Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) of Ecuadorian Highaltitude Streams: A Survey and Illustrated Key

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Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) of Ecuadorian

Highaltitude Streams: A Survey and Illustrated Key

Authors: Hamerlik, Ladislav, Silva, Fabio Laurindo da, and Jacobsen,


Dean
Source: Florida Entomologist, 101(4) : 663-675
Published By: Florida Entomological Society
URL: https://doi.org/10.1653/024.101.0404

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Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) of Ecuadorian high-
altitude streams: a survey and illustrated key
Ladislav Hamerlik1,2,*, Fabio Laurindo da Silva3, and Dean Jacobsen4

Abstract
Chironomidae (Diptera) are among the most diverse and widespread aquatic insects, with roughly 5,500 described species inhabiting an enormous
variety of aquatic ecosystems, ranging from moist soils to lakes and rivers, and even marine ecosystems. Despite its ubiquity, the group remains
underrepresented in studies addressing aquatic insect assemblages of high-altitude systems, either glacier-fed or non-glacial, particularly in South
America. Glacier-fed streams possibly are one of the harshest ecosystems in nature, and present a distinct downstream pattern in species distribution
and diversity away from the constraining influence of the glacier. In this context, the goal of our study was to provide data on the chironomid fauna
of glacier-fed streams, together with neighboring non-glacial streams in Ecuador, in order to contribute to the overall knowledge of tropical fauna in
high Andean regions. Also, we sought to provide an identification key and photography material for future studies. Collections of non-biting midges
were made in Ecuador during Jan 2008. In total, 1,412 specimens belonging to 16 genera and at least 23 species within the subfamilies Chironominae
(3 taxa), Diamesinae (3 taxa), Podonominae (3 taxa), Orthocladiinae (13 taxa), and Tanypodinae (1 taxon) were found. The subfamilies Podonominae
and Orthocladiinae predominated in terms of abundance. Parochlus was the most widespread genus of Chironomidae, while Cricotopus was the
most diverse. This study contributes to the knowledge of the chironomid fauna in the high-altitude streams in Ecuador, and hopefully will motivate
further studies in the area.

Key Words: non-biting midges; high Andes; Neotropical; Antisana volcano; glacier-fed streams; non-glacial streams

Resumo
Chironomidae (Diptera) estão entre os mais diversos e difundidos insetos aquáticos, com cerca de 5.500 espécies descritas, habitando uma enorme
variedade de ecossistemas aquáticos, desde solos úmidos, lagos e rios, até mesmo ecossistemas marinhos. Apesar de sua onipresença, o grupo
continua sub-representado em estudos que abordam assembléias de insetos aquáticos de sistemas de alta altitude, seja de origem glacial ou não,
particularmente na América do Sul. Riachos glaciais são possivelmente um dos ecossistemas mais severos da natureza e, portanto, apresentam tipi-
camente um padrão espacial distinto na distribuição e diversidade das assembleias de espécies a jusante e longe da influência limitadora da geleira.
Neste contexto, o objetivo do nosso estudo foi fornecer dados sobre a fauna de Chironomidae de alguns riachos glaciais e não-glaciais no Equador,
a fim de contribuir para o conhecimento global da fauna tropical nas regiões andinas de alta latitude, além de fornecer uma chave de identificação e
um catálogo fotos para futuros estudos. Durante o mês de janeiro de 2008, as coletas de Chironomidae foram realizadas no Equador. No total, 1.412
espécimes pertencentes a 16 gêneros e pelo menos 23 espécies pertencentes às subfamílias Chironominae (3 táxones), Diamesinae (3 táxones),
Podonominae (3 táxones), Orthocladiinae (13 táxones) e Tanypodinae (1 taxon) foram encontrados. As subfamílias Podonominae e Orthocladiinae
predominaram em termos de abundância. Parochlus foi o gênero mais difundido, enquanto Cricotopus o mais diversificado. O presente estudo
contribui para o conhecimento sobre a fauna de Chironomidae nos córregos de alta altitude no Equador e espera-se que motive estudos adicionais
na área.

Palavras Chave: quironomídeos; Alto Andes; Neotropical; vulcão Antisana; riachos glaciais e não glaciais

Non-biting midges (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae) are true flies, gations (Silva & Ekrem 2016). Nevertheless, in order to obtain the most
and the most widely distributed free-living holometabolous insects (Fer- biologically informative data, it is fundamental to identify taxa to species,
rington 2008). Chironomids inhabit an enormous variety of aquatic eco- because within a single genus, species may respond in a distinct manner
systems, ranging from moist soils to pools in tree-holes, and from low- to environmental changes (Lenat & Resh 2001). Generally, the lack of
oxygen lake sediments to fast-flowing mountain streams (Ferrington et descriptions and keys to a local fauna precludes species determination,
al. 2008). The adult life stage of chironomids is ephemeral, and most of or workers choose to overlook the chironomids in favor of groups (e.g.,
the lifespan is spent in the larval stage (Thienemann 1954; Tokeshi 1995). Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) that are more limited in num-
The countless species and habitat diversity makes this family a valuable ber and diversity (Spies et al. 2009).
indicator species for lentic and lotic aquatic ecosystems, but also they Approximately 900 chironomid species are recognized from the
are particularly well suited for phylogenetic and biogeographical investi- Neotropical region (Martin Spies, personal communication). This

