8.

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

Let us Study

• Bernoulli Trial
• Binomial distribution
• Mean and variance of Binomial Distribution.

Let us Recall

• Many experiments are dichotomous in nature. For example, a tossed coin shows a ‘head’ or ‘tail’,
A result of student ‘pass’ or ‘fail’, a manufactured item can be ‘defective’ or ‘non-defective’, the
response to a question might be ‘yes’ or ‘no’, an egg has ‘hatched’ or ‘not hatched’, the decision is
‘yes’ or ‘no’ etc. In such cases, it is customary to call one of the outcomes a ‘success’ and the other
‘not success’ or ‘failure’. For example, in tossing a coin, if the occurrence of the head is considered
a success, then occurrence of tail is a failure.

Let us Learn

8.1.1 Bernoulli Trial :

Each time we toss a coin or roll a die or perform any other experiment, we call it a trial. If a coin
is tossed, say, 4 times, the number of trials is 4, each having exactly two outcomes, namely, success or
failure. The outcome of any trial is independent of the outcome of any other trial. In each of such trials,
the probability of success or failure remains constant. Such independent trials which have only two
outcomes usually referred to as ‘success’ or ‘failure’ are called Bernoulli trials.

Definition:
Trials of a random experiment are called Bernoulli trials, if they satisfy the following conditions :
(i) Each trial has exactly two outcomes : success or failure.
(ii) The probability of success remains the same in each trial.
Throwing a die 50 times is a case of 50 Bernoulli trials, in which each trial results in success (say
an even number) or failure (an odd number) and the probability of success ( p) is same for all 50
throws. Obviously, the successive throws of the die are independent trials. If the die is fair and has
six numbers 1 to 6 written on six faces, then
1 1
p= and q = 1 − p ∴q=
2 2

245
For example :
Consider a die to be thrown 20 times. if the result is an even number, consider it a success, else it is
1
a failure. Then p = as there are 3 even numbers in the possible outcomes.
2 1
If in the same experiment, we consider the result a success if it is a multiple of 3, then p = as there
3
are 2 multiples of 3 among the six possible outcomes. Both above trials are Bernoulli trials.

SOLVED EXAMPLE

Ex. 1 : Six balls are drawn successively from an urn containing 7 red and 9 black balls. Tell whether
or not the trials of drawing balls are Bernoulli trials when after each draw the ball drawn is
(i) replaced (ii) not replaced in the urn.
Solution :
(i) The number of trials is finite. When the drawing is done with replacement, the probability of
7
success (say, red ball) is p = which is same for all six trials (draws). Hence, the drawing of
16
balls with replacements are Bernoulli trials.

(ii) When the drawing is done without replacement, the probability of success (i.e. red ball) in first
7 6 7
trial is in second trial is if first ball drawn is red and is if first ball drawn is black
16 15 15
and so on. Clearly probability of success is not same for all trials, hence the trials are not
Bernoulli trials.

8.2 Binomial distribution:

Consider the experiment of tossing a coin in which each trial results in success (say, heads) or
failure (tails). Let S and F denote respectively success and failure in each trial. Suppose we are interested
in finding the ways in which we have one success in six trials. Clearly, six different cases are there as
listed below:
SFFFFF, FSFFFF, FFSFFF, FFFSFF, FFFFSF, FFFFFS.
6!
Similarly, two successes and four failures can have = 15 combinations.
4!×2!
But as n grows large, the calculation can be lengthy. To avoid this the number for certain probabilities
can be obtained with Bernoullis formula.For this purpose, let us take the experiment made up of three
Bernoulli trials with probabilities p and q = 1 – p for success and failure respectively in each trial. The
sample space of the experiment is the set

S = �SSS, SSF, SFS, FSS, SFF, FSF, FFS, FFF�

246
 The number of successes is a random variable X and can take values 0, 1, 2, or 3.The probability
distribution of the number of successes is as below :
P (X = 0) = P (no success)
= P (�FFF�) = P(F )·P(F )·P(F ) , since trials are independent.
= q · q · q = q3
P (X = 1) = P (one success)

= P (�SFF, FSF, FFS�)

= P (�SFF�) + P (�FSF�) + P (�FFS�)

= P (S)·P(F )·P(F) + P(F)·P(S)·P(F) + P(F)·P(F)·P(S)

= p·q·q + q·p·q + q·q·p = 3pq2

P (X = 2) = P (two success)

= P (�SSF, SFS, FSS�)

= P (�SSF�) + P (�SFS�) + P (�FSS�)

= P(S)·P(S)·P(F) + P(S)·P(F)·P(S) + P(F)·P(S)·P(S)

= p·p·q + p·q·p + q·p·p = 3p2q

and P (X = 3) = P (three successes)

= P (�SSS�)

= P(S)·P(S)·P(S)

= p3
Thus, the probability distribution of X is

X 0 1 2 3

P (X ) q3 3q2p 3qp2 p3

Also, the binominal expansion of

(q + p)3 is q3 + 3q2 p + 3 qp2 + p3
Note that the probabilities of 0, 1, 2 or 3 successes are respectively the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th term in the
expansion of (q + p)3.
Also, since q + p = 1, it follows that the sum of these probabilities, as expected, is 1.Thus, we may
conclude that in an experiment of n-Bernoulli trials, the probabilities of 0, 1, 2,..., n successes can be

247
obtained as 1st, 2nd, 3rd , . . . , (n + 1)th terms in the expansion of (q + p)n . To prove this assertion (result),
let us find the probability of x successes in an experiment of n-Bernoulli trials.
Clearly, in case of x successes (S), there will be (n – x) failures (F ). Now x successes (S ) and (n – x)
n!
failures (F) can be obtained in ways.
x ! (n – x) !
In each of these ways the probability of x successes and (n – x) failures

= P (x successes)· P ((n – x) failures)

= (P (S)·P (S). . . P (S) x times)·(P (F )·P(F))· . . . ·(P(F)·(n – x) times)

= ( p·p·p. . . p x times) (q·q·q. . . q (n – x) times)

= px·qn – x

Thus probability of getting x successes in n-Bernoulli trial is

n!
P (x successes out of n trials) = × px × qn – x = nCx px × qn – x
x ! (n – x) !
Clearly, P (x successes), i.e. nCx px qn – x is the (x + 1)th term in the binomial expansion of (q + p)n .

Thus, the probability distribution of number of successes in an experiment consisting of n-Bernoulli

trials may be obtained by the binomial expansion of (q + p)n . Hence, this distribution of number of
successes X can be written as
X 0 1 2 ... x ... n
n n
P (X ) C0 p0 × qn C1 p1 × qn – 1 nC2 p2 × qn – 2 ... n
Cx px × qn – x ... n
Cn pn × q0

The above probability distribution is known as binomial distribution with parameters n and p,
because for given values of n and p, we can find the complete probability distribution. It is represented
X~B (n, p) as read as X follows binomial distribution with parameters n, p

The probability of x successes P (X = x) is also denoted by P (x) and is given by

n
P (x) = Cx·qn – x × p x, x = 0, 1, . . . , n, (q = 1 – p)

This P (x) is called the probability function of the binomial distribution.

A binomial distribution with n-Bernoulli trials and probability of success in each trial as p, is
denoted by B (n, p) or X~B (n, p).

Lets Note : (i) The number of trials should be fixed.

(ii) The trials should be independent.

