Biz 001

1? rwfv?
2000
armifvGifjyif
pD p Of o nf
tm½kPaf umif;uif
pmtkywf u
kd f
'dkUwm0efta&;oHk;yg;
jynfaxmifpk rNydKuGJa&; 'dkYta&;
wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrI rNydKuGJa&; 'dkYta&;
tcsKyftjcmtmPm wnfwHhcdkifNrJa&; 'dkYta&;
jynfolYoabmxm;
* jynfytm;udk; ykqdef½dk; tqdk;jrif0g'Drsm;tm; qefYusifMu/
* Edik if aH wmf wnfNird af t;csr;f a&;ESifh Edik if aH wmfw;kd wufa&;udk aESmih, f u
S f
zsufqD;olrsm; tm; qefYusifMu/
* Edik if aH wmf\ jynfwiG ;f a&;udk 0ifa&mufpu G zf ufaESmif,
h u
S af om jynfyEdik if H
rsm;tm; qefu Y siMf u/
* jynfwiG ;f jynfy tzsuo f rm;rsm;tm; bH&k efot l jzpf owfrw S af csreI ;f Mu/
EdkifiHawmfzGJUpnf;yHk tajccHOya'ay:aygufa&;onf
jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;\
y"meusaom wm0efjzpfonf/
ZifoefY
{&m0wDwikd ;f ? [oFmwNrKd Ue,fü 1946ckEpS ?f arv (23) &ufaeY

wGif tb-OD;at;armif? trd-a':odef;wifwdkYrS arG;zGm;/
touf (4)ESpft&G,fwGif rdbrsm;ESifhtwl &efukefNrdKUodkY
a&muf&SdvmNyD; &efukefNrdKUwGifyif ynmoifMum;cJh/ 1965 ckESpfwGif
wef;jrifah usmif;xGuf pm;ar;yGaJ tifjrif/ 1970jynfEh pS w f iG f wuúov kd f
0ifwef; pmar;yGJatmifjrif/
1971 ckESpf vkyfom;rsm;aumvdyfwGif ½lyaA' t"dujzifh
ynmoifMum;NyD; 1976 ckESpfwGif odyÜHbGJUudk &½SdcJh/
1975 ck E S p f r S 1988 ck E S p f t wG i f ; ok a woevuf a xmuf ?
vufaxmufpdppfa&;rIK;&mxl;rsm; xrf;aqmifcJh/
1900 jynfhESpfrS 1991 ckESpftxd "e pD;yGm;a&;r*¾Zif;wGif
t,f'w D mtjzpf aqmif&u G cf NhJ y;D 1991 ckEpS rf pS í pmaya&;om;jcif;
wpfckudkom aZmufcsvkyfudkifcJh/
vuf&w dS iG f tcgtm;avsmpf mG r*¾Zif;rsm;ü 0w¬K? aqmif;yg;rsm;
a&;om;vsu&f NdS y;D bmomjyef vH;k csi;f 0w¬K? pD;yGm;a&;? atmifjrifa&;?
wufusr;f pmtkyrf sm; a&;om;vsu&f ?dS pma&;ol tESpo f ufq;kH wufusr;f
pmtkyrf mS ]]tMuaH umif;awmhwpfcsu}f } jzpfNy;D tBuKd uq f ;kH tw¬Kyw
Ü d
pmtkyfrSm ]]'kdufOD;rS pifumylodkY}} pmtkyfjzpfonf/
a&;om;xkwfa0NyD; xif&Sm;aompmtkyfrsm;rSm ]arhr&NyD?
rsuf0ef; MunfvJh? 'kdufOD;rS pifumylokdY? tMuHaumif;awmhwpfcsuf?
a&mif;a&; 0,fwmenf;ynm? pmzwfuRrf;jcif;jzifh b0wdk;wufa&;
1-2-3}wdkY jzpf/
ZifoefY\ xkyfa0NyD;pmtkyfrsm;
1/ a&TrJ0efBuD; ,mrmeD (jrMumtdkif pmay? 1977)
2/ qGpZf mvefbPfEiS hf aiGrrJ sm; (zd;k &mZm pmay? 1982)
3/ yGo J rd ;f (1983)
4/ rvdrw hf pfywf (1983)
5/ aAGtPÖ0g (1983)
6/ urÇmudkudkifvIyfaom a&eHukrÜPD ckepfck (1983)
7/ tukov kd af wG vkyaf vonfv h o
l m; (1984)
8/ cg;ydu k x f u J ajrG (1985)
9/ xD;wpf&m yPÖmusKdU (y?'k) (jr0wf&nfpmay? 1985)
10/ rD;avmif&mavyifh (y?'k) (jr0wf&nfpmay? 1986)
11/ ajryG g;uif;yg; (y?'k) (jr0wf&nfpmay? 1986)
12/ rtdak umif; remaumif; (y?'k) (jr0wf&nfpmay? 1987)
13/ vGeaf vNy;D aomtcg (y?'k) (jr0wf&nfpmay? 1987)
14/ txD;usecf &D;onf (jr0wf&nfpmay? 1987)
15/ yJpY ifuvIyf vdiI ;f uykwf (jr0wf&nfpmay? 1988)
16/ at;&dyfqm,m (jr0wf&nfpmay? 1989)
17/ ta0;wpfae&mqD (jr0wf&nfpmay? 1989)
18/ rajyNidK;onf (y?') (jr0wf&nfpmay? 1990)
19/ NzKd rNyKd avvm; (y?'k)
20/ nOfah rSmif&yd rf S zefr;D tdrf (jr0wf&nfpmay? 1990)
21/ a0'emazG&mS í awGUcJNY yD (jr0wf&nfpmay? 1990)
22/ tcsprf aYJ 'o (y?'k) (jr0wf&nfpmay? 1992)
23/ a&SmifrwGefY ausmufaomfrmvQif (y?'k) (qef;rGef;pmay? 1992)
24/ a0;&mu&Sm; (y?'k) (qef;rGe;f pmay? 1993)
25/ ork', {u&D (y?'k) (qef;rGef;pmay? 1994)
26/ wif;vGe;f onfBh uKd ; (y?'k) (qef;rGe;f pmay? 1993)
27/ arYr&NyD (y?'k) (qef;rGe;f pmay? 1994)
28/ tarSmifwpfjcrf; tvif;wpfpk (y?'k) (qef;rGe;f pmay? 1995)
29/ rsu0f ef;MunfvYJ (y?'k) (qef;rGe;f pmay? 1995)
30/ 'dkufOD;rS pifumylodkY ( Grand & Able ?1995)
31/ tpGe;f w&m;\ twÅy&kH yd f (y?'k) (rif;Zifpmay? 1996)
32/ tjrwf&atmif aps;a&mif;enf; (&mjynfph mtkyw f ukd ?f 1996)
33/ tMuHaumif;awmh wpfcsuff (Crystal Place ? 1997)
34/ *E¦0if rpä&d, (y?'k) (csrf;ompmay? 1998)
35/ a&mif;a&;0,fwm enf;ynm(t½kPaf umif;uif pmtkyw f u
kd ?f 1998)
36/ pmzwfuRr;f jcif;jzifh b0wd;k wufa&;
(pmzwfaumif;oljzpfatmif pepfwuszwfenf;) (t½kPaf umif;uif pmtkyw
f u
kd ?f 1998)
37/ b,meu&o (y?'k) (csr;f ompmay? 1999)
38/ pmzwfuRr;f jcif;jzifh b0wd;k wufa&;-2
(ausmif;pmudk ausnufatmif pepfwuszwfenf;) (t½kPaf umif;uif pmtkyw
f u
kd ?f 1999)
39/ pmzwfuRr;f jcif;jzifh b0wd;k wufa&;-3
(pme,fZif;udk tusK;d &Sad tmif pepfwuszwfenf;) (t½kPaf umif;uif pmtkyw
f u
kd ?f 1999)
40/ tjrwf&atmifaps;a&mif;enf;ESihf tjrwf&rnfah &mif;ukeyf pön;f
(t½kPaf umif;uif pmtkyw
f u
kd ?f 2000)
t½kPfaumif;uif pmtkyfwdkufrS
qufvufxkwfa0rnfh pmtkyfrsm;
1/ pifumyl tqifhjrifhtufaq;rsm; (OD;jrifhOD;- t*Fvdyfpm enf;jya[mif;)

2/ tm&Sacgif;aqmifrsm; ½kyfyHkvTm wapYwapmif; (armifpkd;opf)
3/ zm;rif;om;ESifh EdkifiHpHkyHkjyifrsm; (cifarmifwdk;-rdk;rdwf)
4/ pif'Dua&mhzdk'fh\ rsufESmtvS jc,foenf;ynm (½lygodrf;)
5/ 0if;Nidrf;ESifh pma&;q&mrsm; (0if;Nidrf;)
6/ pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&; tqdktrdefYrsm; (armifxGef;ol)
7/ uav;rsm;twGuf b0wpfoufwm EdkifiHwum A[kokwtjzmjzm
(cifarmifw;kd -rd;k rdw)f
8/ t*Fvdyfpm ay;pm jyefpmESifh t*Fvdyfpm pmpDpmuHk;rsm; (OD;jrifhOD;-t*Fvdyfpm
enf;jya[mif;)
9/ a&TvufwdkY? b0atmifjrifa&; vli,fvrf;nTefpmtkyfrsm; (MunfEdkif)
10/ ppfESifh ted|m½kH (armifxGef;ol)
The Reminiscences of Private Ivanov (V.Garshin)
11/ ao&Gmjyef jrif;onfawmfESifh EkdifiHwum 0w¦Kwdkrsm;(armifxGef;ol)
12/ armifusefwpfwdkYtygt0if rSwfom;zG,f&m jrefrmpum;yHk yHkjyifrsm; (MunfEdkif)
13/ &ifuGJtonf;a<uESifY EdkifiHwum0w¦ Kwdkrsm; (cifarmifwdk;-rdk;rdwf)
14/ yHkjyifurÇmBuD;xJu uAsmZmwfaumifrsm; (MunfEdkif)
15/ urÇmausmf *E¦0if0w¦ K? urÇmausmf *E¦0if½kyf&Sif (vif;a0NrdKif)
16/ AmAm'dk[m "r®uAsmrsm; (yg&*l)
17/ ur®a,m* (armifqk&Sif)
18/ ork'´&ma&urÇm (armifxGef;ol)
19/ rdkygqGef; 0w¦ Kwdkrsm; (armifxGef;ol)
yHkESdyfrSwfwrf;
pmrlcGifYjyKcsuftrSwf - 638^99
rsufESmzHk;cGifYjyKcsuftrSwf - 594^99(10)
yHEk ydS jf cif;
tkyfa& - 1000
yxrtBudrf - 1996? 'DZifbm
(&mjynfhpmtkyfwdkuf)
'kwd,tBudrf - 2000?rwf
(t½kPfaumif;uif pmtkyfwdkuf)
rsuEf mS zH;k yHEk ydS o

f l
OD;rif;[ef (04154)? r*Fvmaomif;yHkESdyfwdkuf
trSwf 75? 43 vrf;? Adkvfwaxmif? &efukef/
twGif;yHkESdyfol
OD;wifatmif0if; (903309)? bdk;&mZm yHkESdyfwdkuf
trSwf 162? 45 vrf;? &efukef/
xkwfa0ol
a':a&Ttdrf (01299)? wdkif;vif;pmay?
trSwf 8^65? tkyfpk 3? atmifod'¨dvrf;?
apmfbGm;BuD;ukef;? tif;pdef/
uGefysLwmpmpD
at;jrwfrdk; uGefysLwm
21? taomuvrf;? wmarG/ zkef;- 545323
pmtkyfcsKyf
yef'g pmtkyfcsKyfvkyfief;
162? 45 vrf;? &efukef/
rsuEf mS zH;k 'DZikd ;f
ausmfcdkif
wefz;kd
180-usyf
t½kPfaumif;uifpmtkyf (18)
tjrwf&atmifaps;a&mif;enf;
ESifY
tjrwf&rnfh a&mif;ukefypönf;
ZifoefY
How to Make A Small Shop Pay
by Herbert N. Casson
Twenty Tips on Direct Selling
Selling Goods Happily
by J. Daresbury Hatton
The Sure Way To Successful Selling
by Robert Ottaway
Taking the Part- Time Plung
Small Business Opportunities
t½kPfaumif;uifpmtkyfwdkuf
trSwf 44? 87 vrf;? uefawmfuav;?
r*FvmawmifñGefY? &efukef
zkef; - 287431/
rmwdum
- bmomjyefol trSm 1
- pum;OD; 5
tydik ;f (u)
atmifjrifaomaps;qdkifwpfqdkif xlaxmifenf;
1/ aq;rsm;rsm;okwfyg ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7
2/ tvif;a&mif aumif;aumif;&atmif vkyfyg ... ... ... 8
3/ ta&mifawmufawmufudk oHk;yg ... ... ... ... ... 9
4/ ypönf;tvSjy rSefAD½dkrsm;udk wpfywfwpfcg jyifqifyg ... 10
5/ rSefAD½dkwGif rsufpdusavmufonfh ypönf;rsm; jyxm;yg ... 11
6/ ra&mif;&onfh ukefrsm;udk &Sif;vif;ypfyg ... ... ... 12
7/ ta&mif;oGufaom ukefudk OD;pm;ay;wifyg ... ... ... 14
8/ trsKd;tpm; enf;ygap ... ... ... ... ... ... 14
9/ ESpfv wpfcgrQ txl;aps;a&mif;yGJ vkyfyg ... ... ... 14
10/ pm;yGJrsm;rsm; oHk;yg ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 15
11/ txl;oD;oefY ukefwpfrsKd;udk udkifxm;yg ... ... ... ... 16
12/ aps;EIef;udk ra&mif;ygESifY? t&nftaoG;udkom a&mif;yg ... 17
13/ aps;udk wifa&mif;yg ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18
14/ erlem jzefYa0yg ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 18
15/ tBuHjyKa&mif;enf;oHk;yg ... ... ... ... ... ... 19
16/ ta&mif;vufaxmufrsm;udk oifMum;ay;yg ... ... ... 20
17/ jyifyta&mif;orm;wdkYudkvnf; oHk;yg ... ... ... ... 23
18/ aMumfjimwGif ydkí tukeftuscHyg ... ... ... ... 23
19/ trsKd;orD;pm&if;udkif cefYxm;yg ... ... ... ... ... 25
20/ 0,folwdkif;udk &if;&if;ESD;ESD;ESifY *½kwpdkuf qufqHyg ... ... 26
tydik ;f (c)
tdrfwdkif&ma&muf aps;a&mif;enf; (20)
1/ 0,frnfhtdrfudk &Smyg ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 33
2/ rdrd toGiftjyifudk *½kpdkufyg ... ... ... ... ... 33
3/ yxrqHk; rdrdudk tm½Hkpdkufvmatmif vkyfyg ... ... ... 35
4/ ,HkMunfpdwfxm;? &if;ESD;rIjy? tvkyfoabmaqmif ... ... 36
5/ jyp&m wpfckck ,lvmyg ... ... ... ... ... ... 37
6/ 0,fol rajymrD jrefjrefajymyg ... ... ... ... ... 39
7/ tdrfodkY vdkufa&mif;&onfhtaMumif;&if;udk ajymjyyg ... ... 40
8/ rdrd\ukefypönf; 0,f&onfhtusKd;udk *CeP &Sif;jyyg ... 40
9/ tcsdefukefoufomaMumif; ajymjyyg ... ... ... ... 41
10/ t&nftaoG;awGudk tukefajymjy ... ... ... ... 42
11/ ypönf;onf 0,folvdktyfcsufESifYnDaMumif; jy&rnf ... ... 43
12/ tvGeftusL; rajym&? rjiif;&? qefYusifrajym& ... ... 44
13/ rdrdu ar;í jyefem;axmifyg ... ... ... ... ... 46
14/ tdrfeD;yg;csif;u 0,foGm;aMumif; ajymyg ... ... ... 47
15/ rdru d rk P
Ü D pdwcf s&aMumif; ajymyg ... ... ... ... ... 47
16/ uav;rsm;udk *½kjyKyg ... ... ... ... ... ... 48
17/ 0,folBudKufonfESifY ta&mif;udpö jzwf?
ypönf;ydkYrnfhtaMumif; ajymyg ... ... ... ... ... 49
18/ ydkrSmatmif BudK;pm;yg ... ... ... ... ... ... 50
19/ rdk;&GmaomaeYrSm a&mif;taumif;qHk; ... ... ... ... 51
20/ azmfa&GpGm EIwfqufí xGufcGmyg ... ... ... ... 52
tydik ;f (*)
pdwfcsrf;ompGm aps;a&mif;enf;
1/ &SmazGzwf½Iyg ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 54

2/ ra&mif;rD 0efaqmifrIay;yg ... ... ... ... ... ... 55
3/ auseyfrI ay;yg ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 58
4/ tmvmy ov’my ajymyg ... ... ... ... ... ... 60
5/ 0,folESifYawGUqHk&mwGif ... ... ... ... ... ... 64
6/ 0,foludk &Smjcif; ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 72
7/ 0,fEdkifatmif ulnDyg ... ... ... ... ... ... 73
8/ ta&mif; ydwfwwfygap ... ... ... ... ... ... 78
9/ aps;a&mif;jcif;wGif aysmfydkufyg ... ... ... ... ... 81
tydkif;(C)
aocsmayguf ta&mif;pGHenf;rsm;
1/ odxm;&rnfhtcsuftvufrsm; ... ... ... ... ... 86
(u) a&mif;ukefypönf; ... ... ... ... ... ... 86
(c) 0,folUqE´ ... ... ... ... ... ... 91
(*) &Sif;vif;aom a0g[m& ... ... ... ... ... 93
(C) ta&;BuD;aom txkyftydk; ... ... ... ... ... 93
1-ukrÜPD aemufcHordkif; ... ... ... ... ... 93
2-a&mif;csonfh tajctae ... ... ... ... ... 94
3-ukefypönf; oHk;pGJyHk ... ... ... ... ... ... 95
2/ azmufonfopf &SmazGjcif; ... ... ... ... ... 96
3/ qufqHa&; pdwfynm ... ... ... ... ... ... 99
(u) vlUoabm vlUobm0 ... ... ... ... ... 99
(c) 0,f&onfh taMumif;&if; ... ... ... ... ... 101
1-tjrwftpGef; ... ... ... ... ... ... 101
2-pdwfcsrf;omrI ... ... ... ... ... ... 101
3-*kPf&SdrI ... ... ... ... ... ... 103
4-usef;rma&; ... ... ... ... ... ... 104
5-toHk;usrI ... ... ... ... ... ... 104
6-aMumuf&GHUrI ... ... ... ... ... ... 105
7-pGJvrf;rI ... ... ... ... ... ... 105
8-zefwD;vdkpdwf ... ... ... ... ... ... 106
9-pl;prf;vdkrI ... ... ... ... ... ... 106
tydik ;f (i)
tjrwf&rnfh a&mif;ukefypönf;
1/ a&SUajy; 10csuf ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 109
2/ vkyf&efvG,fonfh 25rsKd; ... ... ... ... ... ... 111
3/ taumif;qHk; ta&mif;t0,f 25rsKd; ... ... ... ... 112
bmomjyefoltrSm
þpmtkyfonf taemufEdkifiH pD;yGm;a&; wufusrf;

q&mBuD;rsm; a&;om;Muonfh pmtkyfi,frsm;? aqmif;yg;
rsm;udk bmomjyefum pkpnf;wifjyxm;jcif; jzpfygonf/
xd k p mtk y f r sm;wG i f azmf j yxm;onf h taMumif ; t&m
tcsuftvufrsm;rSm aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;ESifY tom;usNyD;
aom taemufEdkifiHrsm;ESifY tH0ifcGifus jzpfygonf/ aps;uGuf
pD;yGm;a&;udk tpysKd;vsuf&Sdaom jrefrmjynftwGufvnf;
tH0ifonfhtcsufrsm; tajrmuftrsm; yg0ifygonf/
Oyrmtm;jzifY tdrfwdkif&ma&muf aps;a&mif;onfqdkaom
pepfrsKd; ,cifu jrefrmEdkifiHwGif r&SdcJYyg/ ,ck aps;uGuf
t½kPfaumif;uif pmtkyfwdkuf
2
pD;yGm;a&;pepfudk pwifusifYoHk;awmYrS ta&mif;jr§ifYwifa&;
0efxrf;rsm; ay:aygufvmNyD; tdrfawG? qdkifawGudk udk,fwdkif
vdkufa&mif;aom pepfawG ay:vmygonf/
þpmtkyfyg tcsuftvufrsm;wGif Orr,fpmrajrmuf
ao;onfh jrefrmYaps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;pepfESifY tHr0ifonfh
uav;rsm;vnf; tenf;i,fawmY ygaeygonf/ odkY&mwGif
aemifwpfcsed f jrefrmjynfwiG f aps;uGupf ;D yGm;a&;pepf &ifu
Y suf
vmcJYaomf þpmtkyfyg tcsuftvufrsm;onf rsm;pGm
wefzdk;&SdvmayvdrfYrnf/ xdktcsdefrwdkifrD ,ckuwnf;u
xd k t csuf t vuf r sm;ud k od x m;vQif rd r d u ol r sm;xuf
ESmwpfzsm; omEdkifonf r[kwfygvm;/
vuf&Sd jrefrmYpD;yGm;a&; tajctae? vlrIb0awGESifY
rvdkufzufao;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk csefvSyfívnf;
aumif;? vkdufzufatmif ajymif;vJa&;om;&ef vnf;aumif;
rjzpfEkdifyg/ xdkokdYvkyfvdkufvQif bmomjyefpnf;urf;ESifY
rnDrñGwf jzpfoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/ xdkYaMumifY t&Sdtwdkif; jyefqdk
a&;om;vdkufygonf/
þpmtkyfudk yxrtBudrfu &mjynfhpmtkyfwdkufrS
xkwfa0cJYNcif; jzpfygonf/ ,ck t½kPfaumif;uif pmtkyf
wdkufrS 'kwd,tBudrf xkwfrnfqdkojzifY xyfrH jznfhpGufxm;
ygonf/
3
xdkodkY xyfrHjznfhpGufxm;onfrSm ]tjrwf&rnfh a&mif;
ukefypönf;} [laom tcef; jzpfygonf/ aps;a&mif;onf
qdk&mwGif ukefypönf;udka&mif;onfvnf; &Sdovdk? twwf
ynmESiYf vkyt f m;udk a&mif;onfh 0efaqmifru
I v
kd nf; ta&mif;
t0,fvkyfief;[k ac:EdkifygvdrfYrnf/
tqdkyg ] tjrwf&rnfh a&mif;ukefypönf; } [laom tcef;
wGif pD;yGm;a&;vkyfvdkolrsm;twGuf vG,fulpGm vkkyfEdkifonfh
ukefypönf;a&mif;csonfh vkyfief;rsm;ESifY 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;
rsm;udk vrf;ñTefxm;ygonf/ þtcef;wGifvnf; t&Sdtwdkif;
bmomjyefvdkuf&onfjzpfí ,if;udkzwfNyD; rdrdwdkY vlrIb0
ywf0ef;usif? rdrdwdkY pD;yGm;a&;avmu taetxm;ESifY udkuf
nDrnf xifonfwdkYudk ÚmPf&Sdovdk xkwfEIwf toHk;csoGm;
½Hkyif/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap þpmtkyfonf pD;yGm;a&; vkyfudkif
vdkaom vlrsm;twGuf twk,lp&m vrf;p ay;Edkifaom
pmtkyf jzpfonfomru vuf&Sd ta&mif;t0,f vkyfae
olrsm;twGufvnf; rdrdvkyfief;udk ydkrdkatmifjrifatmif vrf;
ñTefEdkifonfh pmtkyfwpftkyf jzpfygvdrfYrnf/
ZifoeefY
pum;OD ;
aps;qdkifuav;awG tajrmuftrsm; &Sdonf/ xdkqdkifrsKd;
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oufqdkif&m ukrÜPDrS aumif;aumif; aMumfjimxm;onfh ypönf;
rsm;udk tNrJwrf; OD;pm;ay; wif&rnf/ olwdkY\ aMumfjimrsm;udk rdrdu
tcGifYaumif; ,lwwf&rnf/ aMumfjimaumif;aom ypönf;udk tjrwf
aumfr&Sif enf;enf;ESifY a&mif;jcif;rSm vlrodaom ypönf;udk tjrwf
aumfr&Sifrsm;rsm;ESifY a&mif;jcif;xuf ydkíudkufonf/
(8) trsKd;tpm; enf;ygap
qdkifuav; tawmfrsm;rsm;onf vdkif;wpfvdkif;wGif tpHk wif
a&mif;wwfMuonf/ ckepfrsKd;avmuf wifa&mif;aomqdkifwGif vl
90 &mcdik Ef eI ;f u oH;k rsKd;avmufuo
kd m 0,fMuonfqv
kd Qif usefav;rsKd;
avmufudk jzwfypfoifYonf/
wpfcgwpf&HusawmY azmufonf wpfOD;wpfa,mufwnf;
twGuf ypönf;wpfrsKd;udk oD;oefY wifxm;&onfrsKd;vnf; &Sdwwf
onf/ xdkodkY vkyfonfuawmY aumif;ygonf/ odkYaomfjzpfEdkifvQif
awmY yHkrSefa&mif;ae&onfh trsKd;tpm;udkom wifa&mif;oifYonf/
rdrda&mif;aeonfh ukefawGxJwGif trsKd; (tr,f) aygif; 700
avmuf&SdNyD; wpfESpfvQif tBudrfESpfq,favmuf ypönf;ukefí jyef
wif&onfrSm trsKd;aygif; 2ç500 avmuf &SdNyD; ypönf;ukefí ajcmuf
Budrfavmufom jyefwif&onfxuf ydkí udkufonf/
trsKd; rnfírnfrQ wifa&mif;jcif;rSm rdrd ta&mif;ay:wGifom
wnfonf/ pm;oHk;olrsm;u qHk;jzwfvdrfYrnf/ rdrdrSm 0g'jzefYcsdol
r[kwf? aps;onfomjzpf\/
(9) ESpfv wpfcgrQ txl;a&mif;yGJ vkyfyg

]a&mrudk a&mufvQif a&mrvdk usifY&rnf} [k tqdk&Sdonf/
]txl;aps;yGJ a&mif;onfhtcg aps;0,fyg} [k ukefwdkufBuD;rsm;u
trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; ynmay;xm;Muonf/ aps;qdik u f av;rsm;uvnf;
xdt
k wdik ;f wpfEpS v
f Qif ajcmufBudraf vmuf txl;a&mif;yGJ vkyo
f ifo
Y nf/
]arG;aeY txl;aps;yGJ} ]c&pörwf txl;aps;yGJ}? ]aEGOD;&moD
txl;aps;yGJ} ponfjzifY a&mif;onfrsKd; jzpf\/
txl;aps;EIef;ESifY a&mif;aom aps;yGJrsm;onf trsm;tm;jzifY
atmifjrifwwfonf/ wcsKdUypönf;rsm;udk wpfckvQif 5% ? 2%?1%?
ponfjzifY avQmYa&mif;í &Edkifonf/
xdk txl;aps;yGJrsm;wGif ra&mif;&onfhukefrsm;udkvnf; avQmY

aps;ESifY csa&mif;Edkifonf/ txl;aps;yGJwGif txl;avQmYaps;ESifY a&mif;
ygu tqifajywwfonf/ odkYaomf toHk;rusonfh trIdufudkawmY
a&mif;í &rnfr[kwf/
txl;aps;yGJ qdkonfrSm 0,foltopfudk qGJaqmifonfhyGJyif
jzpfonf/ od&Yk mwGif rdrad zmufonfrsm;udk cyfnn hH uhH ek af wG xd;k a&mif;
NyD; rdwfysufatmif rvkyfrdzdkY owdcsyf&rnf/ txl;aps;yGJrsm;onf
trsm;tm;jzifY aumif;usKd;xuf qd;k usKd; ydak y;wwfonfukd owdjyKyg/
txl;aps;yGJvkyfjcif;jzifY tusKd;oHk;rsKd; &Edkifonf/ yxr - rdrd
qdik f Ed;k Bum; wuf<uvmrnf/ 'kw, d - xdik ;f aeonfu h ek rf sm; &Si;f oGm;
vdrrYf nf/ wwd, - vrf;oGm;vrf;vmrsm; rdrq d ikd u f kd owdjyKrd vmMu
vdrfYrnf/ tusKd;oHk;rsKd;um; tvGef tzdk;wefayonf/
(10) pm;yGJrsm;rsm; oHk;yg

