Unit and Dimension, Vectors, Basic Maths

PHYSICS
TARGET IIT JEE

XI-MICRO
UNIT & DIMENSIONS,

VECTORS
&
BASIC MATHS
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Unit & Dimension Theory
Units
To measure a physical quantity, we need a standard known as unit. For example, if length of some metal rod
is measured to be 15 cm, then cm is the unit of length. 15 is the numerical part. So
Physical Quantity = Numerical Part × Unit
We have three types of units : Fundamental units, Supplementary units and Derived units as illustrated in
figure below.
Units
Fundamental Supplementary Derived
Independent of Derived from

each other and not fundamental
interconvertible units
Unit of length, mass Units of velocity,

time, temperature, Unit of acceleration,
1. Plane angle force, work, etc.
luminuous intensity,
2. Solid angle
electric current,
amount of substance.
S.I. System :
It was introduced in 1971 by General Conference on Weights and Measures. It is also called as rationalised
M.K.S. system because it is made by modifying the M.K.S. system. It is nothing but extended M.K.S.
system. It is a comprehensive system (see Table).
This system contains seven fundamental units and two supplementary units as shown in Table 2. It also
contains a large number of derived quantities.
Table 1
M.K.S. C.G.S. System F.P.S. S.I. Units
System System
(i) Length m (i) Length cm (i) Length ft It is an extended form of M.K.S.
(meter) (centimeter) (foot) system. It includes four more
(ii) Mass kg (ii) Mass g (ii) Mass fundamental units (in addition to
(kilogram) (gram) (pound) three basic units (in addition to three
basic units), which represent
(iii) Time s (iii) Time s (iii) Time s
fundamental quantities in electricity,
(second) (second) (second)
magnetism, heat and light.
Table 2
A. Fundamental Quantities in S.I. System and Their Units

Sr. No. Physical Quantity Name of Unit Symbol of Unit
1. Mass kilogram kg
2. Length meter m
3. Time second s
4. Temperature kelvin K
5. Luminous intensity candela Cd
6. Electric current ampere A
7. Amount of substance mole mol
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B. Supplementary Quantities in S.I. System and Their Units
Sr. No. Physical Quantity Name of Unit Symbol of Unit

1. Plane angle radian rad
2. Solid angle steradian sr
Advantage of S.I. system is that it assigns only one unit to various forms of a particular physical quantity. For
example, unit of all kinds of energy is J in this system. But in M.K.S.
Dimensions of a physical quantity :

These are the powers to which the fundamental units of mass, length and time have to be raised to represent
a derived unit of the physical quantity under consideration. Dimensions of any derived physical quantity can
be represented in the form of fundamental units of mass, length and time. Knowing the units, dimensions can
be easily written.
To write the dimensions of a physical quantity, we use following symbols for mass, length and time :
Mass – [M]; Length – [L]; and Time – [T]
Dimensional Formulae :
Relations which express physical quantities in terms of appropriate powers of fundamental units are known
as dimensional formulae. These formulae tell us about :
1. Fundamental units involved to represent a quantity.
2. The nature of their dependence.
Uses of Dimensional Analysis :

1. Conversion of units of a quantity from one system to another.
2. To check the accuracy of formulae.
3. Derivation of formulae.
Conversion of Units of a Quantity from One System to Another :

Physical quantities can be converted from one system of units to another. Due to this conversion, the
numerical part of physical quantity changes but the dimensions and the overall quantity remain the same.
Suppose a physical quantity has the dimensional formula MaLbTc.
Let N1 and N2 be the numerical values of a quantity in the two systems of units, respectively.
In first system, Physical Quantity Q = N1M1aLb1Tac = N1U1
In second system, Same Quantity Q = N2Ma2Lb2 T2c = N2U2
A physical quantity remains the same irrespective of the system of measurement, i.e.,
Q = N1U1 = N2U2  N1M1aLb1T1c  N2Ma2Lb2 T2c
a b c
 M1   L1   T1 
 N2 = N1      
 M2   L 2   T2 
So, knowing the quantities on the right hand side the value of N2 can be obtained.
To Check the Accuracy of Formulae :