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 SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex. 1 : If a fair coin is tossed 10 times, find the probability of getting

(i) exactly six heads (ii) at least six heads (iii) at most six heads
Solution : The repeated tosses of a coin are Bernoulli trials. Let X denote the number of heads in an
experiment of 10 trials.
1 1 1
Clearly, X ~ B (n, p) with n = 10 and p = , q = 1 − p = 1 − ∴ q=
2 2 2
P (X = x) = nCx px × qn – x
1 x 1 n–x
= 10Cx ×
2 2
(i) Exactly six successes means x = 6
1 6
1 10 – 6
10 ! 1 6
1 4
10 × 9 × 8 × 7 1 10
P (X = 6) = 10C6 × = × × = ×
2 2 6 ! (10 – 6) ! 2 2 4×3×2×1 2
105
=
512
(ii) At least six successes means x ≥ 6

P (X ≥ 6) = [P (X = 6) + P (X = 7) + P (X = 8) + P (X = 9) + P (X = 10)]

1 6
1 4 10 1 7 1 3
1 8 1 2
1 9 1 1 10 1 10
1 0
= 10C6 × + C7 × + 10C8 × + 10C9 × + C10 ×
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
10 × 9 × 8 × 7 1 10
10 × 9 × 8 1 10
10 × 9 1 10
1 10
1 10
= × + × + × + 10 +
4×3×2×1 2 3×2×1 2 2×1 2 2 2
1
= (210 + 120 + 45 + 10 + 1) ×
1024
386 193
= =
1024 512
(iii) At most six successes means x ≤ 6

P (X ≤ 6) = 1 – (P (X > 6)

= 1 – [P (X = 7) + P (X = 8) + P (X = 9) + P (X = 10)]

1 7 1 3
1 8 1 2
1 9 1 1 10 1 10
1 0
=1– 10
C7 × + C8 10
× + C9
10
× + C10 ×
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
10 × 9 × 8 1 10
10 × 9 1 10
1 10
1 10
= 1 – × + × + 10 ×
3×2×1 2 2×1 2 2 2
1 176 88 512 – 88 424 53
= 1 – (120 + 45 + 10 + 1) × =1– =1– = = =
1024 1024 512 512 512 64

249
Ex. 2 : Ten eggs are drawn successively with replacement from a lot containing 10% defective eggs.
Find the probability that there is at least one defective egg.
Solution : Let X denote the number of defective eggs in the 10 eggs drawn.
Since the drawing is done with replacement, the trials are Bernoulli trials.
1
Probability of success =
10
1 1 9
p = , q =1−p=1− ∴ q=
10 10 10

n = 10

1
X~B 10,
10
1 x
9 10 – x
P (X = x) = 10Cx ×
10 10
Here X ≥ 1

1 0
9 10
P (X ≥ 1) = 1 − 10C0 ×
10 10
9 10
= 1 − 1 × 1×
10
9 10
=1−
10

8.3 Mean and Variance of Binomial Distribution ( Formulae without proof ) :

Let X~ B (n, p) then mean or expected value of r.v. X is denoted by µ or E (X ) and given by
µ = E (X ) = np.
The variance is denoted by Var (X ) and given by Var (X ) = npq.

Standard deviation of X is denoted by SD (X ) or σ and given by SD (X ) = σx = Var (X )

For example : If X~B ( 10 , 0·4 ) then find E (X) and Var (X ).
Solution : Here n = 10, p = 0·4, q=1−p
q = 1 − 0·4 = 0·6
E (X ) = np
= 10 × 0·4 = 4
Var (X ) = npq
= 10 × 0·4 × 0·6
= 2.4

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 SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex. 1 : Let the p.m.f. of r.v. X be

5 x 4 4–x
P (X = x) = 4Cx × , for x = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
9 9
then find E (X) and Var (X ).
5 4
Solution : P (X = x) is binomial distribution with n = 4 , p = and q =
9 9
E (X ) = np
5 20
= 4 × =
9 9
Var (X ) = npq
5 4 80
= 4 × × =
9 9 81

Ex. 2 : If E (X ) = 6 and Var (X ) = 4·2, find n and p.

Solution : E(X ) = 6 therefore np = 6 and Var (X ) = 4·2 therefore npq = 4·2
npq 4·2
= ∴ q = 0·7
np 6

∴ p = 1 − q = 1 − 0·7 ∴ p = 0·3
np = 6
6
∴ n × 0·3 = 6 ∴ n= = 20
0·3
EXERCISE 8.1

(1) A die is thrown 6 times. If ‘getting an odd number’ is a success, find the probability of
(i) 5 successes (ii) at least 5 successes (iii) at most 5 successes.
(2) A pair of dice is thrown 4 times. If getting a doublet is considered a success, find the probability of
two successes.
(3) There are 5% defective items in a large bulk of items. What is the probability that a sample of 10
items will include not more than one defective item?
(4) Five cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled deck of 52 cards. find the
probability that
(i) all the five cards are spades (ii) only 3 cards are spades (iii) none is a spade.
(5) The probability that a bulb produced by a factory will fuse after 150 days of use is 0·05. Find the
probability that out of 5 such bulbs
(i) none (ii) not more than one (iii) more than one (iv) at least one
will fuse after 150 days of use.

251
(6) A bag consists of 10 balls each marked with one of the digits 0 to 9. If four balls are drawn
successively with replacement from the bag, what is the probability that none is marked with the
digit 0?
(7) On a multiple choice examination with three possible answers for each of the five questions, what
is the probability that a candidate would get four or more correct answers just by guessing?
(8) A person buys a lottery ticket in 50 lotteries, in each of which his chance of winning a prize is 1/100.
find the probability that he will win a prize
(i) at least once (ii) exactly once (iii) at least twice
(9) In a box of floppy discs it is known that 95% will work. A sample of three of the discs is selected at
random. Find the probability that
(i) none (ii) 1 (iii) 2 (iv) all 3 of the sample will work.
(10) Find the probability of throwing at most 2 sixes in 6 throws of a single die.
(11) It is known that 10% of certain articles manufactured are defective. What is the probability that in
a random sample of 12 such articles, 9 are defective?
(12) Given that X~ B (n, p)
(i) If n = 10 and p = 0·4, find E (X ) and Var (X ) (ii) If p =0·6 and E(X ) = 6, find n and Var (X ).
(iii) If n = 25 , E(X ) = 10 find p and SD(X ). (iv) If n = 10, E(X ) = 8, find Var (X ).

Let us Remember

֍ Trials of a random experiment are called Bernoulli trials, if they satisfy the following
conditions :
(i) Each trial has exactly two outcomes : success or failure.
(ii) The probability of success remains the same in each trial.
Thus probability of getting x successes in n-Bernoulli trial is
n!
P (x successes out of n trials) = × px × qn – x = nCx px × qn – x
x ! (n – x) !
Clearly, P (x successes), i.e. nCx px qn – x is the (x + 1)th term in the binomial expansion of
(q + p)n .

֍ Let X~ B (n, p) then mean of expected value of r.v. X is denoted by µ.

E (X ) and given by µ = E (X ) = np.
The variance is denoted by Var (X ) and given by Var (X ) = npq.

Standard deviation of X is denoted by SD (X ) or σ and given by SD (X ) = σx = Var (X )

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 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 8

(I) Choose the correct option from the given alternatives :

(1) A die is thrown 100 times. If getting an even number is considered a sucess, then the standard
deviation of the number of successes is
(A) √ 50 (B) 5 (C) 25 (D) 10
(2) The mean and the variance of a binomial distribution are 4 and 2 respectively. Then the
probablity of 2 successes is
128 219 37 28
(A) (B) (C) (D)
256 256 256 256
(3) For a binomial distribution, n = 5. If P (X = 4) = P (X = 3) then p = . . .
1 3 2
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D)
3 4 3
(4) In a binomial distribution, n = 4. If 2 P (X = 3) = 3 P (X = 2) then p = . . .
4 5 9 6
(A) (B) (C) (D)
13 13 13 13
16
(5) If X~ B (4, p) and P (X = 0) = , then P (X = 4) = . . .
81
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
16 81 27 8
3
(6) The probability of a shooter hitting a target is
.
4
How many minimum number of times must he fire so that the probability of hitting the target
at least once is more than 0·99 ?
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5
(7) If the mean and variance of a binomial distribution are 18 and 12 respectively, then n = ...
(A) 36 (B) 54 (C) 18 (D) 27

(II) Solve the following :

(1) Let X~ B (10, 0·2), Find (i) P (X = 1) (ii) P (X ≥ 1) (iii) P (X ≤ 8).
(2) Let X~ B (n, p) (i) If n = 10 , E (X ) = 5, find p and Var (X ).
(ii) If E (X )= 5 and Var (X ) = 2·5 , find n and p.
(3) If fair coin is tossed 10 times find the probability that it shows heads
(i) 5 times. (ii) in the first four tosses and tail in last six tosses.