1
Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Geological Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; E-mail: ladislav.hamerlik@gmail.com (L. H.)
2
Matej Bel University, Department of Biology and Ecology, Banská Bystrica, Slovakia
3
University of São Paulo, Institute of Biosciences, Department of Zoology, Laboratory of Systematic and Biogeography of Insecta, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil;
E-mail: fabiologia@gmail.com (F. L. S.)
4
University of Copenhagen, Department of Biology, Freshwater Biological Section, Copenhagen, Denmark; E-mail: djacobsen@bio.ku.dk (D. J.)
*Corresponding author; E-mail: ladislav.hamerlik@gmail.com

2018 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 101, No. 4 663

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664 2018 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 101, No. 4
number has been increasing in recent years thanks to intense tax- bushes typical of the northern Andes. Above about 4,600 masl, vegeta-
onomic work being conducted, particularly in Brazil and Argentina tion is characterized as sporadic tufts of grasses and cushion plants. For
(e.g., Oliveira et al. 2013; Trivinho-Strixino et al. 2013, 2015; Ander- more information on the study area, see Jacobsen et al. (2010).
sen & Pinho 2014; Silva et al. 2014a, b; Andersen et al. 2015; Silva
& Wiedenbrug 2015; Siri et al. 2015; Parise & Pinho 2016; Silva &
Oliveira 2016; Silva & Ferrington 2018). When it comes to Ecuador, COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION
the chironomid fauna and its diversity remain poorly known (e.g., Collections were made from a total of 17 sites in Jan 2008, 10 gla-
Brundin, 1966; Roback & Coffman 1983; Prat et al. 2010, 2011), most cially influenced and 7 without glacial influence. The glacier-fed sites
likely due to the insufficient number of scientists working with this were located along a 4.3 km stretch of 3 streams originating side-by-
group in the region. side from 3 glaciers on Antisana (Fig. 1). On each of these streams,
High-altitude streams, especially those fed by glaciers, are possi- 3 sites were selected at varying distance from the glacier snout, and
bly one of the harshest ecosystems in nature, and therefore typically situated between 4,051 and 4,835 masl. At each site, 5 quantitative
present a distinct spatial pattern in the distribution of diversity and Surber samples (0.05 m2, mesh size 200 μm) were collected randomly
species assemblages downstream and away from the constraining in- from pebble/cobble substratum in riffle⁄run habitats. In addition, a
fluence of the glacier (Sæther 1968; Steffan 1971). Glacier-fed streams qualitative search was made for about 20 to 30 min in other micro-
are characterized by a unique fluctuation pattern in discharge that is habitats. The 5 non-glacial streams (7 sites, 3,925–4,105 masl) were
significantly different in temperate/arctic and tropical/equatorial gla- sampled using only qualitative sampling (kicking technique). All sam-
cier-fed streams (Milner & Petts 1994; Jacobsen et al. 2010). Although ples were field-preserved using 70% ethanol. At each site, basic envi-
the ecology (see Britain & Milner 2001) and fauna (e.g., Füreder et ronmental variables were measured (Table 1). For detailed description
al. 2000; Lods-Crozet et al. 2002; Robinson et al. 2001; Lencioni et al. of the methods used, see Kuhn et al. (2011). In the laboratory, the
2002) of temperate glacier-fed streams have been studied intensely, samples were rinsed through a 200 μm sieve, and larvae and pupae
only a few studies were dedicated to the fauna of these ecosystems of Chironomidae were sorted under a stereoscopic microscope at 10×
in the tropics (Jacobsen et al. 2010; Kuhn et al. 2011). In this context, magnification, dehydrated in 96 and 99% ethanol, and slide-mounted
the goal of our study was to provide data on the chironomid fauna of in Euparal (ASCO Laboratories, Manchester, England) for species iden-
Ecuadorian high-altitude streams, both glacier-fed and non-glacial, in tification. Morphological identification was made based on the keys of
order to contribute to the overall knowledge of the tropical fauna in Ruiz-Moreno et al. (2000), Epler (2001), Prat et al. (2011), Andersen et
high-elevation Andean regions. Additionally, we also provide an iden- al. (2013), Trivinho-Strixino (2014), and, occasionally, original descrip-
tification key along with a photography catalogue of the chironomid tions. Voucher specimens are deposited in the Biology Department,
larvae recorded in this study. University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Materials and Methods Results