0,folqdkonfrSm ypönf;udk udkifMunfhcsifMuonf/ þenf;jzifY
0l;vf0yfof aps;qdkifrsm; tawmfyif atmifjrifcJYNyD jzpf\/
ukefwkdufBuD;rsm;wGif pm;yGJawGudk ydkí ydkí oHk;vmMuonf/
xdkYaMumifY aps;qdkifuav;rsm;onfvnf; rdrdqdkif tus,ft0ef;ESifY
xm;EdkiforQ pm;yGJawGudk xm;&rnf/
xdkpm;yGJrsm;ay:wGif &moDtvdkuf ta&mif;oGufaom ukefrsm;
udkvnf; wifxm;Edkifonf/ xdkif;onfhukefawGudkvnf; aps;avQmYí
wifxm;Edkifonf/
aps;aygaom ukefawGcsnf; wifxm;&ef rvdk/ Oyrmtm;jzifY
ukepf q
kH ikd w
f pfqikd w
f iG f aqmYp(f Sauces) ykvif;awGukd pifay: wifxm;
jcif;xuf pm;yGJay:wGif wifxm;vQif ydkaumif;onf/
16 ¾ ZifoefY
rSwf&rnfrSm ypönf;rsm;udk jrifomaomae&mwGif 0,fol udkif
Munfhí&atmif xm;&rnf/ tcsKdUe,frsm;wGifawmY xdkodkY xm;í
r&/ tcd;k cH&Edik o
f nf/ odaYk omf ae&mtrsm;tjym;wGiaf wmY xdo
k x
Ydk m;u
ydkí tqifajyEdkifonf/
ypönf;awGudk jrifomatmif jyxm;yg/ tHqGJxJwGif xm;jcif;?
pifay:wGif wifxm;jcif;? puúLESifY xkyfxm;jcif;rsKd; rjzpf& / tydk
0,fxm;onfh ypönf;rsm;udkom vlrjrifatmif xm;Edkifonf/
(11) txl;oD;oefY ukefwpfrsKd;udk udkifxm;yg

ukefwdkufBuD;wdkif;wGif oD;oefY ukefwpfrsKd; udkifxm;wwfMu
onf/ qdkifuav;awGua&m oD;oefY ukefwpfrsKd;? ESpfrsKd; tb,f
aMumifY udkifrxm;Edkif&rnfenf;/ xdkoD;oefY ypönf;aMumifY rdrdqdkif
uav;rSm xif&Sm;vmrnf/ ta&;ygvmrnf/ 0,foltopfrsm; tm½Hk
pdkufrdvmrnf/
xdk oD;oefYukefonf qdkif\ tjcm;ukefrsm;ESifYvnf; vdkufavsm
nDaxG jzpfoifo Y nf/ uav;upm;p&m ypön;f qdik o f nf em&D ra&mif;
oifY/ &wemqdkifuvnf; uav;upm;p&m ra&mif;oifY/
tqdkyg oD;oefYypönf;rSm vlodrsm;NyD; rsm;rsm; aMumfjimxm;
onfhypönf; jzpf&rnf/ xdkypönf;ESifY ywfoufí rddrdNrdKU? rdrdvrf;wGif
wpfO;D wnf;ud, k pf m;vS,f jzpfvm&rnf/ ]wpfO;D wnf; ud, k pf m;vS,}f
[laom qdkif;bkwfudkvnf; qdkifa&SUwGif csdwfxm;yg/
xdk txl;oD;oefYypönf;udk rdrdqdkif rSefcef;toD;oD;wGif wpfESpf
cefY jyoxm;yg/ aMumfjimpm&Gufrsm; urf;ívnf; aMumfjimyg/ rdrd
qdkifESifY wpfrdkifywf0ef;usifavmuftwGif; xdkypönf; rdrdqdkifwGif
&Sad eaMumif;udk odaeygap/ xdt k wdik ;f rdru
d wGe;f í aMumfjimray;vQif
wpfOD;wnf;udk,fpm;vS,frS rdrd jyKwfoGm;ayvdrfYrnf/
(12) aps;EIef;udk ra&mif;ygESifY? t&nftaoG;udk a&mif;yg
aps;qdkifuav; wpfqdkifudk a&mif;olonf ypönf;aps;EIef;udk
jzwfcsypf&ef taMumif;r&Sd/ rddrd\ vkyfief;twdkif;twmu ao;onf
rdkY tjrwfudk wpf0ufavQmYcs,lí jzpfonf r[kwf/
rdrdqdkif ywf0ef;usifrSm qif;&Jolrsm; aexdkifonf qdkvQif
rdrrd mS aps;avQmYa&mif;&awmYrnf/ od&Yk mwGif rdru
d aiGaMu;wwfEikd of l
awGudk a&mif;csEdkif&ef BudK;pm;&rnf/
aiG&Sdolwpfa,mufudk a&mif;&onfrSm qif;&Jol ajcmufa,muf
udk a&mif;&onfxuf tjrwf ydk&Edkifonf/
rdrdu taygpm;ukefawGudk a&mif;onfhtcg rdrdESifY rdrd\
ta&mif;vufaxmufrsm;udk xdktwdkif; wefzdk; tjzwfcH&vdrfYrnf/
aps;EIef;udk rlwnfí ra&mif;&/ xdkokdY a&mif;ygu rdrdqdkifudkvnf;
taygpm;qdkif[k em;vnfoGm;MuvdrfYrnf/
pHjyta&mif;orm;aumif;wdkYrnfonf aps;EIef;udk tvsifqHk;
rajym&? aemufq;kH rS ajym&onf/ qdik f ta&mif;vufaxmufrsm;onf
vnf; aps;EIef;udkom ajymoloufouf rjzpfap&/ taygqHk; ypönf;
udkvnf; 0,foltm; twif;xkd; ra&mif;&/
taygqHk; ypönf;rSvGJí ukefypönf;wdkif;wGif aumif;aom t&nf
taoG;rsm; &Sad eonfcsnf;yif/ xdt k &nftaoG;udk vlwikd ;f rod&um;
0,foltm; ajymjy&rnf/
*½kpdkufonfh qdkif&Sifrsm;qdkvQif ypönf;wGif aps;EIef;uwfjym;
tpm; ypönf;t&nftaoG;udk azmfjyonfh uwfjym;rsm;udk uyfxm;
wwfMuonf/ xdt k &nftaoG;udk azmfjyonfh uwfjym;ay:wGiv f nf;
ypönf;\ t&nftaoG; ESpfrsKd; oHk;rsKd;udk a&;xm;&m 0,folonf rdrd
ay;&onfhaps;ESifY wefonf[k oabmaygufoGm;ayvdrfYrnf/
(13) aps;udk wifa&mif;yg
qdkifi,f tawmfrsm;rsm;onf aps;EIef;udk wifoifYoavmuf
wifa&mif;&ef aMumufMuonf/ xdkodkY wifvdkufvQif rdrdwdkY ypönf;
ra&mif;&rnfudk pdk;&drfaeMu\/
xdkif;aom ypönf;rsm;udk aps;EIef; ydkíjr§ifYxm;&rnf/ tar&duef
EdkifiHwGif ukefpHkqkdif tawmfrsm;rsm;onf ukefawGudk 25 &mcdkifEIef;
aps;wifí a&mif;Muonf/ zdeyfqdkifESifY oHxnfypönf;qdkifrsm;u
40 &mcdik Ef eI ;f wifMuonf/ aq;ypön;f qdik rf sm;ESiYf txnfqikd rf sm;u
50 &mckdifEIef; wifMuonf/ &wemqdkifrsm;url 100 &mcdkifEIef;
wifMuonf/
wpfESpfvQIf aygif 6ç000 zdk;avmuf a&mif;&aom ½SL;zdeyfqdkif
trsm;pkrSm tvkyform;c 11 &mcdkifEIef;? ½Hk;toHk;p&dwf 4 &mcdkifEIef;?
tjcm; toH;k p&dwrf sm;ESiYf pkpak ygif;vdu
k af omf ukeu f sp&dwf 28 &mcdik f
EIef;avmuf &Sdonf/ 1933 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiH ½SL;zdeyfrsm;rSm
tjrwf ysrf;rQ 2 &mckdifEIef;om &SdMuonf/ xdktcsdefu aps;EIef;
jr§ifYwifrI enf;cJYaomaMumifY jzpfonf/
,ck vdkufem&ef enf;vrf; 20 twdkif; usifYBuHí qdkifrSm
tawmfav; aeom;wus atmifjrifvmNyDqv kd Qif aps;EIe;f udk tenf;
qHk; 5 &mckdifEIef;wif½HkjzifY ta&mif;rusEdkif/
(14) erlem jzefYa0yg

aps;0,folwdkif; vufaqmifay;onfudk BudKufwwfMuonf/
pD;u&ufESifY tjcm;ukefypönf; xkwfvkyfonfh vkyfief;rsm; atmifjrif
&onfrmS uHprf;rJjzifY qkay;MuaomaMumifY jzpfonfukd erlem ,loifY
onf/ vlwdkif; wpfckckudk tvum;&vQif auseyfMuonfcsnf;yif/
aps;vm0,fonfh uav;awGudk oMum;vHk;uav;rsm;? pmtkyf

vSvu S av;rsm; ay;jcif;onf aumif;aom vky&f yfwpfck jzpf\/ trsK;d
ord;rsm;udak wmY tpm;taomuf ypön;f rsm;udk jrnf;prf;cdik ;f oifo
Y nf/
ukefypönf; xkwfvkyfolrsm;onf ,cktcg azmufonf vufvD
qdkifawGudk erlem tydkay;wwfonf/ ,if; tydkay;onfwdkYudk qdkif
i,fuav;awGu aumif;pGm toHk;csoifYonf/
qdkifi,fuav;rsm;onf xdkxufydkí xl;NyD; vkyfoifYonf/
ypönf; erlemay;onfESifY rvHkavmuf/ rarQmfvifYaom vufaqmif
wpfcck uk kd ay;vdu
k v
f Qif ydí
k xda&mufNyD; 0,fov
l nf; aemufwpfBudrf
jyefvm0,fvdrfYrnf/
(15) tBuHjyKa&mif;enf; oHk;yg

0,foludk twif; t0,frcdkif;&/ ,if;udk qkdif&Sif tawmfrsm;
rsm; odMuonf/ odkYaomf 0,folu ypönf;wpfck 0,fNyD;aomtcg
0,fNyD;aomypön;f ESiYf vdu k zf ufrnfh tjcm;ypön;f wpfcu
k kd tm½Hak &muf
atmif tBuHjyKoifYonf/ ,if;udk ]tBuHjyKa&mif;enf;} [k uREkfyfwdkY
trnfay;xm;onf/
ukefypönf;qdkonfrSm tkyfpkvdkuf &Sdonf/ 0,folonf xdktkyfpk
xJrS ypönf;wpfckudk 0,fNyD;vQif xdktkyfpkxJrS tjcm;ypönf;rsm;udk
tm½Hak &mufwwfonf/ ,if;odYk tBuHjyKonfrsKd;udk 0,fou l pdwq f ;kd
onf[lí r&Sd/ xdkodkY tBuHjyKvdkufjcif;jzifY wpfcka&mif;&rnfhtpm;
ESpfck a&mif;vdkuf&onfyif/
trsKd;orD;wpfa,muf tjym&ifYa&mif tdwfwpfvHk;udk 0,fonf
qdyk gpd/Yk xdt
k w
d Ef iS Yf vdu
k zf ufrnfh tjym&ifaY &mif xD;udvk nf; jy&rnf/
t0gEka&mif zdeyfudk 0,fonfqdkvQifvnf; ,if;ESifY vdkufzufatmif
t0gEka&mif ajctdwfudkvnf; jy&rnf/
20 ¾ ZifoefY
ta&mif;vufaxmufrsm;onf 0,foludk tuJcwfí 0,fNyD;

aom ypönf;ESifY vdkufavsmnDaxG jzpfrnfh ypönf;wdkYudk xyfrHtBuHjyK
a&mif;Edik o
f nf/ xdo
k Ykd a&mif;onfq&kd mwGiv
f nf; a&mif;ol\ ysLiSmazmf
a&GrIaMumifY 0,fol pdwfcsrf;omrI&SdrS tqifajyrnf/
(16) ta&mif;vufaxmufrsm;udk oifMum;yg

ta&mif;vufaxmufrsm;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifY oifwef;
wufvmcJYjcif;r&Sd/ 0,foludk rnfodkY qufqH&rnf? ypönf;udk rnfodkY
jyoxm;&rnfuv kd nf; rodMu/ aps;EIe;f udk ajymrnf? ypön;f udk xkyyf ;kd
ay;&rnfwdkYavmufom odMuonf/ ypönf;xkyfydk;enf;udkyif wwf
ajrmufol odyfr&Sd/
trsm;tm;jzifY þtvkyfudk olwdkYESpfoufí vkyfMuonf
r[kw/f aps;vm0,fou l ykd if vmí taESmift Y ,Suaf y;ol[k xifwwf
Muonf/ olwYkd aps;0,fot l ay: jyKrlaeyHak MumifY qdik o f u d m© us&onf
udkvnf; rodMu/ olwdkY\ t"du wm0efrSm 0,folpdwfcsrf;omNyD;
aemufwpfcg vm0,fcsifatmif vkyfzdkYqdkonfudkvnf; rodMu/
qdkifydkif&Sifwpfa,mufonf yxrqHk; rdrdudk,fwdkif pHjyta&mif;
orm;jzpfatmif avYvm&rnf/ ta&mif;orm;aumif; wpfa,muf\
ynmESifY ywfoufí vlwdkif;rodMu/ ]pHjy ta&mif;orm;} pmtkyfudk
0,fNyD; ta&mif;vufaxmufwu Ykd kd ay;zwfyg/ qdik yf ikd &f iS f wpfa,muf
tzdkY olwdkYudk xdkwpfenf;om vkyfEdkifawmYonf/
pHjyta&mif;orm;oifwef; ydkYcsaeolrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ oif
wef;rsm;vnf; &S\ d / BuD;us,faom ukew f u kd Bf uD;rsm;qdv k Qif q&mrsm;
ac:íyif oifwef;ay;onf/ qdkifi,fuav;rsm;tzdkYrl qdkif&Sifudk,f
wdik u
f vnf; ra&mif;wwf? rdrd ta&mif;0efxrf;rsm;udv k nf; roifMum;
qdkvQif atmifjrifrnf r[kwf/
rdrd\ ta&mif;vufaxmufrsm;udk tenf;qHk; enf;enf;yg;yg;

jzpfjzpf oifay;&rnf/ aps;a&mif;olrSm rsufESmu tNrJcsKdae&rnf/
0,foludkvnf; tNrJ c&D;OD;BudK jyK&rnf/
rsufESmaoESifY cyfwnfwnfvkyfum r&Tifaom rsufvHk;ESifY
a&mif;aernfqv kd Qif 0,fov l nf; jyefajy;rnf? a&mif;aumif;awmYrnf
vnf; r[kwf/
0,foludk b,fawmYrS pum;jywfjywf ajymjcif;rsKd;? qefYusif
ajymjcif;rsKd; rvkyf&/ ½dkif;ysjcif;onf qdkiftwGuf tEå&m,fyif/
pdw&f nS jf cif;? azmfa&Gjcif; r&Sv
d Qif rnfonfyh pön;f rQ ra&mif;&/ tNrw J rf;
pdwf&Snfí azmfa&GrI&Sdygap/
0,foludk pí a&mif;NyDqdkonfESifY vdkcsifonfudk udk,fuar;í
0,fol\ qEúdk *½kwpdkuf em;axmifyg/ a&mif;aeonfh umvwpf
avQmufvHk; rdrdu ajymonfxuf 0,folajymonfudk trsm;qHk;em;
axmifyg/
trsm;tm;jzifYawmY aps;0,folrSmvnf; rdrdvdkcsifonfh ypönf;udk
wdwu d sus odaeonf/ xdo k aYkd jymvmonft h cg tjcm;ypön;f udk twif;
xdk; ray;&/ olajymonfh ypönf; rdrdqdkifü &SdaevQif tvG,fwul
a&mif;í tqifajyoGm;Edkifonf/
ypönf;udkvnf; aumifwmay: wifray;bJ udkifí jyxm;&ay
rnf/ 0,folu ,lrMunfhrcsif; ypönf;udk vSnfhjyae&rnf/
ta&mif;vufaxmufonf 0,folar;orQ ajzEdkifatmif ukef
ypön;f rsm;taMumif;udk odae&rnf/ ]]rodb;l }} [kajymvdu k o f nf qdk
vQif ysLiSmrIvnf; r&Sd? 0,foludk rav;pm;&m a&mufayonf/
qdkif tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif ESpfpOf azmufonf 15 &mcdkifEIef; ysuf
ukeMf u&aMumif; avYvmawGU&S&d onf/ xdaYk Mumifv Y nf; xdqk ikd rf sm;wGif
22 ¾ ZifoefY
ta&mif;wufrvmMujcif; jzpf\/ xdkodkY azmufonfrsm; qHk;½IH;oGm;&

onfh taMumif;&if;rSm ta&mif;0efxrf;rsm; rsufESmaoESifY udk;½dk;
um;&m; qufqHrIwdkYaMumifY jzpfonf/
ypönf;wpfck ra&mif;&jcif;xuf azmufonfwpfa,muf qHk;½HI;
&jcif;u ydkíemonf/ 0,folrsm; aemufwpfBudrf jyefrvmawmY[k
qdkvQif aemufqHk;wGif qdkifudk ydwfvdkuf&zdkYom &SdawmYonf/
aps;qdkifuav;awG tawmfrsm;rsm;wGif aps;aygaygESifY &onfh
rdef;uav;awGudk cefYxm;wwfonf/ qdkif&SifuawmY vkyfc ay;&
oufomonf[k xifaernf/ odkYaomf olUtwGuf bmrQ roufom/
0,fol oabmrusonfh t&nftaoG; rjynf0h aom qdik 0f efxrf;wpf
a,muf cefYxm;&jcif;avmuf wefzdk;BuD;BuD; qHk;½IH;rIrsKd; r&Sd/ vkyfc
aygaom qdkif0efxrf; rdef;uav;wpfa,mufaMumifY wpfywfvQif
aiGaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGm qH;k ½I;H vm&mrS vkyif ef;wpfcv
k ;kH t½I;H ay:&awmY
onf/
tcsKdUrdef;uav;rsm;onf rlvuyif aps;a&mif;yg&rD &Sdonf/
tcsKdUuawmY a&mif;wwf 0,fwwfatmif rnfodkYrQ oifír&/
qdkifuav;wpfqdkif zGifYawmYrnfqdkvQif qdkif&Sif\ yxrqHk;
wm0efu oifaY vsmfaom ta&mif;aps;onfukd a&G;cs,fcefx Y m;a&;yif/
roifaY wmfou l dk ra&G;rdapESi/Yf ,if;rSm BuD;pGmaom trSm;jzpfayrnf/
a&G;onfhtcg aygif;oif;qufqHa&; wwf&rnf/ rdwfzGJU wwf
&rnf/ pdwfyg0ifpm;rI &Sd&rnf/ ta&mif;t0,f oGufvuf&rnf/
NyD;rSolUudk 0,folpdwfcsrf;omatmif qufqHenf;udk oifay;&rnf/
ta&mif;vufaxmufwdkYudk qkcsjcif;? a&mif;onfh aiGxJrS
qkaMu;ay;jcif;rsm;udk wm0efwpf&yfyrm vkyfaqmiftyfayonf/
ta&mif;vufaxmufrsm;udk rufvHk;rsm; ay;jcif;jzifY olwdkY
vnf; ydkrdkBudK;pm;vkyfudkif vmMuayrnf/ vkyfcudk BudK;pm;vQif

BudK;pm;ovdk ay;&rnf/ BudK;pm;olukd EIwt
f m;jzifv
Y nf; csD;usL;&rnf/
(17) jyify ta&mif;orm;wdkYudkvnf; oHk;yg

tcsKdUqdkifrsm;u jyify ta&mif;orm;rsm;udk oHk;Muonf/ xkd
jyify ta7mif;orm;rsm;onf wpftrd q f if; wpftrd w f uf vdu k af &mif;
olrsm; jzpf\/
oHxnfypönf;qdkifrsm;onf jyify ta&mif;orm;wdkYudk toHk;jyK
jcif;jzifY oHb&yf&Sfrsm;? t0wfavQmfpufrsm;? trIdufodrf;pufrsm;
a&mif;cs&mwGif t½IH;ray:Edkif/
aps;qdkifwpfqdkifonf 0,foltopfudk xyf&Sm&rnf/ 0,fol
topf&mS enf;udv k nf; odxm;&rnf/ rdrq d ikd w
f iG f ypön;f wifjyxm;jcif;
wpfckwnf;udk tm;rudk;&/
tom;a&mif;olrsm;? EdkYa&mif;olrsm;? rkefYzkwfa&mif;olrsm;rSm
vlawGudk vTwfí rdrde,fajrtwGif; wpftdrfwuf wpftdrfqif;
vdu k af &mif;cdik ;f Muonf/ xdok Ykd tdrwf ikd &f ma&muf vlvw T í
f a&mif;cdik ;f
ojzifY tjrwf&mcdik Ef eI ;f vnf; ydí k rsm;onf/ xdo k w l u
Ykd kd aumfr&Siaf y;í
cdkif;jcif; jzpfonf/
i,fi,f&G,f&G,f Oy"d½kyfaumif;aumif;qdkvQif qdkiftwGuf
azmufonfawG &vmwwfonf/ xdo k rl sK;d rSm a&mif;½Ho k ufouf r[kwf
bJ azmufonfvnf; &Smay;EdkifojzifY olUudk aMu;rsm;rsm; ay;&
ayrnf/
(18) aMumfjimwGif ydkí tukeftus cHyg

vufawGUtm;jzifY ajym&vQif ukefwdkufBuD;rsm;onf aiGudk
rsm;rsm;oH;k í aMumfjimojzifY tjrwfrsm;rsm; &onfukd awGU&ayonf/
24 ¾ ZifoefY
qdkifi,fuav; wpfqdkiftzdkY rsm;rsm;oHk;Edkifrnf r[kwf/ owif;

pmxJwGif rsufESmjynfh raMumfjimEdkif/ odkYaomf rdrdta&mif;\ 1
&mcdik Ef eI ;f avmufuakd wmY aMumfjimoifo Y nf/ xdak Mumfjimc ausatmif
&Edkifonf/
owif;pmxJwGif ae&mrsm;rsm;pm;pm; aMumfjimp&m rvdk/ xif
xif&mS ;&Sm;jzifY pum;ajym ta&;tom;rsKd;jzifY a&;um aMumfjim&rnf/
txl;a&mif;yGrJ sm;udk tNrJ aMumfjimoifo Y nf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf
txl;a&mif;yGJ aMumfjimrsm;udk vdkufMunfhwwfaomaMumifYwnf;/
txda&mufqHk; aMumfjimenf;uawmY vufurf;aMumfjimrsm;
udk ypönf;trsKd;trnfESifY aps;EIef;wdkY xnfh½dkufNyD; rdrdqdkif\ ywf0ef;
usif rdkif0uf ywfvnftwGif; (odkYr[kwf) rdrdqdkifonf vrf;qHk
vrf;rusaevQif wpfrdkifywfvnftwGif; jzefYa0jcif;yif/
xdk vufurf;aMumfjimrsm;xJwGif txl; urf;vSrf;csufrsm;udk
vnf; xnfhoGif;azmfjyxm;&rnf/ qdkifodkY vmcsifp&maumif;rnfh
taMumif;t&mudkvnf; azmfjyxm;&rnf/
aMumfjimudk owif; (odkYr[kwf) aMunmcsuf a&;enf;twdkif;
a&;yg/ xdkodkYa&;jcif;u ydkí pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;NyD; ydkívnf;
xda&mufrI &Sdonf/
qGJaqmifrI&Sdonfh acgif;pOfrsKd;udk wyfyg/ qdkiftrnfudk xdyfu
rwyfygESifY/ aMumfjimwdkif;udk pm;oHk;oltjrifjzifY a&;yg/
aiGwwfEdkifygu vufurf;aMumfjim\ tzHk;wGif a&mifpHk½dkufNyD;
"mwfyrkH sm;udo k ;kH u ydí
k xda&mufrI &So
d nf/ ,cifu oH;k cJaY om a&aq;
yef;csD? vdik ;f yef;csDrsm;udk vlawG pdwrf 0ifpm;Mu/ [efopfjzifY a&;aom
yef;csDrsm;udrk l cRif;csufxm;&rnf/ odaYk omf "mwfyo kH nf taumif;qH;k
jzpf\/
ydkuJí a&;jcif;rsKd; rvkyf&/ tydktuJawGjzifY a&;vQif vlawGu

r,Hrk MunfjzpfvmNyD; aumif;usKd;xuf qd;k usKd;udk ydí k ay;wwfonf/
]taumif;qHk;} [laom pum;vHk;udk roHk;ygESifY/ rdrdypönf;
onf wu,fyif taumif;qH;k jzpfaeapOD;awmY? vlawGu r,Hrk Munf
jzpfoGm;EdkifaomaMumifY jzpfonf/
aps;qdkifuav; wpfqdkiftwGuf aMumfjim&mwGif odu©m&Sd&Sd
[efwpfvHk; yefwpfvHk;ESifY a&;&ef rvdk/ ½dk;½dk;om;om; &if;&if;ESD;ESD;
oabm a&;&rnf/ aps;qdkifuav;wpfqdkif wnfaxmifolonf
ukefonfBuD;wpfa,mufvdk ajym&ef rvdk/ rdrd a&mif;vdkonfh ypönf;
taMumif;udk ½dk;½dk;ESifY &Sif;&Sif; azmfjy&rnf/
aMu;&wwf vlwef;pm;wdkY\ trnfESifY vdyfpmrsm;udk w,fvD
zke;f pmtkyxf w
J iG f &Sm,lEikd o
f nf/ aMumfjim ukeu
f sp&dwtf wGuf aiGaMu;
wwfEdkifrnfqdkvQifawmY aMumfjimorm;udkac:í pme,fZif;aMumfjim
ESifY vufurf;aMumfjimwdkYtwGuf pDpOfaqmif&Gufcdkif;oifYonf/
(19) trsKd;orD;pm&if;udkif cefYxm;yg

þtcsufrSm xifonfxuf rsm;pGmydkí ta&;BuD;ayonf/
rsm;aomtm;jzifY qdkifi,fydkif&Sifrsm;onf pm&if;awG? 0ifpm xGufpm
awGEiS Yf tvky½f yI u
f m qdik u
f kd Edik ef if;atmif rudik w
f ,
G Ef ikd f jzpfaewwf
Muonf/
rdef;uav;wpfa,muf ac:cdkif;vQif NyD;Edkifonfh tvkyfudk
qdkif&Sifudk,fwdkifu vkyfaeívnf; bmrQ ydkí tusKd;xl;vm&ef
taMumif;r&S/d qdik &f iS o
f nf xdAk m[D& tvkyaf wGuykd pfum 0,forl sm;
ESifY xdawGUqufqHjcif;? rSefAD½dkwGif ypönf;rsm; tpDt&D xm;odkjcif;?
aMumfjimudprö sm;udk aqmif&u G jf cif; ponfh tvkyrf sm;wGif ydí k tcsed af y;
26 ¾ ZifoefY
oifo Y nf/ tjrwfonf xdt k vkyrf sm;tay:wGif rlwnfaeonf r[kwf

avm/
qdkifi,fydkif&Sifrsm;rSm trsm;tm;jzifY tvkyfawGudk udk,fwdkif
vkyfcsifMuonf/ vliSm;vQif vcay;&rnfudk aMumufaewwf\/
xdaYk MumifY tvkyaf o;ao;awGEiS Yf tcsed u f ek u f m ta&;BuD;aom tvkyf
awGukd rvkyEf ikd f jzpf&onf/ odjYk zifY qdik rf mS vnf; wd;k wufrvmawmY/
qdkifydkif&Sifonf yxrawmY tvkyform;om jzpf\/ odkYaomf
tvky&f iS w f pfa,muf jzpfvmatmif avYvm&rnf/ vlawGukd pnf;½H;k
odr;f oGi;f wwf&rnf/ tjcm;vlrsm; tvkyv f yk o
f nft
h ay:wGif tjrwf
xkwfwwf&rnf/ rdrdtwGuf tom;wif tjrwfxGufaprnfh t&m
rsm;wGifom tm½Hkxm;&rnf/ reuf? aeYv,f? n tcsdefwdkif;wGif
tom;wiftjrwf&zdkYom awG;ae&rnf/
(20) 0,folwdkif;udk &if;&if;ESD;ESD;ESifY *½kwpdkuf qufqHyg

qdkifi,fwpfckwGif tm;omonfh tcsufwpfcsufrSm 0,folESifY
udk,fwdkifudk,fus &if;&if;ESD;ESD; qufqHEdkifjcif; jzpfonf/ 0,foludk
emrnfac:í zdwfac:Edkifonfh tajctaersKd; &Sdaeonf/ 0,folwdkY\
vdtk ifuv kd nf; rSwrf v
d ,
G o
f nf/ ukew
f u
kd Bf uD;rsm;rSmxuf 0,forl sm;
udk xdawGUaqmif&Gufay;cGifY &Muonf/
0,foltm; aps;a&mif;aeonfh tcdkuftwefYuav;rSm pdwf
csrf;ajrhp&mtcsdeu f av; jzpfae&ayrnf/ pum;awG tjyeftvSef ajym
qdNk yD; xdok Ykd pum;ajymaeonfukd 0,fou l oabmawGUaeap&rnf/
vlqdkonfrSm rdrdodaeaomt&yf? rdrdudkvnf; odaeNyD; rdrdudk
c&D;OD;BudKjyKaom t&yfudkom oGm;csifMuonf/ rdrdudk cyfpdrf;pdrf;
qufqHaom ae&mrsKd;udk roGm;csifMu/
cufaeonfu tcsKdUaom qdkif&Sifrsm;onf &SufwwfNyD; azmf
azmfa&Ga&G rvkyfwwfMu/ vlpdrf;wpfa,muf 0ifvmonfESifY olwdkY

raewwf rxdkifwwf jzpfaeawmYonf/ oGufoGufvufvuf vnf;
rdwfrzGJUwwfMu/ pum;udkvnf; csufcsufcsmcsm rajymwwf/
,if;rSm tvGeftEå&m,frsm;aom cRwf,Gif;csuf jzpf\/ trSef
twdkif;ajym&vQif azmfazmfa&Ga&G r&Sdaomvlrsm; aps;qdkifzGifYzdkYyif
roifY/ vlawGESifY odyfrawGU&aom tjcm; tvkyfwpfckudkom vkyfzkdY
aumif;onf/ ukefonf tawmfrsm;rsm; rD;jywdkuftapmifY vkyfvQif
ydkí tqifajyrnf/
,ck azmfjyonfh azmfa&GrI wpfckwnf;ESifYyif aps;qdkifuav;
wpfqdkif BuD;yGm;vmEdkifonf/ wpfcgu uREkfyfodaom vli,fwpf
a,muf oMum;vHk;qdkifwpfqdkif zGifYonf/ olUt&if;tESD;rSm aygif
60 rQom &Sd\/ odkYaomf ESpfESpftwGif; olUqdkifudk aygif 600 ESifY
jyefa&mif;EdkifcJY\/ ol\ atmifjrifrI vQKdU0SufcsufrSm 0,foltm;vHk;
ESiYf cifrifaejcif;yif/ ,ckqvkd Qif xkv
d il ,fonf tawmf BuD;yGm;aeay
NyD/ [dkw,fBuD;wpfck? taysmfpD;um;awG wef;pDaeaom um;*dka'gif
BuD;wpfvHk;udk ydkifqkdifxm;avNyD/ olum; azmfa&GrI wpfckwnf;jzifY
wufvmjcif; jzpf\/
aps;qdkifuav; wpfqdkif zGifYxm;olonf vlawGudk cifrifwwf
&rnf/ vlcspfvcl ifrsm;jcif;jzifY atmifjrifvmEdik o
f nf/ aps;onfaumif;
wdrYk nfonf vlawGukd cifrifwwfNyD; olwYkd tvd&k adS omypön;f 0,fEikd f
atmif 0efaqmifay;jcif;jzifY olwdkYudk ulnDEdkif&rnf/
w½kwf a&S;a[mif;pum;yHkwpfck &Sdonf/ ]]aps;onfqdku
rsufESmcsKdrS}} [l\/ rSefonf? rsufESmcsKdzdkY vdkonf/ rlvu azmfa&G
wwfjcif;r&Sv d Qifvnf; rdr\d &Suw f wfonfph w d ?f vlawGEiS Yf uif;uif;
aewwfonfhpdwfwdkYudk aysmufatmif avYusifY,l&rnf/ aygif;oif;
0ifqHhwwfatmif vkyf,l&rnf/
28 ¾ ZifoefY
qdkifwpfqdkif wnfNrJjcif;? usqHk;jcif; qdkonfrSm 0,folwdkY\

rdrdqdkiftay: xifjrifcsuf oabmxm;wdkYtay:wGif rlwnfonf/
0,folwGif 0,fp&m tjcm;qdkif tajrmuftjrm; &Sdaeonf/ rdrdudk
*½kwpdkuf qufqHrIr&Sdaom qdkifwGif 0,fMurnf r[kwf/
qdkif&Sifrsm;\ pdwfwGif rSwfxm;&rnfrSm tNrJwrf;vmonfh
azmufonf rBudKufí aemufwpfBudrf jyefvmNyD; vJp&mrvdkaom
ypönf;rsKd;udkom a&mif;&ef jzpfonf/ qdkifa&SU jzwfoGm;olrsm; 0,fvdk
0,fjim;[lí tm;ud;k um a&mif;aeí r&/ rdrq d ikd u
f kd oabmusaeNyD;
tjcm;olrsm;udkvnf; wdkufwGef;ay;wwfaom tNrJwrf; 0,faeus
azmufonfrsm; xm;&SdzdkY vdkonf/
qdkifxJrS xGufoGm;NyD; auseyfoGm;jcif; r&Sdaom 0,folrSm
aemufwpfBudrf jyefvm0,fzG,f r&Sd/ xdkYaMumifY rsufESmaoESifY azmf
a&GrI r&Sdaom ta&mif;vufaxmufrsm;udk cefYrxm;oifY/
qdkifwpfqdkif atmifjrifonfrSm a&mif;onfh ukefypönf; t&nf
tcsif;aMumifY r[kwf/ 0,foltay: ysLiSmpGm qufqHwwfaom
t&nftcsif;aMumifYom jzpfonf/
0,folwpfa,muf rauseyfí vmajymonfhtcg olajymonf
udk av;av;pm;pm; em;axmif&rnf/ vHk;0 tajctjrpf r&Sdaom
ajymjcif;rsKd; r[kwfvQif xdkoludk aus;Zl;yif jyefwif&ayrnf/ ol\
apwemudk tvum; rjzpfap&/ aiG½;HI jcif;xuf azmufonf vufvw G f
&jcif;u ydkí txdemonf/
qdkif&Sifwpfa,mufonf rdrdNrdKUe,ftwGif; &yfa&;&Gma&;rsm;
udkvnf; pdwf0ifpm;rI &Sd&rnf/ ukefonfBuD;rsm;toif;wGif 0ifí
tpnf;ta0;awGvnf; wuf&rnf/ awmaysmf&aoYvdk aeí r&/
NrdKUom; &Gmom;aumif; yDo&rnf/ todtuRrf;awG ydkrsm;avav
rdrdqdkiftwGuf ydkí tusKd;&Sdav jzpf\/
qdkifydkif&Sifwpfa,mufonf qdkifvkyfief;udk uRrf;usifEdkifeif;NyD;