253
 (4) Probability that bomb will hit target is 0·8. Find the probability that out of 10 bombs dropped
exactly 2 will miss the target.
(5) The probability that a mountain-bike rider travelling along a certain track will have a tyre
burst is 0·05. Find the probability that among 17 riders : (i) exactly one has a burst tyre
(ii) at most three have a burst tyre (iii) two or more have burst tyres.
(6) Probability that a lamp in a classroom will burnt out will be 0·3. Six lamps are fitted in the
classroom. If it is known that the classroom is unusable if the number of lamps burning in it
is less than four, find the probability that classroom can not used at random occasion.
(7) Lot of 100 items contains 10 defective items. Five items are selected at random from the
lot and sent to the retail store. What is the probability that the store will receive at most one
defective item?
(8) A large chain retailer purchases certain kind of electric device from manufacturer. The
manufacturer indicates that the defective rate of the device is 3% . The inspector of the retailer
picks 20 items from a shipment. What is the probability that the store will receive at most one
defective item?
(9) The probability that the certain kind of component will survive a check test is 0·6. Find the
probability that exactly 2 of the next 4 components tested survive.
(10) An examination consists of 10 multiple-choice questions, in each of which a candidate has
to deduce which one of five suggested answers is correct. A completely unprepared student
guesses each answer completely randomly. What is the probability that this student gets 8 or
more questions correct? Draw the appropriate moral !
(11) The probability that a machine will produce all bolts in a production run within specification
is 0·998. A sample of 8 machines is taken at random. Calculate the probability that
(i) all 8 machines (ii) 7 or 8 machines
(iii) at least 6 machines will produce all bolts within specification
(12) The probability that a machine develops a fault within the first 3 years of use is 0·003. If 40
machines are selected at random, calculate the probability that 38 or more will not develop
any faults within the first 3 years of use.
(13) A computer installation has 10 terminals. Independently, the probability that any one terminal
will require attention during a week is 0·1. Find the probabilities that
(i) 0 (ii) 1 (iii) 2
(iv) 3 or more, terminals will require attention during the next week.

254
 (14) In a large school, 80% of the pupils like mathematics. A visitor to the school asks each of
4 pupils, chosen at random, whether they like mathematics.
(i) Calculate the probabilities of obtaining an answer yes from 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 of the pupils
(ii) Find the probability that the visitor obtains the answer yes from at least 2 pupils:
(a) when the number of pupils questioned remains at 4
(b) when the number of pupils questioned is increased to 8.
(15) It is observed that, it rains on 12 days out of 30 days. Find the probability that
(i) it rains exactly 3 days of week. (ii) it will rain on at least 2 days of given week.
(16) If probability of success in a single trial is 0·01. How many trials are required in order to have
probability greater than 0·5 of getting at least one success?
(17) In binomial distribution with five Bernoulli's trials, probability of one and two success are
0·4096 and 0·2048 respectively. Find probability of success.

v v v

255
 ANSWERS

1. DIFFERENTIATION
EXERCISE 1.1 2 log x 2
(xiii) −
4 x x
(1) (i) 5 (3x2 − 2) ( x3 − 2x − 1)
3 cos √ sin √ x · cos √ x
5 3 4 (xiv)
(ii) (3√ x − 4 3 x ) (2x 2 − 3x 3 − 5) 2 4√ x · √ sin √ x
2
x+2 1
(xv) 2x·e x [tan (e x )] (xvi)
2 2
(iii) 2x log x
√ x2 + 4x − 7
2 [ log [log(log x)]]
(xvii)
x (2√ x2 + 1 + 1) x log x · log(log x)
(iv)
2√ x2 + 1 · √ x2 + √ x2 + 1 (xviii) 4x sin (2x2)
4x − 7 2
(v) − 8
6 (x + 2)(x2 + 4x + 1) + 4 (3x2 − 5)
(3) (i)
(2x2 − 7x − 5) 3 (x3 − 5x − 2)3
4
15 (3x − 4) 1 (ii)
5
8 (1 − 2x) (1 + 4x) (3 + x − x2)
7
(vi) 3 √ 3x − 5 − 4 8
2 (3x − 5) 2 √ 3x − 5 + 20 (1 + 4x) (3 + x − x2)
4
3e(3x+ 2) 14 − 3x 6x2 (x3 + 15) (x3 − 5)
(2) (i) − 2x sin (x2 + a2) (ii) (iii) 3 (iv) 6
2√ e(3x+ 2) + 5 2(7 − 3x) 2 (x3 + 3)

sec2 √ x 2
(iii) cosec x (iv) (v) sin 2x (1 + sin2 x) (1 + cos2 x) (1 − 5 sin2 x)
4√ x ·√ tan √ x
sin x sin √ x
− 9 cosec2 [log (x3)] · cot2 [log (x3)] (vi) − −
(v) 2 √ cos x 4 √ x· √ cos √ x
x
π cos x°
(vi) 3 sin2 x · cos x · 5sin · log 5
3 x+3
(vii) 3 sec 3x (viii)
90 (1 − sin x°)2
sin x cosec √ cos x · cot (√ cos x)
(vii) log x
2 √ cos x cosec2
2
(viii) − 3x2 tan (x3 − 5) (ix) − + tan x · cosec2 x
2x
(ix) 5 sin 2x · e3 sin x − 2 cos x
2 2
8 e4x e√ x
− 2x · sin [ 2 log (x2 + 7)] (x) 2 (xi) − 2
(x) (e4x + 1) √ x (e√ x − 1)
x2 + 7
(xi) − sec2 [cos (sin x)]·sin (sin x)·cos x 14x
(xii) 6 cosec 2x + 4 cot x +
(xii) 4x3·sec2 (x4 + 4)·sec[tan (x4 + 4)] · x2 + 7
5 5x
tan [tan (x4 + 4)] (xiii) 3 cosec 3x (xiv) − cosec
2 2

256
 (xv) − sec x 1 ex
(6) (i) (ii)
x [ 1 + (log x)2] √1 − e2x
3x 9x2
(xvi) 2 log 4 + − 3x2 4x log 4
x2 + 5 2 (2x3 − 4) (iii) − (iv) −
1 + x6 1 + 42x
6 2
(xvii) 2x − + 1 x
5 − 4x 7 − 6x (v) (vi)
2√ x (1 + x) √ 1 − x4
6x 1
(xviii) − sin x log a − − 2 3 √x
x2 − 3 x log x (vii) (viii)
√ 2 − x2 2 √ 1 − x3
x(x2 + 2)3 (7x2 + 38)
(xix) 0 (xx) (ix) 9x8 (x) 2x
3
(x2 + 5) 2 2 1
(7) (i) 2xex (ii) − 5x log 5 (iii)
2
(4) (i) −16 (ii) 35 (iii) −20 (iv) 28 1
12 2π (iv) − x (v) − (vi) −6
2
(5) −5 (6) (7) x = 0 or or 2π
5 3 1 3 7
(vii) − (viii) − (ix) −
(8) e 2x + 6ex + 14, e x2 +5
, 2x, ex, f ' [g(x)]·g' (x), 6 2 2
2 1 1 2
2e2x + 6ex, 8, g' [ f (x)]· f ' (x), 2xe x +5, − 2e6. (x) − (xi) − (xii)
2 2 3
1
EXERCISE 1.2 (8) (i) 1 (ii) 1 (iii)
2 √x
1 1 (iv) 3 (v) ex (vi) 2x log 2
(1) (i) (ii) −
2√ x 4 √x 2 − √x 2 2
(9) (i) (ii)
1 2 1 + x2 1 + x2
(iii) , for x > 2 (iv) 2 2
3 (x − 2)2
3
2x − 1 (iii) − (iv) ±
1 + x2 √1 − x2
(v) 2 (vi) ex
1 3 2ex
(vii) 2e2x − 3 (viii) (v) − (vi) −
x log 2 √1 − x2 1 + e2x
1 1 2·3x log 3
(2) (i) (ii) (vii)
x·e (x + 2)
x
cos x − x sin x 1 + 32x
1
1 x 2·4x log 4 4x + 2 log 4
(iii) x (iv) (viii) or
7 (x log 7 + 1) 2x2 + 1 1 + 42x 1 + 42x
1 10 3√x
(v) (ix) − (x) −
1 + log x 1 + 25x2 1 + x3
1 1 1 1 5x√x 1
(3) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (xi) (xii)
14 4 12 5 1 + x5 2 √ x (1 + x)
1 3 5
(4) (10) (i) +
4 1 + 9x2 1 + 25x2
(5) (i) and (ii) derivative proved.

