Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 5 views

    MB1 Nucleus and Chromosomes

    Uploaded by

    faezeh zare karizak

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    MB1 Nucleus and Chromosomes

    Uploaded by

    faezeh zare karizak
    5 views48 pages

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    5 views48 pages

    MB1 Nucleus and Chromosomes

    Uploaded by

    faezeh zare karizak

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 48

    MEDICAL BIOLOGY

    Sual Tatlısulu
    Nucleus and Chromosomes
    Nucleus

    Nuclear envelope
    Nucleoplasma
    Chromatin
    Nucleolus
    Nucleoid, Plasmids and the Nucleus

    • In prokaryotes (bacteria), the nucleoid is not


    separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane.
    Bacteria also have double stranded, circular pieces
    of DNA called plasmids.
    • In eukaryotes the nucleus is enclosed within a
    double membrane, the nuclear envelope. It is
    the site where the genome is stored and is the
    largest organelle. Contains complete set of genes,
    composed of DNA and its associated proteins
    (histones).
    • DNA replication and transcription happens here.
    The Cell: Nucleus
    • The nucleus is made up of
    two lipid bilayers; the outer
    nuclear membrane
    (continuous with the RED)
    and the inner nuclear
    membrane.
    • Nuclear pores allow proteins
    (DNA & RNA polymerase) to
    go into the nucleus from the
    cytosol and proteins, tRNA &
    mRNA to come out (nuclear
    export and import signals).
    • Nucleous is the site of
    ribosomal RNA transcription
    and assembly of new
    ribosomes.
    Nuclear envelope (membrane)

    ❑ Outer membrane
    ❑ Perinuclear space
    ❑ Inner Nuclear membrane
    Nuclear Lamine Proteins
    Four types of lamine proteins are present in the nuclear lamina
    (A, B1, B2 and C)
    They;
    • are fibrous proteins of 60-80 kDa
    • organize as dimers, polymers and filaments
    • carry Nuclear Localisation Signal (NLS)
    • are dynamic
    Organisation of Lamin Proteins
    The Cell: Nucleus

    • Nuclear pores allow proteins (DNA


    & RNA polymerase) to go into the
    nucleus from the cytosol and
    proteins, tRNA & mRNA to come
    out (nuclear export and import
    signals).
    The Cell: Nucleus

    • Nuclear pores allow proteins (DNA


    & RNA polymerase) to go into the
    nucleus from the cytosol and
    proteins, tRNA & mRNA to come
    out (nuclear export and import
    signals).
    The Cell: Nucleus

    • Nuclear pores allow proteins (DNA


    & RNA polymerase) to go into the
    nucleus from the cytosol and
    proteins, tRNA & mRNA to come
    out (nuclear export and import
    signals).
    Transport at the Nuclear Membrane
    Energy Need
    Nucleolus

    rRNA producing part of the nucleus:


    Contains RNA polymerase I and ~ 85
    ribosomal protein.

    Morphologically has 3 different regions;


    Fibrillar compartment
    Dense fibrillar compartment
    Granular compartment
    Transport through Nuclear Membrane

    • Nuclear pores allow proteins


    (DNA & RNA polymerase) to
    go into the nucleus from the
    cytosol and proteins, tRNA &
    mRNA to come out (nuclear
    export and import signals).
    Chromosomes
    Prokaryotic DNA
    Human Karyotype
    46, XY
    3.2x109 Nucleotides
    25000 Protein Coding Genes
    G e ne 1
    Exon

    lntron

    Gen G e ne 2

    Exon
    Chromosome DNA
    Genes
    Chromatin
    Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells. The primary function is to package long
    DNA molecules into more compact, denser structures.

    • Eukaryotic DNA and protein complex (histone proteins, non histone proteins).
    • Chromosomes have two structurally and functionally distinguishable territories:
    • Euchromatin; less condense, gene-rich transcriptionally active
    • Heterokromatin; dense, transcriptionally silent, gene-poor

    • Histone Proteins major proteins of chromatin


    • Non-Histone Proteins: function in replication, repair and transcription
    • Basic structural unit of chromatin nucleosome
    Histone Proteins

    • Each nucleosome contains a histone core around which the DNA is


    wrapped around.
    • All 4 types of histones (H3, H3, H2A, H2B) that make up the core
    are small proteins (102-135 amino acids). A fifth of the amino acids
    in histones are basic; lysines & arginines.
    • In assembling the nucleosome, the histones first bind to each other to
    form H3-H4 and H2A-H2B dimers.
    • Then, the H3-H4 dimers combine to form tetramers.
    • An H3-H4 tetramer then combine with two H2A-H2B dimers to
    form a compact octamer core.
    • Several hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions are
    formed between the DNA and histones to make up the
    nucleosome.
    • H1 is a linker histone protein. Found on the outside of nucleosomes. https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dna-packaging-nucleosomes-and-chromatin-310/
    H2A
    H3
    H2B
    H4
    1
    Packaging of DNA

    Electron micrograph
    of chromatin: the
    beads on a string

    https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/dna-packaging-nucleosomes-and-chromatin-310/
    Histone Modifications

    • Acetylation: The addition of acetyl groups to lysine


    residues on histones.
    HAT: Histone Acetyltransferase (gene activation)
    HDAC: Histone Deacetylase (gene repression)

    • Methylation: The addition of methyl groups to lysine and


    arginine residues on histones
    KMT & PRMT: Lysine Methyltransferases & Protein
    Arginine Methyltransferases (mostly gene repression,
    sometimes activation)
    KDM& RDM: Lysine Demethylases & Arginine
    Demethylases

    Phosphorylation: The addition of phosphate groups to


    serine, tyrosine and threonine residues.
    Serine, Threonine or Tyrosine Kinases (gene
    activation)
    Histone
    Acetyltransferase
    HAT

    Histone Deacetylase
    HDAC
    DNA Packaging
    Structure Diameter
    Helix 2 nm
    Nuclesome 11 nm
    Solenoid 30 nm
    Chromatin loop 300 nm
    Chromatid 700 nm
    Metaphase chromosome 1400 nm
    -: ....
    Two
    chromatids
    ( 1 0 co ils e a c h )

    O n e co il
    (3 0 r o s e t t e s )

    "'·- O n e rosette
    ( 6 lo o p s)
    Q_ Nu clear
    scaffo ld

    O n e lo o p
    (-75,000
    bp)

    30 n m
    Fiber

    «B e a d s - o n
    a-string"
    f o r m of
    ch r o m atin

    DNA
    Structure of Chromosomes

    Telomeres: Repetitive sequences


    of non-coding DNA
    Chromosome Structure
    Telomere

    p arm

    centromere

    q arm
    Centromere
    t - - -

    Telomere

    Chromatid

    Figure 7.4 Genomes 3 (©Garland Science 2007)


    Chromosome Structure on
    Electron Microscopy

    Elektron mikroskobi ile kromozomların yapısı


    Telomere:
    Karyotype

    Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes


    22 pair autosomes
    23. pair Sex Chromosomes (X and Y)
    In total 46 chromosomes
    Telocentric Centromere placement very close to the top, p arms barely visible if visible
    at all.
    Acrocentric q arms are still much longer than the p arms, but the p arms are longer
    than those in telocentric.
    Submetacentric p and q arms are very close in length but not equal.
    Metacentric p and q arms are equal in length.
    Human Karyotype

    Nucleus

    Chromosom e

    Cell

    A karyotype is an individual's collection of chromosomes.

    You might also like