IUPAC Nomencltwe

R
chain. hy dro y Nubeug
zb uded ). Equally -;
Lone
pair -M

[oLuo Atamg vemau red suly pesthon

Contibti
-C=N cyano
(dchlaso, Inukst
o
4-woo berzen ) - -B -la.-cEN,
2, S, 3,5,7
s itnlel o). OMA Hybrd cH,-0flavoiaubed Order of- M
-tha ?-NO,tet-CEN >--H -R
fa cquivdut peite laitial ilittie oe tows
(Lesu no.to hid NO Rejoglae
al pop
cemes
-lu kalocantonyd -Polaatis S+
(Veet plital) far ulike lei H, NH 6> NH, > NHR 7-NR,
1) =-8adaude nc).
o, e n a t d alpabeh " Iudutive "eet dertss with dirtnce Sudutive 7- 0H, -0-R NH-t-u
to
Se; test) Hybxid- taw-u tI f U Br I
* electron deuuity in Bengre
-NE, >- NR, >-NH, >- ND, >-CEN Segeuet Marupe uake ortao
H 2- CHO 7-C0 >- coOH 1). = -
7- So, H
pa paiihon e ch 'aud- M
Bo
z)Bond order ( Bo)ff no o bord wakeg e de Feueut
7-R bet t0 ata in a molecue. ( Meti pauithon is ngt apted byiM
BO Bod Energya staby <put or elonante)
-0uH > - so, H > -(ooR. ) redial) ndI +M1
-Cong, > -CN H ECH )
"B.o in Yelenatina moledes
) Bandg in Adieive gsi-Sue both tM -M.
0
areYlonace
considnd). -G=0-M>)
(wi)
3
Substituety NoRtM
Bo cant be
X > R +1 fet -T,-coy 7-H order.

Aplucaton of.)Stalbility
i) Aud-bae
of intemeaiate ) Boakkondig hó H.
(MOre stabe).
(Lip-yadct onatol)

2) lana
pt eduto ty e donatiey withdawal ) Conjuyated.
saee MLomi

ovant p ostl MOu Dtho Lttediate

:
lket:

10caxboeaton pla
’Arormatic aid 2
Quty helL
)(bjugatedl I tH

to
4 4nRe
Aanaue Nay-boati Hyplsaygt
oletdealisatibW fat oF ADai
9 +H 6)5) +
-M
Orbtal alt double with (Deota). +M 2)
NO

Aati- ost AH No el bawe -H -M

bond
tabúty of Alkene. 3)
Non- Ar:
hromah HT

Imp
Ring Contaction
,Gudy 1P couted inae af No Mat table
bre-raudatic Vsbtute AH a No ef-( atomS (Daiuig
hramatic Applicableon: ReaugeUt of labatisy i
AKene HKy ne. hatocation a) %dial.
) Br H-f<H
d<H- <AI DouA33...
Not to Puna stasey cablats plan Siabatty
NH, <H,o (f<ucor<t)
H-F
-6re omahc o st
Aud (tN For se
simlar abms).
KH = (2 XH* 6
H>R-CE R-4=H, >R-Ha
Tetra inydofusan Non-aomahc. byd'amdtttabte -Nota Aud Lews but

* When C27-- Conp becomes Mon- planar (mgtd).SAMe, i

hoatiug ituutuy
Noy- roMohc IfR.H= Comp uuth banc "tabiity Ht
(27 :. Non Aromahc. more table +M H - )
+I iv)-Ihrowatuc i-H i-MCsae)
1homatahy depeuds on in tesonance
hromahe fnng, nor Gh slstuent Utguall M- yi) Mvi+) +H vi) hh- Aromatic.
Raloance
chedkslter
<

* CheK oterina If t is NA,If it a NA, then Exeepton, IM.

ing deade on it aromahay for Bxtended
Coyagation? omjugahon
RH=7KHE2H=l
chek sMa llest HJAST
RE No at
ot Benezensid fom
NAhglee
Prtaocene Pheyauthrene -M
Naphalena rerlaniey Siphend. yrevas4e xn, more sable
feloomea
casbocatan is
t4re t o Pin bengene 2 Bennehoid
Outho-elut
I.R (s. fft)ensH.
omahe. anidal
frauided
+H:

Awwalen {altinate
Mauayli tonjytadbonds)
sytm Reation utpmedateg Iu ineveibe, Migatos y in 8e - shell Couter
-H' ccl, shsw Heel
:. Decreas e dety in bemge re ot p
utgtauet lomed duwng the |H> Ph> R1
Bettey donors are bter mastor
-H7-D7T. 0
Stabithy
paute -Maoutic
ruj-onNkne Ts-onmlee (put
Aom ah f8-onnul ene fo-annue ne ( Weak
AA bod)
Non-plan dt Non planon hdepndont )
:. Non .