257
 7 5 3a 2a
(ii) − (vi) + (vii) 1
1 + 49x2 1 + 25x2 a2 + 9x2 a2 + 4x2
1 3 1 2 3
(iii) − (viii) 2 −
2√x 1 + 9x 1 + x 1 + (2x + 1) 1 + (3x − 4)2

3 1 2 1
(iv) 2 log 2
x
+ (ix) +
1 + 9(2 ) 1 + 22x
2x 1 + (2x + 3) 2
1 + (x − 1)2

2 1
(v) 2x log 2 −
1 + 4(2 ) 1 + 22x
2x

EXERCISE 1.3

(x + 1)2 2 3 4
(1) (i) − −
(x + 3)3 (x + 3)4 x + 1 x + 2 x + 3

1 4x − 1 4 2 4
(ii) 2 4x − 1
− +
3 3
(2x + 3) (5 − 2x) 2x + 3 5 − 2x

3 3x
(iii) (x2 + 3) 2 ·sin3 2x·2x2 + 6 cot 2x + 2x log 2
x +3
2

3
(x2 + 2x + 2) 2 3(x +1) 3
(iv) − + x tan x − log (cos x)
(√ x + 3)3 (cos x)x x2 + 2x + 2 2√ x (√ x + 3)

x5·tan3 4x 5 −1 tan−1 x log x

(v) + 24 cosec 8x − 6 cot 3x (vi) xtan x
+
sin2 3x x x 1 + x2
(vii) sinx x [x cot x + log (sin x)] (viii) cos (xx) · xx (1 + log x)
1
(2) (i) ex e −1 + e x + x x (1 + log x) (ii) x x · x x · log x 1 + log x + + e x · x x (1 + log x)
x x

x log x
1
(iii) (log x) x + log (log x) + (cos x) cot x [1 + cosec2 x log (cos x)]
log x
1 sin x
(iv) x e · e x + log x + (log x) sin x + cos x log (log x)
x

x x log x
tan x
(v) sec2 x · etan x + (log x) tan x + sec2 x log (log x)
x log x

(vi) (sin x)tan x [1 + sec2 x log (sin x)] + (cos x) cot x [1 + cosec2 x log (cos x)]
1
(vii) 10 x x x log 10 (1 + log x) + x x ·x 9 (1 + 10 log x) + x 10 ·10 x + log x·log 10
x 10 x

x
(viii) 2

258
 y x
(3) (i) − (ii) − EXERCISE 1.5
x y
12
√ y (2 √ x + √ y ) 3x2 + 2xy + y2 (1) (i) 40x3 − 24x −
(iii) − (iv) − 2 x4
√ x (2 √ y + √ x ) x + 2xy + 3y2
e y + yex (ii) 2e 2x (1 + tan x) ·(2 + tan x + tan2 x)
y
(v) − (vi) − x
x e + xey (iii) − e 4x (9 cos 5x + 40 sin 5x )
sin (x − y) + e x + y 1 + y sin (xy) 1 + log x
(vii) (viii) − (iv) x (5 + 6 log x ) (v) −
sin (x − y) − e x + y 1 + x sin (xy) (x log x)2
y (1 − xe x − y) (iv) x x − 1 + x x (1 + log x)2
(ix) 1
x (1 − ye x − y) 1 θ
(2) (i) − cosec4 (ii) −
sin (x − y) − cos (x + y) − 1 4a 2 4at3
(x)
sin (x − y) + cos (x + y) − 1 2√ 2 b
(iii) 6 (iv) −
a2
EXERCISE 1.4 dny m ! an (ax + b) m − n
(4) (i) = if m > 0, m > n ,
1 b 2 dx n
(m − n) !
(1) (i) (ii) cos θ (iii)
t a √ a2 + m2 dny
= 0 if m > 0, m < n
b θ dx n
(iv) sec3 θ (v) tan
a 2 dny
= n ! a n if m > 0, m = n
y ( t + 1) log a
2 1 1 dx n

(vi) (vii) − (viii)

axt 2 3 (− 1) n n !
(ii) (iii) a ne ax + b
3√ 3 π x n+1

(2) (i) (ii) − √ 3 (iii) −

2 6 (iv) p na px + q (log a) n
(iv) 1 − √ 2 (v) 3 + π nπ
(− 1) n − 1 (n − 1) ! a n
(v) (vi) cos +x
x cos x + sin x (ax + b) n 2
(4) (i) (ii) 1
sec2 x nπ
(vii) a n sin + ax + b
1 2
(iii) − (iv) 2 (v) − x (log x)2·3x nπ
2 (viii) (− 2) n cos + 3 − 2x
x √ x2 − 1 2
(vi) − (− 1) n − 1 (n − 1) ! 2 n
2 (ix)
(2x + 3) n
(1 + log x)· xx + 1 − sin x
(vii) (− 1) n · n ! · 3 n
sin x + x cos x·log x (x)
(3x − 5) n + 1
√ 1 − x2 n
b
(viii) (xi) e ax (a2 + b2) 2 ·cos bx + c + n tan−1
4(1 + x ) 2
a
3
(xii) e 8x·(10)n cos 6x + 7 + n tan−1
4

259
 MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 1

(I)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
D C C B A C D C B C A B

3 1
(II) (1) (ii) Does not exist (iii) −2 (iv) − [Hint : x = cos 2θ]
4 2·√ 1 − x2
(2) (A) 3, (B) 5, (C) 4, (D) 1. 3 5
(v) +
1 + 9x2 1 + 25x2
1 40 29
(3) (i) − (ii) − (iii) − 1
9 3 96 (vi) [Hint : x = tan θ]
4 2 (1 + x2)
(iv) −
9 √ 1 − x2
x (6) (i)
(4) (i) − [Hint : x = cos 2θ] 4 (1 + x2)
√ 1 − x2 2x
(ii) − (iii) 1
1 √ 1 + x2. sin (log x)
(ii) − [Hint : x = cos 2θ]
2
3
(iii) [Hint : √ x = tan θ]
2√ x (1 + x)

2. APPLICATIONS OF DERIVATIVES

2 14
EXERCISE 2.1 (3) (2, −2) − ,− (4) y = 0 and y = 4
3 27
(1) (i) 2x − y + 4 = 0, x + 2y − 8 = 0 (5) x + 3y − 8 = 0, x + 3y + 8 = 0
(ii) 4x − 5y + 12 = 0, 5x + 4y − 26 = 0, 31
(6) a = 2, b = − 7 (7) (4, 11) and − 4, −
(iii) y = 2, x =√ 3 3
(8) 0.8 π cm2/sec. (9) 6 cm3/ sec.
(iv) πx + 2y − 2π = 0,
3 √6
4x − 2πy + π2 − 4 = 0 (10) cm2/ sec. (11) 8 cm2/ sec
2
(v) 2x − y = 0, 4x + 8y − 5π = 0 (12) 7.2 cm3/ sec (13) 3 km/hr
(vi) 4x + 2y − 3 = 0, 2x − 4y + 1 = 0 3 9
(14) (i) meter/sec. (ii) meter/sec.
(vii) 17x − 4y − 20 = 0, 8x + 34y − 135 = 0 8 8
4π
(2) (4, 1) (15) 0.9 meter/sec. (16) cm3/ sec
3

