 95 people per hectare, making the Poblacion a low-density
region. There is a significant concentration of residential, commercial, and institutional buildings.

Table captured from the offices of the Municipal Engineer / Mun Assessor/MPDC (2016) | Accessed on May 13, 2024

Residential Areas

The center of the Poblacion is mostly used for residential purposes. According to a foot
survey, residential areas account for 61.15 hectares, or approximately 62.87% of the total urban
area. Residential blocks are typically mixed with minor business operations and institutional
structures. In terms of structural quality, most residential units are low or medium, composed of
light mixed and semi-concrete construction materials, with the majority being single detached,
while other kinds are found in significant quantities. Most buildings along the popular Poblacion
roadways are two-story, with the second story being used as dwellings and the bottom floor as
commercial areas (Acuzar, 2016).

Commercial Areas

Commercial areas cover 2.46 hectares, or around 2.53% of the total urban area. The
temporary public market in Poblacion Zone 7 serves as the municipality's commercial hub. A fire
devastated the public market in 2004, so traffic was halted to make room for the newly erected
stall, which will function as a temporary public market. Minor and significant business
establishments are primarily lined up along M.H. Del Pilar Street and other small business
establishments are spread around the Poblacion. Most residential blocks have sari-sari stores,
cafes, and other businesses in addition to residential homes.

Institutional Areas

Urban institutional areas include the Municipal Building, churches and chapels,
educational and health facilities, and other locations used by institutions. The overall institutional
area is 5.32 hectares. This represents around 5.47% of the total urban area. The educational
sector accounts for the biggest part of the institutional area.

Functional Open Spaces

Functional open spaces include parks, church patios, and playfields. These are situated
along the institutional districts. This usage covered 0.79 hectares, or around 0.81% of the total
urban area.
Roads

Municipal streets comprise 83.69 kilometers and have an average width of 5.0 meters.
The urban road network covers around 5.81 hectares, or 5.97% of the total urban area.

Agricultural Areas

Agricultural areas found in the urban core total 21.20 hectares or 21.80% of the total
urban area.

Tourism Area

Tourism urban lots in the Poblacion account for 0.54 hectares, or 0.55% of the overall
urban area. These properties are located between the residential lots in the center. The National
Historical Institute (NHI) classified sections of the urban area as Taal Heritage Village, bordered
by Calle G. Marella and Calle Tomas. Cabrera and Calle Dr. M. Castillo are to the north; Calle A.
De Joya, Calle Marcela Agoncillo, and Calle Justice Ramon Diokno are to the west; Calle Rizal
is to the south; and Calle San Martin is to the east (Acuzar, 2016).

II.2 Presentation of Case Studies

Coastal Resilience Project Improves Waterfront Access and Greenway Connectivity in

New York
 Hurricane Sandy was a "superstorm" that devastated 900 miles of coastline, killed 147
people, and cost $70 billion in damages in the US. It also destroyed power from Maine to
Florida. Hurricane Sandy in New York City, which resulted in record storm surges, destroyed
homes, and damaged 69,000 residential units, East Coast communities had to adjust to the
changing climate. Comprehensive resilient methods are being implemented through
government-funded programs such as East Side Coastal resilient.

The original government financing went into the ESCR project, which seeks to enhance
public access, recreational amenities, and multi-use places in order to increase access to the
East River shoreline. The project's interdisciplinary design team works with governmental
organizations to mitigate the risk of coastal flooding.

New York City is making investments in infrastructure to make walking and bicycling safer,
especially along waterfront routes that are susceptible to storm surges. During ESCR, the
Manhattan Greenway will be rebuilt with separate pathways for bikes and walkers through
Stuyvesant Cove Park and a shared walkway that will span 22 feet through East River Park.
Linking East River Park and Captain Patrick Brown Walk, a shared-use flyover bridge
cantilevers over the northbound FDR Drive, elevating walkers and bicycles above and safely
away from motorized traffic. The "pinch point," a long-standing access issue along the
greenway, will also be fixed by the flyover bridge.

Another important aspect of ESCR is public access to the waterfront, as 2.9 million New
Yorkers live within a half-mile of it. Since waterfront zoning established public access
requirements 25 years ago, more than 1.25 million square feet of waterfront public access areas
have been built citywide, and an additional 5.4 million square feet have been proposed for
construction.

In order to provide universal access at important intersections and allow all users to cross
the FDR Drive safely, the ESCR includes enhancements to East River Park's Houston Street
entrance as well as the entire reconstruction of three pedestrian bridges that span the FDR
Drive. East River Park's phased building plan guarantees that 42% or more of the open space
will be accessible to the public while ESCR is being built.
Ilo-Ilo Batiano River Development Project

Located in the heart of Iloilo City, Philippines, the Iloilo River Esplanade is a remarkable
urban development initiative. This breathtaking waterfront project showcases how cities can
rejuvenate their riverfront areas, promote sustainable environments, and elevate the overall
well-being of the local community and tourists (Penroilo, 2023).