*½kwpdkuf a&mif;0,fwwfvQif e,fvSnfh ta&mif;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;
twif;xdk;a&mif;jcif;rsKd;? prf;a&mif;Munfh&ef q,fjcif;rsKd;udk vufrcH
vQif? ,ck wifjycJYonfh tcsufESpfqG,ftwdkif; usifYBuHrnfqdkvQif
csufcsif;yif tjrwftpGef;awG wufvmayvdrfYrnf/
tu,fí a&mif;tm; 10 &mcdkifEIef; wdk;vmonfESifY tjrwf
rSmvnf; 33 &mcdkifEIef; wufvmayrnf/
Oyrmjy&aomf qdkifwpfqdkifwGif wpfESpfvQif aygif 5ç000
zdk; a&mif;&onf qdkygpdkY/ xdkqdkif\ tMurf;tjrwfrSm aygif 1ç250
jzpfonf/
toHk;p&dwfESifY qHk;½IH;rI pkpkaygif;rSm aygif 950 jzpf&m tom;
wiftjrwfrSm aygif 330 jzpfayvdrfYrnf/
rSefAD½dkwGif ypönf;xm;odk jyifqifrIp&dwf? aMumfjimp&dwf?
a&mif;enf;0,fenf; pmtkyrf sm;udk 0,f,zl wf½o I nfth wGuf ukeu f saiG
ponfjzifY pkpkaygif;rSm 25 aygif qdkMuygpdkY/
ta&mif; 10 &mcdkifEIef; wufvmNyDqdkvQif pkpkaygif; ta&mif;
wefzdk;rSm aygif 5ç500 zdk; jzpfrnf/ xdktcg tMurf;tjrwfrSmvnf;
125 aygif tydk wufvmayrnf/ toHk;p&dwf ydkvmonfu 25
aygif qdkygpdkY? xdktcg aygif 100 tom;wif tydkjrwfvmrnf/
,if;rSm 331^2 tydkjrwfvmjcif; jzpfonf/ xdktcg rlvaygif
300 jrwfae&mrS aygif 400 jrwfvm&ayrnf/
xdkYaMumifY wpfywfvQif 0ifaiG 2 aygif wufvmrnf/ xdkaiGrSm
rdrEd iS Yf rdom;pktwGuf tawmfyif tqifajyayvdrrYf nf/ tdrw f iG v
f nf;
tqifajyí rdro d m;orD;rsm; ynma&;twGuv f nf; ydo
k ;kH Edik v
f mrnf/
ta&mif; 10 &mcdkifEIef;avmuf wuf½HkESifY ,ckavmuf jzpfvm
Edkifonf/ aemufxyf enf;enf;ydkwufvQif rnfrQ jzpfvmrnfenf;/
30 ¾ ZifoefY
þonfrSm aps;qdkifi,fuav; wpfqdkiftwGuf vufawGU

usifYaqmif&rnhf vkyfief;pOfrsm; jzpf\/ xdkvkyfief;pOftwGuf aiG
tenf;i,frQom ukefp&m vkdonf/ odkYaomf pGrf;tm;awG? ÚmPftm;
awG? ZGJawGawmY vdkonf/
,ck wifjycJYonfrSm aps;qdkifi,fuav;rsm; 0ifaiGwdk;NyD;
atmifjrifvmapzdYk avSum;xpf ESpq f ,f jzpfonf/ odaYk omf avSum;
&if;wGifawmY &yfraeygESifY/ wufjzpfatmif wufyg/
tydkif; (c)
tdrfwdkif&ma&muf aps;a&mif;enf; (20)
Twenth Tips on Direct Selling
By Herbert N. Casson
,cktcg tdrfaygufapY wpftdrfwuf wpftdrfqif; vdkufvH

a&mif;csjcif;jzifY toufarG;0rf;ausmif; jyKaeMuonfh trsKd;om;?
trsKd;orD; axmifaygif;rsm;pGm &Sad eMuayNyD/ olwtYkd vkyu
f rvG,v
f /S
wpfcgwpf&H tawmfpdwfysufzdkY aumif;onf/
tawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; atmifjrifMuonf/ xdk atmifjrifolawG
uawmY tawmfuRrf;usifí t&nftaoG;awG jynf0h vmMu\/ a&mif;
vnf; a&mif;wwfaeMuNyD/
xdkvlawGrSm olwdkYtvkyfwGif olwdkYaysmfaeMuonf/ olwdkYu
tjyifbufxu G í f tvkyv
f yk Mf u&onfjzpfí use;f rma&;vnf; aumif;
vmonf/ b,fvdk vlrsKd;ESifYrqdk awGUqHk&JvmMuonf/ ,cifuxuf
aiGvnf; ydk0ifvmMuonf/
odkYaomf tcsKdU tawmfrsm;rsm;uawmY tajctae raumif;Mu/
32 ¾ ZifoefY
a&mif; raumif;Mu/ ½dik ;f ½dik ;f pdik ;f pdik ;f vlawGEiS Yf tawmfrsm;rsm; awGUMu

&onf/ vrf;awG eif;uefavQmufaeMu&NyD; pum;odyfrajymMu&/
wpfaeukefawmY aiGvnf; odyfr&/
tdrfaygufapY aps;a&mif;pm;Muonfh vltawmfrsm;rsm; odyf
tqifrajycsif/ odaYk omf olwu Ykd kd enf;vrf; tenf;i,fay;vdu k v
f Qif
a&mif;tm;awG wufvmEdkifonf/ tenf;qHk; 10 &mcdkifEIef;avmuf
wufvmEdkifonf/
xdkrQavmuf wdk;wufvmvQif olwdkYtwGufa&m olwdkYukrÜPD
twGufa&m rsm;pGm tusKd;&SdoGm;Edkifonf/ ra&mif;&jcif;rsKd;vnf;
odyfr&SdEdkifawmY/ tvkyfwGif pdwfcsrf;omNyD; tjrwftpGef;awGvnf;
wufvmEdkifonf/
xdkYaMumifY tdrfaygufapY aps;vdkufa&mif;aom vkyfief;jzifY
atmifjrifomG ;olrsm;\ enf;vrf;rsm;udk trsm;odap&ef a&;om;azmfjy
vduk yf gonf/ ukeyf pön;f awG ydak &mif;&Ny;D pdwcf sr;f omEdik rf nfh enf;vrf;
ESpfq,f jzpfygonf/
tdrfawGudk aps;vdkufa&mif;NyD; jyóemrsm;udk ajz&Sif;um
atmifjrifí pdwcf srf;omoGm;ol tawmfrsm;rsm;ESiYf uREkyf f oduRrf;cJyY g
onf/ xdkvlrsm;rSm a&mif;vnf; a&mif;wwfonf/ pdwftm;vnf;
xufoefMuonf/ aiGvnf;& rdwfaqGvnf; wdk;Mu\/ olwdkY\
enf;vrf;rsm;udk uREkfyf avYvmcYJygonf/
vGefcJYaom ajcmufESpfu tdrfawGudk aps;vdkufa&mif;aom
vlwpfa,mufudk uREkfyf odcJYonf/ xdkvlrSm uav;upm;p&m t½kyf
uav;rsm; a&mif;jcif;jzifY atmifjrifcJYonf/ ,aeYqdkvQif olUwGif
azmufonfaygif; 1ç600 &SdaeayNyD/ vlESpfa,muf iSm;xm;&ao;\/
ol rnforYkd Q rxifavmufatmif aiGawGvnf; 0ifaeonf/ taysmf&iT f
tdrfwdkif&ma&muf aps;a&mif;enf;-20 ¾ 33
qHk; vlwpfa,mufvnf; jzpfaeayNyD/ ol atmifjrifyHkudk trsm;u

twk,loifYonf/
tdrfawGudk aps;vdkufa&mif;&mwGif rSwfom;&rnfh enf;vrf;
ESpfq,frSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpf\/
(1) 0,frnfhtdrfudk &Smyg
]]igYypönf;udk b,fvdk vlwef;pm;u vdkcsifrvJ? b,fvdk vl
wef;pm;u 0,fEdkifrvJ}} [lí rdrdudkf,fudk jyefar;yg/
0ufrifbD;? rD;zdkacsmifoHk;ypönf; uJYodkYaom ypönf;rsm;udk tdrf
wdik ;f vdv
k kd 0,fMuonf/ od&Yk mwGif tcsKdUaom ypön;f rsm;udrk l oufqikd f
&m vlwef;pm;uom 0,frnf jzpf\/
a,bk,stm;jzifY tdrf\ t&G,ftpm;ESifY toGiftjyifudk
Munfh&rnf/ odkYaomf ,ckacwfwGifawmY ydkufqH&Sdol tawmfrsm;rsm;
tdraf o;ao;uav;ESio Yf m aeonfukd owdjyKyg/ wdu k f tBuD;BuD;awG
vnf; wdkufcef;awG jzpfvdkjzpf? rdom;pk oHk;av;pkavmuf pkaevdkae
jzpfaeayNyD/
tdrfaygufapY &rf;orf;í 0ifra&mif;bJ b,fvdkvlrsKd;u 0,f
rnfenf; qdkonfudk cefYrSef;a&G;cs,fNyD; 0ifygu tcsdefukef oufom
rnf jzpf\/
(2) rdrd toGiftjyifudk *½kpdkufyg
þtcsufrSm tdrfwdkif&ma&muf aps;a&mif;aom vkyfief;wGif
tvGet f a&;BuD;onf/ tdru f wHcg;zGiaYf y;vduk o
f nfEiS Yf rdru
d kd tjrif
aumif;zdkY vdkonf/
tdrftawmfawmfrsm;rsm;rSm wHcg;udk yxr cPavmufom
zGiaYf y;wwfonf/ rdru d kd wpfcsuf vSr;f Munfrh nf/ rdrd toGit f jyifu
raumif;[kqdkvQif wHcg; jyefydwf oGm;vdrfYrnf/
34 ¾ ZifoefY
trsKd;om; aps;onfyJjzpfjzpf? trsKd;orD; aps;onfyJjzpfjzpf

pkwpf wk jf ywfjywf? z½dzk &J 0wfpm;roGm;oif/Y EGr;f aeaom t0wftpm;
(odkYr[kwf) acwfrrDaom OD;xkyfrsKd;ESifYqdkvQif BuD;pGmaom tm;enf;
csufyif/ OD;xkyfrSm jrifjrifcsif; owdjyKrdrnfh OD;xkyfrsKd; jzpf&rnf/
tusÐaumfvHrSmvnf; oefYjyefYaeNyD; vnfpnf;rSmvnf; topfeD;yg;
jzpfaeoifYonf/
vufawGvnf; oefYjyefYNyD; zdeyfrSmvnf; ajymifaeatmif
wdkufxm;onfrsKd; jzpf&rnf/ tdrfwdkif&ma&muf aps;vdkufa&mif;onf
qdkjcif;rSm acgif;&GufAswfxdk; aps;onfvdk r[kwf/ ,ckqdkvQif ukrÜPD
BuD;tawmfrsm;rsm;u olwdkY\ ukefawGudk þenf;udkoHk;um tdrfwdkif
&ma&muf vdkufa&mif;aeMuayNyD/ aps;a&mif;ol\ toGiftjyifu
rdrd ukrÜPD\ *kPfudk q,fEdkif&rnf/
aps;onf\ toGiftjyifu ESpfvdkzG,f jzpfonfqdkvQif tdrf&Sif
onf wHcg;udk enf;enf; wd;k zGiaYf y;NyD; rdrd ajymonfukd em;axmifay;
rnf/
tdrfazmfu wHcg; vmzGifYay;NyD; tdrf&SifrxH oGm;ajymjcif;rsKd;
qdkvQifvnf; tdrf&Sifru --
]]tJ'Dvlu b,fvdk yHkpHrsKd;vJ}}
[k ar;vdrfYrnf/ tu,fí tdrfazmfu --
]]om;om;em;em; vlwpfa,mufyJ tarBuD;}}
[komajymvdkufvQif tdrf&Sifr wHcg;aygufodkY xGufvmawGUrnf/
tdrfwdkif&ma&muf aps;vdkufa&mif;aomol tawmfrsm;rsm;
ratmifjrif&onfrSm rdrdtoGif tjyifudk *½krpdkufMuaomaMumifY
jzpfonf/
(3) yxrqHk; rdrdudk tm½Hkpdkufvmatmif vkyfyg
rnfonfhyHkpHESifY aps;a&mif;onfjzpfap p pcsif; NyHK;NyD; &if;ESD;
azmfa&Gaom trlt&mrsKd;udk jy&rnf/ rsufESmxm; wif;wif;ESifY vl?
okefokefrIefrIefESifY rsufESmrsKd;wdkYrSm tdrfwdkif&ma&muf aps;a&mif;jcif;
ratmifjrifwwf/
þtvkyfu vG,fonfr[kwf/ tdrfawGudk rsufESmpdrf; wpf
a,muftaeESifY aps;oGm;a&mif;&jcif; jzpfonf/ odkYaomf rsufESmpdrf;
oabmrsKd; rjzpfatmif vkyf&rnf/ tvGeftuRHvnf; rjzpfapbJ
wwfEdkiforQ xdkrdom;pk\ rdwfaqGwpfa,muf toGifrsKd; jzpfaeap&
rnf/ wpfpHkwpfckvnf; csD;rGrf;ajymqdk&rnf/ 0,frnfhrdom;pk aexdkif
onfhtdrfudk csD;rGrf;onfrsKd;uJYodkY jzpf\/ rnfolrqdk csD;rGrf;rIudk
BudKufonfcsnf;om/
[efwpfvHk; yefwpfvHk;rsKd;vnf; rjzpfap&/ rdrd tvkyfudk NiD;aiGU
aeonfrsKd;? rdrdypönf;udk r0,fbJ jiif;vTwfrnfudk aMumufonfh
trlt&mrsKd;vnf; rjzpfap&/
wHcg; vmzGifYay;oludk rdrdu pdwfr0ifpm;vQif xdkvluvnf;
rdrdudk pdwf0ifpm;awmYrnfr[kwf/
rdrdudk pawGUonfESifY rdrdrSm oabmuscsifp&m? ,HkMunfpdwfcs
csifp&maumif;aom toGifrsKd; aqmifae&rnf/ rdrd\ atmifjrifrIrSm
yxrqHk; puúefYoHk;q,ftwGif;üom wnfaeonf/ xdktcsufudk
rSwfxm;&ef ta&;BuD;ayonf/
wHcg;vmzGifYay;olrSm rdrdudk oabmrusvQif wHcg;udk jyef
ydwfvdkufvdrfYrnf/ rdrd ajymvdkonfudk ajymvdkuf&vdrfYrnf r[kwf/
rdrd ypönf;udkvnf; a&mif;vdkuf&rnf r[kwf/
wHcg;vmzGifYay;olu rdrdajymonfudk apmifYí em;axmifrnf
36 ¾ ZifoefY
qdkvQif? ydkaumif;onfu ]]txJudk 0ifygOD;vm;}} [lí ysLysLiSmiSm

ajymvmrnfqdkvQif a&mif;cs&ef tqifajyayNyD/
rdrd\ atmifjrifa&;rSm ]]txJudk 0ifygOD;vm;}}[k ajymvmonfh
pum;tay: vHk;0 wnfaeayonf/
xdkYaMumifY reuf tdrfu xGufonfESifY rdrdtm; rjrifzl;olu
tdrx f 0J if&ef zdwMf um;csiaf vmufatmif rdrt
d oGit
f jyif oyfoyf&yf&yf
&Sd&JUvm;[k udk,fYudk,fudk ppfaq;Munfh&rnf/
tdrfayguf0rSmyif a&mif;&aumif; a&mif;&rnf/ odkYaomf rdrd
tm; ]]txJ 0ifygOD;}} qdkum zdwfrnf[k tNrJ arQmfvifYxm;&rnf/
(4) ,HkMunfpdwf xm;? &if;ESD;rI jy? tvkyfoabm aqmif

rdrdwGif tdrfudk wHcg;zGifYcdkif;cGifY &SdaMumif; pdwfxJrS rSwf,lxm;
yg/ rdrd vkyfief;u aps;a&mif;jcif; jzpfonf/
rdrdonf tdrftawmfrsm;rsm;u vdkcsifaeaom ypönf;awGudk
vduk af &mif;aejcif; jzpfonf/ rdrd a&mif;onfh ypön;f rSmvnf; teD;tem;
qdkifrsm;wGif 0,fí r&Edkifaom ypönf;jzpfzdkY rsm;onf/
rdrdu vlawGxH vdkufí tultnDawmif;aejcif; r[kwf/
odrif ,fpw d f &Spd &m rvd/k tBuD;tus,f atmifjrifomG ;aom vltawmf
rsm;rsm;? {&mr vkyfief;&Sif tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm tdrfwdkif&ma&muf
aps;vdkufa&mif;onfh tvkyfESifY pcJYMuonfcsnf;yif/
toem;cHjcif;rsKd; rvkyfoifY/ uHraumif;onfh rdrdtaMumif;
awGudk oGm;ajymrdvQif tqifrajy jzpfwwfonf/
tdraf wGukd vdu k í
f aps;a&mif;olu uHraumif;&onfh taMumif;
udk oGm;ajymrdvQif acgif;&GufAswfxdk;aps;onf tqifYtwef;xJodkY
a&mufoGm;vdrfYrnf/ rdrdrSm xdktwef;tpm;xJu r[kwf/
vlqdkonfrSm ydkufqHawmif;í ay;vdkufjcif;rsKd;xuf tvkyf

oabmjzifY ypön;f udk ydu k q
f aH y; 0,f&jcif;rsKd;udk ydrk kd ESpof ufMuonf/
aps;onfrSm uav;awGESifY a&mif;cs pm;aomuf&onfh rkqdk;r
jzpfonfqdkvQifvnf; xdktaMumif;udk xkwfrajymoifY/ ypönf;a&mif;
NyD;NyDqdkrS 0,folESifY &if;ESD;oGm;onfqdkvQif ajymcsifajymEdkifonf/
aps;a&mif;onfhtcg Oya'owpf&yfrSm aps;a&mif;&if; rnf
onfhtcgrQ rdrdtaMumif;udk rajym& [lí jzpfonf/
vlqdkonfrSm rdrd'ku©ESifY rdrd &Sdae&onfhtxJwGif wHcg; vm
acgufaom olpdrf;wpfa,muf\ 'ku©udk pdwfr0ifpm;Edkif/
xdkYaMumifY aps;a&mif;onfhtcg tvkyfoabmom vkyf&rnf/
bmudrk Q tvum; rvdck sifEiS /Yf rdrd a&mif;onfh ypön;f rSm ay;onfah iG
ESifY wefap&rnf/ rdrdESifY qufqHjcif;rSm vkyfief;oabmom jzpf&
rnf/ vlrIjyóem ajz&Sif;&jcif;rsKd; rjzpfap&/
rdrdudk av;pm;um BudKqdkí rdrdypönf;udk a&mif;NyD;aemuf
tcsdeftenf;i,f &ao;onfqdkvQif rdrdtaMumif;udk tenf;i,frQ
ajymvdku ajymEdkifonf/
vlwpfa,muf\ yk*¾dKvfa&;jyóemudk rdrdrdwfaqGrsm;tm;
ajymcsifajym? olpdrf;udkawmY rajymoifY/ rdef;rwpfa,muf rdrdxHrS
ypön;f 0,fvu kd o
f nfEiS Yf olrrSm olprd ;f r[kwaf wmY/ rdr\ d azmufonf
wpfa,muf jzpfomG ;Ny/D olrtm; rdrt d aMumif; ajymvdu k ajymEdik o
f nf/
(5) jyp&m wpfckck ,lvmyg

yg;pyfu ajymí a&mif;&jcif;xuf tjrifudk jyí a&mif;&jcif;u
ydkí tqifajyonf/ vlqdkonfrSm em;ESifYMum;&onfh ypönf;xuf
vufawGU jrif&onfhypönf;udk ydkí pdwf0ifpm;wwfonf/
38 ¾ ZifoefY
olwdkYu em;axmifae&if; pdwfu wjcm;odkY a&mufcsifa&muf

aewwfonf/ odaYk omf vufawGUjrif&vQifawmY ,if;wGif tm½Hak &muf
aevdrfYrnf/
rdef;rwpfa,muf wHcg;vmzGifYay;onfqdkvQif xdkrdef;rpdwfonf
tjcm;wpfckckodkY tm½Hka&mufaernfrSm aocsmonf/
jyóemu xdkrdef;rudk rdrdESifY rdrdypönf;qDodkY tm½Hka&mufatmif
qGJ,la&;yif/ xdkodkY vkyf&efrSmvnf; olUvufxJ ypönf;wpfckck xnfh
ay;EdkifvQif taumif;qHk;jzpf\/
jy&rnfuvnf; rdrda&mif;onfhypönf; jzpfonf/ ,lvmí &vQif
xdkypönf;udk jyonfu ydkaumif;onf/
ypönf;rSm odyfBuD;vGef;í ,lvm&ef rjzpfEdkifygu xdkypönf;\
"mwfyHkjzpfap? erlemyHkpH jzpfap ,lvmjyoifYonf/
tdrfwdkif&ma&muf a&mif;&aom tvkyfrsKd;wGif bmrQ rygbJ
vufcsnf;Avm wpftdrf0if wpftdrfxGuf a&mif;aeí roifY/ jyp&m
wpfckckawmY ygzdkYvdkonf/
awGUawGUcsif; pí ajymoifYonfu - -
]]uRefawmYfrSm jyp&mwpfck ygvmygw,f cifAsm}}
[lí jzpfonf/ ]a&mif;p&m} [k ajymrnfhtpm; ]jyp&m} [k
ajymjcif;u ydkaumif;onf/
tdrfazmfxGufvmonfqdkvQifvnf; tdrf&SifxH tdrfazmfrav;
oGm;jy&ef wpfckck ay;EdkifoifYonf/ tdrfazmfrav;u oGm;NyD; - -
]]tdrfa&SUrSm vlwpfa,muf a&mufaew,f/ bmvJrodbl;
vma&mif;wm}}
[kajymjcif;xuf jyp&m wpfckck ygoGm;vQif ydkaumif;onf/
tcsKdU tdrfvdkufa&mif;aom aps;onfrsm;wGif oyfoyf&yf&yf
tdwfwpfvHk; ygvmwwfonf/ xdktdwfxJwGif pdwf0ifpm;Edkifrnfh

ypönf;uav;rsm; ygvmwwf\/ odkYaomf tdwfygvmonf qdkvQifyif
tdraf &SUxGuv
f moltm; csufcsif;jyEdik &f ef ypön;f udk vufxw
J iG f toifY
udkifxm;oifYonf/
(6) 0,fol rajymrD jrefjrefajymyg

tdrfwdkif&ma&muf aps;a&mif;&aom tvkyfonf aumifwmwGif
xdkifí a&mif;&jcif;rsKd; r[kwf/ aumifwmwGif a&mif;&jcif;avmuf
rvG,f/
qdkifwGif a&mif;olrSm p p csif; pum; odyfajymp&m rvdk/
t"dutm;jzifY 0,fol ajymonfudkom em;axmif&onf/ qdkifwGif
a&mif;olrSm jrefjrefajym&efvnf; rvdk/
odkYaomf tdrfwdkif&ma&muf aps;a&mif;olrSm rdrduvnf; tvsif
pajym&onf/ jrefjrefvnf; ajym&onf/ wpfrdepfwGif pum;vHk;
aygif; 300 ajymEdkifonfqdkvQifyif 10 puúefYjzifh pum;vHk;50
avmufom ajymcGifh&rnf jzpf\/ wHcg;rSm ESpfpuúefYavmufESifh
jyefydwfcsifvnf; ydwfoGm;Edkifonf/
rdrd bm pajym&rnfudk wHcg;zGifhray;rDuyif odxm;NyD;om;
jzpf&rnf/ rdwq f ufajym&rnfh pum;udk a&;Ny;D usuxf m;vQif ydak umif;
onf/
aemufqHk;wGif tqifh&Sd&Sd ajymwwfvmvdrfhrnf/ rnfonfhpum;
u pajym&rnfudkvnf; odvmrnf/ ajymonfhpum;onf rdrda&mif;
onfh ukefypönf;ESifh oifhawmfrnfhpum;rsKd; jzpfoifhonf/
tqifhjrifhjrifh pum;csnf; tukefajym&rnf r[kwf/ tcsDtcs
ajymrdMuNyD qdkonfESifh 0,folESifh qDavsmfrnfhpum;udk ajym&rnf/
40 ¾ ZifoefY
ta&mif;t0,f a0g[m&t& ]csOf;uyfrI} vkyfNyDqdkvQif tqifh