A total of 1,412 specimens were collected, and identified as 23 spe-
SITE DESCRIPTION cies (Table 2) belonging to 16 genera and 5 subfamilies: Orthocladiinae
The Río Antisana is a headwater of the River Napo, a main tributary (13 taxa), Chironominae (3 taxa), Diamesinae (3 taxa), Podonominae (3
of the upper Amazon River. It originates at an altitude of 4,730 masl taxa), and Tanypodinae (1 taxon). Larvae of the subfamilies Orthocla-
from the ‘Crespo’ glacier on Mount Antisana in the eastern Cordillera diinae and Podonominae highly predominated in terms of abundance,
of the Andes of Ecuador (0.460000°S, 78.150000°W). Predominant soil comprising 60 and 39% of the total abundance, respectively. Chirono-
types are hydrandepts and dystrandepts (both Andosols) with high vol- minae were sampled seldomly and always in small numbers. Only 1
canic ash content, low density and high phosphorous binding capacity genus was recorded for Tanypodinae, Pentaneura Phillippi. Parochlus
(Buringh 1979). Air temperature, humidity, and solar radiation do not Enderlein was the most widespread genus of Chironomidae, while Cri-
vary systematically during the year, whereas precipitation, cloud cover, cotopus van der Wulp was the most diverse. In total, 21 taxa were re-
and wind speed present more seasonal variability in the study region corded in glacier-fed streams, and 13 in non-glacial streams. Eight taxa
(Cadier et al. 2007). Mean annual precipitation is about 800 mm, falling occurred exclusively in glacier-fed streams, 1 taxon was exclusive for
mainly as snow and hail (Maisincho et al. 2007). Air temperature varies non-glacier streams, Orthocladius (Euo.) sp.; however, it was common
from about 3.7 °C at the lowest site to 1.3 °C at the upper site (Maisin- in non-glacial streams. Parochlus sp. B and Podonomus Phillippi were
cho et al. 2007). The vegetation of the lower part of the study area is typical for glacially influenced streams, and were rarely collected or not
covered by low ‘páramo,’ a moorland type of vegetation with scattered collected in the streams without glacial influence.

Key to subfamilies (only subfamilies recorded in the study are included)


1. Antenna retractile into the head capsule, prementum with well-developed ligula (Fig. 23) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tanypodinae
1.— Antenna not retractile, ligula never developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Ventral part of mentum laterally developed into ventromental plates of different shape, usually striate and never with beard . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chironominae
2.— Ventromental plates, if developed, never striated and sometimes with beard beneath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Procerci obvious, minimum 3× as long as wide, usually much longer (8–10×). Premandibles absent (Figs. 7–9) . . . . . . . . . Podonominae
3.— Procerci less than 3× as long as wide, usually much less or reduced. Premandibles present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

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Hamerlik et al.: Chironomids of Ecuadorian high-altitude streams 665

Fig. 1. Map of the Antisana stream system. For site codes see Tables 1 and 2. Glaciated area is marked with grey. Sites 1 to 10 are glaciated, sites 11 to 17 are
non-glacial.

4. Prementum with 3 dense brushes of hair-like processes. Usually with distinctive ‘collar’ (occipital margin of the head). Mentum either
very wide, with 2 narrow medium teeth and > 8 lateral teeth of similar size (Figs. 5–6), or with 1 very broad median tooth and 5 laterals
(Fig. 4). Head dark brown, body ‘fleshy’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Diamesinae (Heptagyiini)
4.— Prementum with lamellae rather than brushes. Mentum usually narrower, with at most 3 median teeth. Body of various coloration . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Orthocladiinae
Notes: The only Tanypodinae recorded in the studied streams was Pentaneura sp. (Fig. 23). There was 1 specimen in the Surber samples of the
Glacier stream 14, site 3 (farthest from the glacier terminus), and it is apparently very rare in the region.
Subfamily Chironominae
1. Antennae long, placed on pedestals (Fig. 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tanytarsini
1.— Antenna shorter, growing directly from head (Chironomini, Pseudochironomini) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Mentum with a single broad median tooth, ventromental plates slender, scarcely separated medially. Anal tubules elongate, manifold
exceeding the length of parapods (Fig. 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manoa
2.— Mentum with paired median teeth, first laterals shorter than median and second lateral teeth, ventromental plates widely separated.
Anal tubules shorter than parapods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Polypedilum
Notes: The only Tanytarsini collected was 1 specimen of Tanytarsus sp. (Fig. 3) in stream 14, site 3. One individual of Manoa sp. (Pseudochirono-
mini) was recorded in Glacier stream 15, site 3. Both taxa are particularly rare.

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666

Table 1. Basic environmental variables of the studied streams. For details see Kuhn et al. (2011).