The accuracy of the expression of any physical quantity can be checked by using the principle of homogeneity.
According to this principle, dimensions of various quantities as a whole on both sides of an expression
(related to a physical quantity) are equal.
Limitations :
1. Sometimes an equation which is dimensionally correct may not be correct actually.
T
Example : S = ut + at2, T =  .
g
So, mere dimensional correctness does not indicate that an equation must be correct physically also. But if
an equation is dimensionally wrong, then certainly it must be wrong, although it may also have exceptions
like :
a
Dn = u  (2n – 1).
2
2. Two different physical quantities may have same dimensional formula. For example, work and torque have
same dimensions though they are different physical quantities.
Vectors
Types of physical quantity :
Scalars :
Scalars are those physical quantities which have magnitude only but no direction. For example : mass,
length, time, work, etc.
Vectors :
Vectors are those physical quantities which have both magnitude and direction. For example: velocity,
acceleration, momentum, force etc.
Representation of Vector :

A vector is represented by a directed line segment, with an arrow head. For example, a vector F is represented
by a directed line PQ (see Figure)
Q
F
P
Point P is called tail or origin of the vector. Point Q, the end point of vector, is called tip, head or terminal point
of the vector.
1. The length of the line represents the magnitude of the vector.
2. The arrow head represents the direction of the vector.
Negative of a Vector :
A negative vector of a given vector is a vector having same magnitude with the direction opposite to that of
 
given vector (see Figure). The negative vector of A is represented by – A .
–A
Unit Vector :
It is a vector whose magnitude is equal to unity (one). A unit vector in a given direction can be obtained by

dividing a vector in that direction by its magnitude. Unit vector of A is written as Â and is read as A cap.

A 
So, Â  , where Â is the unit vector along the direction of A .
A
The direction of unit vector will be same as that of the vector from which it is obtained. It means Â is parallel

to A .

Also, from above : A  AÂ or
vector = magnitude × direction

In every direction, we can obtain a unit vector. In x, y and z directions,
ĵ y
unit vectors are predefined (Figure).
î is the unit vector along x-axis,
ĵ is the unit vector along y-axis, and x

k̂ î
k̂ is the unit vector along z-axis. z
Now, a unit vector in any other direction can be obtained in terms of î, ĵ , and k̂ as shown in the next section.
Note :
A unit vector is a dimensionless quantity, so it has no units. It represents only direction.
In general, if we have a point P in space whose coordinates are x, y and z, then a vector from origin O to P
is known as position vector of P w.r.t. origin O (Figure). We can write :
 y
r  OP  x î  y ĵ  zk̂
P(x,y,z)
Magnitude : r = OP = x 2  y2  z2 ,
r
 r̂
r x î  y ĵ  zk̂ O x
Unit vector : r̂  
r 2
x y z 2 2
z
Position Vector and Displacement Vector :
Consider two points A and B in space whose coordinates are (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2 z2), respectively (Figure).
Position vector of A : OA = r1  x 1î  y1 ĵ  z1k̂ ,
A(x1,y1 ,z1)
r1 d B(x2,y2,z2)
r2 x
0
Position vector of B : OB  r2  x 2 î  y 2 ĵ  z 2k̂
Position vector provides us some important information :
It gives an idea about the direction and the distance of the point from origin in space.

Now consider a particle which goes from point A to B. Then, AB  d is displacement vector of the particle.
Displacement vector is that vector which tells us how much and in which di-rection an object has changed its
position in a given interval of time.
Here, r1 is initial position vector of the particle and r2 is final position vector of the particle.
 displacement vector = final position vector – initial position vector


 d  r2 – r1

 d  ( x 2 – x1 ) î  ( y 2 – y1) ĵ  ( z 2 – z1 ) k̂
Note : Position vector gives us information about position of a point in space, displacement vector about displacement.
Similarly, a velocity vector or a force vector will tell us about velocity or force and their magnitudes and
directions. So, a vector gives us information about the same physical quantity by which it is known.
 Position vector is also known as radius vector.
 If A and B are two points whose coordinates are (x1, y1, z1) and (x2, y2, z2), respectively, then a vector from
A to B is given by (Figure).
AB  ( x 2 – x 1) î  ( y 2 – y1 ) ĵ  ( z 2 – z1 ) k̂
B(x2, y2, z2)
A(x1, y1, z1)
 A vector can be completely zero, if all of its individual components are zero. For example : let a vector
 
A  a1î  a 2 ĵ  a3 k̂ is given. If A  0 , then it is possible only if a1 = 0, a2 = 0 and a3 = 0.
 If two vectors are equal, then their individual components are also equal separately.
  