&Sad om pum;udk ajym&rnf/ wHcg;yGivfh matmif rnfo h nfph um;rsdKd ;u
txda&mufqHk; qdkonfudk tawGUtMuHKt& odvmvdrfhrnf/
xdkokdY oGufoGufvufvuf ajymEdkif&ef pmtkyfwpftkyfudk toH
us,fus,fESifh jrefjrefzwfí usifh&rnf/ tdrfwdkif&ma&muf aps;vkduf
a&mif;onfh tvkyrf sKd;wGif pum;ajym aES;NyD; xpfaejcif;onf BuD;pGm
aom tm;enf;csufjzpfonf/
(7) tdrfodkY vkdufa&mif;&onf taMumif;&if;udk ajymjyyg/

a,bk,stm;jzifh ukefypönf;rsm;udk qkdifwGif wifra&mif;bJ
pm;oHk;olxH wkduf½dkuf vma&mufa&mif;csjcif;rSm taMumif;&Sdonf/
rdrd\ ukrÜPDu tdrfwkdif&ma&muf wkduf½dkufvma&mif;cs&ef
rlcsxm;ívnf; jzpfEikd of nf/ xkyd pön;f udk xdo
k Ydk tdrt
f xd vku
d af &mif;
aeonfrSm q,fESpf? tESpfESpfq,f &SdaeNyD [laom tjzpfrsKd;vnf;
jzpfEkdifonf/ pm;oHk;ol vufxJta&muf wkduf½dkufa&mif;csaom
aps;onf tajrmuftjrm; &Sdaejcif;vnf; &Sdaernf/
xdktaMumif;rsm;teuf wpfaMumif;aMumif;aMumifh tdrfwpftdrf
a&SUodkY rdrda&mufcJhjcif; jzpf\/ rdrdxdkodkY a&mufvm&onfrSm
vkHavmufaomtaMumif; &SdaeNyD/ xdkYaMumifh tcGifhoifhonfESifh xkd
taMumif;udk a&vnfpGm &Sif;jyEdkif&rnf/
(8) rdrd\ ukefypönf; 0,f&onfhtusKd;udk *CeP &Sif;jyyg/

tdrfwdkif&ma&muf vkdufía&mif;cs&aom tcsKdU ypönf;rsm;rSm
aps;BuD; aewwfonf/ ,if;ukefrsm;rSm t&nftaoG;udk a&mif;jcif;
jzpfonf/ aps;EIef;udk a&mif;jcif; r[kwf/
xdkukefrsm;rSm emrnf7NyD; vlBudKufrsm;aeaom ukefrsm;jzpfEdkif
onf/ xdkokdYaom ukefrsdK;qdkvQifawmh ,cktcsufrSm rvdktyf/
aps;EIef;u edrfhNyD; oufoufomomESifh 0,f&rnfh ypönf;rsKd;

qdkvQifawmh aiGrnfrQ oufomaMumif;udk &Sif;jy&rnf/
]]aps;&if;avmufyJ &Sdw,f/ aps;oufomw,f/}}
qdk½HkavmufESifh rNyD;/ trsKd;orD; wpfa,mufu 0,fvkdufí 4
usyf oufomonfqdkvQif 4 usyf oufomaMumif; olrtm;
&Sif;jy&rnf/
rdrd\ ukefypönf;udk aiGukefcHí 0,fonfrsdK;xuf aps;oufom
í 0,fonfrsKd; jzpf&rnf/ xdktawG;rsKd;udk 0,fol awG;rdatmif
vky&f rnf/ þypön;f udrfk S r0,fvu kd rf v
d Qif xdt
k rsKd;orD; epfemoGm;NyD
qdkonfrsKd; jzpfatmif ajym&rnf/
trsKd;orD; aps;0,fonfhtcg apYpyfwwfonf/ 0,fvdkufonfh
ypönf;udkf oufoufomom &vdkufonf [laom tjzpfrsKd;udk vdkcsif
onf/
xdkYaMumifY 0,fvdkufí oufomrnfqdkvQifvnf; oufom
aMumif;udk ajym&rnf/ omref aps;oufomonf qd½k akH vmuf rajym&/
rnfrQoufomaMumif; wdwdusus ajym&rnf/
(9) tcsdefukef oufomaMumif;vnf; ajymyg

tdrf&Sifrwdkif;rSm tvkyfrsm;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/ rdrd olr\
tdrfa&SU a&mufonfhtcsdefrSm olr tvkyftrsm;qHk; tcsdefvnf; jzpf
aumif;jzpfrnf/
olr em;csdef ydk&csifaeonfrsKd;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ rsm;jym;vS
aom tvkyaf wGukd oufomaomenf;jzifY vkycf sifaeonfvnf; jzpf
Edkifonf/
olrtwGuf tcsdefukef oufomEdkifaMumif; ajymvdkvQif olr
bufu Munfhí ajym&rnf/ xdkokdYajymrS olr oabmusrnf/
42 ¾ ZifoefY
rdrdtaeESifY . . . .
]]tpfrvnf; tvkyfodyfrsm;aerSmyJ/ 'DtdrfBuD;udk pepfwus
jzpfatmif vkyf&wm b,fvG,fygYrvJ}}
[lí ajymoifYonf/
rdrda&mif;onfh ypönf;rSm olrtwGuf wpfaeYvQif em&D0uf
tcsdefukef oufomonfqdkvQif xdkem&D0ufrSm tawmfyif ajymtm;
&Sdonf/
rnfrQ tcsdefukef oufomaMumif;udk wdwdusus ajymyg/
]]'Dypönf;u tcsdefukef oufomygw,f}}
qdk½HkavmufESifY rNyD;ygESifY/
tcsKyfqdk&aomf a,bk,soabmrsKd; rajymoifY/ xdkodkYajymvQif
xda&mufrIr&Sd/ rdrdukefypönf; 0,fvdkufojzifY aiGrnfrQ oufom
oGm;rnf/ tcsdeu f ek f rnfrQ oufomoGm;rnf wdwu d sus ajym&rnf/
(10) t&nftaoG;awGudk tukef ajymjy
ukefypönf;rSeforQ t&nftaoG; wdwdusus &Sdonfcsnf;yif/
t&nftaoG; oHk;rsKd;avmufyJ ygcsifvnf; ygrnf/ trsKd;oHk;q,f
avmufvnf; &Sdcsif &Sdrnf/
xdkukefypönf;udk xkwfvkyfaom puf½HkrS zdkrifrsm;onf xdkypönf;
\ t&nftaoG;udk tukef odaeonf/ odkYaomf a&mif;onfh
aps;onfrsm;uawmY xdkt&nftaoG; wpf0ufavmufudkom odae
wwfMu\/
tdrwf ikd &f ma&muf vdu
k af &mif;&onft
h cg ypön;f \ t&nf taoG;
udkajymjyEdkif&ef tvGefta&;BuD;onf/ taMumif;rl oGm;a&mif;
onfh aps;onfuvnf; vlpdrf;? 0,frnfholuvnf; vma&mif;ol
udk,fpm;jyKonfh ukrÜPDudk jrifzl;onf r[kwf/
udk,frodaom vlwpfa,mufxHrS ypönf;udk &rf;0,fjcif;rsKd;
odyfr&SdwwfMu/ xdkYaMumifY tdrfodkY vdkufa&mif;onfh aps;onfu

ypönf;taMumif;udk oabmaygufatmif &Sif;jy&rnf/ ay;&onfh
aps;ESifY wefaMumif; ajymjy&rnf/
aps;a&mif;onfhtcg Oya'owpf&yfrSm aps;EIef;udk aemufqHk;rS
ajym&onf/ 0,foltm; ypönf;b,favmufaumif;aMumif; tvsif
ajym&onf/ 0,folu ypönf;udk oabmusNyD; vdkcsifNyDqdkrS aps;udk
ajym&rnf/ tdrfodkY vdkufí a&mif;olrsm;uawmY . . . .
]]aemufNyD; tpfr&,f aps;uvnf; ig;rl;avmufyJ &Sdygw,f}}
ponfjzifY ajymEdkifonf/
qdkif ta&mif;aps;onf tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm rdrdwdkYa&mif;onfh
ypön;f \ t&nftaoG;udk rodMu/ 0,fou l qdik ef mrnf BuD;aeojzifY
vm0,fjcif;om jzpfonf/ odkYaomf tdrfwdkif&ma&muf vdkufa&mif;ol
rsm;uawmY rdru d ek Ef iS Yf ywfoufonfh t&nftaoG;awGukd ajymjyEdik f
&rnf/
0,foltm; aps;EIef; rajymrD ypönf;\'DZdkif; qef;vQifvnf;
qef;aMumif;? oHk;xm;onfh ypönf;aumif;vQifvnf; aumif;aMumif;?
aemufxyfxu G af om ypön;f jzpfí ydak umif;vQifvnf; aumif;aMumif;
ajymjy&rnf/
aps;onftvkyf rSeforQ 0,foltm; pdwf0ifpm;vmatmif?
tm½Hpk u
kd v
f matmif ajymEdik &f rnf/ aemufwpfqifu Y ypön;f udk 0,fol
vdkcsifpdwf &Sdvmatmif ajymEdkif&rnf/
(11) ypönf;onf 0,fol vdktyfcsufESifYnDaMumif; jy&rnf

aemufwpfqifYu rdrda&mif;onfh ypönf; 0,fol\ vdktyf
csufEiS Yf nDaMumif; jyEdik &f rnf/ xdt
k ydik ;f udk a&mufvQif tqifjY riYjf rifY
pum;rsKd;ESifY ajym&ef rvdkawmY/
44 ¾ ZifoefY
tdrfodkY vdkufa&mif;onfh aps;onfrsm;rSm rsufpd vQif&rnf/

0,folESifY 0,fol\ tdrfudk tuJcwf&rnf/
rdrda&mif;onfh ypönf;onf þtdrfwGif rnfodkY toHk;usEdkif
rnfudk csufcsif; awG;odEdkif&rnf/
tu,fí rdrdu t0wfavQmfpuf a&mif;onfqdkygpdkY? uav;
av;a,mufcefY tdrfayguf0odkY ajy;xGufvmonfudk jrifvQif tdrf
&Sifrtm; . . .
]]tpfrvnf; t0wfavQmf&wm yifyef;rSmyJaemf}}
[kajymvdkuf&rnf/
trsm;tm;jzifY ypönf;udk 0,fjcif;onf aps;EIef;aMumifYxuf
wu,ftoH;k vdí k 0,fjcif;u rsm;onf/ xdaYk MumifY tdrw
f ikd &f ma&muf
vdkufa&mif;olrsm;onf rdrdypönf; rnfrQ toHk;wnfhyHkudk 0,fol vdk
csifonfxuf vdkcsifvmatmif ajym&rnf/
ypönf;t&nftaoG;awGudk ajymjyNyD;aemuf aps;onfu ypönf;
0,fvdkufjcif;aMumifY &vmrnfh tusKd;udk ajymjy&rnf/
wpfenf;qdk&aomf ypönf;tay: 0,fol\tjrifESifY Munfhí
ajym&rnf/ xdkYaMumifY 0,folESifY 0,fol\tdrfudk *½kpdkufavYvm&ef
ta&;BuD;ayonf/
(12) tvGeftusL; rajym&? rjiif;&? qefYusif rajym&

rsm;aomtm;jzifY tdrfodkY vdkufa&mif;csolrsm;onf ukefypönf;ESifY
ywfoufí tvGeftusL; csDrGrf;ajymjcif;aMumifY pum;awG vGefum
tjiif;tckefjzpfNyD; tcsDtcs ajym&wwfonf/
,if;odkY jzpfwwfonfrSm obm0 jzpfaomfvnf; aumif;aom
enf;vrf;awmY r[kwf/ xdkodkY jzpfjcif;aMumifY ta&mif;t0,f tac:
tm;jzifY ]0,foljyefuefrI} jzpfvmwwfonf/
0,fol oabmusrnfh pum;? 0,folESifY a&mif;oltMum;

y#dyu©jzpfEdkifaom rnfonfhpum;rQ rajym&/
ukefypönf;tay: tvGeftusL; csD;rGrf;ajymqdkrdygu 0,folu
r,HkawmYay/ xdkokdYjzpfvQifvnf; raumif;/
tdrfwdkif&ma&muf vdkfufa&mif;aom vkyfief;wGif a&mif;oltay:
,HkMunfrIu ta&;BuD;onf/ xdkodkY ,HkMunfrI r&SdawmYNyDqdkvQif
0,folu ypönf;udk r0,fawmY/
tjiif;tcHk jzpfjcif;rSmvnf; raumif;aMumif; avYvmawGU&SdcJY&
onf/ jiif;&vQifvnf; 0,foludk tEdkifay;vdkufyg/
]][kwfuJY? uRefawmfYrSm tpfrudk NydKifNyD; jiif;EdkifwJYtqifY
r&Syd gbl; cifAsm;/ uReaf wmfu uReaf wmfyY pön;f taMumif;udo k m ajymjy
wmyg}}
[kom ajymoifYonf/
0,foludk rnfonfhtcgrQ twdkuftcH rjyK&/
]]tpfrajymwm vHk;0 r[kwfbl;}}
[k ajymvdkufjcif;jzifY olESifY vHk;0 ta&mif;t0,f ysufoGm;
vdrfYrnf/
aps;a&mif;onfhvkyfief;wGif ]0,folom tNrJrSefonf} qdkaom
pum; &Sdonf/ xdkpum;rSm rSefuefvSonfawmY r[kwf/ odkY&mwGif
xdktwdkif; usifYoHk;vQifawmY taumif;qHk; jzpfonf/
ukefawGudk tdrfrsm;odkY vdkufa&mif;onfhtcg tNrJ usifYoHk;&rnfh
enf;AsL[mwpf&yf &So d nf/ ud,
k uYf ,
kd u
f kd xde;f í pdwu
f kd avQmxY m;&rnf/
jzpf\/
rdr&d &Srd nfh ta&;udk tNrJwrf; arQmfawG;í ]0,foEl iS Yf MunfjzLpGm
qufqH&rnf/ 0,fol\ xifjrifcsuf t,ltqudk b,fawmYrS
rypfy,f&/
(13) rdrdu ar;í jyefem;axmifyg
tajymaumif;aom aps;onfwdkYonf pum;rsm;NyD; jyefí
em;axmifrI enf;aomaMumifY ta&mif;uswwf\/
xdkYtwlyif tdrfwdkif&ma&muf vdkufa&mif;aom aps;onfrsm;
onfvnf; yxrydkif; rdrduom ajymae&rnf jzpfaomfvnf; 0,fol
ajymcsifonfrsKd;vnf; &SdvmEdkifonf/
xdkokdY ajymcsifvmonfqdkvQif 0,fol ajymvmatmif tm;ay;
&rnf/ ar;cGef;awG ar;ay;&rnf/ em,ljcif;vnf; &Sdovdk ajymjyjcif;
vnf; &Sd&rnf/
0,fol ajymonfudk rdrdu em;raxmifvQif rdrdajymonfudk
vnf; 0,folu jyefem;axmifrnf r[kwfay/
ypönf;a&mif;&a&;twGuf rdrdEIwfu taxmuftuljyKovdk
rdred m;uvnf; taxmuftuljyKayvdrrYf nf/ wpfzufvl ajymonfukd
pdwfygvufyg em;axmifoludk vlwdkif;oabmusaomfvnf; pum;
rsm;oludkawmY vlawG odyfrBudKufMu/
0,foludk ar;cGef;awG ar;vdkuf? olajymonfudk jyefem;axmif
vdkuf vkyfjcif;onf olUudk av;pm;aMumif; jyonfhenf; jzpfonf/
0,folu tvm;wl ypönf;rsKd;ESifY ywfoufí olUtawGUtBuHKawGudk
t&SnfBuD; ajymcsifvnf; ajymaernf/ pdwfxJwGif &Sdaeonfh olU
udk,fa&; udk,fwmawGudkvnf; ajymcsif ajymrnf/
aocsmonfuawmY olu rsm;rsm;ajymav? rdrdu rsm;rsm;
em;axmifav? ol0,fzdkY aocsmav jzpf\/
pum;enf;enf;ajymaom trsKd;orD;udk a&mif;&jcif;rSm pum;
rsm;rsm;ajymaom trsK;d orD;tm; a&mif;&jcif;xuf cufaMumif; tawGU
tBuHKt& odvmayvdrfYrnf/
xdkYaMumifY 0,fol pum;ajymvmatmif vkyfay;&rnf/ t"du

tm;jzifY ukeyf pön;f ESiYf ywfoufí rdro
d o
d rQ tukerf ajymESi/Yf 0,fol
&Tijf rL;vmatmif vkyNf yD; ausauseyfeyfEiS Yf 0,fomG ;atmif vky&f rnf/
(14) tdrfeD;yg;csif;u 0,foGm;aMumif; ajymyg
tcsKdUvlrsm;onf olrsm; vkyfonfudk vdkufvkyfcsifMuonf/
olrsm; 0,fonfqdkvQif vdkuf0,fcsifonf/ rdrdwdkY tdrfeD;yg;csif;rsm;
vkyforQudk olwdkY odcsifMuonf/
tu,fí rdrdu . . .
]]uRefawmf 'DaeY odyfuHaumif;w,f/ 'Dvrf;xJrSm ig;ckawmif
a&mif;cJY&w,f}}
[k ajymvdkufonfESifY 0,folrSm xdkypönf;ESifY ywfoufí
tawmfav; pdwf0ifpm;vmvdrfYrnf/
tu,fí rdrdu . . .
]]'Dvrf;xJu trsKd;orD; wpfa,mufuawmif trsm;BuD;rSm
vdkufao;w,f/ 'Davmufrsm;rsm; trSmrsKd; r&wm tawmfMumNyD}}
[kajymEdkfifvQif ydkíaumif;onf/
tu,fí rdrdu . . .
]]'Dvrf;xJu trsKd;orD; wpfa,mufu oHk;ESpfavmuf yHkrSef
vmydkYay;ygvdkY rSmvdkufw,f}}
[k ajymEdkifvQif taumif;qHk;jzpfonf/
(15) rdrd ukrÜPD pdwfcs&aMumif; ajymyg
rdrdu pum;ajymae&if; rdrdukrÜPD\ t&G,ftpm;ESifY ,if;\
*kPfodu©mwdkYudk xnfhajymoGm;&rnf/
puf½\kH "mwfykH (odrYk [kw)f ta&mif;Xme taqmufttHk "mwfykH
48 ¾ ZifoefY
rsm;udk ,lvmoifYonf/ odkYr[kwfuvnf; ukrÜPDESifY ywfoufaom

vufurf;pmapmifuav;rsm;udk ,lvmoifYonf/
xdkodkY ,lvmjcif;jziYf rdrdESifY rdrdukefypönf;tay: ,HkMunfrI
&Sv
d mvdrrYf nf/ rdro d nf uk,d b
Yf mom pGepYf m;í a&mif;onfrsKd; r[kw/f
ukefypönf;xkwfvkyfonfh vkyfief;BuD;wpfckudk udk,fpm;jyKum a&mif;
aejcif; jzpfaMumif;udk 0,folodatmif ajymjy&rnf/
tu,fí rdrdonf þNrdKUwGif vlpdrf;wpfa,muf jzpfonf
qdkvQif ta&mif;refae*sm vufrSwfa&;xdk;ay;onfh 0efxrf; rSwfyHk
wifuyfjym; (odkYr[kwf) rdrdonf ukrÜPDBuD;wpfckrS ta&mif;orm;
jzpfaMumif; odEdkfifrnfh tjcm;uyfjym;wpfckckudk ,lvmyg/ xdkuyfjym;
udkf tNrJ xkwfjyaep&m rvdkaomfvnf; ,lvmvQif taumif;qHk;
jzpfonf/
tu,fí rdrdukrÜPDrSm tvGefBuD;aom vkyfief;BuD;wpfck
jzpfygu rdrdukrÜPDwGif ta&mif;0efxrf; rnfrQ&SdaMumif;ESifY ukrÜPD
odu©mwufaprnfh tjcm;taMumif;rsm;udk ajymjyyg/
rdrdypönf;udk 0,fol 0,fvdkufjcif;jzifY rrSm;EdkifaMumif; oufao
jyEdkifrnfh taxmuftxm; rSeforQudkvnf; ajymjyyg/
(16) uav;rsm;udk *½kjyKyg

tdrfwdkif&ma&muf vdkufa&mif;olrSm puf½kyfvdk rae&/ ydkí
vlom;qefav? ydkí txifBuD;vmNyD; ydkí a&mif;&av jzpfonf/
wHcg;aygufodkY uav;rsm; xGufvmonfqdkvQifvnf; olwdkYudk
rodusK;d uRH rjyK&/ olwu
Ykd twif;0ifNy;D ypön;f udk udik Mf unfv
h Qiv
f nf;
tcsnf;ES;D r&S/d
rdcifwdkif;onf rdrdwdkYuav;rsm;tm; MuifMuifemem qufqH
onfudk oabmuswwfMu\/ uav;rsm;tm; *½krpdkufaomoludk

rdcifwdkY rBudKufwwf/
uav;rsm;aMumifY a&mif;vdkuf&wwfonf qdkjcif;rSm trsm;
tm;jzifY rSefonf/ uav;u . . .
]]0,fvdkufyg arar&,f}}
[k ajymcsifvnf; ajymvmEdkifonf/
EdkUpdkYt&G,f uav;wpfa,muf ykcufxJwGif jzpfap? vSnf;
uav;ay: xdkifíjzpfap &SdaevQif tenf;qHk; ypönf;a&mif;csNyD;onfh
tcsdefjzpfjzpf vSrf;EIwfqufoifYonf/
ypönf;a&mifonfh pufyrm rvkyfoifY/ txl;ojzifY trsKd;orD;
rsm;tm; a&mif;onfhtcg MuifMuifemem? csKdcsKdomomjyzdkY vdkonf/
(17) 0,fol BudKufonfESifY ta&mif;udpö jzwf?

ypönf; ydkYrnfhtaMumif; ajymyg
tdrfodkY vdkufa&mif;onfhtcg rSm;wwfonfrSm pum;tydkajym
jcif;jzpfonf/ tdrfwdkif&ma&muf vdkufa&mif;ol tawmfrsm;rsm;onf
oGufoGufvufvuf pum;ajymwwfNyD; av&SnfwwfMuonf/
ta&mif;udpöudkvnf; rjzwfwwfMu/
yxrawmY a0aeatmif ajym&ef vdkonf/ odkYaomf MumjrifYpGm
qufí ajymaevQif NiD;aiGUvmwwfonf/ 0,folu 0,fcsifpdwf r&Sd
jzpfvmwwf\/
0,folu ypönf;udk vdkcsifaMumif; aocsmNyDqdkvQif a&mif;olu
a&mif;onfhudpöudkf tjywfjzwfoifYonf/
0,folu ]],lr,f}} [kajymatmif twif;rvkyf&/ rsm;aom
tm;jzifY 0,forl sm;rSm ]],lr,f}}[k ajym&rnfukd wGeMYf uonf/ olUudk
twif;tusyf cdkif;onf[k xifwwfMuonf/
50 ¾ ZifoefY
rdrdu ol0,f&ef qHk;jzwfNyD;NyD[k oabmxm;um ypönf;udk

a&G;cs,f&ef (odrYk [kw)f ypön;f rnfoYkd vmydrYk nfuo
kd m ajymoifo
Y nf/
rdrdu . . .
]]ypönf;udk aemuftywf Mumoyaw;aeY vmydkY&if jzpfrvm;}}
(odkYr[kwf)
]]b,fta&mif BudKufovJ}}
ponfjzifY ar;&rnf/
]]uJ wpfckavmufrS r0,fawmYbl;vm;}}
[laom tajymrsKd;uawmY tawmfav; qdk;&Gm;vS\/ xdkokdY
ajymvdu k of nfEiS Yf 0,frnfo
h u
l ]]r0,fawmYb;l }} [k ajymvmvdrrYf nf/
ydkaumif;onfu . . .
]]wpfckavmuf ,lr,f r[kwfvm;Asm}}
[k ajymoifYonf/ ,if;rSm taumif;bufodkY OD;wnfaom
ar;cGef; jzpfonf/
odkY&mwGif taumif;qHk;uawmY 0,fol ypönf;udk BudKufaeNyD[k
oabmxm;vQuf tjcm; tao;trTm; taMumif;uav;rsm;om
avQmufar;ae&rnf/ rnfonfhypönf;udk BudKufoenf;? ypönf; b,f
awmY ydkYay;apcsifoenf; ponfrsKd; jzpf\/
xdkenf;twdkif; ratmifjrif[kqdkvQif a&mif;olu pum; quf
ajymNyD; þypönf;udk bmaMumifY 0,foifYaMumif; &Sif;jyoifYonf/
(18) ydkrSmatmif BudK;pm;yg

0,folu ypönf;wpfck0,f&ef oabmwlvdkufNyDqdkygu trSm
twGuf pm&if;zGiyYf g/ ypön;f wpfcgwnf; ygvmygu ypön;f xkwaf y;yg/
xdkYaemuf jzpfEdkifygu trSmudk xyfwdk;atmif BudK;pm;yg/
ypönf;wpfck 0,fjcif;xuf ESpfck0,fygu tom;wiftjrwf

ESpq
f wd;k vmEdik af Mumif; oabmaygufxm;&rnf/ yxrwpfck a&mif;í
&onft h om;wiftjrwfxuf 'kw, d wpfcrk S &onfh tom;wiftjrwf
u ydrk sm;wwfonf/ a&mif;ol tawmfrsm;rsm; xdt k csuu
f kd rawG;rdMu/
ypönf;trSmwdk;&ef a&mif;oltaeESifY rnfrQtxd ajym&rnf
uawmY enf;AsL[mESifY rdrd ÚmPfoHk;wwfzdkY vdkonf/ 0,folESifY rdrd
rnfrQtxd &if;ESD;cifrifoGm;NyDenf; qdkonfhtay:wGif wnfonf/
tdrf&Sif apwemysufatmif tcsdefMumjrifYpGm aeonfrSmvnf;
raumif;/ tcsKdU 0,folrsm;rSm rdrdvdkcsiforQudk wdwdusus odxm;
wwfonf/ olwdkYu ]]wpfck ,lr,f}} [kqdkvQif wpfckom ,lrnf
jzpfonf/ wpfckxuf ydk,lrnf r[kwf/
odkY&mwGif tcsKdUuawmY wpfckxufydkí vdkcsifaevsufu
]]wpfckay;yg}} [kajymwwfMuonf/ xkdodkYaom 0,folrsKd;udk wpfck
wnf; oGm;a&mif;jcif;rSm tvGefrSm;ayrnf/
tdrfwdkif&ma&muf vdkufa&mif;olrsm;rSm a&mif;tm;rsm;zdkY vdk
onf/ trSmu enf;aevQif rdrdtwGuf pm;avmuf½Hkom &rnf/ xdkY
xuf ydkr&EdkifawmY/
a&mif;tm; 30 &mckdifEIef;? 40 &mcdkifEIef; wufvmvQif tom;
wiftjrwf aumif;aumif; &vmEdkifonf/ bPfwGif oGif;xm;&ef
tydk0ifaiGuav;rsm; xGufvmEdkifonf/ pm;avmuf½HkrQESifY rjzpf/
(19) rdk;&GmaomaeYrSm a&mif;tm; taumif;qHk;

tdrfwdkif&ma&mufudk wdkuf½dkuf vdkufa&mif;aom tawGUtBuHK
rsm;onfh vltm;vHk;vdkvdk rdk;pdkaomaeYwGif ydka&mif;aumif;aMumif;
0efcHMuonf/
52 ¾ ZifoefY
xdkaeYrsm;wGif olwdkYudk ]]txJ 0ifygOD;vm;}} [k tzdwfcH&zdkY

rsm;aomaMumifY jzpfEdkifonf/ xdkaeYrsm;wGif tdrf&Sifrrsm; tdrfjyif
txGufenf;aomaMumifYvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/
rnfonfh taMumif;aMumifYyifjzpfap rdk;&GmaomaeYrsm;wGif
tdrfwdkif&ma&muf vdkufa&mif;onfh aps;onfrsm; a&mif;aumif;wwf
onfawmY trSefyif/
rdk;&Gmonfhtcg vlawG tdrfwGif;atmif;aewwfMuonf/ rdk;
pdkpdkxJwGif wpftdrfqif; wpftdrfwuf avQmufrvnfcsifMu/
rdk;&GmonfhaeYwGif tdrfodkYvdkufía&mif;rnfholrsm; pxGufonfESifY
]]uHaumif;w,f? 'DaeY a&mif;aumif;r,fY aeYyJ}}
[kom ajymMuayawmY/
(20) azmfa&GpGm EIwfqufí xGufcGmyg