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Glacial stream sites Non-glacial stream sites

Site code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Humboldt
Yacupampa

Micahuayco
Micahuayco

Jatunhuayco
Jatunhuayco
Stream G 15 G 15 Gl 15 G 14 G 14 G 14 G 12 G 12 G 12
Spring stream

Rio Antisana
Site S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S1 S2
Altitude (masl) 4,835 4,521 4,335 4,789 4,535 4,196 4,728 4,496 4,225 4,051 4,000 3,925 3,960 3,958 4,070 4,058 4,105
UTM 817040 815887 814882 816356 815255 811885 816375 815013 812563 810143 807352 808047 809341 808958 810177 810142 809926

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UTM 9947921 9948823 9950099 9947100 9947505 9945676 9945638 9945884 9945513 9943562 9944435 9940533 9941401 9941122 9943613 9943789 9944383
Catchment (km2) 0.46 1.02 1.47 0.65 1.12 14.27 2.13 3.21 4.33 14.55 17.29 41.69 9.27 9.51
Glacier cover in catchment (%) 94 45 31 92 67 10 100 66 49 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Distance to glacier (m) 100 1500 3500 200 1500 5600 50 1500 4300 7600
Min. turbidity (NTU) 812 211 65 181 111 58 285 442 411 37 6 6 5 6 2 1 1
Max. pH 7.98 7.07 6.44 6.31 7.04 7.96 7.47 6.36 6.39 8.38 7.59 8.74 7.98 7.96 7.88 7.15 7.78
Max. Conductivity (µS cm-1) 3 8 24 11 10 47 5 10 14 162 139 237 254 254 148 142 227
Mean temperature (°C) 1.56 4.20 5.05 2.48 4.31 7.42 1.59 2.86 5.38 7.94 8.39 9.91 9.17 9.17 7.33 7.88 9.80
CV temp. (%) 111 102 63 126 80 34 180 46 51 21 16 16 14 14 11 11 9
Mean max. temperature (°C) 4.38 12.35 10.65 9.47 10.70 11.26 5.44 5.21 10.94 10.93 10.66 12.36 11.46 11.46 9.35 9.90 9.90
Mean min. temperature (°C) 0.47 0.30 1.56 0.00 0.60 4.32 0.00 1.36 2.62 6.24 6.85 8.10 7.77 7.77 5.80 7.20 8.20
Mean depth (cm) 5 6 10 6 10 18 3 13 19 33 56 19 66 43 18 32 19
CV depth (%) 52 84 69 18 20 30 110 35 27 12 25 66 7 11 6 3 6
Substrate types (nr.) 6 8 6 5 6 8 5 6 10 6 5 9 3 7 7 8 6
Substrate type div. (H´) 1.63 1.88 1.52 1.60 1.70 1.95 1.05 1.60 2.11 1.72 1.39 1.96 1.00 1.58 1.70 1.35 0.96
Mean current (m s-1) 0.24 0.11 0.13 0.25 0.24 0.19 0.22 0.38 0.21 0.58 0.31 0.61 0.17 0.42 0.31 0.28 0.10
Mean width (cm) 67 59 63 72 133 133 39 204 158 146 60 181 223 228 56 356 531
Slope (cm m-1) 11.7 9.7 7.3 24 10.8 2.2 1.4 8.7 9 2.3 1.5 3.2 0.4 4.1 9.6 6.8 1.7
Stability index 9 18 25 15 21 31 16 24 21 45 42 35 44 47 39 48 58
Chlorophyll (mg m-2) 0.14 3.92 2.63 0.55 6.17 1.85 0.27 3.15 0.99 10.937 1.957 13.049 1.981 22.031 23.090 27.142 16.424

Abbreviations: UTM – Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system; AFDM – ash-free dry mass; CV – coefficient of variation.
2018 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 101, No. 4
Table 2. Chironomid taxa recorded in the surveyed streams in the Antisana region, Ecuador, in Jan 2008. Numbers indicate summary abundance in 5 Surber samples; + indicate records in qualitative samples.

Glacial stream sites Non-glacial stream sites

Site code 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

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Humboldt
Yacupampa

Micahuayco
Micahuayco

Rio Antisana
Jatunhuayco
Jatunhuayco
Spring stream

Stream G 15 G 15 Gl 15 G 14 G 14 G 14 G 12 G 12 G 12

Site S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S3 S1 S2 S1 S2
Chironominae
Manoa sp. — — 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Polypedilum sp. — — — — — 3 — — — + + + + + — — —
Tanytarsus sp. — — — — — 1 — — — — — — — — — — —

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Diamesinae
Limaya sp. — — — — — — — — — + — — — + + — —
Paraheptagyia sp. A — 1 + — 2 — 1 + — + — + — + — — —
Paraheptagyia sp. B — — — — 1 — — + — + — — — + — — —
Hamerlik et al.: Chironomids of Ecuadorian high-altitude streams