260
 EXERCISE 2.2 EXERCISE 2.4
(1) (i) 2.9168 (ii) 3.03704 (iii) 1.9997 (1) (i) Increasing ∀ x ∈ R
(iv) 248.32 (v) 64.48 (ii) Decreasing∀ x ∈ R
(2) (i) 0.953 (ii) 0.42423 (iii) 0.4924 (iii) Increasing ∀ x ∈ R

(iv) 1.02334 (2) (i) x < −1 and x > 2 (ii) R − {1}

(iii) x < −2 and x > 6
(3) (i) 0.7845 (ii) 0.7859 (iii) 0.7859
(3) (i) −1< x < 2 (ii) (−5, 5) − {0}
(4) (i) 2.70471 (ii) 8.1279 (iii) 9.09887
(iii) x ∈ (2, 4)
(5) (i) 4.6152 (ii) 2.1983 (iii) 3.006049
(4) (a) (−∞, −4] ∪ [12, ∞)
(6) (i) 6.91 (ii) 9.72
(b) −4 ≤ x ≤ 12 i.e. [−4, 12]
EXERCISE 2.3 (5) (a) x < −3 and x > 8 (b) −3 < x < 8
(1) (i) Valid (ii) Valid (6) (a) −1 < x < 1 (b) (−∞, −1) ∪ (1, ∞)
(iii) Invalid (iv) Valid 36 16
(9) (i) Max = , Min = −
25 27
(v) Invalid (vi) Invalid
(ii) Max = − 3, Min = − 128
(2) b = 1
(iii) Max = 20, Min = 16 (iv) Min = 8
π 5π 5 1 1
(3) (i) or (ii) c = π (iii) c = (v) Min = − (vi) Max =
4 4 2 e e
(4) p = −6, q = 11 (6) c = −2 (10) 15, 15 (11) 10, 10 (12) 9 (13) 12.8
2 1 1
(7) (i) e − 1 (ii) 2 ± (iii) (14) l = √ 2 and b =
√3 7 √2
1
(iv) (v) 3 + √ 2 (15) Radius = Height = a (16) 3, 3
2
(17) Side of square base = 8 cm, Height = 4 cm
(18) x = 75, P = 4000 (19) 6, 9
4πr 3
(22) cm3
3 √3

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 2
(I)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A C B B D C D A D D

261
(II) (2) 4
(11) Increasing in [e, ∞), Decreasing in (1, e]
(3) 14x − 13y + 12 = 0, 13x + 14y − 41 = 0
60 30 30
2 16 16 (15) l = ,b= ,r=
(4) ft/sec (5) ,3 , − ,−3 π+4 π+4 π+4
9π 3 3
l l x
(6) c = 0 (7) c = 2 (8) 2.025 (17) Side = , Radius = =
π+4 2(π + 4) 2
(9) 1.03565
5
1 (18) 24, 45 (21) Max = , Min = 1
(10) Decreasing in 0, and 4
e
1
Increasing in , ∞
e

3. INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
3
2 (x + 5) 2
EXERCISE 3.1 (iv) − 14 √ x + 5 + c
3
x4 x3 x2 x3
(1) (i) + − + x + c (ii) − 2x2 + 4x + c 1 3 13
4 3 2 3 (v) (4x − 1) 2 − √ 4x − 1 + c
12 4
2
(iii) 3 tan x − 4 log x − − 7x + c (vi) − cos 2x + c
√x
x2 5x2 1 2 5x 5x
(iv) − + 3 log x − 4 + c (vii) sin − cos +c
4 2 x 5 2 2
6 10
(v) x2 √ x − 4√ x − +c 1
5 √x (viii) (2x + sin 2x) + c
4
(2) (i) tan x − x + c (ii) − 2 cos x + c
4 3 3
(iii) sec x + c (iv) − cot x − 2x + c (ix) − x 2 + (x + 3) 2 + c
9
(v) − cot x − tan x + x + c 2 3 3
(x) (7x − 2) 2 + (7x − 5) 2 +c
(vi) sec x − tan x + x + c 21
(vii) sec x − tan x + x + c x2 3 7
(4) f (x) = + +
(viii) sin x − cos x + c (ix) − √ 2 cos x + c 2 2x 2
2
1 1
(x) − cos 7x − cos x + c EXERCISE 3.2 (A)
14 2
(3) (i) x − 2 log ( x + 2) + c (log x) n + 1 2 5
I. 1. +c 2. (sin −1 x) 2 + c
1 n+1 5
(ii) 2x + log (2x + 1) + c
2 3. log (cosec (x + log x ) − cot (x + log x)) + c
5 26 −1 1 3x
(iii) x − log (3x − 4) + c 4. +c 5. (e + 1) + c
3 9 √ tan (x2) 3

262
 1 2x 3
6. · a x + tan x + c 6. + log (2 cos x + 3 sin x) + c
−1

log a 13 13
1 2
7. 5x − 3 log | 2e x − 5 | + c
7. [log (sin ex)] + c
2
8. log (ex − e−x ) + c 8. − 5x − log | 3e x − 4 | + c
1 1 7
9. sin5 x − sin7 x + c 9. −x+ log | 4e 2x − 5 | + c
5 7 8
1
10. 1og (4x12 + 5) + c cos8 x cos6 x cos4 x cos2 x
48 10. + + + +
1 1 8 6 4 2
11. tan x10 + c 12. log (x4 + 1) + c 1
10 4 log (cos2 x − 1) + c
1 2
13. 2 √ tan x + c 14. tan−1 x + 2 +c tan4 x tan2 x
x +1 11. − + log (sec x) + c
15. log (3 cos2 x + 4 sin2 x) + c 4 2
3 1
16. 2 tan−1√ x + c 17. log (10x + x10) + c 12. sin x − sin3 x + sin5 x − sin7 x + c
5 7
√ 1 + 4x n 1 (sec 3x)2
18. +c 13. log +c
2n 6 (sec 2x)3 (sec x)6
4 5 3
1 1 1
19. (x + 2) − 2 (x + 2) 2 + c
2
14. cos11 x − cos9 x + cos13 x + c
5 6 9 13
1 7 4a2 2 2 5 2a4 2 2 3 1
20. (a2 + x2) 2 − (a + x ) 2 + (a + x ) 2 + c 15. − · 3cos x + c
2
7 5 3 log 3
2 3
21. − 2 √ 2 − 3x − (2 − 3x) 2 + c 1 sin5 4x
9 16. log +c
20 sin2 10x
5 3 11 1 49
22. (2x + 3) − (2x + 3) 2 −
2 +c 1
12 2 4 √ 2x + 3 17. log [(1 + cos2x) − cos2x] + c
2
1 x3 1 x3 − 1
23. sin−1 +c 25. log +c EXERCISE 3.2 (B)
3 3 3 x3
24. log (log (log x)) + c
1 2x − √ 3
x I. 1. log +c
II. 1. 2·log sec +c 4√ 3 2x + √ 3
2
2. cos a·log (sin (x − a)) − (sin a) x + c 1 5 + 3x
2. log +c
30 5 − 3x
3. cos (a + b)·log (sec (x + b)) −
(sin (a + b))·x + c 1 √ 2x
3. tan−1 +c
√ 14 √7
4. log (tan x + 2) + c
11 2 1 8
5. x+ log (3 sin x + 4 cos x) + c 4. log x + x2 + +c
75 25 √3 3