B  b1î  b 2 ĵ  b 3k̂ are given. If A  B , then
a1 = b1, a2 = b2 and a3 = b3 (but if A = B, then it means
( a12  a 22  a 23  b12  b 22  b 23 )
Addition of Vectors :
How to Add Vectors Graphically (Tip to Tail Method)
1. Draw the two vectors by arrow head lines using the same suitable scale.
2. Put the second vector such that its tail coincides with the head or tip of the first vector.
3. Now, draw a single vector from the tail of the first vector to the head of the second vector. This single vector
represents the resultant of the two vectors.
Triangle Law of Vector Addition :

If two vectors can be represented both in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a triangle taken in the
same order, then their resultant is represented by the third side of the triangle (both in magnitude and
direction) taken in reverse direction.
y R
y
x x
 
Suppose x and y are two vectors acting on a particle at the same time. They are represented as two sides

of a triangle and R represents the third side (Figure).
     
Thus, R represents the resultant of x and y both in magnitude and direction. So, we can write : R  x  y .
Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition :

It states that if two vectors can be presented both in magnitude and direction by two adjacent sides of a
parallelogram, then the resultant is represented completely both in magnitude and direction by the corresponding
diagonal of the parallelogram.
B C
OC  OA  OB R
y
  
So, R  x  y .
O x A
(d)
Vector Addition By Analytical Method :
Here, we will treat both triangle law and the parallelogram law of vector addition analytically to find the
resultant of two vectors.
 
1. Analytical treatment of triangle law of vector addition : Let us consider two vectors P and Q acting
simultaneously on a particle and inclined at an angle . Let these vectors be represented both in magnitude
and direction by the two sides OA and AC of OAC taken in same order. Then, the third side OC represents
s
the resultant (taken in opposite order) (Figure)
R
Q
 
O A N
P
 R= P 2  Q 2  2PQ cos  .......(ii)

Then equation of the magnitude of the resultant vector can be written in either of the following two ways.
 
Let  be the angle which R makes with P . Then,

 Q sin  
 Q sin   –1 
 = tan–1    tan    
 P  Q cos    P  Q cos  
 
which gives the direction of the resultant vector.
Rectangular Components of a Vector in Two Dimensions :
When a vector is split into two mutually perpendicular directions in a plane, the component vectors are called
rectangular components of the given vector in a plane.

Figure shows vector A represented by OP .
N P
Ay

X
O Ax M
Component along x-axis Ax = A cos(Horizontal component) (1)

Component along y-axis Ay = A sin(Vertical component) (2)
  
So, A  A x  A y  A x î  A y ĵ
Squaring and adding equations (1) and (2), we get
A 2x  A 2y = A2(sin2 + cos2) = A2
PM A y
 A= A 2x  A 2y and tan = 
OM A x
So, knowledge of components of a vector gives information about angle which the vector makes with different
axes.
Rectangular Components of a Vector in Three Dimensions : Y

When a vector is split into mutually perpendicular directions in
S
3-D space, the component vectors obtained are called rectangular
components of the given vector in 3-D space. Ay P

Figure shows vector A represented by OP .
    A Ax
Here, A  A x  A y  A z  A x î  A y ĵ  A zk̂
O X
Az Q
 R T
The magnitude of A is given by, A = A 2x  A 2y  A 2z Z
Direction Cosines :
Let A is a point in space whose coordinates are (x, y, z), then its position vector w.r.t. the origin of coordinate

system is given by : r  OA  x î  y ĵ  zk̂ (see Figure)
y
And r = OA = x2  y 2  z2

