The Nano World

The word NANO, steams from the greek word “Nanus” which means DWARF.
Refers to a unit meaning one billionth or ten raised to negative nine.
NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOSCIENCE

~NANOTECHNOLOGY is defined as the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers
~NANOMETER is one billionth of a meter.
~NANOSCIENCE is the study of phenomena and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales.
ORIGIN OF NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOSCIENCE

1959 - The ideas and concepts behind nanotechnology was presented by the famous professor of physics, Richard
Feynman.
1974 - The term “Nano-Technology” was coined by Norio Tniguchi.
1986 - Eric Drexler made the concept popular with his book, “Engines of Creation”
1991 - Sumio lijima discovered the Carbon Nanotube.
1997 - Zyvex was founded and it was the first company to research Nanotechnology
NANOMATERIAL
Studying nanoparticles has been an interest of scientist for centuries and the field flourished with the development of
microscopes capable of displaying particles called nanomaterial.
A nanomaterial - is an object that has at least one dimension on the nanometer scale material can be in:
NANOMATERIALS ARE OF TWO TYPES

1. Inorganic nanomaterial
-Can comprise a metal or nonmetal element, or take the form of an oxide, hydroxide, chalcogenide or phosphate
compound.
-Used for nanoparticle construction include carbon, silica and metals such as gold, silver, and iron oxide.
Ex: Gold nanoclusters, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes
2. Organic nanomaterial
-Made up of carbon compounds
-Used for nanoparticles construction include lipids and polymers of natural or synthetic origin.
Ex: polymersomes, Solid nanoparticles
Nanotechnologists employ self-organization using the molecules that can be assembled house in an environment suitable
for physical and chemical assembly. This type of nanomaterial results in the growth of artificial layers of skin, liver tissues,
and other organs.
The study of nanomaterial becomes interesting with the use of different equipment like
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
-Built by German engineers Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll during 1930s.
-A microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination.
-They can magnify objects up to a million times.
TWO TYPES OF ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
-Directs a high voltage electron beam towards the specimen to illuminate it and create a magnified image of the sample.
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
-Directs a focused electron beam across the rectangular area of the specimen, which loses energy as it passes through.
The resolution of scanning electron microscopes tends to be poorer than that achieved from the transmission electron
microscope.
ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE

-Developed by Gerd Binig, Calvin Quate and Chrisoph Gerber in 1986.
-A type of high resolution scanning microscope that has a resolution that you can measure in fractions of a nanometer.
-It makes use of mechanical probe that gathers information from the surface of a material.
-Was pioneered in 1986 by Novel Prize Winner Gerd Binig along with Calvin Quate and Chrisoph Gerber.
SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE

-Enables scientists to view and manipulate nanoscale particles, atoms, and small molecules.
-This invention gave a Nobel Prize Awards in Physics to their inventors, Gerd Binig and Rohrer.
APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
-Environment - Energy
-Medicine - Electronics
ENVIRONMENT
Nanotechnology has enormous potential for providing innovative solutions to a wide range of environmental issues.
These include improved methods for:
-reducing pollution
-water treatment
-environmental sensing
-remediation,
-making alternative energy sources more cost-effective
MEDICINE
-Nanomedicine is the term used to refer to the applications of nanotechnologies in medicine and healthcare.
-Nanomedicine uses technologies at the nanoscale and nano-enabled techniques to prevent, diagnose, monitor and treat
diseases.
-Nanotechnologies exhibit significant potential in the field of medicine, including in imaging techniques and diagnostic
tools, drug delivery systems, tissue-engineered constructs, implants and pharmaceutical therapeutics and has advanced
treatments of several diseases.
ENERGY
Nanotechnology is being used in the energy sector to develop new and improved energy technologies, such as more
efficient solar cells, better batteries, and more durable fuel cells.
ELECTRONICS
Nanotechnology in electronics offers faster, smaller and more portable systems. Nanoelectronics increases the
capabilities of electronic devices, enhances the density of memory chips and reduces power consumption and the size of
transistors used in integrated circuits.
NANO TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES AND THE GOVERNMENT FUNDING FOR TECHNOLOGY IN DIFFERENT
COUNTRIES.
In the Philippines, nanotechnology can be used in ICT and semiconductors, health and medicine, energy, food and
agriculture and in in some environmental issues. PCAS TRD-DOST has funded most of the nanotech projects which
includes ICT and semiconductors, Health and biomedical, energy, environment, agriculture and food, health and
environmental risk Nano-metrology and education and public awareness.
The Philippines has been making efforts to develop its capabilities in nanotechnology, but it may not be as advanced as
some other countries with more established nanotechnology research programs. The Philippines has recognized the
potential of nanotechnology in various fields such as healthcare, agriculture, and materials science. Several universities
and research institutions in the Philippines have been involved in nanotechnology research and development. The
Department of Science and Technology (DOST) in the Philippines has also been supporting research projects in
nanotechnology.
U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative

Best known and most funded program in the National Nanotechnology initiative of the US. The NNI was established in
2001 to coordinate US federal nanotechnology R & D. the NNI budget in 2008 and 2009 were $1.4bn and $1.5bn,
respectively.
OTHER COUNTRIES
1. European Commission
February 2008, the EC officially launched the European Nanoelectronics Initiative Advisory Council (ENIAC)
2. Japan (Nanotechnology Research Institute, under the National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology, AIST)
3. Taiwan (Taiwan National Science and Technology Program for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology)
4. India (Nanotechnology Research and Education Foundation)

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The word NANO, steams from the greek word “Nanus” which means DWARF.

Refers to a unit meaning one billionth or ten raised to negative nine.

NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOSCIENCE

ORIGIN OF NANOTECHNOLOGY AND NANOSCIENCE

NANOMATERIALS ARE OF TWO TYPES

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE

SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE

U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative

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