263
 1 2x 1 3 tan
x
−1
5. sin−1 +c 2. log 2
+c
2 √ 11 3 3 tan
x
2 +1
x
1 5 tan 2 −1
6. log x + x − 2
+c 3. √ 2 tan−1 +c
√2 2 √2
x x
7. 9 sin−1 − √ 9 − x2 + c 4. tan−1 2 tan +1 +c
9 2
x 1
8. 2 sin −1
− √ 4 − x2 + c 5. tan−1 (√ 5 tan x ) + c
2 √5

x 1 1 3 tan x − 2
9. 2 sin −1
− (√ 100 − x2 ) + c 6. − tan−1 +c
10 2 √5 √5

1 x+2 1 √ 11 − 2 + tan x
10. log +c 7. log +c
4 x+6 2√ 11 √ 11 + 2 − tan x

1 √ 5 − 1 + 2x 1 π π
11. log +c 8. log sec x + + tan x + +c
√5 √ 5 + 1 − 2x √2 4 4
1 π π
1 2x − 5 − 2 √ 2 9. log sec x + + tan x + +c
12. log +c 2 4 4
8√ 2 2x − 5 + 2 √ 2

1 3x + 2 + √ 19 EXERCISE 3.2 (C)

13. log +c
2√ 19 3x + 2 − √ 19
3 5 x+1
1 5 5 7 I. 1. log (x2 + 6x + 5) − log +c
14. log x + + x2 + x + +c 2 4 x+5
√3 6 3 3
1 x−1
15. log (x + 4 + √ x2 − 8x − 20 ) + c 2. log (x2 + 4x − 5) − log +c
2 x+5
1 3 3 1 3
16. log x − + x2 − x+4 +c 3. log (2x2 + 3x − 1) + ·
√2 4 2 2 2√ 17
1 4x + 3 − √ 17
17. log x − + √ x2 − x − 6 + c log +c
2 4x + 3 + √ 17
1 2 tan x 3 5
18. tan−1 +c 4. √ 2x2 + 2x + 1 + ·
2√ 7 √7 2 2√ 2
1
19. tan−1 (√ 2 tan x) + c 1 1
√2 log x + + x2 + x + +c
2 2
1 √ 3 + tan x
20. log +c x−1
2√ 3 √ 3 − tan x 5. − 7 √ 3 + 2x − x2 + 10·sin−1 +c
x
2
2 2 tan 2 +2
II. 1. tan−1 +c
√5 √5

264
 6. √ x2 − 16x + 63 + 15. 2 [√ x·sin √ x + cos √ x ] + c
log �(x − 8) + √ x2 − 16x + 63� + c 16. (cos θ)·[1 − log (cos θ)] + c

9 2x − 9 1 x 1
7. √ 9x − x2 + sin−1 +c 17. sin 3x + cos 3x + 3x sin x
2 9 4 3 9
3 2√ 2 sin x + √ 2 − 2
8. log +c + 3 cos x + c
4√ 2 2√ 2 sin x + √ 2 + 2
1
9. √ e2x − 1 − log (ex + √ e2x − 1) + c 18. − cos (log x)2 + c
2
EXERCISE 3.3 1
19. − (log x)2 + c
2
x3
I. 1. (3·log x − 1) + c 20.
x
sin 3x +
1
cos x −
1
x sin 7x
9
6 18 14
x2 2 2
2. − cos 3x + x sin 3x + cos 3x + c 1
3 9 27 − cos 7x + c
98
x 2
1
3. tan−1 x − (x − tan−1 x) + c 21. (3x 3
2
− 6) sin 3 x + 6 3 x cos 3 x + c
2 2
x3
x2 1
4. tan−1 x − + log (1 + x2) + c II. 1.
e2x
[ 2 sin 3x − 3 cos 3x ] + c
3 6 6 13
1 x
5. (tan−1 x) (x4 − 1) − (x3 − 3x) + c 2.
e−x
[ − cos x + 2 sin 2x ] + c
4 12 5
6. x [(log x)2 − 2 (log x) + 2 ] + c x
3. [ sin (log x) − cos (log x) ] + c
1 1 2
7. log (sec x + tan x) + sec x·tan x + c x 3
2 2 4. √5 x2 + +
1 2 1 2 5
8. x − x·sin 2x − cos 2x + c 3 3
4 2 log x + x2 + +c
x4 x4 10 5
9. log x − +c
4 16 x3 a2 x3
5. ·√ a2 − x6 + sin−1 +c
e2x 6 2 a
10. [2 cos 3x + 3 sin 3x] + c x−5 x−5
13
6.
2
√ (x − 3) (7 − x) + 2 sin−1
2
+c
x2 1 1
11. sin x + x √ 1 − x2 − sin−1 x + c
−1
2 4 4 1 2x
x 3
1 1 3 7. � √ 4x + 4 + 2 log (2x + √ 4x + 4)� + c
12. cos x − √ 1 − x + (1 − x ) + c
−1 2 2 2 log 2 2
3 3 9 1 3
8. (2x2 + 3) 2 +
13. (log x) [log (log x) − 1 ] + c 6
x 3 3 3
14. − (sin−1 t ) √ 1 − t2 + t + c √2 x2 + + log x + x2 + +c
2 2 4 4

265
 1 3 x+2
9. − (5 − 4x − x2) 2 − (x + 2) √ 5 − 4x − x2 − 9 sin−1 +c
3 3

(1 + 2 tan x) 29 1
10.
4
√ tan2 x + tan x − 7 − log � + tan x + √ tan2 x + tan x − 7 � + c
8 2

x+1
11. √ x2 + 2x + 5 + 2 log �x + 1 + √ x2 + 2x + 5 � + c
2

4x + 3 3 23 3 3
12. √2 � x2 + x+2 + log x+ + x2 + x+2 �+c
8 2 16 √ 2 4 2
x 1 1
III. 1. ex (2 + cot x ) + c 2. ex · tan + c 3. e x · +c 4. ex · +c
2 x x+1

5. e x ·(log x)2 + c 6. e 5x · log x + c 7. e sin ·x + c

−1 x

(1 + x)2 1
8. log (1 + x) − +c 9. x·cosec (log x) + c
2 2

EXERCISE 3.4
1 11
I. 1. log (x − 1) − 2 log (x + 2) + (x + 3) + c
4 4

1 1 x − √2 √3 x
2. tan−1 x + log − tan−1 +c
6 15√ 2 x + √2 10 √3
51 31 8 2
3. log (2x + 9) + log (3x − 7) + c 4. − log (x + 4) − log (x − 1) + c
41 41 5 5
5
5. x − log (x + 3) + log (x − 2) + c 6. x2 + 3x + log (3x + 1) + log (x − 1) + c
3

1 2x + 1 1 x5 11 −1 x 9 x
7. log + 3 log (x + 3) + c 8. log 5 + c 9. tan − tan−1 +c
2 2x − 1 5 x +1 √5 2 2 2
x+1 5 x + √2 2 + x2
10. 2 log + log +c 11. log +c
x−1 2√ 2 x − √2 3 + x2

1 2x − 4 5 1 11 x+1
12. log x +c 13. + log +c
5·log 2 2 +1 2 x+1 4 x+3
9 1 x6 (x3 + 3)
14. 6·log x − log (x + 1) − +c 15. log +c
x+1 8 (3x3 + 1)3
1 1 1 2x + 1
16. log (x − l) − log (x2 + x + l) − tan−1 +c
3 6 √3 √3

266
 4
17. 3·log (sin x − 2) − +c
sin x − 2
1 1 2
18. log (cos x + 1) + log (cos x − 1) − log (2 cos x + 1) + c
2 6 3

1 cos x − 1 1 1 (1 + 2 sin x)4

19. log + +c 20. log +c
8 cos x + 1 4 · (cos x + 1) 6 (1 − sin x) (1 + sin x)3
1 1 2
21. log (1 − cos x) − log (1 + cos x) + log (3 + 2 cos x) + c
10 2 5

1 ex+ 1 1 ex 5 (3 log x + 2)2 11

22. log 1 + tan−1 +c 23. log + tan−1 (log x) + c
2 (e 2x + 9) 2 6 3 26 √ (log x) + 1 26
2

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 3
(I)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B A B A D B A A C B
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A A D C A D A D C A

2 7 8 5 8 3
(II) (1) x2 − x2− x2 + c
7 5 3
x7 x6 x5 x4 x3 x2
(2) − + − + − + x − log (x + 1) + c
7 6 5 4 3 2
1 5 t2 1
(3) (6x + 5) 2 + c (4) − 2t + 3·log (t + 1) + +c
15 2 t+1