Nacthalen
E4ae Resonen
ladiek N Stahitty om
Chay sep
:

te e to )mtt

NO,
(Ddu
SIp
.Shatist bond
Tet.buty!
Catn
) OH
>R-, Sog H ALeti
Phenoxi on hes 5
phnal
fase_< donate Ruonaty tut -Ba: Ci; duto puacaw 4 OH
accepb H
H TH
NV
hot
2
NsHCOz tut
(Anine).
HA A 37 2 |7 NH, asiuNahre
aud
quss: Both I H-bondia Pion' Begoe cog
Con/ bas1 sh a
8: binteohud also e
oH> -(Bore) 2> 3 ? NH 3 R# H,
thu t t 2,4 6dtopheasl
Hao < cHfbH (Aud). (
Bmvatives) tynd Max
plan
thy take plau
<R oÑR +t to *atACan atu bath

A NA>A
(Base sh)
tible.. Lut to donate e w A S.A

Auue ed
B:

iin
Beu e +M
-M

uditu
Ouy,tM stectudto
Valat- dot
 Esthatin
Reation in Dunws Method

"Qualtatiue Aualylig: qttatiw Aualyis

=W
*nlanaiqus Test
HND, addad

(M,
-(6)

"ALKANES
Bydioloba forct.
" AIKaues wey tetay Hatm
H0
44 W
W uf, Nabt whtu
due
het Lo woly hat

C, Neoy
<373k ) Malcala Ma omutian
Aniine sep N
T adogiation)
)N =28 xValme,
alm
W
lo0
looTup cheical
) por N* +N + Na’ , 273k eparatedJ by atiau.
NaCN X Mo,03
fecc11
CN"+fit ’ (eccn)11* )Kjeldalyf Methad (kon at(m)?.
STP .NelH dtllation -(ertnueeu R-H -X+ H-X
wte featiby (pee adl wbstitutiod Totuna
4 pc .,o
J;n Hyo NH, N,SO4(NH),So4N
Sihee
2 R-X Na
R-R+ 2N
Turnbuls Thnliyea pep Weoutebable
Prsiau W auid
in (lumn
-sep nita Thinl aye
dsbenl Sand Ladieal Aadhnatg Kuite, A
LKENES
X+ NoNax. ove haha), Wateysttoe Na
repuatia
white
Br pale ppt
yeu -NOz -NN Slventmobile uti
Jes =MMSoy cel e w atalat One end phane Pa/e,
") for s:
S+ NQ Na,s
selyont )) Blpnato
4) Sodiuy mitopide mit
35-5-WI,, xloo
7435 x\o0. phese H

fatind
Bilch Rectuhi
80
/88X Jyophu *Produt otai 1c led Trau
W
4Ex haun ude Qil in a(A8(pal thau rut aut Akene
S+C+ Nt NdA Coluuw
SC N +Fe[fe (ScN) 1 +Na . &35 W paie Jabalyes
Bood Red cv)i, s s2 Datitttn nde du
x loo Avode 4NacH
233 H H
P+ Na,o) Poy (Free radual Meedawsu)
) Couteoled oxidatiy
-Made to bail at ebp vnde
CNH)jPoy-2MoQg tu e cols
-lo t i p u
dente
(Pmmowwa
My ad at) I2MoOg
.Arng
MoHMo40
5u3k/00 atm

Mcoholle) NAdic
a)Dydahonof
e
kid
addthono
of
Wate)Additon
r
Catalyd
water
ALKYNES
pupaiatiA
4pual dihalid
H -H Br R-CE H
H OH' + Hj0
"R.DSS (
Renguedt
v. Redudve)
2y not hen ued, to H-H bald
If idokato-
rate carboto4 > 3°1° > 2° Hyd b) oxiddhon
)GHe/THF wlod onidize Auatyle (czc)
H
pouss
)
Additof
ion haiogug
haloqu:
(Tautauuitbiou) d
* addihion Eletogtluiic R-lEC-R'
casboatiÝn laaiLal Noq-c
No reauageeut
" orauge Reddah
decoloued
on alkek
Oxygio Butnduni HBr (-CE(-R' by tu
for ITet aton) watr CH,--.
DM4skovwiov
Rule
Rtube
No) Yearaget tr R-CEC- R
tabte

leutolleg Peoptius
(Tp J4didieinataae
ALkyet au aud
NALARtsCNA
tr
*ROS
is quushion
of corboton Poqu kup).(
R-cl
"Reaangueut
. R- CECNy+ JH,ENa
* ti Maulkoukov
tddton idiieic kMuoy
RooR =H, H,-4
ikatu
BrH +
* Based
Veotg
Ketou
or
hucsre-adical tokuu
hd
The Maekovkov
Rute
peetg ttal

t in

Eutaphi Mditisn Br
Mehansu
howatic Dlnt Attald to
HU
an (Te P)
* Bengeue docs notsuaur Additon +MI +H NO
duelto lose of hromahaty So, H lubogh (Mou tobE
fufons elezteplbic hanmatic
Subtttutho n
(Honacklauoks aboeton)
(èAs) Revesibl
Reagt
YCa H,SO4 Rxn 2 oHU, cboation
JNu.
* Rate xStabiety of Canbocatioy .UH,-b-w,(Muin), NopAthalu, duwlsped
*They ae atho) pala dietug Reauangnent
+ He
chaaet Best muthod
Hu NU, Soluent *Ati addton