Orthocladinae
Corynoneura lobata gr. — — — — — 3 — — — — — — — + — — —
Cricotopus sp. A — 9 + — — — + + + — — — — — — — —
Cricotopus sp. B — 55 98 6 28 32 + 37 18 — + + + + + + +
Cricotopus sp. C — 2 7 — 15 230 — 1 88 + + + + + + + +
Cricotopus sp. D — — — — — 16 — — — + — — — — — — —
Limnophyes sp. — 6 — 1 40 7 2 5 3 + — + + + — — +
Metriocnemus fuscipes gr. — — 1 — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Metriocnemus eurynotus gr. — — + — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Onconeura sp. — — — — — — — — — + — — — — — — —
Orthocladius (Euo.) sp. — — — — — — — — — — + + + + + + +
Parakiefferiella sp. — — 1 — + 126 — — 2 + — — — — — — —
Pseudosmittia sp. — + — — — — — — — — — — — — — — —
Smittia sp. — — 2 — 2 — — — — — — — — + — — —
Podonominae
Parochlus sp. A 16 24 20 13 177 37 49 46 3 + + — + — + + +
Parochlus sp. B + 1 5 1 2 2 14 — — — — — — — — — —
Podonomus sp. 28 4 1 71 2 18 20 3 1 + + — — + — — +
Tanypodinae
Pentaneura sp. — — — — — 1 — — — — + — — — — — —
667
668 2018 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 101, No. 4

Figs. 2–7. Manoa sp.: 2a. Labrum-epipharyngis. 2b. Antennae. 2c. Mentum, mandibles and ventromental plates. 2d. Posterior parapods and anal tubules, lateral
view. Tanytarsus sp.: 3a Mandible. 3b. Mentum and ventromental plates. 3c. Head capsule, ventral view. 3d. Labro-epipharyngeal region (arrow indicates pre-
mandibles with 3 teeth). Limaya sp.: 4a. Mandible. 4b. Mentum. 4c. Antenna. 4d. Labro-epipharyngeal region. Paraheptagyia sp. A: 5a. Head capsule, dorsal view.
5b. Mentum and mandibles. 5c. Head capsule, ventral view, arrow indicates occipital margin. Paraheptagyia sp. B: 6a. Mentum. 6b. Mandibles. 6c. Anal end of body,
lateral view. 6d. Head capsule, ventral view, arrow indicates occipital margin. Parochlus sp. A: 7a, e. Anal end with posterior parapods, procercus and anal setae,
lateral and dorsal view. 7b. Mentum and mandibles. 7c. Claws of posterior parapods (note the 2 types of claws indicated by arrow). 7d. Antenna.

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Hamerlik et al.: Chironomids of Ecuadorian high-altitude streams 669
Subfamily Diamesinae
1. Mentum with a very broad middle tooth and 5 lateral teeth, occipital margin moderately developed (in the fourth instar larva) (Fig. 4). .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limaya
1.— Mentum with 2 slightly smaller but non-recessed median teeth and more than 8 pairs of lateral teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Occipital margin very strong, dark brown to black, close to 30% of the head (Fig. 5) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paraheptagyia sp. A
2.— Occipital margin narrow, dark brown (Fig. 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Paraheptagyia sp. B
Notes: Both Paraheptagyia types occur together in middle stream sites, and P. type B could be just a younger instar of P. type A.
Subfamily Orthocladiinae
1. Anal end without procercus, or if present, without distinct anal setae and posterior parapods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.— Procercus present, posterior parapods well developed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Anterior parapods basally fused, with numerous fine spines on basal part. Posterior parapods reduced but separate and bearing simple
claws, there is a line of fine claws beneath. Mentum with a single median tooth with a nipple and 5 pairs of lateral teeth (Fig. 22) . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Smittia
2.— Anterior and posterior parapods missing. Mentum with a single broad media tooth and 5 pairs of laterals. Mandible with 4 inner teeth,
second is smaller than first and third (Fig. 21) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pseudosmittia
3. Antenna subequal to, or longer than head capsule, 4 segmented (Fig. 10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Corynoneura
3.— Antenna shorter than half length of head, with 5 to 6 segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Antenna about one-third as long as head capsule, head prolonged. Body setation strong and obvious even under small magnification (Fig.
18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Onconeura sp.
4.— Antenna shorter, body setation weak, head more round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Mentum with 2 or more median teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.— Mentum with 1 median tooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6. Median mental teeth higher and broader than first lateral teeth. Wedge shaped darkly pigmented tubercle below outermost lateral teeth
(Fig. 15) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Limnophyes
6.— Median teeth smaller and shorter than first laterals. No such structure below outermost lateral teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7. Antenna reduced, basal segment at most as long as wide, usually shorter. Median teeth minute, much lower than first and second lateral
teeth (that are at least 2× as long as other laterals) (Fig. 17) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metriocnemus fuscipes gr.
7.— Antenna not reduced, basal segment longer than wide, median teeth the same level or just a bit lower than the first laterals. First and
second lateral teeth less than twice as long as other laterals (Fig. 16) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metriocnemus eurynotus gr.
8. Median tooth broad, ≥ 3× wider than the first lateral teeth and of triangular shape, ventromental plates well developed, extending well
beyond lateral margin of mentum. Antenna with 6 segments; segment 6 hair-like (Fig. 20) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parakiefferiella
8.— Median tooth < 3× wider than first lateral teeth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9. Median tooth obviously higher than first lateral teeth. Second lateral teeth reduced, pressed against first lateral teeth. Mentum and
mandibles dark brown to black, outer margin of mandibles crenulated (Fig. 14) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cricotopus sp. D
9.— Median tooth subequal to first lateral teeth, mandibles and mentum light- to dark brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10. Median tooth and first lateral teeth are equal in size, first laterals rounded, taller and broader than the rest of lateral teeth that are sub-
equal and pointy. Head capsule dark (Fig. 19) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orthocladius (Euo.) sp.
10.— Median tooth broader than first lateral, head capsule yellow to brown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11. Seta submenti located well anterior to posterior margin of ventromental plates (Fig. 11) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cricotopus sp. A
11.— Seta submenti located beyond posterior margin of ventromental plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12. Occipital margin broad and transparent, the same color as head capsule; ventral opening of occipital margin of trapezoidal shape (Fig. 13) . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cricotopus sp. C
12.– Occipital margin narrow, darker than head capsule; ventral opening wide, without trapezoidal shape (Fig. 12) . . . . . . . . Cricotopus sp. B