0,folxHrS trSmawG &NyDqdkonfESifY aps;onfrSm 0,foltm;
aus;Zl;wifaMumif; ajymNyD;rS xGufcGm&rnf/
]]tpfr a7G;vdkufwJYypönf; odyfaumif;w,f}}
odkYr[kwfvnf; . . .
]]'Dypönf;udk tpfr BudKufoGm;rSmyg}}
[laom cGef;csKdpum;rsKd;vnf; qdktyfonf/
aiGacsNyD;onfESifY bmrajym? nmrajym ½kwfw&uf xoGm;jcif;
rsKd;rvkyftyf/
tdrf&Sifu r0,fonfhwdkif csKdcsKdomomajymí xGuf&rnf/
odkYrSom aemufwpfcg xdktdrfodkY vma&mif;í &rnf/ aemufwpfcg
vmvQifvnf; rdrdudk c&D;OD;BudK jyKEdkifonf/
rMunfromESifYqdkvQif tdrf&SifawGu rddrdypönf;udk 0,frnf
r[kwf/ tdrfwdkif&ma&muf vdkufa7mif;olonf 0,fol pdwfMunfom

atmif tNrJ vkyfoifYonf/
xdkodkY vdkufa&mif;onfh vkyfief;rsKdwGif a&mif;aumif;jcif;
raumif;jcif;rSm uRrf;usifrI? enf;AsL[m oHk;wwfrIESifY ESpfOD;ESpfzuf
ysLiSmazmfa&GrIwdkY tay:wGif rlwnfaeonf/
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aom odxm;&rnfh tcsufEpS q f ,fukd azmfjycJNY yD; jzpfonf/ xdt
k csuf
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onf aumif;aom tvkyf jzpfonf/
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f nf; pdwcf srf;omrI &Svd mrnf/ taysmfwrf;
orm;wpfa,muf r[kwfbJ uRrf;usifol wpfa,mufvnf; jzpfvm
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awGvnf; &vmEdkifonf/ xdkrSwpfzef aysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrhrIvnf; &Sdvm
rnf/ uREkfyfwdkYonf rdrd vkyfwwfonfudkom vkyfcsifwwfMuonf
r[kwfavm/
tydkif; (*)
pd w f c srf ; ompG m aps;a&mif ; enf ;
Selling Goods Happily
by J. Daresbury Hatton
(1) &SmazGzwf½Iyg
aps;onfwpfa,muftzdkY aps;a&mif;aumif;ap&ef enf;vrf;
aygif;rsm;pGm &Sdonf/ taumif;qHk;ESifh pdwftcsrf;omqHk; enf;vrf;
rSm pmtkyrf sm; &SmazGzwf½jI cif; jzpfonf/ ]aps;a&mif;enf;? ud, k uhf ,
dk f
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pmtkyfwef;wGif xkdpmtkyfrsm; trsm;tjym; &Sdae\/ aps;a&mif;jcif;
udk pdwf0ifpm;oltzdkY xkdpmtkyfrsm;onf &ifwxdwfxdwf zwf&rnfh
pHak xmuf0w¬Krsm;ESihf rjcm;/ xkpd mtkyrf sm;udk zwf&onfrmS pdwv f nf;
csrf;omonf/ tusKd;vnf; &Sdonf/
uREkfyf atmifjrifcJh&onfrSm xkdpmtkyfrsm;\ aus;Zl;aMumifhyif/
xkpd mtkyrf sKd; wpftyk zf wfwikd ;f xdt
k xJrS toH;k usrnfh tcsufwpfcsuf
udkawmh uREkfyf rSwfom;avh &Sdonf/
pdwfcsrf;ompGm aps;a&mif;enf; ¾ 55
Oyrmtm;jzifh vGefcJhonhf ESpftenf;i,fu rpöwmuufqef\

pmtkyfwpftkyfudk 5 yJedESifh 0,fzwfcJhonf/ xkdpmtkyfrS 0,foltm;
csOf;uyfenf;udkvnf; rSwfom;cJhonf/ aemuf owif;ywf tenf;
i,f Mumaomtcg xkdcsOf;uyfenf;udk vufawGUusifhoHk;cJhonf/
,if;odkYjzifh tHhMop&maumif;avmufatmif aiG 63 aygifzdk; ypönf;
trSm a&mufvmonf/ xkpd mtkyu f o
kd m 0,frzwfcv hJ Qif xdo k Ydk a&mif;
&rnf r[kwfaMumif;vnf; oabmaygufcJhonf/
xdktawGUtBuHKaMumifh pmzwfjcif;udk oabmusNyD; ]pmtkyf
vDrdwuf} [laom pdwful; ukrÜPDuav;wpfckudk wnfaxmifvdkuf
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uREkfyf\ tHqGJxJwGif aiGpkjcif;rQom jzpfonf/ paeaeYwdkif; 3 yJed
xnfhí pkoGm;onf/ xdkaiGrsm;udk aps;a&mif;enf; pmtkyfrsm;? atmif
jrifenf;rsm;? pdwfynmqdkif&m pmtkyfrsm; 0,fzwfcJhonf/ pmtkyf
vDrdwufrS aiGrSm xdkpOfu tqdkyg pmtkyfrsm;udkom zwfEdkifcJhonf/
xkdpkaqmif;aiGrS &&Sdonfh tusKd;aus;Zl;udk wGufcsufMunfhawmh
owif;wpfywf pkaqmif;&&Sdaom aiGaMumifh ,if;aiG\ 1000%
wdk;yGm;vmaMumif; awGU&onf/
oifvnf; pmtkyfvDrdwufwpfck ,ckyif axmifvkdufyg/ oif\
a&mif;tm; wpfEpS t f wGi;f ESpq
f wufvmygvdrrhf nf/ xdok Ykd pkaqmif;jcif;
onf taumif;qHk;aom t&if;tESD;jzpfaMumif; awGUvm&ygvdrfhrnf/
(2) ra&mif;rD 0efaqmifrI ay;yg

yxrwGif uREfkfyf ukrÜPDwpfckESifh tvkyfvkyfcsifí vaygif;
rsm;pGm BudK;pm;qufoG,faomfvnf; ratmifjrifcJh/
odkYjzifh wpfaeYwGif xkdukrÜPDrS 'g½dkufwmwpfa,muftm;
uREkfyf\ ypönf;erlemrsm; oGm;jyonf/ xkdpOf olwdkY\ puf½HkwGif puf
56 ¾ ZifoefY
ysufaMumif; w,fvzD ek ;f 0ifvmonf/ puf½rkH mS NrdKU\ tjcm; wpfzuf

wGif &Sdonf/
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[laom tcsufwpfcsufudk xnfhoGif;azmfjy&jcif; jzpfygonf/
,cifu ]0,foltm; a&mif;NyD; vkyfaqmifay;rI} taMumif;udk
a&;cJhzl;ygonf/
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vkyfaqmifay;í r&/ olwdkY r0,fvQif olwdkYudk bmrQ vkyfray;Ekdif/

xdktaMumif;aMumifhvnf; trsm;tm;jzifh r0,fMujcif; jzpfonf/
olwdkYtm; bmrQvkyfay;jcif;rsKd;rS r&SdbJ/
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auR;jcif;rsKd;ESifh wlaeonf/ acG;udkawmh &csif&rnf/ vlawGudkawmh
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aps;a&mif;onfhtcg yHkrSef jzpfavh&Sdaom udpöjzpfonf/
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aqmif&u G af y;rI wpfcck ak wmh vkyaf y;onf/ olUudk vkyif ef;topfwpfck
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tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh ypönf; pí rSmjcif;rsKd; jzpfvmEdkifonf/ ol
pdw0f ifpm;rnfh vufurf;pmtky?f vufurf;pmapmifuav;rsm; ,lvm
ay;jcif;rsKd;vnf; jzpfEdkifonf/
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ay;vdkufonf/ olu wHqdyfacgif; 0goem ygonfqdkvQif uREkfyf
oGm;&if;vm&if; &onfh wHqdyfacgif;uav;rsm;udk ay;onf/ wpf
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k o f nf/
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aqmif&u G af y;Edik o
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ESpfcg ray:wwf/
0,foltm; 0,fNyD;vQif bmvkyfay;rnf[kom ajymcJh&mrS r0,f
rD wpfcck k vkyaf y;vdu k af omtcg uREkyf f a&mif;tm;awG wufco hJ nf/
58 ¾ ZifoefY
r0,frD wpfckckav; vkyfay;vdkuf½Hkjzifh tHhMoavmufatmif

xl;jcm;vmwwfonf/ ,if;udk aps;onfwdkif; prf;Munhfoifhonf/
(3) auseyfrI ay;yg

0,fol auseyfoGm;jcif;onf a&mif;oltwGuf taumif;qHk;
aMumfjim jzpf\/ uREkfyftaejzifhrl auseyfrI &&SdroGm;aom 0,fol
wpf'gZifxuf auseyfrI &&SdoGm;aom 0,folwpfa,mufudk ydkí
rufarmonf/
tcsKdUaps;onfxHwGif 0,folawG auseyfrI r&Mu/ olwdkYonf
uRrf;usifaom aps;onfrsm; jzpfonf/ a&mif;vnf; a&mif;wwfonf/
aiGvnf; rsm;pGm0ifonf/ odaYk omf olwYkd MumMumrcH/ rMumrD ta&mif;
t0,f yifv,fjyifü arsmaeaom opfwHk;wpfckvdk jzpfoGm;Muawmh
onf/
0,fol auseyfatmifvkyf&ef taumif;qHk;enf;rSm rdrd ukef
ypönf;ESifh ywfoufíjzpfap? rdrd 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;ESifh ywfoufí
jzpfap 0,foltm; trSeftwdkif; ajymjyjcif; jzpfonf/ ,cktcg
aps;onf tawmfrsm;rsm;onf rdrd ukefypönf;ESifh ywfoufí avQmh
ajymonfrsKd; acwfpm;aeonf/ xkdtcg 0,foluvnf; ydkí ,HkMunf
vG,f\/ ypönf;a&mufvmí ajymonfxuf ydkaumif;aeaomtcg
0,folu ,HkMunfum xyfrSmawmhonf/
rdrdukefypönf; t&nftaoG;ESifh ywfoufí vdrfajymol? ydkajym
olrsm;rSm t½l;rsm;om jzpfacsrnf/ xdx
Yk uf aumif;aompum; r&SEd ikd /f
]u} qdkaom aps;onfwpfa,muf &SdonfqdkygpdkY/ olu rdrd
ypön;f t&nftaoG;ESihf ywfoufí ,ckrv S monfh 0,fol txifBuD;
atmif vdrfnmí ydkajymonf qdkygpdkY/
ypönf;a&mufvmí 0,folu rdrd tESyfcHvdkuf&NyDjzpfaMumif;

odvu kd af omtcg a&mif;oluakd &m? a&mif;ol ud, k pf m;jyKonfh ukrP
Ü D
ukad &m rausreyfjzpfum ,HMk unfawmhrnf r[kw/f xk0d ,fol aemuf
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xkdukrÜPDodkY oGm;0,f&ef wdkufwGef;rnf r[kwfawmh/
wpfzef ]c} qdkaom aps;onfwpfa,mufudk MunhfMuygpdkY/
olu 0,foludk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymonf/ trSeftwdkif;vnf; ajym
onf/ rdrd ukefypönf; t&nftaoG;ESifh ywfoufí rSefrSefuefuef
ajymonf/ xkdypönf;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí 0,fol ar;vmonfhtcg ydk
rajymbJ avQmhíom ajymonf/
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vdrfhrnf/
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aMumif; 0,fol awGU&vdrfhrnf/ xdktcg 0,fol auseyfoGm;rnf/
a&mif;oltay:a&m? olUukrÜPDtay:a&m 0,fol ,HkMunfoGm;rnf/
aemufxyfvnf; xyfrSmEdkifonf/ tNrJwrf; azmufonfwpf
a,mufvnf; jzpfvmEdkifonf/
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pdwfcsxm;rnf/ r,Hkr&J 0,fonfrsKd; rjzpfawmh/ ukefypönf;udk vdk
oavmuf rSmzdkYom tm½Hkxm;awmhrnf/
wpfcgu vrf;ay:wGif ESpfaygif;av;q,frQ aps;a&mif;cJhaom
aps;onfa[mif; wpfa,mufudk ar;Munfhonf/ olu tu,fí
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60 ¾ ZifoefY
,if;rSm aps;onfwdkif;twGuf taumif;qHk; Oya'o jzpfonf/

0,folonf a&mufvmonfh ypönf;tay: vHk;0 auseyfrI
&Srd nfrxifbJ ypön;f udk pdwcf spGm rSmrnfr[kwaf Mumif; ,HMk unfxm;zdYk
vdkonf/
tjcm;aps;onfrsm;udk rausreyf jzpf&onfhtcsufonf rdrd
twGuf oifcef;pmyif/ tu,fí 0,folwpfOD;onf tjcm;qdkif
wpfqdkifwGif wpfpHkwpfckESifh ywfoufí auseyfrIr&Sd[k qdkvmvQif
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aps;onftay: auseyfESpfoufrI&Sdaom 0,folrSm ]vrf;
avQmufaeaom aMumfjimBuD;} wpfckyif jzpfaMumif; owdjyKyg/
(4) tmvmy ov’my ajymyg

,cifu ESpfaygif; ESpfq,f? oHk;q,favmufu aps;a&mif;
onft h cg 0,foEl iS hf tmvmy ov’my pum;ajymjcif;rsm; acwfrpm;
cJh/ odkYwap 0,fol 0,fatmifvkyf&mwGif xdkodkYaom enf;y&d,m,f
udk avQmhwGufí r&ay/ aps;onf pum;ajymenf;onfhtcg tusKd;
odyfr&Sdwwf/
pum;ajymaumif;ol jzpfvdkvQif rdk;av0otaMumif; rajym
ygESi/hf rd;k av0otaMumif; ajymonfrmS tjcm;taMumif; rajymwwfí
jzpfonf/ xdktaMumif;udk rajymygESifh/ rdk;av0o owif;udk wpfaeY
tBudrfESpfq,fcefY Mum;ae&aom 0,fol pdwfnpfoGm;Edkifonf/
reufydkif; owif;pmzwfNyD; awGU&onfhowif;xl;udk ajymyg/
aumif;aomowif;rsKd; jzpfoifhonf/ tcsKdUu owif;qdk;awGudk
tmabmiftm&if; oefoefESifh ajymwwfMuonf/ olwdkYESifh rwlygap
ESi/hf pdwcf srf;omp&mowif;rsKd; ajymjcif;jzifh vlawGu oabmusvm
rnf/ av;pm;vmrnf/
tmvmy ov’my ajymonfhtcg 0,fol\ oabmxm;udk

axmufcHajymyg/ rdrd ajymvdkufonfudk 0,folu vufrcHbl;qdkvQif
ol vufcHonfhtwdkif; vkdufíajymyg/
obm0tm;jzifh vlqdkonfrSm olUudk rSm;onf[k ajymonfudk
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rnf r[kwaf wmh/ 0,fol oabmrus[kqv kd Qif rdrx
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ajymjcif;onf BuD;pGmaomtrSm; jzpfonf/ &GGHp&maumif;aom trl
tusifh jzpfonf/ 0,folu olUuG,f&musvQifvnf; olUtaMumif;
raumif;ajymavrnfvm;[k awG;vdrfhrnf/
vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;? a'owpfckESifh ywfoufívnf; jyuf&,fjyKaom
pum;rsKd; rajymygESifh/ 0,folonf xkdvlrsKd;? xkdka'oudk av;pm;
txifBuD;aeolvnf; jzpfEdkifonf/
pdwÅZaq;½HkESifh ywfoufí taysmftysuf [morsKd;udkvnf;
rajymygESi/hf xkad e&mwGif 0,fo\ l aqGrsKd;&if;csm wpfa,mufa,muf
&Sdaumif; &SdaeEdkifonf/
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pm;rdatmif vkyfyg/ 0,folonf aps;onftaMumif;ESifh ukefypönf;
taMumif;xuf olUud, k of l ydí
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ajymjyonfudkom em;axmifyg/ pdwf0ifwpm; em;axmifyg/ ,if;rSm
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ajymcsifatmifvnf; tm;ay;yg/ rdrdudk,fudk aZmif;ray;bJ olUudk
om aZmif;ay;yg/
62 ¾ ZifoefY
ol 0goemyg&m? ol pdwf0ifpm;&m taMumif;t&mudk odatmif

vkyfNyD; xkdtaMumif;rsm;udk olESifh aqG;aEG;yg/ Oyrmtm;jzifh OD;jzL
onf aw;*Dw 0goemygonf qdkygpdkY/ xkdtcg rdrdu....
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vnf; q&mawmh odyfBudKufrSmyJvdkY}}
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onfh e,fvSnfhaps;onf trsm;tjym;udk cefYxm;cJhonf/ xkdtxJrS
aps;onfwpfa,mufrmS wpfEpS x f ufwpfEpS f ydrk kd atmifjrifvmaMumif;
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yxr olUudk csD;usL;NyD; olatmifjrif&onfh taMumif;ESihfywfoufí
ar;jref;Munf&h m e,fvn S ahf ps;onfu tkycf sKyfrI 'g½du k w f mtm; rSwpf k
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( p ) 0goem
(q) txl ; rS w f c suf
ponfjzifh rSwfom;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/
e,fvSnfhaps;onfonf v,fxJudk qif;oGm;onfESifh acG;udk

trnfwyfí ac:Edik o f nf/ rdru
d wfjym;wGif rSwo
f m;xm;aom acG;udk
rawGUygu xkdacG; b,fa&mufoGm;oenf;[k ar;rnf/ olonf
v,form;\uav;rsm; b,fa&mufaeMuoenf;[kvnf; ar;rnf/
v,form; BudKufwwfaom aq;wHaomufaq; trsKd;tpm;udv k nf;
vufaqmifay;rnf/
ESpfa,mufom; aq;wHaomufMu&if; v,form;BuD; pdkufysKd;
aeonfh oD;ESHtaMumif;? 0rf;pmtaMumif;? v,form;BuD; 0goem
ygonfh taMumif;t&mrsm;udk aqG;aEG;rnf/
odkYjzifh xkdaps;onf b,foGm;oGm; v,form;wdkif;u BudKqdkMu
onf/ v,form;xHrS ypönf;rSmonfhpm&if; r&bJ ol v,fxJrS
rxGuf/ oluawmh olUukrÜPD\ pHjy aps;onfwpfa,mufyif/
xkde,fvSnfhaps;onfrSm tmvmy ov’my ajymonhfae&mwGif
uRrf;onf/ wpfzufvl taMumif;udkom aqG;aEG;onf/ rdrdudk,fudk
xuf wpfzufvludk tom;ay; aqG;aEG;onf/
pHjy aps;onfwpfa,muf jzpfvdkvQif rdrdukefypönf; a&mif;&a&;
twGuf pum;pjrnf ajymwwfa&;rSm tvGefwefzdk;&SdaMumif; odxm;
&rnf/
pum;pjrnf ajymjzpf&eftwGuf rdrdtdwfxJwGif ypönf;wpfckck
xnfh,lvmNyD; xkdypönf;udk taMumif;jyKí pum;p &Sm&rnf/
uREkfyf vrf;ay:xGufí aps;a&mif;pu qifom;a&jym;csyf
wpfckudk ,loGm;onf/ xkdqifom;a&jym;udk 0,fol\ pm;yGJay:wif
vkdufNyD; ,if;rSm bmypönf;enf;[k ar;vdkufonf/ tawmfrsm;rsm;
uawmh rod/
uREkfyfu ajymjyvdkufaomtcg xkdyk*¾dKvfu tjcm;trIaqmif
64 ¾ ZifoefY
t&m&Sdrsm;udkyg ac:jyawmhonf/ ukrÜPDrS xdyfqHk;yk*¾dKvfESifh &if;&if;

ESD;ESD; pum;ajymjzpf&mrS ypönf;trSm r&bJ jyef&onf[lí odyfr&SdcJh/
EdkifiHjcm; wHqdyfacgif;uav;rsm;udk ,lvmNyD; 0,fol\ om;
orD;rsm;tm; vufaqmif;ay;onfrmS vnf; tawmfaumif;onf/ xdo k Ykd
ay;jcif;jzifh pum; ajymjzpfoGm;onfrsm;vnf; &Sdonf/ xkduav;
aMumifh olUzcifrSm rdrdESifh rMumcP awGUvmzG,fvnf; &SdEkdifonf/
(5) 0,folESifh awGUqHk&mwGif

0,frnfholwpfa,mufESifh awGUqHkrnfBuHvQif awGUrnfhudpö
atmifjrifvykd gu rdrud ,
kd u
f akd r;&rnfh ar;cGe;f wpfc&k o
dS nf/ ,if;wdrYk mS -
(u) rdrd oGm;awGUrnfhtcsdefonf oifhawmfrI &Sdyg&JUvm;/
( c ) 0,frnfhol\ trnfudk odyg&JUvm;/
rnfolrqdk rdrdtrnfudk ac:oHMum;&vQif *DwoHtvm; em;
0ifcsKdwwfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ]]r*Fvmyg OD;jzL}} [k rdrdu
pí EIwfqufjcif;onf rdrdwdkY awGUqHkrnfhudpö atmifjrifap&ef
taxmuftul jyKayonf/
( * ) 0,frnfhol\ 0goem? tavhtusifh ponfwdkYudk rdrd odxm;
yg&JUvm;/
(C) 0,fol\ vkyfief;vdktyfcsufudk rdrd odxm;yg&JUvm;/
( i ) rdrd ukefypönf;wGif 0,foltm; qGJaqmifEdkifrnfh tm;omcsuf
udk odyg&JUvm;/
( p ) wu,fh csOf;uyfenf;aumif;udk odxm;NyD;NyDvm;/
(q) ar;orQ ajzEdkifap&ef rdrdukefypönf;ESifh ywfoufí tukef
odxm;NyD;NyDvm;/
( Z ) 0,fol uefYuGufvmEdkifonfh tcsufudk BudKwifpOf;pm;xm;

NyD;NyDvm;? ,if;udk jyefvnfajz&Sif;Edkifonfh taetxm; &Sd&JU
vm;/
txufyg tcsuf &SpfcsufpvHk;ESifh ywfoufí rdrdudk,fudk
auseyfrI &SdNyDqdkvQif aemufxyf owdjyK&rnfh tcsufwpfcsuf &Sdae
ao;onf/ rdrd toGiftjyifudk *½kpdkufa&; jzpfonf/
rdrdonf rdrdukrÜPDudk udk,fpm;jyKonfh oHwrefwpfa,muf
jzpfaMumif; odxm;yg/ xdkYaMumifh ususee 0wfpm;xm;zkdY vdkonf/
xkdodkY 0wfvdkufrSvnf; rdrd &Jpdwf0ifvmrnf/ rdrd toGiftjyifu
0,foludk qGJaqmifEdkifpGrf; r&Sd[kqdkvQif rdrdtajymESifh rdrdukefypönf;
onfvnf; 0,foludk qGJaqmifEdkifpGrf; &Sdrnf r[kwfay/
t0wftpm;ESifh ywfoufí ususee om;om;em;em; 0wfzdkY
vdkonf/ &moDOwkudk umuG,f&ef 0wfjcif;rsKd;xuf ½Id;usus 0wf
jcif;rsKd; jzpf&rnf/ xkdodkY ½Id;usus 0wfoGm;jcif;jzifh 0,foltay:
pdwf"mwft& rdrdu wpfyef;omonf/ xdkodkY r[kwfygu 0,folESifh
awGUonfhtcg rdrdu wpfyef;½IH;aeayvdrfhrnf/
0,folESifh awGUqHk&efrSm yxrqHk; olESifh awGUcGifh&a&; jzpf
onf/ þae&mwGif rdrd bmawG odxm;onfrSmvnf; ta&;rBuD;?
rnfolESifh odonfrSmvnf; odyfta&;rBuD;/
tcsKdUukrÜPDrsm;onf wHcg;apmifh? ½Hk;tul ponfrsm;tm;
rdrdwdkYvdk vlrsKd;udk t0ifrcHzdkY cdkif;xm;wwfonf/
xkduJhodkYaom ESifxkwfwwfonfh 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh awGUqHk&í
pdwfysufp&m rvdk/ qHk;jzwfcsufcdkifcdkifESifh enf;y&d,m,f oHk;vdkuf
vQif xkdvlrsm;udk tomav; ausmfvTm;Edkifonf/
þae&mwGif rdrdudk,fudk....
]]awGUqHkcGifh&zdkY ighvdyfpmuwfjym;u taxmuftul jyKrvm;?
'Duwfjym;aMumifh ydkNyD; taESmifht,Suf jzpfaervm;}}
66 ¾ ZifoefY
[k jyefar;&ef vdkonf/ rdrd vdyfpmuwfjym; ay;vdkufrdumrS....

]]tcktcsdefawmh awGUcGifhr&Edkifao;ygbl; cifAsm}}
[k ajymvmrnfvm;/
xdktaMumif;ESifh ywfoufí rpöwmz&efY'ef; wpfcgu a&;zl;
onf/ e,fvn S ahf ps;onfwpfa,mufonf rdrv d yd pf muwfjym; tdrwf iG f
xm;cJhojzifh jyóem ajyvnfoGm;cJh&onf[k olu a&;cJh\/
rdrd vdyfpmuwfudk tdrfwGif wpfywfcefY xm;cJhNyD; prf;Munhfyg/
uwfjym;udkifí 0ifoGm;onfhtcg usyfusyf pOf;pm;yg/ rdrd awGUcsifol
ESifh awGUcGifh&a&;twGuf rdrdukd,fydkifÓmPfjzifh pOf;pm;yg/ rdrdÓmPfjzifh
csOf;uyfenf; rSefygu rdrdrSm xl;jcm;aom aps;onfwpfa,muf
jzpfvmvdrfhrnf/
½Hk;oHk;ypönf; a&mif;csaom aps;onfwpfa,mufonf 0if&ef
cufcJonfhae&mü xkdenf;jzifh atmifjrifcJhzl;onf/
olu vdyfpmuwfjym;udkvnf; ,lroGm;? ½Hk;okH; ypönf;rsm;udk
vnf; ,lroGm;/ ol vdktyfonfh pmavmufudkom reufydkif;xkwf
owif;pmMum;wGif n§yfí ,lvmcJhonf/
olu rdrdawGUvdkonfh yk*¾dKvf\puf½Hk (odkYr[kwf) pwdk;qdkifxJodkY
cyfwnfwnf 0ifoGm;onf/ ½Hk;cef;odkY wdkuf½dkufroGm;/ qdkifrefae*sm
yHkpHrsKd; vlwpfa,mufudk awGUonfESifh xkdolxH avQmufoGm;NyD;....
]]r*Fvmyg? uRefawmfu.... ukrÜPDuyg/ vufESdyfpuf topf
wpfvHk;eJY ywfoufNyD; uRefawmfhudk zkef;qufrSmxm;vdkYyg}}
[k ajymvdkufonf/ wpfzufvlu jyefí....
]]aMomf 'DrSmawmh vufESdyfpufeJY ywfoufNyD; bmtaMumif;rS
r&Sdygbl;/ ½Hk;ay:udk wufoGm;NyD; OD;jzLudk oGm;ar;Munfhyg}}
[k ajymvmvdrfhrnf/ xkd zdkrif (odkYr[kwf) refae*smu olUudk
t½l;[k xifaumif;xifrnf/ odkYaomf aps;onfrSm r½l;/ oufqdkif&m

refae*smcsKyf\ trnfudk odvjkd cif; jzpfonf/ odvnf; odc&hJ ayonf/
emrnfudkodawmh ½Hk;ay:udk wufoGm;onf/ pma&;wpfa,muf
udkawGUawmh olu....
]]r*Fvmyg? wpfqdwfavmuf OD;jzLudk ajymay;ygvm;? OD;oufpk
u awGUcsifygw,fvdkY}}
rdrd trnfa&SUwGif OD;wyfí ajymvdkufjcif;rSm tvum; r[kwf/
pdwåaA'oabm jzpfonf/ tu,fí aps;onfu....
]]wpfqdwfavmuf OD;jzLudk ajymay;ygvm;? oufpku awGUcsif
ygw,fvdkY}}
[k ajymvdu k v
f Qif pma&;onf 0,frnfh t&m&SBd uD;xH oGm;NyD;....
]]tjyifrSm oufpkqdkwJh vlwpfa,mufu awGUcsifvdkYwJh q&m}}
[k ajymvdrfhrnf/ xkdtcg t&m&SdBuD;uvnf;....
]]ig tvkyfrsm;aew,fvdkY ajymvdkufuGm}}
odkYr[kwfvnf;....
]]ig rawGUEdkifao;bl;vdkY ajymvdkufuGm}}
[k jyefajymvdkufvdrfhrnf/
odkY&mwGif aps;onfu ]OD;oufpk} [kvnf; ajymvdkufonf/
vufqGJtdwfawG bmawGvnf; ryg? vdyfpmuwfjym;vnf; ryg qdk
aomtcg pma&;u þyk*¾dKvfonf ta&;BuD;aomyk*¾dKvf jzpf&rnf?
OD;jzL\ oli,fcsif;ayvm; rod[kawG;um csufcsif;yif txJodkY
0ifcdkif;NyD; xdkifp&mawG ay;onf/
NyD;awmh OD;jzLxHoGm;NyD; OD;oufpku awGUcsifaMumif; ajymay;
onf/ pma&;onf OD;oufpk [laomtrnfudk tav;teufxm;í
ajymvdkufonf/ xdkYaMumifh aps;onf\trnfonf ypönf;0,frnfh
t&m&SdBuD;xH a&mufoGm;onfü ydkí [dwf[efBuD;oGm;awmhonf/
68 ¾ ZifoefY
]OD;} [laom*kPfyk'fudk refae*smBuD;u odyfav;pm;rnfawmh

r[kw/f odaYk omf pma&;u ]OD;oufp}k [k wav;wpm; ac:a0:vdu k yf kH
udk txifBuD;oGm;[ef &Sdonf/ odkYjzifh....
]]OD;oufpkudk ac:vmcJhyguGm}}
[k ajymvdkufjzpfonf/
rdrdypönf;udk 0,frnfholtm; awGUcGifh&a&;twGuf ,ckvdk
vSnfhuGufqifjcif;rsKd;udk b,fawmhrS roHk;oifh/ ,if;rSm a&&Snf
twGuf aumif;onf r[kwf/
urÇmhtausmftarmf yk*¾dKvftcsKdUu rdrdtm; rdwfqufpm a&;ay;
xm;aumif; ay;rnf/ xkdpmrSm ae&mwdkif; tcsdefwdkif;wGif toHk;us
wwfonf/ ,if;udk taMumif;jyKí atmifjrifaom aps;onfwpf
a,mufvnf; jzpfvmEdkifonf/
xdkodkYaom rdwfqufpmrsKd; &EdkifaMumif; odaumif;rS odMurnf/
,if;rSm ]tNyHK;} omvQif jzpfonf/ ESpv f zkd ,
G af umif;aom tNyHK;onf
taumif;qH;k rdwq f ufpmyif jzpfonf/ xkrd w d q f ufpum;rsKd;u ae&m
wumwGif &Edkifonf r[kwfavm/
wpfcgu aygifpwmvifaiG 5000 wefatmif NyHK;wwfaom
touftmrcH udk,fpm;vS,fwpfa,mufudk awGUcJhzl;onf/
]]uRefawmf NyHK;jyvdkuf&if tawmf tvkyfjzpfw,f}}
[k olu qdkonf/ ,Hkavmufygonf/ olNyHK;yHku tawmf
cspfp&maumif;onf/
,aeY pD;yGm;a&;avmuwGif ta&mif;udk,fpm;vS,frsm;? trI
aqmift&m&Sdrsm;xJwGif ½dk;½dk;pmar;yGJuav;avmufudkyif atmifjrif
atmif rajzEdkifolawG trsm;tjym;yif/ odkYaomf olwdkYonf NyHK;wwf
aomaMumifh atmifjrifcJhMu&onf/
rSefayonf/ 0,folxHodkY tNyHK;ESifh csOf;uyf&ayrnf/ olESifh