Angles of r with x-, y- and z-axis, respectively, are given by : A(x,y,z)
r
x y z  y
cos = = l, cos = = m, cos  = =n O 
r r r x

z
The direction cosines l, m, and n of a vector are the cosines x
of the angles ,  and which a given vector makes with z
x-,y-,and z-axis, respectively.
Now, squaring and adding l, m, and n
x 2  y 2  z2 r2
cos2 + cos2+ cos2= or 2 + m2 + n2 = =1
r2 r2
It means the sum of squares of the direction cosines of a vector is always unity.
Product of Two vectors :

There are two ways of vector multiplication.
1. Scalar or dot product 2. Vector or cross product.
Scalar or Dot Product :

 
The scalar or dot product of two vectors A and B is defined as the product of the magnitudes of two vectors
 
and the cosine of the smaller angle between them (figure). It is given by A . B = AB cos.

A
Dot Product of Unit Vectors along x-, y-, and z-directions :
Dot product of a unit vector with itself unity and with other perpendicular unit vectors is zero (figure).
y
ĵ
x
k̂ î
z
In component form, the product is expressed as :

 
Let A  A x î  A y ĵ  A zk̂, B  B x î  B y ĵ  B z k̂ .
Then
 
or A . B = AxBx + AyBy + AzBz
Calculus
Differentiation :
The purpose of differential calculus is to study the nature (i.e., increase or decrease) and the amount of
variation in a quantity when another quantity (on which first quantity depends) varies independently. In our
day-to-day lie, we often face such types of situations, e.g., growth of plants, expansion of solids on heating,
variation in the velocity of a uniformly accelerated object, growth in the population of a country.
Differential Coefficient or Derivative of a Function :
dy f ( x  x )  f ( x )
Hence = lim
x 0
(vi)
dx x
It is clear that equations (v) or (vi) provide the instantaneous rate of change of the function y with respect to
the variable x. Hence, the differentiation of a function with respect to a variable implies the instantaneous
rate of change of the function with respect to the variable.
Properties of Derivatives :
Derivative of a Constant Times a Function :
The derivative of a constant times a function is the constant times the derivative of the function. That is,
d d df
[kf(x)] = k [f(x)] = k ; where k is a constant.
dx dx dx
Derivative of Sum of Two Functions :

The derivative of the sum of two functions is equal to the sum of their derivatives. That is ,
d df dg
[f(x) + g(x)] = +
dx dx dx
Linear Property of Differentiation :

The above two rules may be combined to provide linear property of differentiation. Mathematically, it may be
d df dg
expressed as [af(x) + bg(x)] = a +b ; where a and b are constants.
dx dx dx
The Products Rule :
d dg df
The derivative of the product of two function f(x) and g(x) is given by [f(x)g(x)] = f +g .
dx dx dx
The Quotient Rule :
df dg
g f
d  f (x)  dx dx
The derivative of the quotient of two functions f(x) and g(x) is given by   = .
dx  g( x )  g2
The Chain Rule :

This rule is very much useful in physical applications. Suppose that f is a function of x, which in turn is a
df dx
function of t. The derivative of f with respect to t is equal to the product of two derivatives, and .
dx dt
df df dx
i.e., =
dt dx dt
Derivatives of Some Important Functions :
d d
(a) (sin x) = cos x (b) (cos x) = – sin x
dx dx
d d
(c) (tan x) = sec2 x (d) (cot x) = – cosec2 x
dx dx
d d
(e) (sec x) = tan x sec x (f) (cosecx) = – cot x cosec x
dx dx
d 1 d
(g) (loge x) = (h) (ex) = ex
dx x dx
Maximum and Minimum Values of Functions :
dy
As from the graph (fig.), we can easily find out that slope of the curve at points A and B is zero. So, must
dx
dy
be zero, i.e., = 0. Now, to distinguish A and B as the points of maxima or minima we need to check the
dx
trend of slope at the points of consideration, i.e., whether the change in slope is positive or negative.
y
A
B
x
0
At point A(maxima) : As we see from the fig., in the neighborhood of point A slope is changing from positive
d2 y
to negative. So, 2nd derivative of the function will be less than zero, i.e., < 0.
dx 2
d2 y
Hence, the condition for maxima is the has to be less than zero at the point of consideration.
dx 2
At point B(minima) : As the slope of tangent in the neighborhood of B is changing from negative to positive,
d2 y
so the second derivative of the function will be greater than zero, i.e., > 0. Hence, the conditions for the
dx 2
d2 y
minima is that has to be greater than zero at the point of consideration.
dx 2
Standard Formulae for Integration :
1.  cudx  c  ud x 2.  (u    w )dx   udx  dx   wdx