(5) 3 tan x − 2 sec x + c (6) tan θ − cot θ − 3 θ + c

1 1 1
(7) (2 sin 6x + 3 sin 4x + 6 sin 2x + 12 x) + c (8) sin 2x − sin 3x + c
48 2 3
π 1
(9) x − x2 + c
4 4
1
(III) (1) (1 + log x)4 + c
4
1 1
(2) (tan−1 x) x − log (1 + x2) − (1 − x) tan−1(1 − x) + log (x2 −2x + 2) + c
2 2
2 3
(3) − cot (log x) + c (4) sec x 2 + c
3

267
 1
(5) x log (1 + cos x) + c (6) sin−1 (x3 ) + c
3
1 1
(7) log (3 − 2 cot x) + c (8) x· log (log x) − +c
4 log x
x
2 2 tan 2 −3 1 2√ x2 − 1
(9) tan−1
+c (10) 2 sec−1 x + +c
√ 13 √ 13 4 x2
3 7 2x − 1
(11) − √ − 2x2 + x + 3 + sin−1 +c (12) x· log (x2 + 1) − 2 [ x − tan−1 x ] + c
2 4√ 2 √7
1
(13) e 2x · [ sin 2x − cos 2x ] + c
4
1 1 4
(14) log (3x − 1) + log (x − 1) − log (3x − 2) + c
18 2 9
1 (cos x − 1)(cos x + 1)3
(15) log � �+c
6 (2 cos x + 1)4

tan x − 1 tan x − 1
(16) √ 7 + 2 tan x − tan2 x + 4 sin−1 +c
2 2√ 2
1 (x − 1)3 (x + 3) 1 x5
(17) log � �+c (18) log +c
4 (x + 1)4 5 x5 + 1
1 2
(19) 2 √ tan x + c (20) + − cot x + c
3 cot x cot x
3

4. DEFINITE INTEGRATION

EXERCISE 4.1
64
I. (1) 4 (2) (3) e 2 − 1 (4) 6 (5) 20
3
EXERCISE 4.2
64 25 π
I. (1) (2) log (3) − 1 + (4) 2
3 24 4
1 3π 4 3π
(5) [13√ 13 + 7√ 7 − 3√ 3 − 27] (6) 1 − (7) (8) 1 (9)
18 4 7√ 2 16

1 4 2 π π 1
(10) tan−1 + tan−1 (11) π (12) (13) 1 (14) − (15) 1
3 3 3 6 4 2

268
 π 1 1 π
II. (1) − log 2 (2) log 2 (3)
4 2 2 4
2 1 1 2 √2 + 1
(4) 0 (5) tan−1 (6) log
3 3 4 2 √2 − 1
4 1 ae a
(7) log (8) tan−1 − tan−1
3 ab b be
π 4 π
(9) (10) (11) −1
4 3 2
8 π
(12) (13) −1
3 2
π π π
(14) e4 +1 − +1 (15) sin (log 3)
4 2
π 16 7
III. (1) (2) 0 (3) 0 (4) 0 (5) (3) 2
4 77
π2
(6) 0 (7) 0 (8) (9) 0 (10) 0
6 √3
1 + √5 16 π π 1
(11) 4 log (12) 0 (13) (14) (15) log
2 105 3 2 2

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 4
(I)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A A C C D C A D B A

1 1 1
(II) (1) (3 − log 3) (2) 2 − √2 (3) 6 − 4 log 2 (4) (5)
10 8 21
1 π π
(6) π − 2 (7) log 2 (8) (9) 0 (10)
3 5 2
π2 2 7 1 7 + 3 √5 π
(III) (1) (2) tan−1 (3) log (4)
16 √ 35 5 √5 a 2 20
π 1 π π π3
(5) − log 2 (6) − log √ 2 (7) − log 2 (8)
2 2 4 2 6
5 + 3 √3 17
(9) log (10)
1 + √3 2

1 9 1
(IV) (1) when a = 0 ; when a = 4 (2) k=
2 2 2

269
 5. APPLICATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL

EXERCISE 5.1 128 16

(2) (i) (ii)
3 3
(1) (i) 25 (ii) 16 (iii) 20
1 8 32
32 (3) (i) (ii) (iii)
(iv) 1 (v) 2 log 4 (vi) 12 3 3
3
128 a2 1
(vii) sq. units (iv) 8 (v)
3 3 6

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 5
(I)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A A C B A D B D A B

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A D B B C C A D A C

(II)
1 π 1 π 1
1. (i) 10 (ii) 2 (iii) 5. 6. 7. −
2 3 6 4 2
2. 9π 3. 20π 56 3 7
8. 9. 36 10.
16 8 1 3 4 3
4. (i) (ii) (iii)
3 3 3

6. DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

EXERCISE 6.1
d2 y dy dy 3
(iii) x2 + x + y = 0 (iv) 8 − 27y = 0
(1) (i) 2, 1 (ii) 2, 3 (iii) 1, 2 dx2 dx dx
(iv) 3, 1 (v) 2, 1 (vi) 3, 2 d2 y d2 y dy 3
(v) − 25y = 0 (vi) 2 + =0
(vii) 2, not definded (viii) 2, 2 dx2 dx2 dx

(ix) 3, 3 (x) 2, 1 dy d2 y dy
(vii) (x + xy) + y = 0 (viii) 2 − 7
2
+ 10y = 0
dx dx dx
EXERCISE 6.2
d2 y dy 2 dy
dy (ix) xy +x − 2y =0
(1) (i) 2x3 + 3xy2 − y3 = 0 dx2 dx dx
dx
d2 y dy 2 dy d2 y dy
(ii) xy 2 + x −y =0 (x) +4 + 5y = 0
dx dx dx dx2 dx

270
 d2 y d2 y dy 3
(2) =0 (3) 2a + =0 EXERCISE 6.4
dx2 dx2 dx
y
dy dy (1) cos dy = log (x) + c
(4) x + 4y =0 (5) 3 +2=0 x
dx dx x
3 (2) x − y = cx
2 2
(3) x + 2ye = c
y
d2 y 2 dy 2
(6) 81 = +1 (4) xy2 = c2 (x + 2y) (5) x2 + y2 = cx
dx2 dx

dy
d2 y 2 (6) y = c (x + y)3 + x
(7) y 2 + =0
dx dx y y
(7) x 1 − cos = sin
x x
EXERCISE 6.3 x y
(8) x + ye y = c (9) log ( y) + =c
x
(2) (i) tan−1 y = tan−1 x + c (10) x2y = 4 (11) x2 + y2 = x4
(ii) 2e−3y + 3e2x = c (iii) x = cy y
(12) tan−1 = log (x) + c
(iv) tan x · tan y = c (v) sin y · cos x = c x
(13) (3x + y)3 (x + y)2 = c
(vi) y = − kx + c
x
(vii) 2(x2 + y2) + 2 (x sin 2x + y sin 2y) + (14) c = log (x) + (15) x2 − y2 = cx
x+y
cos 2y + cos 2x + c = 0
EXERCISE 6.5
(viii) 2y2 tan−1 x + 1 = cy2
x5 3x2
(ix) 4e + 3ex −2y
=c 1. (i) − − xy = c
5 2
(x) 3ex + 3e−y + x3 = c (ii) yetan x = etan x (tan x − 1) + c

(3) (i) (1 + e x )3 tan y = 0 (iii) x = y (c + y2)

(ii) (1 + x2) (1 − y2) = 5 (iv) y (sec x + tan x) = sec x + tan x − x + c

x4 log x x4
(iii) y = ex log x (iv) (sin x) (e y + 1) = √ 2 (v) x y=2
− +c
4 16
(v) 2 (2 + e ) = 3 (x + 1)
y
(vi) x + y + 1 = ce y
y−2
(vi) cos =a (vii) 2y = (x + a)5 + 2c (x + a)3
x
x+y sin4 θ
(4) (i) tan =x+c (viii) r sin θ +2
=c
2 2
x−y−a y3
(ii) c + 2y = a log (ix) = xy + c
x−y+a 3