awGUonfhtcg tenf;i,f &GHUaeonfqdkvQif toufudk ESpfcsuf
oHk;csufcefY atmifhxm;vdkufyg/ xdktcg &Jwif;vmvdrfhrnf/
0,frnfholxH csOf;uyfoGm;onfhtcg acgif;udkarmhí olUudk
wnfhwnfh MunhfoGm;&rnf/ olESifh vufqGJEIwfqufonfh tcgwGif
vnf; pdwftm;xufoefpGm &if;&if;ESD;ESD; EIwfquf&rnf/
awGUawGUcsif; rdrdtay: tjrifonf t&m&mudk tqHk;tjzwf
jyKay&m pum;vHk;udk *½kwpdkuf a&G;cs,fí pajym&rnf/ olUtwGuf
ESpfvdkzG,fpum;rsKd; jzpfoifhonf/ ]]awmfawmf usef;rmaeyHk &w,f}}
qdkaom pum;rsKd;? odkYr[kwfvnf; rMumao;rDu ol (odkYr[kwf)
olUrdom;pkxrJ S &cJo h nfh atmifjrifrwI pfcck u
k kd csD;rGr;f ajymqdo
k ifo
h nf/
odkYr[kwfuvnf; olUukrÜPD atmifjrifaeyHkudk csD;usL;ajymqdk&rnf/
tm;xkwfí pOf;pm;EdkifvQif olUudk csD;rGrf;ajymqdkp&m taMumif;awG
trsm;BuD; ay:vmEdkifonf/
tu,fí 0,frnfholrSm rdrdukefypönf;ESifh ywfoufí bmrQ
rod[kqdkvQif rdrdypönf;taMumif;udk pDpOfusufrSwfxm;onfhtwdkif;
&Gwfjyyg/ xkdodkY &Gwfjyonfrsm;udk ,cifu rsm;pGm a0zefcJhMuonf/
odkYaomf tjcm;enf;vrf;aumif;wpfck &SdvQifawmh taumif;qHk; jzpf
onf/ rdrdESifh rdrdukrÜPDwGif 0,fol pdwfygvmatmif vkyfEdkifonfh
enf;vrf;wpfck awGUxm;onfqdkvQif xdkenf;udk tao udkifwG,f
xm;yg/
tvGwfusufrSwfxm;onfhtwdkif; &Gwfjy&rnfcsnf; rqdkvdk/
rdrdbmom pum;vHk;udk a&G;í ajymEdkifonf/ xdkpum;rsm;udk tBudrf
aygif;rsm;pGm ajymí a&mif;cJo h nfvnf; jzpfaumif;jzpfrnf/ od&Yk mwGif
,ck0,frnfo h rl mS xdpk um;rsm;udk Mum;zl;rnf r[kw/f tajymaumif;
vQif 0,fol nTwfvmEdkifonf/
70 ¾ ZifoefY
pDpOfxm;onfhtwdkif; tvGwf&Gwfí a&mif;onf rSefaomfvnf;

xdek nf;onf awmifwpfv;kH ajrmufwpfv;kH ajymonfxuf q,fqrQ
xda&mufrI&Sdonf/
rdrdajymaepOf ajymvdkufonfh pum;wdkif;twGuf 0,frnfhvl\
trlt&mudk tuJcwf&ef ta&;BuD;onf/ rdrd ajymvdu k o f nfh pum;udk
ol oabmus&UJ vm;? xdpk um;udk ol pdw0f ifwpm; jzpfomG ;onfqv kd Qif
xdkpum;udk tBudrfBudrf tav;teufxm;í ajymoifYonf/ rdrd
ajymvdu k o f nfh pum;vH;k wpfv;kH aMumifY ol0,f&ef qH;k jzwfonftxd
vnf; jzpfoGm;Edkifonf/
awGUqHkaepOf wpfavQmufvHk; *emrNidrf rjzpf&/ wnfwnf
NidrfNidrfESifY £aÈ´&& ajymoifYonf/ txl;ojzifY rdrdypönf; erlemrsm;
udk jyonfhtcg ydkí wnfNidrfoifYonf/ xdkodkYaejcif;jzifY rdrdpdwfudk
vnf; wnfNidrfap½Hkomru 0,foluvnf; rdrdtay: ,HkMunfpdwfcs
vmEdkifonf/
aps;onf tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm pum;ajym&if; ][dk . . . tif; . . .}
ponfjzifY xpfaewwfonf/ xdkokdYjzpfjcif;aMumifY ta&mif;t0,f
tqifrajywwf/ ,if;rSm tusifYomjzpfí aysmufatmif azsmufí
&Edkifonf/ xdktusifYaMumifYyif aps;onf tawmfrsm;rsm; awmfvsuf
om;ESifY txufodkY rwufEdkifcJYMu/
0,frnfholrSm tvkyfrsm;aeonfqdkvQif olUtcsdefudk rdepf
tenf;i,fxuf ydkí r,loifY/
]]q&mvnf; odyf tvkyfrsm;aew,f/ aemufwpfcg q&m
tm;r,fYtcsdefusrSyJ vmawGUawmYr,f/ b,ftcsdefavmuf q&m
tm;rvJ rodbl;}}
[k 0,fol tawmfrsm;rsm;udk uREkfyf ajymcJY &zl;onf/
xdktcgrsKd;wGif 0,folonf tqifajyrnfh tcsdefwpfcsdefudk

csdef;wwfonf/ uREkfyf\ tvdkufodwwfrIudk ol oabmusoGm;rnf
trSefyif/ xdkYaMumifY aemufwpfBudrfoGm;awGUonfhtcg a&mif;&onf
csnf;yif/
0,fol\ tcsdefudk av;pm;&rnf/ cGifYjyKxm;onfxuf ydkí
raetyf/ ydkíaevQif aemufwpfBudrf vmawGUonfhtcg a&mif;&rnf
r[kwfawmY/
awGUqHkNyD;onfhtcg pdwfysufp&m rvdk/ r,l&ef qHk;jzwfcsuf
udk jyefvnfn, d§ &l rnf/ rdrt
d wGuf tcGit Yf a&; &Sad o;onf/ 0,foul kd
awGUqHkonfhtcg 0,folu ]r,lygbl;} [laom qHk;jzwfonfh tqifY
rsKd; ra&mufap&/ awGUqHkrIudk &yfvdkufNyD; 0,foltm; pOf;pm;ygOD;?
aemuf wpf&uf ESp&f ufavmufqv kd Qif rdrd jyefvmygOD;rnf[k ajymum
jyefcJY&rnf/
aps;onf tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm ratmifjrif[k xif&aom tajc
taerS atmifjrifaom tajctaeodYk jyefa&mufatmif vkyEf ikd Mf uonf/
pum;jzwfí csufcsif; xjyefonfrsKd;rSm vHk;0 rSm;onf/
aemufwpfBudrf jyefoGm;onfhtcg olUIpdwf wpfrsKd; ajymif;oGm;
NyD; ]],lr,f}} [k ajymaumif; ajymvmEdkifonf/
a&mif;&onf jzpfap? ra&mif;&onfjzpfap awGUqHkNyD;onfESifY
aemufwpfBudrf vmOD;rnfhtaMumif; ajymcJY&onf/
yxrqHk; pawGUawGUcsif; rdrdtm; av;pm;vmatmif vkyf&
rnf/ jyefcgeD;wGif tvm;wl vkyf&rnf/
jyefcgeD;wGif ajymoifYonfxifvQif rdrdtm; ,ckvdk vufcH
awGUqHkonfhtwGuf aus;Zl;wifaMumif; ajymcJY&rnf/
(6) 0,foludk &Smjcif;
odyfrMumao;rDu tcsKdUaom ukrÜPDrsm;wGif ]0,fol&SmazGa&;
Xme} xm;&Sdonf/ xdkXmewGif 0,fol&SmazGa&; uRrf;usifolrsm;udk
vcaumif;aumif;ay;í cefYxm;NyD; ¤if;wdkYu rdrdwdkY ukrÜPDxGuf
ukefypönf;rsm;udk 0,f,lEdkifrnfh azmufonfrsm;udk &SmazG&onf/
0,frnfholrsm;\ trnfudk &aomtcg ta&mif;XmeodkY ydkYay;vdkuf
Muonf/
ta&mif ; XmewG i f v nf ; tqif h j rif h j rif h avh u sif h x m;aom
a&mif;csa&;uRrf;usifol vlawmfrsm;udk vcaumif;aumif;ay;um
cefYxm;onf/ xdkoltm;vHk;rSm pdwfynmudkvnf; uRrf;usifMu\/
wpfcsdefvHk;vdkvdk ta&mif;vkyfief;udkom vkyfMu&onf/ olwdkYu
0,foludk vHk;0 r&Sm/ 0,fol&SmXmerS olwdkYtm; ukefMurf;jzpfaom
0,folrsm;pm&if;udk tNrJay;aeonf/
,ckawmh tqdkyg 0,fol&SmXmersm; odyfr&Sdawmh/
,cktcgwGif ta&mif;udk,fpm;vS,f aps;onfrsm;rSm rdrdwdkY
bmom 0,fol&SmXme vkyfief;rsKd; vkyfaeMu&onf/ ukefoG,fa&;
vrf;nTefpmtkyfrsm;? ESpfcsKyf pG,fpHkusrf;rsm;? *sme,frsm; ponfwdkYudk
pkaqmif;Mu&onf/ owif;rsm;udk tNrJzwfívnf; a&mif;í &Edik rf nfh
oJvGefprsm;udk &SmMu&onf/ vkyfief;topfrsm; zGifhonfudk rsufpd
&Si&f iS Ef iS hf MunfMh u&\/ vkyif ef;topfwikd ;f wGif tpp t&m&m ypön;f
vkdtyfaeonf csnf;om/
rdrdukrÜPD\ ,cifazmufonfa[mif;rsm;udkvnf; vdkuf&SmMu&
onf/ olwdkY bmaMumifh qufr0,fawmhonfudkvnf; pHkprf;&onf/
ukrP Ü \ D ,cifu ud, k pf m;vS,u f kd oabmrusívnf; jzpfEikd o f nf/
odkYaomf xkdazmufonfa[mif; ,ckjyef0,f&ef pOf;pm;vmEdkifonf/
azmufonf &Sm&onfhvkyfief;udk ta&mif;orm; aps;onfrsm;

ud,
k wf ikd f rvkyo
f if/h ,if;Xme tBuD;tuJ vky&f rnfw
h m0ef jzpfonf/
uRrf;usifolrsm; vkyf&rnfhwm0ef jzpfonf/
(& ) 0,fEdkifatmif ulnDyg

uREkfyfwGif qkdifwpfqdkif &SdonfqdkvQif qdkiftwGif;ydkif;rSm
uREkyf af zmufonfrsm;\ tjrifwiG f wpfrsKd;jzpfaevdrrhf nf/ taMumif;rl
twGi;f ü olwx Ykd ifovdk aumifwmawG &Srd nfr[kw/f aumifwmtpm;
pm;yGJao;ao; wpfvHk;om &Sdaevdrfhrnf/
ta&mif;aps;onfrsm;udk xkdpm;yJGrSyif a&mif;csoGm;&ef uREkfyf
nTeMf um;xm;rnf jzpf\/ pm;yGw J pfzufrS r[kw?f pm;yGw J pfzufwnf;rS
a&mif;cs&ef jzpfonf/ pm;yGJwpfzufwnf;wGif 0,folESifhtwl &yfí
0,fol 0,f&mwGif tultnDay;&rnf jzpfonf/ 0,foEl iS hf oifah wmf
rnfhypönf;udk rdwfaqG&if;yrm ula&G;ay;&rnf/
ta&mif;aps;onfESifh 0,fol pm;yGJ wpfzufwpfcsufwGif aeí
ypönf;udk pm;yGJay:wifum a&mif;csjcif;rsKd;wGif 0,folonf rdrdtm;
r0,f 0,fatmif vkyfaeonf[k xifoGm;vdrfhrnf/ ppfwk&ifyGJuJhodkY
ÓmPfupm;onfrsKd;ESifh wlaewwf\/ xkdodkY ÓmPfupm;í a&mif;jcif;
rsKd;onf vkyfief; usqif;wwf\/ vkyfief; pump avmufuyif
vkyfief; ysufoGm;wwfonf/
xdkYaMumifh uREkfyf aumifwm rxm;vdkjcif; jzpf\/ ,if;rSm
a&mif;olESifh 0,foltMum; t[efYtwm;BuD;wpfck jzpfaeonf/ rdwf
aqGtcsif;csif; tay;t,l vkyfonfrsKd;ESifh rwlbJ ppfyGJwpfyJGESifh
wlaevdrfhrnf/
þaqmif ; yg;onf t"d u tm;jzif h e,f v S n f h a ps;onf r sm;
74 ¾ ZifoefY
twGuf a&;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifv h nf; aumifwmtaMumif;

udk uREkfyf a&;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ taMumif;rl e,fvSnfhaps;onf
rsm;onf aps;a&mif;onfhtcg 0,folESifh wpfzufwnf;aeí a&mif;
onfudk tusifhr& jzpfaeaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ olwdkYu aumifwm
ESifh a&mif;ovdkyif a&mif;aeMuonf/ 0,folbufrS tjrifrsKd;jzifh
rMunhw f wf/ ta&mif;t0,fwiG f 0,fou l olUtusK;d tjrwf &Sv d o
dk nf
udk a&mif;ol rjrifwwf/ tcsKyfq&kd vQif 0,fol 0,fEikd af p&ef rulnD
wwfMu/ a&mif;onfo h abm oufoufrQaMumifh ta&mif;usMu&jcif;
jzpfonf/
wpfcgu c½dkif[dkw,fwpfck\ ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&; cef;r
xJwiG f uREyfk of nf tvGeaf tmifjrifaeaom ta&mif;orm;wpfa,muf
ESifh pum;ajymaeonf/ uREkfyfwdkY pum;ajymNyD;cgeD;avmufwGif acsm
armvSyonfh trsK;d orD;refae*sm a&mufvmNy;D uREyfk Ef iS hf pum;ajymae
oltm;....
]]'Dreuf OD;jzL tcef;xJrSm vQyfppfrkwfqdwf&dwfpufuav;
oHk;aeoHudk uRefr Mum;vkduf&w,f/ 'gaMumifh rD;tdrfrSmwyfzdkY ESpf
zufayguf yvyfacgif;wpfck vmay;wm/ 'grS rkwfqdwf&dwfae&if;
rD;vHk;xGef;csifvnf; xGef;vdkY&atmif}}
uREkfyfrdwfaqGu olrudk aus;Zl;wifaMumif; ajymNyD; olr
xGufoGm;awmh uREkfyfbufodkY vSnfhum....
]]uRefawmfom rdef;rawGavmuf em;vnfrI&SdNyD; uRefawmfh&JU
aps;a&mif; tawGUtBuHKeJY aygif;vdu k rf ,fq&kd if urÇmrSm uRefawmf[m
tatmifjrifqHk; ta&mif;orm; jzpfoGm;rSmyJ}}
[k qdkonf/
þonfrSm vkdtyfvSonf/ 0,fol\ jyóemrsm;udk em;vnfrI
&Sd&ef vkdtyf\/
xk d t cgusrS 0,f o l \ tjrif u d k uREk f y f em;vnf v monf /

0,fo\ l tcuftcJukd oabmaygufvmonf/ a&mif;&onft h vkyu
f
odyfcufcJonfqdkvQif 0,f&onfhtvkyfu ydkíyif cufcJao;onf/
ta&mif;orm;wpfa,mufonf rdrd\ trSm;udk zHk;uG,fxm;í &Edkif
onf/ odkYaomf 0,foluawmh xdkokdYr&/ wpfcg t0,frSm;vQif
aeYpOf wEHkYEHkY cHpm;ae&onf/
xdkYaMumifhvnf; 0,fol trsm;pkrSm wdwdusus a&mif;olrsm;
xHrSom 0,fvdkMuonf/ rdrdwm0efudk odí 0,foludk ½dk;om;pGm
ulnv D akd om ta&mif;orm;rsKd;udk qdv k okd nf/ oGm;uav; wNzJNzJEiS hf
jzpfuwwfqef; a&mif;aom aps;onfrsKd;udk 0,foal wG rBudKufwwf/
0,fol 99 &mcdkifEIef;rSm rdrdwdkYbmom qHk;jzwfcsifaMumif;
awGU&onf/ a&mif;olu qH;k jzwfay;onfrsKd;udk olwYkd rBudKuf/ olwYkd
qHk;jzwfcsuf csEdkif&ef ulnDrIrsKd;udkvnf; rvdkcsifMu/
0,fol qHk;jzwfEdkif&ef tultnDay;&mwGif ynmvdkonf/
odrfarGUpGm qG,fEdkifzdkY vdkonf/ tqG,faumif;olrsm;\ enf;rsm;udk
uREkfyf prf;oyfMunfhcJhzl;onf/ tcsKdUvnf; atmifjrifonf/ tcsKdU
uawmh tqifrajy/ tcsKdUusawmh qHk;½HI;rIrsKd;yif &Sdwwfonf/
tawGUtBuHKt& vlwpfa,mufudk qGJaqmif&mwGif tjyK
oabmaqmifNyD; y&d,m,fo;kH um tBuHjyKjcif; jzpfonf/ rdrad y;onfh
tBuHrSm olUtwGuf tusKd;&SdEkdifonf[k jrifvQif ,if;udk olUtm½Hk
wGif olUtBuHyrm xifvmvdrfhrnf/ odkYjzifh rdrdtBuHudk ,lonf[lí
odu©mvnf; rusawmh/
ta&mif;orm;rSeforQ ta&mif;t0,f tcsdeftwdkif;twm
uefo Y wfcsuf&adS Mumif; odaeMuonf/ od&Yk mwGif ypön;f ESiyhf wfoufí
0,fol pdwfr0ifpm;Edkifonfh tcsufrsm; ajymjcif;jzifh tcsdeftawmf
76 ¾ ZifoefY
rsm;rsm; ukeo f mG ;wwfonf/ &orQtcsed w f iG f 0,fov l ckd sio

f nfh tcsuf
tvufaumif;rsm;udo k m ajym&rnf/ xdt k csut f vufrsm;onf 0,fol
twGuf tusKd;&Sdonfh tcsuftvufrsm; jzpf&rnf/
tcsuftvuf rSeforQ tukefajymjcif;rSmvnf; odyfrSm;onf/
aumif;aomtcsuftvufwpfckudk csefxm;&rnf/ ,if;rSm ta&mif;
t0,f rjzpfEdkifygu oHk;&ef aemufqHk;csefxm;onfh 0SufzJwpfcsyf
jzpf&rnf/
aps;onfaumif;wdkY rnfonf 0,fol vdkcsifaomypönf;? vdktyf
aomypön;f udk 0,fjzpfatmif ulnED ikd &f rnf/ xko d aYkd om a&mif;jcif;rsKd;
jzifo
h m vkyif ef;BuD;wpfcu k kd wnfaqmufEikd v f rd rhf nf/ odrYk o S m &if;ES;D
cifrifNyD; aemufxyfypönf;rsm; xyfrSmvmEdkifonf/
trsm;tm;jzifh aps;onfaumif;wdkYonf 0,fol rvdkcsifaom
ypönf;rsKd;qdkvQif a&mif;udk ra&mif;awmh/ xdk0,foludk ,ckwpfBudrf
ra&mif;&vnf; aemufwpfBudrf a&mif;&rnf/ toHk;rusaomypönf;
0,frdvQif ]]aemuf b,fawmhrS r0,fawmhbl;}}[k qdkvdrfhrnf/ xkd
tcg xdk0,foltm; b,fawmhrS a&mif;&awmhrnf r[kwf/
ta&mif;t0,f avmuwGif vlwpfa,muf aps;onfjzpfzdkYu
rvG,f/ xkdvlrSm twwfynm&Sifvnf; jzpf&rnf/ rdrda&mif;aeonfh
vdkif;aMumudkvnf; uRrf;aeol jzpf&rnf/
0,folwdkY ypönf;rrSmrD uRrf;usifolwdkY\ tBuHÓmPf vdkonf/
ta&mif;orm; wpfa,mufxHrS tBuHÓmPfudk,lNyD; 0,fvdkufojzifh
t0,frSefoGm;onfqdkvQif xkdta&mif;orm;udk ol ,HkMunfpdwfcs
oGm;vdrrhf nf/ aemufwpfcg 0,fvQifvnf; xyfí tBuHÓmPf awmif;
vmvdrfhrnf/ xdk0,folaMumifh ta&mif;orm; pD;yGm;jzpfvmEdkifonf/
xdkYaMumifh ukd,hfypönf;taMumif;udk ukd,f aumif;aumif;odxm;
zdkY vdkonf/ vdktyfvmvQif aumif;rGefrSefuefaom tBuHÓmPfrsKd;

ay;Edkif&rnf/
0,foludk aemufxyfulnD&ef wpfckrSm tjcm;0,folwpfa,muf
rdrdxHrS 0,foGm;í t&nftaoG;ESifh trsKd;tpm; taumif;qHk;ypönf;
&oGm;yHkudk ajymjy&rnf/
rdrd a&mif;onfhypönf;ESifh ywfoufí 0,fol trSeftwdkif;
oabmayguf em;vnfatmif &Si;f jyulnjD cif;onf a&mif;ol\tvkyf
jzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H 0,folonf olvdkcsifaom ypönf;rsm; aps;jrifh
aernf[k xifaewwfonf/ xdkodkYr[kwf/ aps;jrifhaomypönf;onf
taygpm;rsm; jzpfwwfonf/ taygpm;ypön;f rSm aps;jrifah ewwfonf/
ypönf;wdkif;wGif wefzdk;ESpfrsKd; &Sdaeonf/ a&mif;olwefzdk;ESifh
0,folwefzdk;wdkY jzpfonf/ a&mif;olwefzdk;rSm ukefypönf;wpfck tae
ESifh a&mif;ol owfrSwfxm;aom wefzdk; jzpfonf/ 0,folwefzdk; qdk
onfrmS a&mif;ukeyf pön;f wpfct k aeESihf oabmrxm;bJ 0,fot l wGuf
tusKd;&SdEdkifaom (odkYr[kwf) vkyftm;oufomEdkifaom ypönf;tjzpf
0,fol owfrSwfonfh wefzkd; jzpfonf/
uREkfyfonf ½Hk;oHk;ypönf;wpfckudk aygifaiG 50 ESifh a&mif;onf/
,if;rSm uREkyf tf wGuf wefz;kd jzpfonf/ xkyd pön;f udk toH;k jyKvdu
k jf cif;
jzifh 0,foltwGuf vkyftm;coufomum aygifaiG 500 cefYwefzdk;
&SdoGm;aumif; &SdoGm;Edkifonf/
wpfenf;tm;jzifh qdk&vQif ypönf;wpfck\ a&mif;olwefzdk;rSm
0,foltwGuf rsm;pGm oufomaeonf/ tu,fí aps;EIef;jrifhae
onf qdkvQifvnf; 0,foltm; xkdtcsufudk &Sif;jy&rnf/
rSmaomypönf;onf trsKd;tpm; trsm;tjym; ygaeonfqdkvQif
rjyefrD 0,fola&SUü ppfaq;jy&rnf/ xdkodkYvkyfjcif;jzifh trSm;t,Gif;
78 ¾ ZifoefY
vnf; enf;Edik o
f nf/ 0,fol aemufwpfck xyfrmS &ef pdwu
f ;l aygufcsif
vnf; aygufvmEdkifonf/
(8) ta&mif; ydwfwwfygap

aps;onf tawmfrsm;rsm; ta&mif; rydwfwwf/ tcsKdUurl
tajymawmh aumif;ygonf/ odkYaomf ta&mif;ydwfaomtcg wpfckrQ
ra&mif;&awmh/ ,if;rSm rSefuefpGm ta&mif;rydwfwwfjcif;aMumifh
jzpfonf/ ta&mif;ydwjf cif;onf 0,foEl iS hf awGUqHak eonfh tcsdew f iG f
t"dutusqHk;tydkif; jzpfonf[k xifaeMuonf/ xkdtrSm;aMumifh
wpfESpfvQif aiGoef;ESifhcsDí epfemEdkifonf/
tawmfq;kH ta&mif;orm;aps;onfrsm;udk oGm;ar;Munhv f Qif....
]]a&mif;wJhtcgrSm ajymwJhtydkif;u t"du tusqHk;yJ/ udk,f
ajymaewmawG[m olUtwGuf tusKd;&SEd ikd w f ,fvYkd olxifomG ;atmif
rajymEdkifbl;qdk&if urÇmay:rSm b,favmufaumif;wJh ta&mif;ydwf
enf;eJYyJ ydwfydwf 0,frSm r[kwfbl;}}
[k ajymjyvdrfhrnf/ aps;a&mif;olwdkif; xdktcsufudk rSwfxm;
oifhonf/
xdkYaMumifh yxrqHk; rdrdajymonfudk owdxm;/ 0,fol ,Hkvm
atmif pdwfygvmatmif ajymwwf&rnf/ aps;jrifhaom ypönf;aumif;
udk a&mif;onfqv kd Qifvnf; &Te;f &Te;f a0atmif ajymEdik &f rnf/ odrYk [kwf
ygu atmifjrifaom ta&mif;ydwfenf;jzifh ydwfEdkifrnf r[kwf/
ta&mif;ydwfenf;rSm rnfonfhtcsdefwGif ydwf&rnfudk od&Sdjcif;
yif jzpfonf/ tcsKdUaps;onfrsm;u cyfapmapm ydwfonf/ olwdkYu
wifjyaeonfomrsm;í tBuHaygufonftxd rajymMu/ xko d yYkd wd jf cif;
rSm q,fBudrfwGif udk;Budrf ratmifjrifwwf/ vufcgjyonfrsm;ESifh
om BuHKMu&onf/ 0,fol aemufjyefvSnfhoGm;onfu rsm;onf/
tcsKdUaps;onfrsm;uawmh tajymawmh aumif;ygonf/ 0,fol

vnf; pdw0f ifpm;vmonf/ odaYk omf ta&mif;udk rydw&f J jzpfaeonf/
xdkYaMumifh qufí ajymonf/ 0,folrSm wjznf;jznf; pdwfukefvm
onf/ wpfenf;qdkaomf olwdkYu 0,fol0,f&ef tBuH&vmatmif
ajymonf/ NyD;awmh tBuHaysmufoGm;atmif qufajymonf/
ta&mif;ydwf&rnfhtcsdef wpfckom &Sdonf/ ,if;rSm 0,fol
0,f&ef tBuHaygufoGm;NyD[k jrifvdkufonfhtcsdef jzpf\/
wpfv ESpfvavmuf vufawGUa&mif;vdkufvQif ta&mif;ydwf
&rnfh tcsdeu f kd aps;onf odvmvdrrhf nf/ 0,fol 0,f&ef tBuHayguf
atmif rdrdajymEdkifaomtcsdef jzpf\/ xkdtcsdefwGif 0,fol 0,fawmh
rnf[k rSwf,lvdkuf&rnf/ ,if;rSmta&mif;ydwf&mwGif 'kwd,ta&;
tBuD;qH;k tqifh jzpfonf/ 0,fol 0,fawmhrnf[k rSw, f vl u
kd &f rnf/
qHk;jzwfonfhtcg taMumif;oHk;csuf &Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm....
yxr- 0,fol 0,frnf r0,frnf raocsmbJ tqifajyaom
ta&mif;ydwfjcif;rsKd; vkyfí r&/
'k w d , - olUtwGuf tusKd;&SdEdkifaMumif; rdrdajymvdkufonfh
pum;rsm;aMumifh 0,folonf pD;yGm;a&;orm;wpfa,muf
yDyD xdktcGifhta&;udk t&,lvdrfhrnf[k rdrdxifaeaMumif;
ol ,lqaeEdkifonf/
wwd , - tcsKdUvlrsm;rSm rdrdbmom qHk;jzwfcsufcs&ef cufcJ
aewwfonf/ xdkYaMumifh ta&mif;orm;u vrf;aMumif;jyzdkY
vdkrnf/
pum;t&mwGif yxrwef;pm; ajymEdkifaom aps;onfrsm;udk
rMumcP awGUzl;onf/ xkdolwdkY b,fvdk ta&mif;ydwf&rSef; rod
jzpfaewwfonf/ 0,fol 0,fawmhrnfreS ;f odaevQif ta&mif;ydw&f ef
rcufawmh/
80 ¾ ZifoefY
tawGUtBuHKt& taumif;qHk; ta&mif;ydwfenf;rSm 0,frnfh

oltm; a&G;cs,f&ef ypön;f ESpcf k ,SOjf yjcif; jzpfonf/ rnfonfyh pön;f u
aumif;onfuv kd nf; tBuHjyK&rnf/ ,SOjf yonfh ypön;f rsm;rSm t&G,f
tpm;? ta&mif? ypönf;ydkYonfhpepf ponfrsm; uGmjcm;onfrsKd; jzpf
rnf/
aps;onfu atmfwdkrufwpf ypönf;a&mif;pufrsm; a&mif;onf
qdkygpdkY/ ta&mif;ydwfonfhtcg 0,frnfholtm; armf',frwlaom
pufESpfrsKd; ,SOfjyum....
]]'Dpufu vDAmyl;NrdKU vkyfief;cGJu xkwfwm/ 'guawmh
aemufqHk;xkwf trsKd;tpm;yJ/ puf½Hku wdkuf½dkufvmwm/ BudKufwm
,lyg/ puf½Hku wdkuf½dkufvmwJh aemufqHk;xkwf pufudkawmh q&m
ydkBudKufr,f xifw,f}}
[k ajym&rnf/
þwGif 0,folu rnfonfhtrsKd;tpm;udk ydkBudKufaMumif;
ajymaumif; ajymrnf/ ,lrnf[kawmh ajymcsifrS ajymOD;rnf/ xkdtcg
a&mif;olu qufí....
]]'gjzifhvnf; 'gav;yJ ,lvdkufygvm;/ q&m ajymovdkyJ
'Dpufu ae&mawmh odyrf ,lb;l / (odrYk [kwu f vnf; tjcm; taMumif;
wpfckck ajym&rnf/) vmr,fh Mumoyaw;aeYqdk&if 'Dpufuae vl
awG pD;u&ufawG 0,faomufaeMua&mhr,f}}
[k ajym&rnf/ NyD;awmh qufí....
]]uJ q&m bmvdak wmhv/J qdik ;f bkwyf J vdak wmhw,f/ ]pD;u&uf
&rnf-aeYa&m nyg a&mif;onf} aygh}}
xkdtcsdefwGif 0,folu trSmpmudk aumufa&;csif a&;aernf/
xkdodkY ypönf;ESpfrsKd; ,SOfjyjcif;onf ypönf;a&mif;onfyJ jzpfjzpf
0efaqmifrv I yk if ef; a&mif;onfrsKd;yJ jzpfjzpf oH;k Edik o

f nf/ qdik w
f pfqikd f
wGif tcsOf&nfykvif; (uwGwf0uf) vma&mif;onfh ta&mif;orm;
wpfa,muf taejzifh....
]]aemuftywfqdk&if ykvif; (uwGwf0uf) uRefawmf vmydkYay;
yghr,f/ 'grS r[kwfvnf; (wpfuwGwf) vHk; ,lcsif,laygh}}
ajym&rnf/ xkdtcg qdkif&Sifu-
]][ifhtif;? [ifhtif;- (uwGwf0uf)yJ awmfygNyD}}
[k ajymvmvdrfhrnf/ þwGif ta&mif;orm;u trSmpmwGif
aumufrSwf&rnf/
rdrd\ ukefypönf;udk MunhfNyD; ESpfrsKd; ,SOfjyonfhenf;udk oHk;
Munhfyg/ a&mif;&ygvdrfhrnf/ xkdodkYrvkyfu a&mif;&rnf r[kwf/
(9) aps;a&mif;jcif;wGif aysmfydkufyg

aps;onf w pf a ,muf aps;a&mif ; &onf u d k raysmf y d k u f v Qif
atmifjrifvm&ef taMumif;r&Sd/ aps;onf tawmfrsm;rsm;onf aps;
a&mif;&onfukd 0rf;pmtwGuf ra&mif;rjzpfí a&mif;&onf[k oabm
xm;Muonf/ ,if;rSm rSefuefaom oabmxm; r[kwf/
aps;a&mif;&onfhtvkyfrSm rvG,faMumif; aps;onfwdkif; od
onf/ qyfuyform;awGvnf; xkdenf;twkdif;yif/ qyfuyfynm&Sif
awG qyfuyfjy&mwGif tvkyfwpfckvdk oabmxm;onf[k Mum;zl;
ygovm;/ qyfuyfjy&onfudk aysmfí vkyfMujcif;om jzpfonf/
aps;onfrsm;vnf; xdkodkY jzpfoifhonf/ aysmfí a&mif;jcif;rsKd; jzpf&
rnf/ odkYr[kwfygu aps;ra&mif;ESifhawmh/
ukrÜPDwpfck\ npmpm;yGJwpfckwGif pHjyta&mif;orm; wpf
a,muf\ ZeD;onfu ta&mif;refae*smtm;....
82 ¾ ZifoefY
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&G,foifhonf/ aps;a&mif; b,favmuf uRrf;usifonfjzpfap tvkyf
wGif raysmfvQif c&D;a&mufrnf r[kw/f yHrk eS af vmuf a&mif;wwfaom
aps;onfrsm;udk awGUzl;onf/ olwu Ykd rk P
Ü w
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xdkYaMumifh ta&mif;orm;wpfa,mufonf yxrqHk; rdrdtvkyf
udk a&G;cs,foifhonf/ v,form;rsm;udkom oGm;a&mif;vdkolonf
qHyifny§ o f rm;rsm;tm; oGm;a&mif;í tqifajyrnf r[kw/f b0wGif
tvkyfwpfckudk pa&G;ouJhodkY ta&mif;orm; wpfa,mufonfvnf;
rdrEd iS hf oif&h mtvkyuf kd a&G;cs,o
f ifo
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jzpfaMumif; oabmaygufvmvQif atmifvnf; atmifjrifvmrnf?
aysmfvnf; aysmf&Tifvmrnf/
xkdESpfcsufrSm rsm;pGm jcm;em;ayonf/
wpfcgu 0,folwpfa,mufu rdrdxH vma&mif;onfh ta&mif;