x n1 –1
3.  x n dx  , provided n  –1 6. x dx  loge x
n1
x x
7.  e dx  e 9.  sin x dx  – cos x
cos( ax  b)
11.  cos x dx  sin x 15.  sin(ax  b) dx  – a
ax b eax b
19. e dx 
a
Algebraic Method to Evaluate Definite Integral :

Algebraically the definite integral between the two limits a and b can be calculated in the same way as we
determine the indefinite integral with a little difference as illustrated below :
f(x)
b
b
 f (x) dx  I(x)  I(b) – I(a);

a a
where I(x) is the indefinite integral of the function f(x) a c x

0 b
Application in Physics :
   
 
Velocity function  of a particle is the integral of its acceleration function a . That is, (t )  a dt .
   
 Displacement function x of a particle is the integral function of its velocity function . That is, x   dt.
Mathematical Approximations
Binomial approximation :
(1 + x)n  1 + n x
(1 – x)n  1 – nx
System of Measurement of an Angle :

There are different types of measurement of an angle.
1. Sexagesimal system : In this system,
1 right angle = 90º (degree) ; 1 degree = 60 (minutes)
1 minute = 60 (seconds)
3. Circular system : In this system, angle is measured in radian.

 radians = 180º
Consider a particle moves from a position P to position Q along a circle of radius r with centre at O (see fig.)
Then,
Arc length PQ s
Angle = = s = r
Radius of circle r
Q
s

O r P
If the length of arc PQ = radius of circle r, then  = 1 radian.
Radian :
When a body completes one revolution, then  = 2rad.

 2 rad = 360º or 2 × 3.14 rad = 360º
360º
 1 rad = = 57.3º
2  3.14
Small angle approxiation

sin (in rad)
tan 
cos1 when is small
2
1 – cos 
2
EXERCISE
Unit and Dimensions
1. Which of the following can be a set of fundamental quantities
(A) length, velocity, time (B) momentum, mass, velocity
(C) force, mass, velocity (D) momentum, time, frequency
2. In a certain system of units, 1 unit of time is 5 sec, 1 unit of mass is 20 kg and unit of length is 10 m. In this
system, one unit of power will correspond to
1
(A) 16 watts (B) watts (C) 25 watts (D) none of these
16
3. Which of the following combinations of three dimensionally different physical quantities P, Q, R can never be
a meaningful quantity?
(A) PQ – R (B) PQ/R (C) (P – Q) / R (D) (PR – Q2) / QR
4. In a book, the answer for a particular question is expressed as
ma  2 kl 
b=  1  
k  ma 
here m represents mass, a represents accelerations , l represents length. The unit of b should be
(A) m/s (B) m/s2 (C) meter (D) / sec.
5. Experiment shows that two perfectly neutral parallel metal plates separated by a small distance d, attract
each other by a very weak force, known as the Casimir force. The force per unit area of the plates, P,
depends only on the Planck constant h, on the speed of light c and on d, the correct expression for P by
dimesional analysis is [useful formula E = hf , Here f is frequency of light] (k is dimensionless constant)
hc hc
(A) khcd4 (B) k 4 (C) k h–1cd–4 (D) k
d d
6. The time period T of a physical pendulum depends on its weight ,W (which is a force), its moment of inertia
I ([I] = [ML2]) and distance of its centre from point of suspension l. If T = KW a Ib lc, where K is dimensionless
constant. Find a, b, c.
7. (a) Suppose the speed of bullet is 1000 feet per second. Using 1 mile  5000 feet, what is the speed in miles
per hour?
(b) A piece of aluminum foil has a mass per unit area equal to 0.01 g/cm2. What is its mass per unit area in kg/m2.
Bx 2
8. Potential energy of an object at any position x is given by the following relation U = . Find out
A x
dimensions of A and B.
9. The time period (T) of a spring mass system depends upon mass (m) & spring constant (k) & length of the
Force
spring (l) [k = ]. Find the relation among, (T), (m), (l) & (k) using dimensional method.
length
10. The distance moved by a particle in time t from centre of a ring under the influence of its gravity is given by
x = a sint where a &  are constants. If  is found to depend on the radius of the ring (r), its mass (m) and
universal gravitational constant (G), find using dimensional analysis an expression for  in terms of r, m and G.
11. If the velocity of light c, Gravitational constant G & Plank's constant h be chosen as fundamental units, find
the dimension of mass, length & time in the new system.
12. A satellite is orbiting around a planet. Its orbital velocity (v 0) is found to depend upon
(a) Radius of orbit (R)
(b) Mass of planet (M)
(c) Universal gravitation constant (G)
Using dimensional analysis find an expression relating orbital velocity (v 0) to the above physical quantities.
Vectors
   