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670 2018 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 101, No. 4

Figs. 8–13. Parochlus sp. B: 8a to c. Anal end with posterior parapod, procercus and anal setae, lateral (a, b) and dorsal view (c). Podonomus sp.: 9a. Anterior
parapod with fan shaped arrangement of claws, lateral view. 9b, c. Anal end with posterior parapod, procercus, and anal setae, dorsolateral view. 9d. Larvae under
low magnification. Corynoneura lobata group: 10a. Antenna. 10b. Mentum, mandibles, and labro-epipharyngeal region (arrows indicate bifid SI and pecten). 10c.
Head capsule, dorsolateral view. Cricotopus sp. A: 11a. Labro-epipharyngeal region. 11b. Body. 11c. Body setation (indicated by arrow). 11d. Head capsule, ventral
view (position of seta submenti indicated by arrow). 11e. Mandible. Cricotopus sp. B: 12a. Mandible. 12b. Head capsule, ventral view. 12c. Mentum view (position
of seta submenti indicated by arrow). 12d. Body segment with seta (indicated by arrow). Cricotopus sp. C: 13a. Mandible. 13b. Head capsule, ventral view. 13c.
Mentum (arrow indicates position of seta submenti).

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Hamerlik et al.: Chironomids of Ecuadorian high-altitude streams 671

Fig. 14–19. Cricotopus sp. D: 14a. Mentum. Arrow indicates the reduced second lateral tooth. 14b. Mandible. 14c. Head capsule, ventral view. Limnophyes sp.: 15a.
Anal end of body, anal tubules are indicated by arrow. 15b. Antenna and mandible, arrow indicates long antennal blade. 15c. Mentum with wedge shaped tubercle
(indicated by arrow). Metriocnemus eurynotus group: 16a. Mandible. 16b. Antenna. 16c. Mentum. 16d. Head capsule, ventral view. Metriocnemus fuscipes group:
17a. Antenna. 17b. Mandible. 17c. Mentum. Onconeura sp.: 18a. Head capsule. Arrow indicates antenna. 18b. Mentum and mandible. 18c. Antenna. 18d. Body
segments with strong setation. Orthocladius (Euo.) sp.: 19a. Mentum. 19b. Head capsule, ventral view. 19c. Detail of occipital margin. 19d. Antenna and madible.

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672 2018 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 101, No. 4

Figs. 20-23. Parakiefferiella sp.: 20a. Mandible. 20b. Antenna. Arrow indicates vestigial sixth segment. 20c. Mentum. Pseudosmittia sp.: 21a. Head capsule, ventral
view. 21b. Anal end, ventral view. 21c. Mentum and mandible. Smittia sp.: 22a. Head capsule, ventral view. 22b. Mentum. 22c. Basally fused anterior parapods, with
2 types of claws (fine spines are indicated by arrow), lateral view. 22d. Posterior parapods (detail), ventral view. Arrow indicate a row of minute claws below regular
size claws. 22e. Anal end of the body, ventral view. Pentaneura sp.: 23a. Head capsule, ventral view. 23b. Ligula and paraligula. 23c. Maxillary palp with sensilla. 23d.
Anal end of body.