(iii) sin (x2 + y2) + 2x = c (x) y = √ 1 − x2 + c (1 − x2)

(iv) x = tan (x − 2y) + c 1 tan−1 x −1

(xi) y = e + c e− tan x
2
(v) (2x − y) − log ( x − y + 2 ) + 1 = 0

271
2. 3 (x + 3y) = 2 (1 − e 3x) 4.
y = 4 − x − 2e x
x2
3. 4x2 + 9y2 = 36 5. 1+y= 2e 2

EXERCISE 6.6
1. 8 times of original. 2. 95·4 years 3. 36·36°c 4. 5656
t
log 3 27 4 40

5. 6. gms 7. (3000)
k 5 9
2
p
8. 1 hour 10. r = 3 − t 11. 27,182 12. 10 − %
10

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 6
(I)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
D A C B A D C B C D B A B B B

(II) (1) (i) 2, 1 (ii) 3, 10 (iii) 2 , 3 (iv) 1.4 (v) 4, not defined

d2 y dy 2 dy d2 y d2 y dy 2
(3) (i) xy + x − 2y =0 (ii) +y=0 (iii) ( y − a) + =0
dx2 dx dx dx2 dx2 dx

d2 y dy 2
d2 y
(iv) 2x y 2 + 2x2
2
+y=0 (v) − 9y = 0
dx dx dx2
dy d2 y dy dy
(4) (i) 2xy + x2 − y2 = 0 (ii) 2b − 1 = 0 (iii) x + 4y = 0 (iv) 2 −3=0
dx dx2 dx dx

x3 x
(5) (i) 2e−3y + 3e2x + 6c = 0 (ii) log ( y ) = +x+c (iii) y = log ( x2) + 2 + cx
3 2

(iv) y = 1 + x log x + cx (v) y = x2 + c·cosec x (vi) x log y = (log y)2 + c

(vii) 4xe2y + 5e −y = c

(6) (i) ex log x − y = 0 (ii) x = 2y2 (iii) y cosec2 x + 2 = 4 sin 2x

y π x
(iv) log √ x2 + y2 + tan−1 = (v) x + 2ye y = 2
x 4
1
20
(8) x + y = 4x + 5
2 2
(9) r = (63 t + 27) 3 (10) years
9

272
 7. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

EXERCISE 7.1
1. { −6, −4, −2, 0, 2, 4, 6 }
4. (i)
2. { 0, 1, 2 } X 0 1 2
3. (i) p.m.f. (ii) Not p.m.f 1 1 1
P (X )
4 2 4
(iii) p.m.f (iv) Not p.m.f
(v) Not p.m.f. (iv) p.m.f (ii)
X 0 1 2 3
1 3 3 1
P (X ) 8 8 8 8

5. (iii)
X 0 1 2 X 0 1 2 3 4
2 2 1 1 1 3 1 1
P (X ) P (X ) 16 4 8 4 16
3 9 9
6.
X 0 1 2 3 4

4 3 2 2 3 4
P (X ) 4 4 1 4 1 4 1 1
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

7. 1 3 1
8. (i) (ii)
(iii)
X 0 1 2 10 10 5
7 524
9 3 1 9. –0·05, 2·2475 10. , 11. 1·5
P (X ) 3 54
16 8 16 1
12. 13. 4·67 14. 2·41
3
15. 17·53, 4·9, 2·21 16. 0·7, 0·21

EXERCISE 7.2
1. (i) p.d.f. (ii) Not a p.d.f 2·25 3 3
2. (a) , (b) , (c)
(iii) Not a p.d.f 16 16 4
1 1
3. (i) p.d.f. (ii) (iii)
9 9

273
 1 35 11 1 x2 1
4. (i) , (ii) 6, , 8. (i) (ii) , 0·18, 1
2 64 32 2 16 64
1 1 7 2 8 7
5. (i) (ii) (iii) 9. , 0, ,
4 2 16 9 9 9
2 1 1 4 4 (log 3 – 1)
6. (i) (ii) 10. , ,
5 5 log 3 log 3 (log 3)2
1 11
7. (i) (ii) (iii) 0·6328
2 16

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 7
(I)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B C A B C B B A D B

(II) Solve the following :

(1) (i) Discrete {1, 2, 3, ..., 100000} (ii) Continuous. (iii) Continuous.
(iv) Discrete {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } (v) Continuous
1 10 1 6
(2) (i) (ii) , , (3) (i) 0·5 (ii) 0·7 (iii) 0·55 (iv) 0·45
21 21 7 7
1
(5)
4
x 1 2 3 4 5
1 3 1 1 1
P (X)
20 20 4 2 20
1 1 9 19
F (x ) 1
20 5 20 20
(6)
X 0 1 2 3 4
1 1 3 1 1
P (X)
16 4 8 4 16
4
x
C
2
4

(7) (i) (ii)

X 0 1 2 X 0 1 2
4 4 1 25 10 1
P (X ) P (X )
9 9 9 36 36 36

274
 1 17 3
(8) (i) (ii) (iii)
10 100 10
(9)
X –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4
F (X ) 0·1 0·3 0·5 0·65 0·75 0·85 0·9 1
P (x ) 0·1 0·2 0·2 0·15 0·10 0·10 0·05 0·10

(i) 0·55 (ii) 0·25

11 14 √ 14 1 14 √ 14 n + 1 n2 – 1 n2 – 1 5 5 √5
(10) (i) , , (ii) , , (iii) , , (iv) , ,
5 25 5 5 25 5 2 12 12 2 4 2
1 11 81
(11) ` 5·5, 8·25 (12) 0, 1 (13) (i) (ii) (iii)
2 16 128
1 1 1 √x 1 1
(15) k = , (16) k = , F (x) = , ,
θ e 4 2 √2 2

8. BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

EXERCISE 8.1

3 7 63 99 50
9949
1. (i) (ii) (iii) 8. (i) 1 – (ii) 50
25 26 64 100 10050
25 199 9949
2. 3. 29 (iii) 1 – 149
216 2010 10050
1 45
4. (i) (ii) 1 19 192 19 3

1024 1024 9. (i) (ii) 3 (iii) 3 (iv)

203 203 203 20
5. (i) (0·95)5 (ii) (1·2) (0·95)4 7 5 5
93
10. 11. 22
(iii) 1 – (1·2) (0·95)4 (iv) 1 – (0·95)5 3 6 1011
9 4
11 2 8
6. 7. 12. (i) 4, 2·4 (ii) 10, 2·4 (iii) ; √ 6 (iv)
10 243 5 5

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 8
(I)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
B D D C B C B

275
(II) Solve the following : (11) (i) (0·998)8 (ii) 1·014 × (0·998)7
(1) (i) 2 × (0·8)9 (ii) 1 − (0·8)10
(iii) 1 − 1·014 × (0·998)7
(iii) 1 − (8·2) (0·2) 9

1 (12) 775·44 × (0·003)38

(2) (i) p =
, Var (X ) = 2·5
2 (13) (i) 0·910 (ii) 0·99
1
(ii) n = 10, p = (iii) 0·45 × (0·9)8
2
63 105 (iv) 1 − 2·16 × (0·9)8
(3) (i) (ii)
256 512 1 16 96 256 256
(14) (i) , , , , 4
226 54 5 4 5 4 5 4 5
(4) 45 608 33
210 (ii) (a) (b) 1 −
54 58
(5) (i) 0·65 × (0·95)16 81 12393
(15) (i) 35 × 8 × 7 (ii) 1 −
5 57
(ii) (2·0325) × (0·95)14
log 0·5
(16) (i)
(iii) 1 − (1·6) × (0·95)16 log 0·99
1
(6) 0·2114 (7) 1·4 × (0·9)4 (17)
5
(8) 6·97 × (0·97)19
30·44
(9) 0·3456 (10)
58
v v v

276