13. Four vectors ( A, B, C, D ) all have the same magnitude and lie in a plane. The angle between adjacent
vectors is 45° as shown. Which of the following equation is/are correct ?

A
      B
(A) A  C   2 D (B) B  D  2 C  0
   45º
   
(C) A  B  B  D (D) ( A  C) / 2B 45º
45º C
    
14. Given a  b  c  d  0 , which of the following statements is/are correct : D
   
(A) a , b, c and d must each be a zero vector
   
(B) The magnitude of (a  c) equals the magnitude of ( b  d ) .
   
(C) The magnitude of a can never be greater than the sum of the magnitudes of b, c and d .
     
(D) b  c must lie in the plane of a and d if a and d are not collinear..
15. A man moves towards 3 m north then 4 m towards east and finally 5m towards 37° south of west. His
displacement from origin is
(A) 5 2 m (B) 0 m (C) 1 m (D) 12 m
16. A man rows a boat with a speed of 18km/hr in northwest direction. The shoreline makes an angle of 15° south
of west. Obtain the component of the velocity of the boat along the shoreline.
3
(A) 9 km/hr (B) 18 km/hr (C) 18 cos15°km/hr (D) 18 cos75° km/hr
2
17. A bird moves from point (1,  2) to (4, 2) . If the speed of the bird is 10 m/sec, then the velocity vector of the
bird is :

(A) 5 î  2 ĵ  
(B) 5 4î  2ˆj  (C) 0.6î 0.8 ĵ (D) 6î 8ˆj
18. The resultant of two forces, one double the other in magnitude is perpendicular to the smaller of the two
forces. The angle between the two forces is
(A) 150° (B) 90° (C) 60° (D) 120°
19. If the angle between the unit vectors â and b̂ is 60°, then | â  b̂ | is
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4
Paragraph for Question Nos. 20 to 22
The diagram shows three coplanar forces acting on a particle P, which is in equilibrium.
y
XN
5N
º
10 N
20. What is the value of force X ?
(A) 5 (B) 5 3 (C) 15 (D) None of these
21. What is the value of ?

(A) 30° (B) 37° (C) 45° (D) 60°
22. The vector form for the force of 10N is
(A) 10 î (B) 5 î  5 3 ĵ (C) – 5 î  5 3 ĵ (D) – 5 î – 5 3 ĵ
23. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true about a vector quantity :
(A) A physical quantity is a vector only if it obeys law of vector addition
(B) Two vector quantities are equal if they have same direction and magnitude even if they represent two
different physical quantities.
(C) The result of scalar product of two vectors is a scaler quantity, not another vector quantity
(D) Similar to scalar subtraction the order of the terms in vector difference affects the result.
     