Notes: The most common orthoclads are Cricotopus sp. A, C. sp. B, and C. sp. C. Even though these morphotypes are very similar, they
can be distinguished as follows: Cricotopus sp. A (Fig. 11) has a characteristic body coloration; the first 3 body segments are pale, while
the remaining are purple. Seta submenti is situated between ventromental plates. The head is dark brown, the mentum, mandibles, and
occipital margin are dark brown to black. The apical tooth of mandible long and pointy. Abdominal segments with a pair of setal tufts (Fig.
11c) (also occurs in Cricotopus sp. B), but may be weak and easily overlooked. Cricotopus sp. A is common, most abundant in the uppermost
site, also occurs at lower elevations, but much less frequently. The most obvious difference between Cricotopus sp. B (Fig. 12) and C. sp. C
(Fig. 13) is the color and shape of occipital margin; although occipital margin of C sp. B is narrow and slightly darker than head capsule, C.
sp. C has broad and pale occipital margin, about the same color as head capsule. In addition, ventral opening of occipital margin in C. sp. C
has a characteristic trapezoidal shape, while that of C. sp. B is wide, without trapezoidal shape. Abdominal segments of C. sp. B bear very
weak setal tufts (Fig. 12d); however, they could be easily overlooked. Both types are common in the glacier-fed sites; however, C. sp. B is
most abundant in the middle ones, while C. sp. C is absent in the uppermost ones, and its abundance increases with decreasing altitude,
and is most abundant in the lowermost sites.
Subfamily Podonominae
1. Dark brown to black head capsule and procerci, claws of anterior and posterior parapods arranged in comb shape, anal setae compact
(Fig. 9). Common in all sites, most abundant in the uppermost ones, close to the glacier terminus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Podonomus
1.— Pale to light brown head capsule, procerci and body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Light brown body with obvious setae, procerci 3 to 4× as long as broad, anal setae arranged in fan shape, head slightly curved (Fig. 7) . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parochlus sp. A

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Hamerlik et al.: Chironomids of Ecuadorian high-altitude streams 673
2.— Body, head and procerci pale, procerci much longer than in the previous species, anal setae long and compact (parallel), body without
setae (Fig. 8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parochlus sp. B
Notes: Parochlus sp. A was common and abundant in all sites. Parochlus sp. B was much less frequent than Podonomus and Parochlus sp. A, and
occurred at higher locations.