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[k qdkonf/ ,if;uawmh tenf;i,f ydkvGef;onf xif\/ odkYaomf
vrf;ay:wGif a&mif;aeMuaom aps;onf wpf0ufavmufrSmvnf;
rdrdwdkY bma&mif;aeonfudk rSefrSefuefuef rodMu/
ta&mif;orm;wpfa,muf todrSefvmNyD; aysmfydkufvmonfESifh
pHjyta&mif;orm;wpfa,muf jzpfvm&ef aocsmayNyD/ ta&mif;orm;
tawmfrsm;rsm; xkdtqifhudk ra&mufMu/ wpfoufvHk; vlawGtm;
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aus;Zl;&Sdonfudk rajymMu/
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onf oifwef;taMumif; ajymonfxuf þoifwef;atmifomG ;vQif
tvkyfaumif; &EdkifaMumif;udk ajymoifhonf/ tvkyfaumif; qdk&m
wGifvnf; ydkufqHydk&aom tvkyfrsKd; jzpf&rnf/ aiGydk&vQif tdrfwGif;
aomu enf;vmrnf/ aysmf&Tifcsrf;ajrhvmrnf/ tdrfwGif;a&; om,m
vmrnf/ uav;awGtwGuf ynmydo k ifay;Edik rf nf/ vlaerI tqifjh rifh
vmrnf/ tm;vyf&ufwGif aysmfaysmf aeEdkifvmrnf/
0,folonf yef;NcHESifh armfawmfum; 0goemygoljzpfvQif
,ckxufus,faom yef;NcH&Sdonfh tdrfrsKd;odkY ajymif;EdkifNyD; ydkaumif;
aom um;rsKd;udk pD;EdkifrnfjzpfaMumif; ajym&rnf/ ydkaumif;aom
tqifhtwef;rSm ol\ vuf&Sd taetxm;xuf ydkrdkjynfhpHkaeayrnf/
xdkYaMumifh ta&mif;orm;onf oifwef;udk a&mif;aejcif;
r[kwf/ jynhfpHkaomb0udk a&mif;aejcif; jzpfonf/
acsmqD ta&mif;orm;onfvnf; acsmqDawGudk a&mif;aejcif;
r[kw/f puf ydo k u
G rf ?I jyKjyifp&dwf oufomrI? pufoufwrf; yd&k n S rf I
udk a&mif;jcif; jzpfonf/
84 ¾ ZifoefY
ta&mif;orm;wdkif; rdrdypönf;udk avhvmí rdrd wu,f bmudk

a&mif;aeonfudk od&rnf/ usef;rmrIudk a&mif;aeonfvm;? aysmf&Tif
csrf;ajrhru
I kd a&mif;aeonfvm;? zlvrkH u
I kd a&mif;aeonfvm;? tom;
wiftjrwfudk a&mif;aeonfvm;/
tar&duefEdkifiHrS armfawmfum;a&mif;ol wpfa,mufonf
rdrd\ ta&mif;jycef; eH&HwpfckwGif MunhfrSef tjynfh wyfxm;vdkuf
onf/ 0,forl sm; um;ay: wufxikd Mf unhaf omtcg rSex f w
J iG f rdrw
d Ykd
rnfrQ cefYjim;aeonfudk jrifvdkufMu&onf/ xkdvlrsm; r0,fbJ
raeEdkifMu/
0,fow l pfa,muf\ pdwrf mS aMu;rHrk eS v
f akd wmh r[kw/f ta&mif;
orm;u rdryd pön;f 0,fo;kH vdu
k of nft
h cg rnfrQ tusK;d &Sv d mEdik f aMumif;
yHkay:atmif ajymay;&rnf/
ta&mif;orm;wpfa,muf xkdodkY vkyfaqmifay;onfqdkvQif
olonf acgif;&GufAsyfxkd; aps;onfwpfa,mufESifh uGJjym;oGm;rnf/
tusKd;aqmifolwpfa,muf jzpfvmayrnf/ 0,fol\ rjynhf0aom
qEúdk jynhf0atmif vkyfay;aejcif;yif jzpf\/
0,foltm; oGm;awGUonfhtcg rdrdudk,fudk rdrd jyefí....
]]ig OD;jzLqDudk oGm;NyD; oltusKd;&Sdwm wpfck oGm;ay;r,f/
'gaMumifh ol ighudkawGU&if 0rf;omrSmyJ}}
[k ajymae&rnf/ ]tusKd;&Sdwm wpfckck oGm;ay;r,f} [k
pdwfxm;vdkufonfESifh OD;jzLESifh awGUonfhtcg OD;jzLuvnf; 0rf;om
ayvdrfhrnf/
ta&mif;orm; wpfa,mufqdkvQif 0,foludk awGUawGUcsif;-
]]q&m aiGukefoufomatmifvdkY uRefawmf vmajymwmyg}}
[laom pum;udk pajymavh&Sdonf/ xkdpum;udk 0,fol rMum;
csifbJ aeygrnfvm;/ ta&mif;orm;uvnf; vlawG aiGuek o f ufom

atmif vkyf&if; raysmfbJ aeygrnfvm;/
vlwpf&mvQif 95 a,mufonf topftqef;udk prf;roHk;&JMu
ojzifh urÇmBuD;\ wdk;wufrIonf ta&mif;orm; aps;onfwdkYtay:
wnfrSDae&jcif; jzpfonf/ xkdtwGuf aps;onfrsm; *kPf,loifhonf/
zkepf w
k pf ufawG ay:vmcgpu xkpd ufrsm; a&mif;&ef ta&mif;orm;awG
wpfaeYvQif 16 em&DcefY tvkyf vkyfcJhMu&onf/
w,fvDzkef;? vufESdyfpuf? aiGwGufpuf ponfh ajrmufjrm;pGm
aom wDxiG rf t I opfrsm; ay:pçuvnf; xkt d wdik ;f yif/ ta&mif;orm;
om rawmfvQif? ZJGr&SdvQif xkdypönf;xkwfvkyfolwdkY vlrJGpm&if; cHoGm;
Mu&zkdYom &Sdawmhonf/ tqdkyg tHhMozG,f wDxGifrIrsm;onfvnf;
urÇmBuD;rS aysmufuG,foGm;zG,f &Sdawmhonf/
ta&mif;orm;wpfa,mufonf rdrdtm; rSDcdkaeonfrSm rdrd
rdom;pkom r[kwf? tjcm;rdom;pk ESpf&mavmufvnf; rSDaeonf[k
odvQif ol aysmfvdrfhrnf/
xkdYaMumifh aps;a&mif;jcif;onf tvkyfoufouf r[kwf?
avmuwGif rGejf rwfaom wm0efwpf&yfvnf; jzpfayonf/ aps;a&mif;
jcif;jzifh atmifjrifvo
kd nfqakd om ta&mif;orm; aps;onfwpfa,muf
udk ajymvdkonfrSm....
]]ukrÜPDaumif;aumif; wpfckwGif vkyfyg/ rdrdBudKufonfh
ypönf;udk a&mif;yg/ rdrd bma&mif;aeonfudk rSefuefpGm em;vnfyg/
rdrd azmufonfrsm;ESifh awGUjcif;udk rdrd 0goemtjzpf oabmxm;yg/
xkdokdYvkyfvQif rdrd\ tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh tem*wfonf olUbmomol
yGifhvef;awmufyrI jzpfvmvdrfhrnf/ aps;a&mif;&onfudk aysmfwwf
vmvdrfhrnf/ tqHk;r&Sdaom wufvrf;odkY a&mufvmvdrfhrnf}}
¾
tydkif; (C)
aocsmayguf ta&mif ; pG H e nf ; rsm;
The sure Way to Successful Selling
by Robert Ottway
1/ odxm;&rnfh tcsuftvufrsm;
(u) a&mif;ukefypönf;rsm;
rdrdtoGiftjyifudk om;em;atmif jyKjyifNyD;onfESifh (azmfjyNyD;)
ta&mif;aps;onfwpfa,mufjzpf&ef toifh jzpfaeNyD[k qdk&rnf/
aps;a&mif;onfh vkyfief;pOfrsm;udk raqmif&GufrD yxrqHk; ta&;BuD;
onfrSm rdrda&mif;rnfh ukefypönf;taMumif; odxm;zdkY vdkonf/
rdrdukeftaMumif;udk rodjcif;onf ta&mif;aps;onf wpf
a,muftzdYk BuD;pGmaom tm;enf;csuf jzpfonf/ rdru d ,
kd u
f kd 0,fo\ l
ae&muaeí pOf;pm;yg/ 0,folqdkonfrSm wefzdk;&Sdaom ukefypönf;
wpfck (odkYr[kwf) pm;aomufukef tajrmuftjrm;udk aiGay;í 0,f&
jcif; jzpfonf/
aocsmaygufta&mif;pHGenf;rsm; ¾ 87
0,foo l nf rdrd rnfonfyh pön;f rsKd;ESihf oifah wmfaMumif; ar;vm

aumif; ar;vmvdrfhrnf/ xkdtcg rnfrQyif tajymaumif;apumrl
xkyd pön;f rsm;ESihf ywfoufí ta&mif;aps;onf rodaMumif;udk zH;k uG,f
xm;í &rnfr[kwf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh twGif;ü aumif;uifBudK;wdkif tNyD; xnfhvkyf
xm;aom a&'D,dkrsm;udk a&mif;onf qdkygpdkY/ 0,folonf tjyifwGif
aumif;uifBudK;wdkif axmifzdkY vdk rvdk odvdkrnf/ tdrfajymif;&ef
pdwful;&Sdxm;ojzifh tjcm;t&yfa'owGif &Sdaeonfh vQyfppfpepfESifh
,ck a&'D,dkudk zGifhvdkY & r& odvdkrnf/
þonfrSm a,bk,savmufom &Sdao;onf/ 0,folawG
ar;vmEdkifonfh tjcm;ar;cGef;awG tajrmuftjrm; &SdEdkifao;onf/
ta&mif;aps;onf &nfrSef;xm;&rnfrSm olUudk a&'D,dk a&mif;&a&;
r[kwf/ olUjyóemawGudk ajz&Sif;ay;a&; jzpfonf/ olUjyóemtm;
ajz&Si;f ay;onfukd taMumif;jyKí a&'D,kd a&mif;vdu k &f jcif; jzpf&rnf/
rdrd q&m0efwpfa,mufjzpfonf qdkygpdkY/ vlemwpfa,mufudk
awGUonfESifh olUvufxJudk aq;vHk;awG xnfhay;vdkuf&ef r[kwf/
olUa&m*gudk prf;oyfMunhf&rnf/ NyD;awmh a&m*gaysmufaprnfh aq;
rsm;udk nTefMum;&rnf/ vlwpfa,mufudk ol tusKd;&SdEdkifrnf r[kwf
aom ypön;f rsKd;udk ra&mif;oif/h xkod aYdk &mif;vQif wpfcgawmh a&mif;&
rnf/ odkYaomf oifhtwGuf &efolwpfa,muf wdk;vmjcif;yifwnf;/
rdrd&efolonf rdrdxHrS ypönf;udk r0,f/ olUtodrdwfaqGawGvnf;
oifhxHrS 0,frnf r[kwfawmh/
xdkYaMumifh udk,fhypönf;taMumif; ukd,fod&ef odyfta&;BuD;ay
onf/ pufrIvkyfief; toD;oD;wGif wHqdyf emrnftrsKd;rsKd;ESifh ypönf;
awG &Sdwwfonf/ xkdYaMumifh tNydKiftqkdifawG rsm;aeonf/ ,cif
88 ¾ ZifoefY
ESpfaygif;oHk;q,favmufu tdrf&Sifrrsm;tzdkY a&G;cs,fp&m qyfjym

ESpfrsKd;avmufom &Sdonf/ ,ckqdkvQif ajcmufrsKd;? ckepfrsKd;avmuf
jzpfaeayNyD/ wpfrsKd;u vufaq;&ef oifah wmfonf/ tjcm;wpfrsKd;u
ydkcRJonf/ aemufwpfrsKd;u t0wfavQmfpufESifh ydkoifhawmfonf
ponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd; &SdaeavNyD/
xkqd yfjym wpfrsKd;pDuvnf; aMumfjimudk aiGoef;ESichf sDí oH;k olu
oHk;? vufaqmufyg ay;onfvnf; &Sd? aps;avQmhay;onfvnf;
r&Sm;/ 0,forl mS ,if;wdx Yk rJ S rnfonfukd a&G;0,f&rnfenf;/ olonf
t0wfavQmfpuf &Sm;yg;onft h &yfrv
S nf; jzpfcsifjzpfrnf/ a&&Sm;onfh
t&yfrSvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfrnf/ 0,folrSm qdkifwGif qyfjymrIefYwpfxkyf?
vufudkify0gwpfxnf vufaqmifay;ygonf[k aMunmEdkifavmuf
atmif ae&mr&Sdonfh vufvD qdkif&SifrsKd;vnf; jzpfcsifjzpfrnf/
ta&mif;aps;onftvkyfu xkdtcuftcJrsm;udk em;axmifí
xkdjyóemrsm;ESifh tqifajyrnfh qyfjymrsKd;udk vrf;nTefEdkif&rnf/
tjcm;ukefypönf;awGvnf; xkdenf;twkdif;yif/ q&m0efrsm;yif
rsKd;wlaq;0g; wHqdyftrsKd;rsKd; &SdvmonfhtwGuf rnfonfhwHqdyfu
tmedoif rnfo&Ykd o dS nfukd vlemtm; &Si;f jyae&onf[k Ni;D aeMu&onf/
xkduJhodkY ukefypönf;awG trsKd;rsKd; ay:vmaeMuonfjzpf&m
,if;wdkYESifh ywfoufí bufpHk odxm;jcif;onf atmifjrifaom
ta&mif;aps;onfrsm;\ tzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom ynm jzpfonf/ 0,fol
aMumfjimxJwiG f awGUvmcJ&h onfrsm;? wHqyd af y:wGif zwfvmcJ&h onf
rsm;udk tjynhft0 vufcHp&m rvdk/ ,if;wdkYaMumifh rdrd ydka&mif;&
aumif; a&mif;&rnf/ odkY&mwGif rdrdu bufpHk wifjyEdkif&rnf/
ukefypönf;ESifh ywfoufí rdrd wwfodem;vnfaernfqdkvQif
aps;a&mif;&onfudk ydkrdk pdwfyg0ifpm;vmvdrfhrnf/
rdrd bmudkyJa&mif;a&mif; xdkypönf;ESifh ywfoufí uRrf;ae

atmif vkyfxm;&rnf/ ypönf;xkwfvkyfyHk enf;pepfrsm;udkyif avhvm
xm;&ef vdkonf/ xkdypönf;rsKd;ESifh ywfoufí ,cifu jzpfay:cJhonfh
ordkif;aMumif;udkvnf; odxm;&rnf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh *dk,ma&arT;onf rlvu b½dkufwefNrdKU tdrf
aemufaz; NcHxJwGif wJxkd;í xkwfvkyfcJhjcif; jzpfonf qdkonfrsKd;/
emrnfBuD; awmfzD (toffee) wHqdyfwpfrsKd;rSm rdef;rwpfa,muf
awmfzDudkpyfNyD; rD;zdkay: tMumBuD; wifcJhrd&mrS emrnfBuD;vmjcif;
jzpfonfqdkonfrsKd; jzpf\/
xkdodkY ypönf;ESifhywfoufí A[kokwrsm; ajymjcif;onf NiD;aiGU
p&mvnf; r&Sd? 0,folvnf; ydkí ,HkMunfvmonf/
aemufwpfcsufuvnf; rdrdukefypönf;ESifh ywfoufí odyf
pdw0f ifpm;rI r&Sv
d Qif rdrud rk P
Ü w
D iG f wufvrf;vnf; r&S?d wd;k wufrnf
vnf; r[kwf/
rdrdukefypönf;ESifhywfoufí odxm;&efvdkonfh tjcm;taMumif;
rsm;vnf; &Sdao;onf/ ,if;wdkYrSm....
(u) rdrdukefypönf;ESifh ywfoufí a&a&&m&m rod[kqdkvQif
ta&mif;usrnf/ 0,folu ypönf;udk pdwf0ifpm;vmonfhtcg olu
ar;cGef;awG ar;vmEdkifonf/
]]'Dae&mu ypönf;av; ysufoGm;&if jyefvJvdkY &rvm;}}
]]'geJYywfoufNyD; owif;pmxJrSm aMumfjimygovm;}}
ponfrsKd; jzpf\/ xkdtcg rdrdu ][dk.... tif;....} ponfrsKd;
vkyu f m ½kww f &uf jyefrajzEdik vf Qif 0,fo\
l ,HMk unfrI aysmufomG ;
vdrfhrnf/ aemufxyf rnfodkYrQ ,HkMunfatmif ajymívnf; &rnf
r[kwfawmh/
90 ¾ ZifoefY
(c) t&nftaoG;aumif;NyD; aps;ravQmhEdkifaom ypönf;udk

a&mif;onfqykd gpd?Yk xkad e&mrsK;d wGif ypön;f taMumif; odzu Ykd ydt k a&;BuD;
onf/ vQyfppf tylay;ud&d,m a&mif;onf qdkygpdkY? rdrdypönf;u
NydKifbuf ypön;f wpfcx k uf aps;tenf;i,f BuD;aeonfqv kd Qif 0,fol
u xkyd akd omaps;udk csichf sed rf nf/ aps; ydak y;vdu
k &f onft h wGuf bmawG
tusKd; ydkxl;vmrnfudk odcsifrnf/ olu aphaphpyfpyf ar;vmrnf/
rdrdu a&vnfatmif ajymrjyEdkifvQif 0,fol aemufqkwfoGm;vdrfh
rnf/ a&mif;&rnf r[kwfawmh/
(*) ypönf;taMumif;udk 0,fol odoifhonfxuf rdrdu ydk
odxm;&rnf/ aps;EIef;rwlaom vdkif;wl ypönf;trsKd;rsKd;udk a&mif;&
onfrsKd;vnf; &SdEdkifonf/ avat;ay;puf qdkygpdkY/ wpfrsKd;u q,fh
ESpaf yywfvnf tcef;avmuftwGuf oifah wmfrnf? odaYk omf [dw k ,f
xrif;pm;cef; qdv k Qifawmh oifah wmfrnf r[kw/f 0,fou l xkyd pön;f
ESifh ywfoufí rdrdjyóemudkom odvdkrnf/ avat;ay;pufrSm
avoefYoGm;EdkifaMumif;? zkefrIefYawGudk pkyf,lEdkifaMumif; ponfjzifh
ajymaeí r&/ rdrdypönf; wyfqifoHk;pGJ&ef oifhawmfrnfh tajctae
t&yf&yfukd bufpkH &Si;f rjyEdik v f Qif ol auseyfrnf r[kw/f tcsKdUae&m
wGif pdk;pOf;rQavmuf uGmjcm;onhftcsufuyif 0,foltwGuf ta&;
BuD;aewwfonf/
(C) rdrdypönf;\ xl;jcm;csufudk vlydef; em;vnfaompum;
ESihf &Si;f jyEdik &f rnf/ ½kyjf rifoMH um;pufvkd ypön;f rsKd;qdv
k Qif tjyifyef;u
Munhv f Qif wpfcEk iS w hf pfck rnfonfu omonfukd rodEikd /f xdaYk Mumifh
ta&mif;aps;onfu yHak y:atmif &Si;f jyEdik &f rnf/ pifppf 0,fot l rsm;pk
rSm vlydef;rQom jzpfMuonf/ olwdkYu ½IyfaxG;aom enf;ynm
a0g[m&awGukd em;vnfrnf r[kw/f xkad 0g[m&rsm;udk olwYkd em;vnf
Edkifonfh pum;jzifh &Sif;jy&rnf/
(i) ypönf;udk vufvDjyefa&mif;oltm; a&mif;csonf qdkvQif

vnf; xkdvltm; ypönf;taMumif;udk ajymjyxm;&rnf/ ,ck rdrd
a&mif;vdkufolrSm vufawGU oHk;pGJ&ef 0,frnfhol r[kwfao;/ jyef
a&mif;rnfh aps;onf wpfa,mufom jzpfonf/ olu ypön;f taMumif;
udk rdrdavmuf odrnfr[kwf/ olu wpfzef 0,foltm; jyef&Sif;jy
onfhtcg rdrdavmuf &Sif;jyEdkifrnf r[kwf/ wu,fí rdrdu ol
oabmayguf em;vnfonftxd &Si;f jyEdik v f Qif olvnf; xkyd pön;f udk
a&mif;aumif;atmif pGr;f aqmifEikd af yvdrrhf nf/ rdryd pön;f a&mif;aumif;
onfqdkvQif aemufwpfBudrf xkdvufvDqdkifudk oGm;a&mif;onfhtcg
ypönf;rsm; xyfrSmayvdrfhrnf/
xkdtcsufrsm;udk odxm;onfh ukrÜPD tawmfrsm;rsm;onf
vufum;a&mif;olrsm;a&m vufvDa&mif;olrsm;udkyg ulnD&ef uRrf;
usifaom txl;ta&mif;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udk xm;&So d nf/ ukeyf pön;f
taMumif; od&edS m;vnf&ef puf½w kH iG f oifwef;rsm;vnf; ac:ay;onf/
tcsKdU ukrÜPDrsm;usawmh rdrdwdkY\ ta&mif;aps;onfrsm;
twGuf ukefypönf;taMumif; ½kyf&Sif½dkufjyjcif;? ukefypönf;qdkif&m
taMumif;&yfrsm; a&;om;xm;onfh *sme,f xkwaf 0jcif;rsm; vkyo f nf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap aemufqHk;awmh ta&mif;aps;onf tay:wGif
om wm0efyHkusvsuf &Sdonf/ rdrdukrÜPDrS tqkdyg tultnDrsKd;
&&Sdaumif; &&Sdrnf jzpfaomfvnf; xdkukefypönf;taMumif; odatmif
rdrdudk,fwdkif tm;xkwfEdkifygrS a&mif;&Edkifonf/
(c) 0,fol\qE´
0,fol 0,f&onfh taMumif;trsKd;rsKd; &SdEdkifonf/ vl
wpfa,muf rdrdftwGuf jzpfap? rdrd tkyfcsKyfaeonfh vkyfief; wpfck
ESpcf t
k wGuf jzpfap tenf;tusO;f rQ 0,fonfavmufom &Sad o;onf/
92 ¾ ZifoefY
odkY&mwGif ukefwdkufBuD;awG? pwdk;qdkifBuD;awG twGufqdkvQif

rdru
d ek yf pön;f rSm wpfO;D wnf; (odrYk [kw)f 0,fojl znfw
h if;a&; aumfrwD
wpfckwnf;u 0,f½Hkjzifh tajrmuftjrm; ukefoGm;Edkifonf/ xkdyk*¾dKvf
rsm;rSm olwdkY vkyfief;\ 0,ftm;udk od½Hkomru rdrdukefypönf;ESifh
ywfoufí olwdkYu ydkodaewwfonf/
olwdkYu rdrdudk ydkí wdwdusus ar;vmrnf/ olwdkY\ uRrf;usif
rIESifh qHk;jzwfMurnf/ onfavmuf ukeftajrmuftjrm;udk 0,fNyD;
t0,frSm;onfqdkvQif olwdkY onf;cHEdkifrnf r[kwf/
ukefpHkqdkifcGJ tajrmuftjrm;u ukef0,fjcif;ESifh ywfoufí
uGif;qif;avhvmcsuf wpfckt& ukrÜPD ta&mif;aps;onfrsm;onf
ukefypönf;ESifh ywfoufí ½Hk;csKyfrS ajymvdkufonfh tcsufavmufudk
om &nfneT ;f ajymqdEk ikd o f nf[k wdik Mf um;Muonf/ olwu Ykd wpfxikd f
wnf; qHk;jzwfí wdusonfhtajzudk ay;Edkifonfh ta&mif;udk,fpm;
vS,frsm;ESifhom qufqHvdkMuonf/
ta&mif;aps;onf onf ypönf;taMumif; rdrd jynhfjynfhpHkpHk
odrxm;vQif qHk;jzwfEdkifpGrf; &Sdrnfr[kwf/ xkdypönf;vdkif; wpfckvHk;
udk avhvmxm;aom 0,fou l v
kd nf; ,HMk unfvmatmif ajymEdik rf nf
r[kwf/ pwdk;qdkifcGJ tkyfpkwpfpkqdkvQif tdyfaxmify&dabm*oHk; csnf
xnfrsm;udk 0,fwwfonfh t0,fawmfwpfa,mufukd cefx Y m;cJo
h nf/
xkdt0,fawmfonf xkdtvkyfrsKd; vkyfvmonfrSm ig;ESpfcefY &SdayNyD/
xdkypönf;ESifh ywfoufaom aqmif;yg;rsm;udkvnf; oufqdkif&m
*sme,frsm;rS zwf½Ixm;&m ,if;ypönf;rsKd; xkwfvkyfrItaMumif;udk
aemufqHk; tajctaetxd odaeonf/
xdkYaMumifh olUudk ESyfNyD; a&mif;í r&/ csnfrQif trsKd;tpm;
udkvnf; prf;oyfwwfonf/ wefzdk;udkvnf; odaeonf/ xkduJhodkY
uRrf;usiforl sKd;rSm 0,ftm; aumif;Edik o

f nf/ tNrJwrf;vnf; vm0,f
Edik o
f nf/ rdru
d vnf; rdryd pön;f taMumif; olUavmuf odxm;zdv
Yk o
kd nf/
(*) &Sif;vif;aom a0g[m&

ukefypönf;taMumif; odae½HkESifhvnf; rNyD;ao;/ xkdtaMumif;
rsm;udk 0,fol em;vnfEdkifonfhenf;ESifh &Sif;&rnf/ vkdtyfonfh a0g
[m&rsKd;vnf; jzpf&rnf/
Oyrmtm;jzifh wdkufcef;oHk; a&wdkifuDwpfvHk; wpfukAvufr
ydkus,fonf qdk½HkavmufESifh 0,folu pdwf0ifpm;rnf r[kwf/ xkd
wdik u
f oD nf tylb,favmuf cHEifkd o f nf? rdom;pk ig;a,mufpmavmuf
udk oH;k Edik af tmif a&avSmifxm;Edik of nf ponfjzifh ajymrSom pdw0f if
pm;vmvdrfhrnf/ rdrdu olUvdktyfcsufudk ajymvdkufonf r[kwfvm;/
rdrdypönf;u aps;enf;aeonfqdkvQif ]]aps; oufomygw,f}}
[k rajymESifh/ vrf;xdyfu a':b,fol þypönf; 0,foHk;í wpfywf
vQif aiGukefaMu;us rnfrQ oufomoGm;onf[k cyf&J&J ajym&rnf/
ukefypönf;ESifh ywfoufí A[kokwudk a&avSmifuefESifh xm;
ovdk trsm;tjym; &Sad e&rnf/ vdo k nft
h csdew
f iG f ,lí 0,fol oabm
usatmif ajymEdkif&rnf/
(C) ta&;BuD;aom txkyftydk;

rdrdypönf;taMumif;? ukrÜPDtaMumif; rdrdod&ef rvdkonfht&m
[lí r&Sd/ xkdokdYodxm;jcif;jzifh ay:aygufvmonfh t[efYtwm;
rSeforQ ausmfvTm;Edkifayonf/ odxm;&rnfh tcsufrsm;rSm....
(1) ukrÜPD aemufcHordkif;/ / ukrPÜ u
D kd b,fwek ;f u pçaxmif
onf? (ukrPÜ D oufwrf;&Snaf v t&Sed tf 0g&Sad v jzpfonf?)
ukrÜPD\ atmifjrifrI? tcuftcJ ponfrsm;? 'g½kdufwm
94 ¾ ZifoefY
awGu rnforl nf0g? olwYkd b,frmS aeonf? Ouú|u rnfo?l