24. A  B  2î and A  B  4 ĵ then what will be the angle between A and B .
25. Two vectors have magnitudes 3 unit and 4 unit respectively. What should be the angle between them if the
magnitude of the resultant is (a) 1 unit, (b) 5 unit and (c) 7 unit.
26. When two forces of magnitude P and Q are perpendicular to each other, their resultant is of magnitude
R
R. When they are at an angle of 180° to each other their resultant is of magnitude . Find the ratio
2
of P and Q.
27. A plane body has perpendicular axes OX and OY marked on it and is acted on by following forces
5P in the direction OY
4P in the direction OX
10P in the direction OA where A is the point (3a, 4a)
15P in the direction AB where B is the point (– a, a)
Express each force in the unit vector form & calculate the magnitude & direction of sum of the vector of these
forces.
 
28. A vector A of length 10 units makes an angle of 60° with the vector B of length 6 units. Find the magnitude
  
of the vector difference A  B & the angle it makes with vector A .
Basic Maths
d2 y
29. If y represents distance and x-represent time, dimensions of are
dx 2
(A) L2T–2 (B) LT–1 (C) LT–2 (D) L2T–1

30. The position of vector of a particle is time dependent and it is given by r  5 î  10 t ˆj where t is in seconds

and r is in meters. Choose the correct statement(s) :
(A) velocity of particle is of magnitude 10 m/s
(B) Velocity of particle is of magnitude 125 m / s

(C) direction of motion of particle is parallel to x-axis
(D) direction of motion of particle is perpendicular to x-axis.
31. For a particle moving in a straight line, the position of the particle at time (t) is given by
x = t3 – 6t2 + 3t + 3
what is the velocity of the particle when it’s acceleration is zero ?
(A) – 9 ms–1 (B) – 12 ms–1
(C) 3 ms–1 (D) 42 ms–1
32. A toy train is moving along a linear track. Its distance from the start of the track at time t is given by
x(t) = At + Bt2 + Ct5,
where A, B and C are constant.
(a) At time t1, what is the instantaneous speed of the train ?
(b) Between time t = 0 and t = t1, what is the average speed of the train ?
(c) Find acceleration at time t1.
B
(d) Find dimensions of .
C

33. The position vector of a particle moving in x-y plane is given by r = ( t 2  4) i  ( t  4) j . Find
(a) Equation of trajectory of the particle

(b) Time when it crosses x-axis and y-axis
34. Differentiate the following functions :
1 x
(i) 9  x2 (ii)
1 x
35. Differentiate the following with respect to x
x2  1 sin x 2
(i) (ii) sin x (iii) e–x cos x (iv) (v) loge  
x 1 1  cos x x
36. Find the following integrals :

9 3  16
dx dx
2  5 x 3 dx  x1.4
(i)
x
(ii) (iii) (iv)  t . dt
1 1 1 4
2 1
1 2
(v)  dx 
(vi) (a  bx ) dx
5
1  x 0
37. If velocity of a particle is given by v = 3t2 – 6t + 4. Find its displacement from t = 0 to 3 secs.
38. Use the approximation (1 + x)n  1 + nx, | x | << 1, to find approximate value for
1
(a) 99 (b) (c) 1241/3
1.01
39. Use the small angle approximations to find approximate values for (a) sin 4° and (b) tan 5°.
40. Using 1AU (mean earth-sun distance) =1.5 × 1011m and parsec as distance at which 1 AU subtends an angle
of 1 sec of arc, find parsec in metres.
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE
Unit and Dimensions
1. C 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. B
1 1 1 mi kg
6. a=– ,b= , c=– 7. (a) 720 (b) 0.1
2 2 2 hr m2
m
8.  [A] = [ x ] = L+1/2 ; [B] = ML1/2T–2 9. T= a , a is dimension less constant
k
Gm
10. K 11. [M] = [h1/2·c1/2·G–1/2]; [L] = [h1/2· c–3/2·G1/2]; [T] = [h1/2 · c–5/2 · G1/2]
r3
GM
12. v 0 = k
R
Vectors
13. A, B, D 14. B,C,D 15. B 16. A 17. D 18. D 19. B 20. B
21. D 22. D 23. ACD
24.  = 127° 25. (a) 180°, (b) 90°, (c) 0 26. 2 ± 3
7
27. 5P ˆj,4 P î ,6 P î  8P ĵ,  12 P î  9 P ˆj, 20 P, tan 1[ 2] with the +ve x axis 28. 2 19 ;cos–1
2 19
Basic Maths
29. C 30. AD 31. A
32. (a) A + 2Bt1 + 5Ct14. (b) A + Bt1 + Ct14 (c) 2B + 20Ct13 (d) L1/2 T1/2
33. (a) y2 + 8y +12 = x ; (b) crosses x axis when t = 4 sec. , crosses y axis when t = + 2 sec.
x 1
34. (i) , (ii) ]
9  x2 1  x  1 x2
x 2  2x  1 cos x 1 1
35. (i) 2 , (ii) , (iii)  e  x sin x  cos x  , (iv) , (v)  ]
( x  1) 4 x sin x 1  cos x x
112 b2
36. (i) 2 (ii) 100 (iii) +2.5 (iv) (v) n2 (vi) a2 + ab +
3 3
9.72
37. 12 m 38. (a) 9.95, (b) 0.99, (c) 4.987 39. 0.07, 0.09 40.  1016 m