In our study, Tanypodinae were particularly rare; only 1 genus was


Discussion recorded, Pentaneura Phillippi. This is a common genus occurring in
the Nearctic and Neotropical regions (Ashe & O’Connor 2009), includ-
The most abundant genus was Parochlus, occurring in almost all ing some islands from the Caribbean region (Williston 1896; Ferrington
sampled sites. This is a cold-stenothermic genus with a wide ecologi- et al. 1993, Silva et al. 2015). Larval Pentaneura have been recorded
cal valence in running waters of high latitudes and high altitudes. The inhabiting a variety of aquatic systems, from ponds and lakes, asso-
main habitats are different types of mountain streams, but several spe- ciated with vascular hydrophytes and detritus, to small streams and
cies prefer springs, and some occur among mosses in shallow tarns large bodies of running water, usually living in erosion and depositional
and other small water bodies (Wiederholm 1983). The genus seem to areas (Ferrington et al. 2008; Andersen et al. 2013). In the Neotropi-
be confined to the southern temperate zones, included the Andean cal region, Pentaneura often has been reported in greatest abundance
mountain chains and the South Shetland Islands in true Antarctic lati- from high-altitude headwater streams (Watson & Heyn 1992; Tejerina
tudes. In our study, 2 morphotypes of Parochlus were determined. & Molineri 2007; Acosta & Prat 2010), ranging from 2,000 to 4,440
Other commonly sampled Podonominae was Podonomus. Larvae of masl (Silva & Ferrington 2018).
Podonomus are found inhabiting mainly cold streams and brooks. The The higher number of taxa recorded in glacier-fed streams (21)
genus in the southern hemisphere occurs from the highest areas of compared to non-glacial ones (13) is interesting, but the different
the Bolivian Andes to the Strait of Magellan in South America, as well methods of collection prevent us from comparison and general con-
as in Tasmania, New South Wales, and New Zealand in the Australian clusions. However, 8 taxa occurred exclusively in glacier-fed streams
region (Brundin 1966). (compared to only 1 taxon in non-glacier streams), which emphasizes
The subfamily Orthocladiinae was represented by 8 genera, com- the unique character of glaciated systems. However, in general, the
prising 13 morphotypes. Cricotopus, represented by 4 morphotypes, most common taxa were the same in both stream types. The potential
was the most widespread orthoclad, occurring in all sites. The genus types of insect life cycles in glacier-fed streams are limited by the cold
is one of the largest in the Orthocladiinae, comprising 5 subgenera, temperatures and marked seasonality. This biotope, known as kryal
with worldwide distribution (Cranston et al. 1989, Ashe & O’Connor (Steffan 1971), is distinguished by very cold temperature (near 0 °C),
2009), except for Antarctica. Cricotopus larvae occur in all types of wa- highly turbid, and fast-flowing waters with low channel stability and
ter bodies, including some saline and coastal waters. The group often seasonal flow regimes with high diel peaks in summer (Lods-Crozet
is recorded in association with aquatic macrophytes, algae, and some- 2002). In general, research on glacier-fed streams has not focused on
times cyanobacteria. Some larvae mine in macrophytes, many graze the chironomid fauna. Therefore, even though the generic richness
on the surfaces (Wiederholm 1983). Metriocnemus van der Wulp is documented here seems to be lower than the actual richness of chi-
a worldwide genus with more than 60 Holarctic species (Cranston et ronomids in glacier-fed streams in Ecuador, particularly considering
al. 1989) and 5 endemic species from the Neotropical region (Spies & the limited duration and extension of our study, our results represent
Reiss 1996; Donato & Paggi 2005). However, none of the specimens an advance in the understanding of the chironomid communities in
from glacier-fed streams in Ecuador could be ascribed to any of the pre- glacial meltwater streams. Comparing our results with Lods-Crozet et
viously described species. The genus occurs in one of the widest bio- al. (2002), who sampled in 6 European glacier-fed streams, we could
tope ranges of any dipteran genus (Sæther 1989), ranging from mosses expect that some widespread cold-stenothermic species of the follow-
and higher vegetation, pitcher plants and hollow trees, to margins of ing genera are still found in aquatic ecosystems of high Andean regions
springs, ditches, streams, damp soils, and hygropetric biotopes, and in Ecuador: Diamesa Meigen, Eukiefferiella Thienemann, Orthocladius
occasionally also lakes and rock pools (Cranston & Judd 1987; Sæther van der Wulp, and Thienemannia Kieffer. Even though our inventory
1989, 1995). documents a relatively species-poor chironomid community in glacier-
The subfamily Diamesinae was represented by 2 genera, Limaya fed streams in Ecuador, we believe that collections in different periods
Brundin and Paraheptagyia Brundin. The latter presented at least 2 and broadening the variety of sampling habitats and geographic area
morphotypes; however, Paraheptagyia sp. B might be just a lower in- may reveal a greater diversity than currently detected. While recent
star of P. sp. A. Larval Paraheptagyia usually can be found in thin water years have seen increased activity concerning the chironomid fauna in
films alongside waterfalls, or in the splash zone of streams. the Neotropical region, the knowledge of the diversity and taxonomy
Chironominae was the second least widespread subfamily sampled as well as biogeography and phylogeny, especially in the high Andean
in this study, and always was collected in small numbers. The group was regions, remains fragmentary (Acosta & Prat 2010). Thus, additional in-
represented by only 3 genera: Manoa Fittkau, Polypedilum Kieffer, and ventories are required to discover and analyze possible areas of ende-
Tanytarsus van der Wulp. The lack of Chironominae in our samples might mism in Ecuador and the surrounding areas. The present study contrib-
be largely related to the preference for tropical and subtropical lowlands utes to the knowledge of chironomid fauna in high-altitude glacier-fed
exhibited by most members of this subfamily. Furthermore, it is impor- and non-glacial streams in Ecuador and will hopefully motivate further
tant to call attention to the first record of Manoa in high Andean regions. studies in the area.
The genus was described from all stages from Amazonia, and a second
adult species has been described from East Africa. Recently, the group
was recorded from China (Qi et al. 2017) and the Dominican Republic Acknowledgments
(Silva et al. 2015). In the Everglades, Florida, USA, larvae of M. paha-
yokeensis Jacobsen & Perry are found in shallow water areas subject to We are grateful for the field assistance of Patricio Andino, Rodrigo
fluctuating water levels and seasonal drying (Jacobsen & Perry 2002). Espinosa, Jesper Kuhn, and Signe M. Vie. Useful comments of Narcis

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674 2018 — Florida Entomologist — Volume 101, No. 4
Prat to the identification are acknowledged. This study was funded Jacobsen RE, Perry SA. 2002. A new species of Manoa (Diptera: Chironomidae)
by the National Science Centre, Poland, contract no. 2015/19/P/ from Everglades National Park. Journal of the North American Benthological
Society 21: 314–325.
ST10/04048. This project has received funding from the European Kuhn J, Andino P, Calvez R, Espinosa R, Hamerlík L, Vie S, Dangles O, Jacobsen D.
Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the 2011. Spatial variability in macroinvertebrate assemblages along and among
Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 665778. FLS was sup- neighboring equatorial glacier-fed streams. Freshwater Biology 56: 2226–2244.
ported by fellowships from the Coordination for the Improvement of Lenat DR, Resh VH. 2001. Taxonomy and stream ecology - The benefits of genus-
Higher Education Personnel (CAPES - 2014/9239-13-8), and São Paulo and species-level identifications. Journal of the North American Benthologi-
cal Society 20: 287–298.
Research Foundation (FAPESP - 2016/07039-8). The authors are grate- Lencioni V, Maiolini B, Rossaro B. 2002. The kryal and rhitral chironomid com-
ful to the editor, John Capinera, and an anonymous reviewer for their munity in the Carè Alto system (Italian Central-Eastern Alps). Verhandlungen
valuable comments to the earlier version of the manuscript. des Internationalen Verein Limnologie 27: 711–715.
Lods-Crozet B, Lencioni V, Ólafsson JS, Snook DL, Velle G, Brittain JE, Castella E,
Rossaro B. 2002. Chironomid (Diptera: Chironomidae) communities in six
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