EAS Reaceoug tatayat

-M-I -H n) RDS is nuion
AH <O
O NitatioyBese b)6) uucu, )Gru,
ND (Nito ). oduE2
Conc- HNO7
Bengene) -EN. -X Fiv) Reauwnemen
(nitratya Aed (Noeleo, Noenngut " Thsy ae wta diehing in
pae ). yate
Nihosoathon : NFO. past a &adig maleuk
(Es).
NaNO (Nitioo + HU. Excepthon tatoqug au ofp wiul assitte I
HU
No reamuguut of anbceaton dueto but dtatiatug
o/p dir ( Decat wek wh Br
3Hologntiy
He
isajtde- eid Aatydnide
+ RCoOH
-i=ooetivtag (aelecat¡n 8- St
HO-I
8t S

ttuk oh) pasti 'vi). Sreeohenisy: When ='='wu j

Caugyatim dditisn
Aid.
Reaant
+ Iodinehon: Revuble
Rxn
eed an be * MOAe : wl ke
Raduled tabilid. No-u.
Gr
K4heh Isotpie pladuet ue to ei
(o-AHNO WIog Used)
Caubsethoh
No
Sootk
Hexakoide it/bh
(yauau)
 Ho/D
en

J
a
attaek
wil,
D
FREL RADICAL RXNChleination

Cie
Ati
Tho
(AT)
Ante- Makauais m)
* Aee eadúal can NonnSdtiue racie

Br
H.
e

LH.
jcanvatin,

aahid.
fet
- no- Hon raon
padut
(TAÈ)
cacbon
Hon 8

ttaudG
ien Hheh wewld
3

take
Bo
H

(Meso) pluoxide teet hih

|:3-8 : 4S.
Ky i B , -- -
Brem Beomination
4 NBS N- L-selacie
weihid)
d N3S

R: R: R 1:82 : 16o
NBS
6

CH,=U4H
Alye ubtitutisnj6. Read'sReasti
RI

Reacticns besed s Sol -R-d Hutsa

)WURTZ RXN PhU4=U4-H,

R-R.
.Total 4 puset
alkay wiith
tatens 5fhetohalagenton 8Hudsdieke
2) kOL8E r E£CTROLYSIS:
atata 8
R-H
Reatin
R-Rt
pluaeinstn
-exotame,ULotalale
Redutn Lounttake pee
Ph--cook - Reueble
Ph-CHtH Ph ehdoteuwt'

HNO 3, HZo, aus ued

SN-REACTIONS &SN': SNN.

HALOALKANES "Nulophle lubstiudian
Judeophdc dutittbn

Ny LNy Rata' is y ast

.Fato' palae peoti olunt Muhan
ROS (fomaton Cautegahbn reintd
-pt+ x

etha *Chuateiatis.
lallyd chlaude.) halobeuyeha.
falaaeate solveat:
Base " fst Odu pen
Chatautis:
)ingle te OH

Alaud). i) Rate' k[R-] [Nu]

hgh mp dee to
OH

Rate . Rate aL
Brome,Lodo paly Mutbatep
chleo ivatiyd he <BeLe Pol a patie alut is qd
cashsiston u
heanien that eaty R
Nan Rate
(thas gene) , Rate) R-I >R-Br>Ru>f No ALauguert
Uly (pgei ). + HU
CAloeide steodeuisby, (-Ngpet(«so7)
euho
e) Solvate bath
Invesim
pola than has Up-tüoH
(OMSO) sholau tan
bade nPalapLotidolut
ARacemic miste is
+HU A DMA, faemd (Both R/s)
neosl in watu No SN ye halide i sacchemisuy
H-bond. (Walden s
(Nu) (Due to patal =
heatu D

Pou, +HU be deutuy tudy dueto resae). SNE

to untlo date
SH
natentiens SN
th RS
tso,1 Hu H

photo eguatis OH >H,0J >H,S ete

t ubetttn tuchage dlneity
puns t wte
y-t*HX--t-H4
("pskunik kuey
SWARTZ
R-X (**0, (R-xREAtIONN: "WiLAMSoN
-FINB)
KELSTEI R-u
THESISYNS
NH, R-(ENSN
CN
NASN
SN SN SH
R-(NO)HoH Reacions
REAUiON R-SH
ETHER R-0-R.
&ne
R-OH+HI
Dasens * HFHBr HI
HU
SN'2I 3Vkeatiom
R-o(HH-x) Ihveio
Reation ) R-Reaci
OH oN
)
ROALl Heohal
pectonatRs-uOadie H)
H OHOLS(
Rxn No SNNahal SN'
HßrHUHÊ>SN
pess with nuth wth
PussN
hala Retdhton R-UH,
Pug ro RU,
SN
gebd
: 3 lo

Hsoy R-R-ta oH t

R-X H,0 +