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PHYSICS

TARGET IIT JEE

UNIT & DIMENSIONS,

VIBRANT ACADEMY (India) Private Limited

Fundamental Supplementary Derived

Independent of Derived from

Unit of length, mass Units of velocity,

A. Fundamental Quantities in S.I. System and Their Units

Sr. No. Physical Quantity Name of Unit Symbol of Unit

Dimensions of a physical quantity :

Uses of Dimensional Analysis :

Conversion of Units of a Quantity from One System to Another :

In first system, Physical Quantity Q = N1M1aLb1Tac = N1U1

In second system, Same Quantity Q = N2Ma2Lb2 T2c = N2U2

Q = N1U1 = N2U2  N1M1aLb1T1c  N2Ma2Lb2 T2c

To Check the Accuracy of Formulae :

same dimensions though they are different physical quantities.

vector = magnitude × direction

î is the unit vector along x-axis,

ĵ is the unit vector along y-axis, and x

Position vector of A : OA = r1  x 1î  y1 ĵ  z1k̂ ,

Position vector of B : OB  r2  x 2 î  y 2 ĵ  z 2k̂

 displacement vector = final position vector – initial position vector

B(x2, y2, z2)

A(x1, y1, z1)

Triangle Law of Vector Addition :

Parallelogram Law of Vector Addition :

the resultant (taken in opposite order) (Figure)

 R= P 2  Q 2  2PQ cos  .......(ii)

Component along x-axis Ax = A cos(Horizontal component) (1)

Squaring and adding equations (1) and (2), we get

Rectangular Components of a Vector in Three Dimensions : Y

Product of Two vectors :

Scalar or Dot Product :

In component form, the product is expressed as :

Differential Coefficient or Derivative of a Function :

Derivative of Sum of Two Functions :

Linear Property of Differentiation :

The Products Rule :

The Quotient Rule :

The Chain Rule :

Derivatives of Some Important Functions :

1.  cudx  c  ud x 2.  (u    w )dx   udx  dx   wdx

Algebraic Method to Evaluate Definite Integral :

 f (x) dx  I(x)  I(b) – I(a);

where I(x) is the indefinite integral of the function f(x) a c x

System of Measurement of an Angle :

3. Circular system : In this system, angle is measured in radian.

If the length of arc PQ = radius of circle r, then  = 1 radian.

When a body completes one revolution, then  = 2rad.

Small angle approxiation

4. In a book, the answer for a particular question is expressed as

vectors is 45° as shown. Which of the following equation is/are correct ?

(A) 5 2 m (B) 0 m (C) 1 m (D) 12 m

(A) 5 (B) 5 3 (C) 15 (D) None of these

21. What is the value of ?

(A) 10 î (B) 5 î  5 3 ĵ (C) – 5 î  5 3 ĵ (D) – 5 î – 5 3 ĵ

(B) Velocity of particle is of magnitude 125 m / s

(a) Equation of trajectory of the particle

34. Differentiate the following functions :