According to Urban Nature Atlas (June 2022), the Iloilo River Rehabilitation Project
involved the creation of the Iloilo River Esplanade, a promenade and linear park along the Iloilo
River. Landscape architect Paulo Alcazaren designed the largest linear park in the Philippines.
The esplanade serves multiple purposes, including defending against potential flood damage,
promoting biodiversity, and storing carbon through mangroves. Additionally, the project aims to
establish an educational ecotourism hub and a lifestyle hub for the community. The location was
previously an old, shadeless dike road that was built solely to prevent flooding. The renovation
has received numerous awards, demonstrated its impact on public amenities, and has attracted
a significant number of tourists to the city.

The population along the Iloilo River bank has grown rapidly due to urbanization, leading
to problems such as uncontrolled trash disposal, indiscriminate mangrove cutting, conversion of
river banks into fishponds, and informal settlements. In 2003, the Iloilo River Development
Council created the Iloilo River Master Plan to involve the public in revitalizing and preserving
the river. The council, later renamed the Iloilo-Batiano River Development Council (IBRDC),
served as a forum for communication and program coordination for the restoration of the Iloilo
River, with the mayor of the city presiding over it.

In 2011, two river summits were held to establish a framework for future action planning
and decision-making based on agreement. The goal was to develop strategies and tactics for
the Council. Agencies and stakeholders engaged in dialogue, discussing integrated courses of
action and emerging concerns. Recognizing the importance of knowledge for empowering
people to participate, the Council initiated a significant effort in social marketing, information,
and education.

The Iloilo-Batiano River Development project was established with the goal of
rehabilitating the Iloilo River. This effort is a collaboration between the local administration,
non-governmental groups, and academic institutions. Over 50,000 people from 35 barangays
along the Iloilo River have benefited from the project, experiencing improved health, ecological
sustainability, and a greater sense of safety and livability. In addition to the increase in fish
populations, the prevention of soil erosion, and the maintenance of the high biodiversity index of
the mangroves, the initiative successfully relocated unauthorized squatters along the riverbank
and removed fish pens.

The project also included the construction of convention centers, hotels, and
condominiums, as well as the development of radial and circumferential roadways. These
developments have had a positive impact on the local economy by creating jobs and additional
sources of income, and have also improved the overall standard of living in the area. As part of
the waterway's development, the Esplanade has given the people of Iloilo a sense of pride and
ownership, while also providing much-needed access to the Iloilo River. Apart from being a
popular tourist destination, the Esplanade hosts a variety of outdoor activities, community
gatherings, and events promoting healthy living.

A city ordinance institutionalizing the Iloilo-Batian River Development Council is

presently being prepared in order to guarantee the Council's longevity. The methods, policies,
and procedures for the integrated management of the Iloilo-Batiano River System, as well as
the duties and responsibilities of the city government, member agencies, and stakeholders, will
be emphasized in the proposed ordinance.

The Iloilo-Batiano River Development Council has received several awards and
recognitions for its achievements, including the 2010 Gold Livcom Award for the "Iloilo River
Development Projects'' and the 2011 Special Award for the "Advancing the Iloilo River
Development Initiatives Through Integrated Sustainable Management." The council has worked
closely with various international organizations such as the US Agency for International
Development, Brehmen Overseas Research and Development Association, Urban
Environmental Accord, International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives, International
River Foundation, Rivers of the World Foundation, CITYNET, and CITYNET to achieve a
successful public-private partnership. (Galing Pook Awards, n.d.)

Community Engagement and Usage

The Iloilo River Esplanade has become a popular gathering spot for locals and tourists.
Families, friends, and fitness enthusiasts frequent the area to enjoy the scenic environment and
fresh air. The esplanade has also hosted various cultural events, concerts, and festivals,
fostering a sense of community and civic pride.

Tourism and Economic Impact

The construction of the Iloilo River Esplanade has greatly benefited the city's tourism
sector. It has become a popular travel destination, attracting tourists from nearby regions and
even foreign nations. The increase in foot traffic has led to the growth of nearby businesses,
including eateries, gift stores, and leisure centers.
The Iloilo River Esplanade is a testament to the success of environmental preservation
and urban regeneration. Through careful planning and community engagement, Iloilo City has
successfully transformed a once-polluted riverbed into a lively and environmentally friendly
public space. The esplanade serves as an inspiring example of sustainable urban development
and the rejuvenation of neglected waterfronts, especially at a time when many cities are
grappling with environmental challenges.
 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This section describes the method used to collect the data. It included the research
design, study respondents, data collecting device, and data gathering technique.

III.1 Research Design

The researcher used a descriptive research approach to collect data in this study. This
strategy attempted to determine which requirements were met by these subjects. Descriptive
research is derived from a broad class of non-experimental studies with the purpose of
describing the land use of the cities along the Pansipit River. A descriptive study design
attempted to characterize a population, condition, or phenomenon accurately and methodically.
It might be able to answer the 5Ws. A descriptive research plan may also investigate one or
more variables using a variety of research methods.

