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    Review 1

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    Fatima Mazhar
    reno

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    Review 1

    Uploaded by

    Fatima Mazhar
    7 views6 pages
    reno

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    review 1

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    reno

    Copyright:

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    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    7 views6 pages

    Review 1

    Uploaded by

    Fatima Mazhar
    reno

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 6

    Submitted To: Dr.

    Umar Farooq

    Submitted by: Fatima Mazhar

    Registration no: NMU-2021-5001-031

    Degree: B.S HND

    Semester: 6th Semester

    Course code: HND-508

    Course title: Research Methods in Nutrition

    MNS-University of Agriculture, Multan


    Review on metabolic disorders and their management

    Author: Fatima Mazhar

    Affiliation: Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Nishtar Medical University

    Email id: [email protected]

    Abstract

    Disruption of normal metabolic processes is the cause of many metabolic diseases such as
    diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, osteoporosis and metabolic syndrome. These abnormalities
    are often exacerbated by changes in mRNA expression, epigenetic modifications, and
    oxidative stress. However, there is no scientific evidence that natural products and
    phytotherapy are used in the treatment of these diseases. Therefore, more research and
    management strategies are needed to address the problems associated with current treatments.
    This review focuses on the role of inflammation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum
    stress and genetic variants in the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome and highlights the
    importance of further research in this area.

    Introduction

    Metabolic diseases have become a major problem worldwide because they can lead to serious
    diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and heart disease. These diseases are multifactorial;
    that is, genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors differ in complex ways. This study
    demonstrates the potential of natural products as antibiotics to gather new information about
    diseases and treatment of metabolic diseases.

    Pathogenesis: Several abstracts demonstrate the interplay between genetic predispositions,


    lifestyle, and cellular stress in the development of metabolic diseases (Matsuzawa et al.,
    2011). Endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation appear to be important in disease
    pathogenesis (Ghemrawi et al., 2018).

    Classification and Diagnosis: The concept of metabolic syndrome, a group of metabolic


    abnormalities that include central obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and high blood
    pressure, is a recurring phenomenon (Cornier et al., 2008; Rochlani et al., 2017). emphasizes
    the importance of early diagnosis for effective intervention (Rochlani et al., 2017).
    Pathophysiology of Metabolic Disorders

    Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Disorders

    Oxidative stress is a type of metabolic disease resulting from an imbalance between the
    production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses. This deficiency can
    lead to cell damage, inflammation, and insulin resistance, leading to diabetes, obesity, and
    dyslipidemia (Tabatabaei-Malazy et al., 2015).

    Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

    Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in the development of metabolic
    diseases. Excessive food consumption and a sedentary lifestyle led to glucotoxicity and
    lipotoxicity effects, causing stress such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) to control
    metabolic damage in the body. Sustained ER stress can lead to inflammation and apoptosis,
    leading to increased metabolic dysregulation (Ghemrawi et al., 2018).

    Genetic Factors

    Genetic predisposition is an important factor in the development of metabolic syndrome


    (MetS). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genes involved in lipid
    metabolism, glucose perception, insulin signaling, and appetite control. However, genetic
    variation explains only a small part of heritability; this suggests the need for further research
    on the pattern of mutations and epigenetic changes (Chang et al., et al., 2013).

    Management of Metabolic Disorders

    Lifestyle Modifications

    Lifestyle changes, including diet and physical activity, are important for the management of
    metabolic disease. Dietary patterns such as the Mediterranean diet, DASH diet, and low-carb
    diet have been shown to be effective in improving insulin sensitivity and reducing MetS.
    Regular physical activity can improve glucose and lipid metabolism, leading to weight loss
    and improved metabolism (Hoyas and Leon-Sanz, 2019).
    Pharmacotherapy

    Pharmacological interventions are often necessary to treat severe cases of metabolic disease.
    However, synthetic drugs can have serious side effects, are expensive and easily accessible.
    There is interest in the use of natural products and herbal medicines as alternative treatments.
    Multiple herbal medicines and drug-herb combinations are promising, but more robust
    clinical studies are needed to confirm their effectiveness and safety (Tabatabaei-Malazy et al.,
    2015).

    Natural Products and Phytotherapy

    It has been shown that natural compounds can modulate metabolic processes, reduce
    oxidative stress and inflammation. For example, some polyphenols and flavonoids have
    antioxidant properties that can reduce endoplasmic reticulum stress and increase insulin
    sensitivity. Despite this promise, the translation of animal studies into human clinical trials
    has been slow and more systematic reviews and meta-analyses are needed to generate
    evidence for the treatment of natural products (Rochlani et al., 2017).

    Future Directions:

     Understanding the Gut Microbiome: The role of the gut microbiota in metabolic
    health is a new area of research, and its impact on metabolic diseases deserves further
    investigation.

     Personalized Medicine: Tailoring treatment strategies based on individual genetic


    and metabolic profiles holds promise for more effective management of these
    conditions.

     Bridging the Gap Between Bench and Bedside: Translational research is crucial to
    ensure that promising therapeutic findings from basic science studies reach patients
    and improve clinical outcomes.

    Conclusion

    The complexity of metabolic diseases and the lack of treatment make them a serious health
    problem. The development of effective technologies requires an understanding of the
    underlying mechanisms, including inflammation, genetic modification, oxidation, and
    endoplasmic reticulum stress. Although medications and lifestyle changes are still the main
    treatment methods, natural products and herbal remedies offer great opportunities for further
    research and treatment. To ensure treatments are safe and effective for all citizens, careful
    planning of clinical trials and better reviews is needed to close the gap between testing and
    application.

    References

    1. Chang, Y.-C., Yu, Y.-H., and Chuang, L.-M. (2013). Molecular Genetics of Metabolic
    Syndrome. Journal of Clinical Investigation.
    https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0024320

    2. Cornier, M.-A., Dabelea, D., Hernandez, T. L., Lindstrom, R. C., Steig, A. J., Stob, N.
    R., Van Pelt, R. E., Wang, H., & Eckel, R. H. (2008). The metabolic syndrome.
    Endocrine Reviews, 29(7), 777–822. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2008-0024

    3. Ghemrawi, R., Battaglia-Hsu, S., and Arnold, C. (2018). Endoplasmic Reticulum


    Stress in Metabolic Disorders. Cells, 7(6), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells7060063

    4. Hoyas, I., & Leon-Sanz, M. (2019). Nutritional Challenges in Metabolic Syndrome. J


    Clin Med, 8(9), 1301. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8091301

    5. Matsuzawa, Y., Funahashi, T., & Nakamura, T. (2011). The concept of metabolic
    syndrome: Contribution of visceral fat accumulation and its molecular mechanism.
    Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 18(7), 629-639.
    https://doi.org/10.5551/jat.7922

    6. Rochlani, Y., Pothineni, N. V., Kovelamudi, S., and Mehta, J. L. (2017). Metabolic
    syndrome: pathophysiology, management, and modulation by natural compounds.
    Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine.

    7. Tabatabaei-Malazy, O., Larijani, B., and Abdollahi, M. (2015). Targeting metabolic


    disorders by natural products. J Diabetes Metab Disord, 14, 57.
    https://doi.org/10.1186/s40200-015-0184-8

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