III.2 Participants or Subjects of the Study

This research study focuses on the subject of the citizens of the cities along the Pansipit
River, which are Agoncillo, San Nicolas, Taal, and Lemery, who will mostly use and benefit from
the said project. Also, the tourists who will want to visit these cities. The government officials will
also most likely become one of the participants of the study as they know more about the
situation of the city.

III.3 Data gathering instruments

This paper's instruments were a document review and an article analysis. To better
understand the problem, this method entails locating and reviewing articles about the past and
present land use of the cities involved, design approach, and strategic key designs to better
understand how to design a proposed future land use. As the researchers are not required to
distribute questionnaires or interview specific individuals, the author preferred to understand the
project problem through a comprehensive land use plan that we gathered from the government
officials of the said city and some were found on the internet to conduct this research.
III.4 Data gathering procedure
The researchers’ approach to gather the data needed was to collect the Comprehensive
Land Use Plan (CLUP) of the involved cities. The cities involved in this project are Agoncillo,
Lemery, San Nicolas, and Taal. The CLUP were gathered through research on the internet and
by contacting officials of the cities involved as some cities CLUP’s were not found on the
internet.
 Chapter IV

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

IV.1 Site inventory

In the province of Batangas, the Philippines, is the Pansipit River, which has a diverse
range of natural, biological, and cultural components. The river varies in length over a length of
around 9 kilometers and is bordered by greenery. The region's landscape is composed of
patches of natural vegetation mixed with agricultural land. Many different species may be found
in the freshwater and riverbank habitats of the river. Despite its natural beauty and cultural
value, the Pansipit River is endangered by pollution, habitat loss, and careless development.
The preservation of this valuable asset for future generations requires conservation activities,
which include neighborhood-based projects and awareness-raising efforts.

IV.1.1 Site Evaluation

Criteria Sub-Criteria Analysis/Remarks

The site has a gentle slope and stable
Topography and geomorphology, making it highly suitable for
Natural Factors Geomorphology construction and flood management.
The site has a low flood risk, which is
important for residential and commercial
developments, though not the lowest risk
Hydrology among the sites.
The site has a relatively high level of
biodiversity, which is beneficial for
conservation efforts and potential eco-tourism,
Ecology and though it requires careful management to
Biodiversity balance development and preservation.
Zoning Laws and Zoning laws are moderately flexible, allowing
Land Use for some variety in land use but with certain
Legal Factors Regulations restrictions that must be adhered to.
 The site faces stricter environmental
Environmental protection laws, which may limit certain types
Protection Laws of development to ensure sustainability.
Property ownership is straightforward,
Property Ownership facilitating quicker and easier project initiation
and Rights without complex legal entanglements.
Government There is strong government support for
Institutional Policies and development, which can streamline approvals
Factors Support and provide additional resources.
There is a high availability of funding and
grants, which is crucial for the feasibility and
Funding and Grants scale of development projects.
Community Community involvement is moderate, which
Organizations and ensures some level of local support but may
Stakeholder require additional efforts to fully engage
Involvement stakeholders.
The permitting process is relatively simple,
Administrative Permitting and which helps reduce delays and administrative
Factors Approval Processes burdens.
Regulatory Strong enforcement of regulations ensures
Compliance and long-term compliance and sustainability of the
Enforcement developments.
Infrastructure and The infrastructure is adequate but could be
Services improved to better support new developments.
The site has high scenic quality, making it
Aesthetic Scenic Quality and attractive for tourism and recreational
Factors Viewsheds activities.
Cultural and The site has significant cultural and historical
Historical value, which should be preserved or
Significance sensitively integrated into the land use plan.
Public access is relatively easy, enhancing the
Public Access and site's usability for community activities and
Enjoyment enjoyment.
 The soil quality is adequate but not optimal,
Physical Soil Quality and which might limit certain types of agricultural
Factors Suitability use or require soil improvement measures.
The site benefits from a suitable microclimate,
Climate and favorable for various types of development
Microclimate and agricultural activities.
The site has a low hazard risk, which is crucial
Hazard Risk for ensuring the safety and longevity of
Assessment developments.

IV.1.2.c. Site justification

The Pansipit River, located in the heart of Batangas, Philippines, is more than a river; it
is an ecological, cultural, and economic lifeline. Its abundant biodiversity provides vital
ecosystem functions including water filtration and flood control, as well as a refuge for a wide
variety of plants and wildlife. In terms of the economy, it provides opportunity and subsistence
for local economies through farming and fishing. Despite the river's significance, pollution,
habitat loss, and irresponsible development pose serious dangers to it. However, there is
optimism since conservation efforts are being led by legislative interventions, community-driven
projects, and educational campaigns. Recognizing its inherent importance and preserving its
purity, the Pansipit River remains a symbol of natural beauty, cultural history, and ecological
resilience, providing a legacy for future generations.
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