ukrÜPDudk rnfonfhtcsdefu wdk;csJUvdkufonf? XmecGJrsm;\
tBuD;tuJrsm;u rnfol ponfjzifh tukef odxm;&rnf/
ukrP
Ü \ D ordik ;f aMumif;udk odaevQif 0,fot l m; ajym
onfhtcg ydkí av;eufrI&Sdonf/ ukrÜPD\ tjcm;0efxrf;
rsm; taMumif;udkyg ajymEdkifygu pnf;vHk;rI&Sdaom oabm
udk aqmifonf/ xkdodkYajymvdkufjcif;jzifh 0,folonf rdrd\
,cifu ta&mif;orm;udk odaumif;vnf; odaeEdkifojzifh
ydkí tqifajyEdkifonf/
ukrP Ü rD mS emrnfBuD;Ny;D wnfwahH om ukrP Ü D jzpfygu
xdt k rnfukd ajymvdu k ½f jkH zifh xda&mufr&I o
dS nf/ odaYk omf ,if;\
t&G,t f pm;ESihf oufwrf;? ,cifEpS u f tjrwftpGe;f ? vpm
EIe;f xm;rsm;? ukeMf urf;udk b,fu &onf? oH;k onfph ufypön;f
trsKd;tpm; ponfrsm;udkvnf; rdrd odxm;zdkY vdkonf/
0,fou l ta&mif;aps;onftay: ,HMk unfpw d cf sEikd rf rI mS
ukrP Ü tD aMumif;udk a&mif;ol rnfrQodonf qdak omtcsuf
ay:wGif wnfonf/
(2) a&mif;csonfhtajctae ajctae/ / ypön;f a&mif;onfah iGukd ta&mif;
aps;onfu wpfcgwnf; odrf;oGm;onfvnf; &Sdrnf? ukef&
ajypmudk 0,foltm;ay;cJhNyD; ukrÜPDu aiGawmif;cHvTm ydkY
onfvnf; &Srd nf/ xkpd epfrsm;udk ta&mif;aps;onfu tukef
odae&rnf/ aiGudk b,favmufMumrS ay;&rnf? ukef0,f
avQmhaiG rnfrQ&rnf ponfwdkYudkvnf; odae&rnf/
ukrPÜ \ D rl0g'rsm;udv k nf; odxm;&rnf/ vufvaD ps;
EIef; wnfNidrfrI &Sd r&Sd? e,fudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ESifh jzefY rjzefY/
½kyfjrifoHMum;? owif;pmrsm;wGif aMumfjimrI &Sd r&Sdudkvnf;

odxm;&rnf/
xkt
d yk cf sKyfa&;ydik ;f qdik &f m rl0g'rsm;ESihf wpfqufwpfpyf
wnf; ta&;BuD;onfrmS ukeyf pön;f ay;ydjYk cif;udpö jzpfonf/
ta&mif;aps;onfrmS o,froGm;Edik o f nfh ajrn§pd ufvkd ypön;f
rsKd;udk a&mif;onfqykd gpd?Yk xkyd pön;f rnfonft h csdew
f iG f ay;ydYk
rnfudk ajymEdkif&rnf/
puf½HkrS xkwfvkyfaeyHkudkvnf; rdrdu odxm;&rnf/
rdrdu teDa&mifypönf; a&mif;NyD;cgrS puf½HkwGif teDa&mif
ypönf;awG rxkwfvkyfawmh[k qdkvQif 0,folxH jyefoGm;NyD;
tjyma&mif? t0ga&mif? tjzLa&mif ponfjzifh ajymif;,l&ef
ajym&rnf/ ,if;rSm aocsmrIr&Sdonfhoabm jzpfonf/
uwdvnf; wnf&rnf/ ukrP Ü rD S rnfol rnf0gaMumifh
rnfodkY vpf[if;&ygonf[k ajymí r&/ tjyifvltzkdY rdrd
onfomvQif ukrP Ü D jzpfonf/ pdww f o kd nfukd awmif;yefí
r&/
(3) ukefypönf; oHk;pGJyHk/ / c&D;aqmifa&cJpuf a&mif;onf
qdkygpdkY? npm rpm;rD aumufaw;cGufxJodkY xnfh&ef a&cJ?
pm;aomufNyD;aomufonhf ,rumcGufxJodkY xnfh&ef a&cJ
vkyfEdkifaMumif; ajymaumif; ajymrnf/ odkYaomf 0,folrSm
t&ufraomufol jzpfEdkifonf/ odkYqdkvQif a&cJoHk;&onfh
tjcm;taMumif;rsm;udk vSnfhí ajym&rnf/
vufEydS pf uf a&mif;onft h cgwGiv f nf; 0,fou l oyf
oyf&yf&yf a&;vdkívnf; jzpfEdkifonf/ jrefvdkívnf; jzpf
Edkifonf/ toHrus,fonfhpufrsKd; vkdcsifonfrsKd;vnf; jzpf
96 ¾ ZifoefY
Edkifonf/ c&D;aqmif ,loGm;EdkifonfpufrsKd; vdkcsifonfrsKd;

vnf; jzpfEikd o
f nf/ xdaYk Mumifh ol\ vdt k yfcsufEiS hf vdu
k rf nfh
pufrsKd;udk nTef;Edkif&rnf/
0,fo\ l tjrifukd tNrJ tm½Hjk yK&rnf/ odq
Yk v
kd Qif a&mif;í
tqifajyEdkifonf/ bmom&yfqdkif&m a0g[m&awGaMumifh
olvnf; acgif;ajcmufroGm;awmh/ xkad 0g[m&rsm;rSm ynm&Sif
qdkvQif taMumif;r[kwfaomfvnf; omrefvlrsm;qdkvQif
aMumufvefYoGm;Edkifonf/
2/ azmufonfopf &SmazGjcif;
ta&mif;orm;onf ypönf;trSmpm&if;udk vdkufvHpkaqmif;
&½Hkomru xkdtrSmpm&if;wGif wdk;yGm;&ef 0,foludkvnf; &Sm&onf/
pm;oHk;ole,fy,frSm ajrvGwfajr½dkif;ESifh wlonf/ pm;oHk;ol
wpfa,mufudk 0,foljzpfatmif vkyfEdkifvQif zkef;qdk;ajrwGif a&TwGif;
awGUonfESifh twlwlyif/
0,foludk a&G;cs,f&mwGif rdrda&mif;onfh ukefypönf;ESifh csifhcsdefí
Munfh&rnf/ ukefoG,frIvrf;nTef pmtkyfrsm;udk tm;udk;&rnf/ rdrd
ukefypönf;onf NcHajra&mif;0,fa&; ukd,fpm;vS,f oHk;Edkifonfh ukef
ypönf;vm;? oHxnform;rsm; BudKufrnfh ukefypönf;vm; ponfjzifh
Munh&f rnf/ rdru d ek yf pön;f udk odypf w
d rf 0ifpm;onfh vlukd oGm;a&muf
csOf;uyfjcif;onf tcsdefom ukefzdkYrsm;vdrfhrnf/
Oyrm-rdrdonf acwfopfodyÜH pmtkyfrsm;udk a&mif;csonf
qdkygpdkY? ,if;udk yifpifpm; tbdk;BuD;awGudk oGm;a&mif;í pdwf0ifpm;
Murnf r[kw/f EdpYk u Ykd av;t&G,pf ;D aom vSn;f uav;rsm;udk tysKBd uD;?
vlysKdBuD;awGxHudk oGm;a&mif;ívnf; pHGrnf r[kwf/
rdrdukefypönf;udk Munhfí 0,frnfxifonfh vlrsm;udk pm&if;

jyKpkxm;&rnf/
uRrf;usifaom ta&mif;orm;rsm;rSm ydka&mif;aumif;wwfMu
onf/ olu 0,fEdkifrnfh vlxHodkYom oGm;a&mif;onf/ ½Hk;oHk;ypönf;
rsm; a&mif;onfvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfrnf/ wpfBudrf a&mif;&NyD;aemuf
xyfí trSmpm&onfrsKd;vnf; jzpfcsifrS jzpfrnf/ xdkYaemuf ,cif
oGm;ra&mif;bl;ao;aom vlrsm;xH ol aeYpOfoGm;a&mif;rnf/
xdkYaMumifh rdrdukefypönf;taMumif; odxm;NyD;aemuf 0,f&ef
tvm;tvm&Sdol trsKd;tpm;udk pm&if; jyKpkxm;&rnf/ 0,frnf
rxifonfhvlrsm;udk pm&if;rS y,fzsuf&rnf/ xkdYaemuf xdkvlrsm;\
trnfrsm;udk jynfolUpmMunhfwdkuf tp&Sdonfrsm;rS &Sm,l&rnf/
xdkodkY &SmazG&ef ESpfywfcefY Mumaumif;Mumrnf/
0,f&ef tvm;tvm&Sdolrsm;xH csOf;uyf&ef wpfywfcefY tcsdef
owfrSwfxm;&rnf/ rdrd\ azmufonfrsm; ysufoGm;onfudkvnf;
odae&rnf/ azmufonfwpfa,mufysufwikd ;f aemufwpfa,muf &Sm
onfrsKd;vnf; vkyf&efrvdk/ rdrd csOf;uyfolwdkif;udkvnf; 0,frnf[k
rarQmv f ifEh iS /hf &Spaf ,mufavmufukd csO;f uyfvQif trsm;qH;k ESpaf ,muf
avmufom 0,frnf/
rdrd oGm;rawGUrD BudKwifí w,fvDzkef; qufxm;ygu rdrd
oGm;onft h cg toifjh zpfaernf/ rtm;onfrsKd;? tjyifxu G o f mG ;onf
rsKd;? aeraumif;jzpfonfrsKd;ESifh rBuHKawmh/
0,frnfhvludk rdrd oGm;rawGUrD olUtaMumif; BudKwifod&Sd
atmif vkyfxm;jcif;onf oGm;awGUonfhtcg rsm;pGm taxmuftul
jyKonf/ olonf a*gufuvyfwGif tvkyf vkyfonfvm;? uav;
b,fESpfa,muf &SdovJ? b,fvdk t&yfrsKd;rSm aeovJ ponfjzifh od
98 ¾ ZifoefY
xm;vQif olUtaMumif; rdrdu pdwf0ifpm;onfhoabm oufa&muf

onf/ rdru d rk P Ü rD S qkaMu;vdck sifí vma&mif;jcif; r[kw[ f k t"dymÜ ,f
&onf/
rdrd oGm;awGUolonf ,cifu rdrdukrÜPDrS enf;enf;yg;yg;
0,fzl;xm;olvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfrnf/ xdkpOfu rdrdaMumifh r[kwfbJ
tjcm;wpfa,mufa,mufaMumifh vpf[if;rI tenf;i,f&Sdonfudk
ol rausreyf jzpfaeonfvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfrnf/ xkduJhodkY tao;
trTm; csKdU,Gif;csufuav;rsm;udk rdrdu jyefvnfjyKjyifum ajyvnf
atmif vkyfjcif;jzifh xkdvludk rdrd\ azmufonftjzpf jyefvnf
odr;f oGi;f Edik o
f nf/ 0,fz;l aomvlrmS tvm;tvmaumif;aom azmuf
onf jzpfEdkifonf/
0,fol&Smonfh tjcm;enf;wpfckvnf; &Sdao;onf/ tu,fí
rdrdazmufonfESifh &if;ESD;onfqdkvQif olUtodtuRrf;xJrS rdrd ukef
ypönf;rsKd;udk BudKufEdkifonfhvl &Sd r&Sd ar;jcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/ rdrdwdkY
ukeyf pön;f tm; 0,f&onfukd xkad zmufonf pdwcf srf;omonfqv kd Qif
tjcm;vlrsm;\ trnfrsm;udv k nf; ajymjyvdrrhf nf/ xkv
d rl sm;udk ulnD
&m a&mufonf[k olu oabmxm;vdrfhrnf/
tjcm; ta&mif;orm;rsm;xHrSvnf; tultnD &Edkifonf/
tcsKdUaom vkyif ef;rsm;wGif Zmwfwo l m; pm;onfrsKd; &SMd uaomfvnf;
,ckvdk ta&mif;aps;onf vkyfief;rsm;wGif xkdodkY rjzpftyf/ azmuf
onfwpfa,mufwnf;udk twl a&mif;ae&onfrsKd;vnf; &Scd sif&rdS nf/
xkdtcgrsKd;wGif tjcm; ta&mif;orm;ESifh azmufonf tqifrajyjcif;
onf rdrt d wGuf atmify[ JG k oabmrxm;&/ e,fajrwpfcw k iG f tcsi;f
csif; todzvS,fum tusKd;wl yl;aygif;vkyf&rnf/
3/ qufqHa&; pdwfynm
(u) vlUoabm vlUobm0
a&mif;oltaMumif;udk wifjycJhNyD;jzpfí ,ck 0,foltaMumif;udk
qufvuf wifjyvdkonf/
0,folrSm rdrdypönf;udk rvdkcsifbJESifh 0,frnf r[kwf/ xkdokdY
vdkcsifvmatmif rdrduvnf; olUpdwfudk cefYrSef;Ekdif&rnf/
cPav; awGU½Hkjzifh ypönf;awG trsm;BuD; rSmcsifvnf; rSm
rnf/ rdrdu ulnDay;&rnf/ olUae&mrSmaeí pOf;pm;ay;&rnf/
0,f&ef tvm;tvm&Sdonfh vlwpfa,mufudk csOf;uyfrdonf
ESifh olUtrlt&mudk tuJcwf&rnf/ tcsKdUu jrefjrefukefvQif NyD;a&m
qdkum 0,fol bmjzpfjzpf twif;xkd; a&mif;&rnf[k xifwwfMu
onf/ trSeftwdkif; a&mif;yg/ 0,folbufrS aqmif&Gufay;rnf[k
pdwx f m;NyD rdryd pön;f rSm olUtwGuf tusKd;&S&d rnf[k oabmxm;vQif
a&mif;&rnfrSm aocsmonf/
vlonf wpfa,mufESifhwpfa,muf rwl/ xdkUaMumifhvlwdkif;udk
pum; wpfyHkpHwnf; ajymír&/ rdrdMunfhcJhonfh ½kyf&SiftaMumif;udk
rdrd tarudka&m? nD ti,fqHk;uav;udka&m? cspfoludka&m rdrd
q&m0efudka&m wpfyHkpHwnf; ajymí &ygrnfvm;/ em;axmifrnfhvl
ESihf oifah wmfrnfh pum;vH;k udk a&G;cs,fí ajym&rnfyif/ rdrad jymonfh
pum;rSm jrifhaeí em;rvnfvQif tcsdKUu&Sufwwfonf/
xdkYaMumifh ta7mif;aps;onf onf olwdkYudk avhvmí olwdkY
udk cifrifpdwfxm;yg/ olUtaMumif;udkodvQif cifrifoGm;vdrfhrnf/
oHk;EkdifjzHK;Edkifol[k rdrd tuJcwfrdvQif olUtwGuf wpfywfwGif
ig;oQD v if a vmuf ouf o maprnf h rd r d y pö n f ; ud k ol 0 ,f r nf
100 ¾ ZifoefY
r[kwf/ odkYaomf ydkufqHtdwfudk csdef;BudK;av;ESifh cwfxm;ol qkdvQif

awmh 0,frSm aocsmonf/
þokdYvQif tMurf;zsif; tuJcwfwwfzdkYvdkonf/ olY tcef;udk
a&mufomG ;í acwfrrD D jyifqifxm;onfujkd rifvQif xkv d ol nf acwfrD
olwpfa,mufjzpfaMumif; odEikd o f nf/ odrYk [kwb
f J trIud jf cif;xJwiG f
vnf; owif;pmtopfukd awGUvdak wGUqdv k Qif xkv
d ol nf jzpfuwwf
qef;wpfa,muf jzpfonf/
olwdkY oabmxm;rsm;udkvnf; tuJcwf&rnf/ tcsKdUu tpGJ
BuD;onf/ olwu Ykd kd jyefveS f rjiif;&/ tjiif;oefonfh ta&mif;aps;onf
rSm nhHaomolom jzpfrnf/ wpfzufu ajymonfrSm rdrdoabmxm;
ESifh qefYusifaeonfqdkvQifvnf; bmrQrajymbJ em;axmifae&rnf/
vlwpfa,muf\ aemufaMumif;ESifh tusifhudk csufcsif; jyifí
r&/ xkdtcsufudkodvQif ta&mif;orm;tzdkY xdkvludk onf;cHEdkifpGrf;
&Sdvdrfhrnf/
ol rausreyf ajymonfrsm;rS rdrdtwGuf tcGifhaumif; &Edkif
onf/ olu yef;NcHawGudk pdwfukefvmNyD[k NiD;vQif rdrdypönf;rSm
tjcm; pdwftyef;ajzp&mjzpfu tqifajyoGm;Edkifonf/
tNrJwrf; csD;ajr§mufonfhpum;? pmem em;vnfonfh pum;rsKd;
ajym&rnf/ ol\ twGif;a&;rSL;ruav; awmfonfudk csD;ajr§mufjcif;
rsKd;? eH&w
H iG cf sdw
fd x f m;onfh yef;csDum;udk csD;ajr§muf ajymjcif;rsKd; jzpf\/
rdrdu olUudk pdwf0ifpm;aeonfh[ef jy&rnf/
þodkYvQif pdwfynmudk tenf;i,f oHk;vdkufjcif;jzifh xkdvlrSm
rdrdypönf; 0,fEdkifonfh taetxm;odkY a&mufoGm;vdrfhrnf/ xkdudpö
rsm; NyD;vQifawmh rdrdypönf;taMumif; pajym&rnf/
(c) 0,f&onfh taMumif;&if;
vlawG ypönf;0,f&onfh taMumif;trsKd;rsKd; &Sdonf/ taMumif;
wpfckwnf;aMumifh 0,fjcif;rsKd; r[kwf/ tajccHtaMumif; ESpfck
oHk;ckaMumifh 0,fjcif; jzpfonf/
t"duusonfh taMumif;rsm;rSm....
(1) tjrwftpGef;/ / aiG&rnfqdkvQif vlawG jiif;avh r&Sd/
vufvD vufum;orm;rsm;tm; oGm;a&mif;onfhtcg rdrd
ypönf;udk a&mif;vQif tjrwftpGef;awG wdk;vmEdkifonf[k
oabmaygufatmif ajymEdkifvQif a&mif;&wwfonf/ olwdkY
aiG&atmif rdrdu ulnDjcif; r[kwfavm/
aemufwpfrsK;d uvnf; olUudk aiGoufomatmif a&mif;
onfrsKd;vnf; &So d nf/ rdrad &mif;onfh vufEydS pf ufpuúLonf
tjcm; vufEydS pf ufpuúLxuf aps;oufomonfqv kd Qif vkyf
ief;BuD;wpfcktwGuf rsm;pGm oufomoGm;Edkifonf/ "mwfyHk
rdwåLul;pufonf rdwÅLpmawG trsm;BuD;ydkY&onfh vkyfief;
BuD; wpfcktwGuf tcsdefukef? aiGukef oufomapEdkifonf/
0efxrf;oufomqdik o f ;kH ypön;f a&mif;onft
h cg xkyd pön;f
aMumifh tpm;taomufawG ydkaumif;vmojzifh puf½HkwGif
ukex f wk vf yk rf I wd;k vmEdik o
f nf/ ,ck þpmtkyu f kd zwfaejcif;
uyifvQif aps;a&mif;wwfNyD; aiG&csifí r[kwfavm/
odaYk omf ZGwt f wif; qGaJ jymonfrsKd;vnf; rvkyt f yf?
½kyfjrifoHMum;puf a&mif;onfhtcg þ½kyfjrifoHMum;pufudk
arSmifxw J iG f rD;ydwí f MunhEf ikd of jzifh rDwmc oufomEdik o f nf
[k oGm;ajymvQif tdrf&Sifu ESifxkwfvkdufvdrfhrnf/
(2) pdwfcsrf;omrI/ / þtcsufonfvnf; ta&;BuD;onf/
102 ¾ ZifoefY
tpm;taomufrsm;? ,rumrsm;? avarGU&m? ZdrfcHum;rsm;

aMumfjimaeMuonfrmS vnf; xkt d csufaMumifh jzpfonf/ rD;zdk
acsmifo;kH acwfryD pön;f rsm;rSmvnf; vkyt f m; oufomaom
aMumifh a&mif;aeMu&jcif; jzpfonf/
ryifyef;&[k qdv k Qif pdwcf sr;f omonfyif/ a&mif;onfh
tcgwGifvnf; xkdtwdkif;ajymí a&mif;&rnf/ ypönf;\
t&nftaoG;taMumif; ajymonfxuf xkdypönf;rsKd;udk oHk;
vQif rnfrQ Zdr&f rdS nf? rnfrQ pdwcf srf;omEdik o f nf? tyifyef;
oufomrnf ponfjzifh ajym&rnf/
jrufjzwfpufudk a&mif;onfhtcg pufydkif;qdkif&m
taMumif;rsm;udk rajymbJ pm;yGrJ mS xkid í f nDnmpGm &dwx f m;
aom jrufcif;jyifukd Munh&f onfrmS rnfrQ pdwcf srf;omp&m
aumif;aMumif; ponfjzifh ajym&rnf/ 0,folonf a&'D,kd
cvkwfawGudk pdwfr0ifpm;? oDcsif;awG? Zmwfvrf;awG em;
axmif&rnfudkom pdwf0ifpm;rnf/
vlonf ypön;f udk 0,fjcif;r[kw/f xkyd pön;f u rdrt d m;
tusKd;jyKrIudkom 0,fjcif; jzpfonf/
aemufq;kH pdwcf srf;omjcif; wpfrsKd;rSm ypön;f \ vSyrI
jzpfonf/ ½kyfjrifoHMum;udk 0,fonfrSm ,if;\t½kyf Munf
vifjywfom;rIxuf vSyaom yko H P ²mefuo dk m Munhí
f 0,f
jcif;jzpfonf/ tdrfaxmify&dabm*rsm;rSmvnf; rsufpdudk
yom' jzpfaponf/ pufud&d,mrsm;onfyif 'DZkdif;aumif;
vQif puf½\ kH toGit f jyifukd usufoa& &Sad ponf/ ypön;f
\ t&nftaoG;csif; wlaevQif 'DZkdif;vSaom ypönf;u
ydkí a&mif;&wwfonf/
(3) *kPf&SdrI/ / vlrSm rnfonfh tajctaeyJ&Sd&Sd tqifhtwef;

jrifhcsifonfhoabm &Sdonf/ olajymonfudk em;axmifí
xkdtcsufudk EIdufxkwf&rnf/ odkYaomf txifESifhtjrifvnf;
vGJwwfonf/
udk,fvdkcsifonfudk twif; qGJrajymbJ olajymonfh
vrf;aMumif;twdkif; vdkufum rdrdvdkcsifonfh tcsufudk
axmufjyEdkif&rnf/ olUukd,fol tqifhtwef;jrifhol wpf
a,muf[k xifvmatmif rdru d ajymEdik v f Qif rdr\d ukeaf wG
udk rSm,layawmhrnf/
uk,d ohf m;orD;tm; aps;BuD;BuD;ausmif; xm;csio f nfrmS
vnf; *kPf&Sdcsifíyif/ tzdk;wefum;rS pD;csifonfrSmvnf;
*kP&f cdS sifíyif/ yef;csDq&m emrnfuykd if rSeaf tmif rajymEdik f
olu tcef;wGifcsdwf&ef yef;csDum; vm0,fonfrSmvnf;
*kPf&Sdcsifíyif/ taEG;xnfrsm;teuf ,kefarG;udkrS 0wfcsif
onfrmS vnf; *kP&f cdS sifíyif/ tEÅ&m,f&o dS nfMh um;u vuf
0wf&wem 0wfcsifonfrSmvnf; *kPf&Sdcsifíyif/
vlqo kd nfrmS wpfco k rYkd [kww
f pfckodrif ,fpw d f &Sad ewwf
\/ xkcd sKdU,Gi;f csufukd tm;jznfo h nft
h aejzifh usefonfah e&m
wGif *kPf&SdaMumif; jycsifMuonf/
vkyif ef;&SiBf uD;d rsm;onfvnf; avat;ay;pufawG wyf?
aumfaZmawGcif;jzifh rdrdpuf½Hk rnfrQBuD;us,faMumif; rdwf
aqGrsm;udk jyvdkMuonf/
xdkYaMumifh ta&mif;aps;onfu vrf;xdyfrS tysHpm;
wdu
k Bf uD;ESihf vlvnf; rdryd pön;f udk 0,fvu kd af Mumif; ajymvdu k f
onfESifh ,ckawGUonfh vluvnf; vdkufí 0,fcsifrnf/
104 ¾ ZifoefY
*kPaf Mumifh 0,fonfuvkd nf; avQmrh wGuEf iS /hf a&mif;ol

u ,if;udkvnf; tcGifhaumif;,lí a&mif;Edkifonf/
(4) usef;rma&;rma&;/ / vlonf aeraumif;jzpfrnfudk aMumufMu
onf/ oufvwfyikd ;f t&G,af wGuvnf; use;f rma&; usqif;
rnfudk aMumufMuonf/ xkdokdYrjzpf&ef ydk;rTm;rsm;udk ESdrfeif;
ypf&rnf/ xdkYaMumifh ,if;udk taMumif;jyKí zkefpkyfpuf?
,ifaumifowfaq;rsm; a&mif;&jcif; jzpfonf/
xkdtcsufudk taMumif;jyKí t0wftxnfawGvnf;
a&mif;&onf/ wpfcgu tyfcsKyfqdkifBuD;wpfqdkifonf rdrd
qdik rf mS csKyfaom t0wfrsm;ud0k wfvQif ydí
k aeaumif;onf[k
aMumfjimcJhonf/
tpDcyH gaom pD;u&ufrsm; a&mif;aeMu&jcif;rSmvnf;
usef;rma&;aMumifyh if/ rnfoyYkd ifjzpfap tpDcyH gonft h wGuf
rygonfh pD;u&ufxufawmh pdwfcs&onf/ aq;0g;ygaom
qyfjym? rsufESmvdrf;aygif'g ponfrsm;vnf; usef;rma&;
udk taMumif;jyKí a&mif;ae&onfyif/
(5) toHk;usrI/ / þtaMumif;ESifh ywfoufírl odyfajym&ef
rvdk/ rdrdukefypönf;onf toHk;usrI &SdonfqdkvQif a&mif;&
rnfyif/ odkYaomf tcsKdUypönf;rsm;onf rlvxkwfvkyfpOfu
&nfreS ;f xm;onfxuf ydí k toH;k usaeonfrsKd;vnf; &Sw d wf
onf/
Oyrm-wpf½SL;puúLonf rlvu ESyfn§pfí vTifhypf&ef
jzpfonf/ ESyfESifhtwl ykd;rTm;rsm;yg ygoGm;ap&ef jzpf\/
aemufawmh vufokwfy0gtjzpfvnf; oHk;vmonf/ um;
xJwGifvnf; um;ajymif;í armif;oltwGuf wbuftjzpf
ESifh okwf&ef oHk;vmonf/ rvdkifat;udk xkwf&mwGifvnf;

oHk;onf/
rdrud vnf; xkyd pön;f rsm; oH;k yHu
k kd odrxm;vQif rdryd pön;f
udk odyfa&mif;&rnf r[kwf/
(6) aMumuf&GHUrI/ / tcsKdUvlrsm;u aMumufwwfMuonf/ rD;
avmifrnfudk aMumufonf/ ta<u;usrIawGrsm;NyD; t&if;
qH;k rnfuv kd nf; aMumufMuonf/ rdrad &mif;onfh ukeyf pön;f
rSm xkdtEÅ&m,frsm;udk umuG,fEdkifonfhypönf; jzpfygrl xkd
ypön;f udk 0,fonfrmS aMumuf&UHG rIaMumif0h ,fjcif; jzpfonf/
t&Sif;qHk; OyrmrSm tmrcHvkyfief; jzpfonf/ tmrcH
trsKd;rsKd; xm;onfrSmvnf; aMumuf&GHUrIaMumifh jzpfonf/
vQypf pfr;D awG a&mif;&onfrmS vnf; aMumuf&UHG rIaMumifh
yif jzpfonf/ rD;tm;enf;vQif rdrdwdkY rsufvHk;rsm; ysufrnf
udk aMumufMuonf/ vHNk cHKa&;qdik &f m ypön;f rsm;onf vnf;
aumif;? aq;0g;rsm;onf vnf;aumif; aMumuf&GHUrIudk
taMumif;jyKí 0,fMujcif; jzpfonf/
(7 ) pGJvrf;rI/ / þtcsufrSm trsKd;orD;rsm;wGif &Sdwwfonf/
trsKd;orD;rsm;onf olwdkY\ cspfcifolrsm;xHodkY vufaqmif
rsm; 0,fay;wwfMuonf/ a&mif;olu ypönf;udk rBudKuf
BudKufatmif ajymEdik o f jzifh tay;cH&ol BudKufonf rBudKuf
onf tyxm;? olwdkY 0,fawmhonfyif/
xktd csufukd taMumif;jyKí a&mif;Edik &f ef oufqikd &f m
rdom;pkrsm;ESihf ywfoufaom &ufjrwfr*Fvmrsm;udk odxm;zdYk
vdo k nf/ trsKd;orD;rsm;onf olwrYkd cd if 0,fojzifh 0,fonf
rsKd; &Sdonf/ rdcifvkyfvQif aumif;onf[k pGJaewwfonf/
106 ¾ ZifoefY
txdr;f trSwaf eYrsm;wGif vufaqmifay;onfrmS tpGJ

wpfck jzpfonf/ ta&mif;orm;u xkt d pG&J adS om azmufonf
rsm;udk odxm;&rnf/ xkad zmufonf onf tcsdeaf &mufvQif
rdrwd Ykd ukrP
Ü rD S ypön;f udyk if 0,fayrnf/ ,if;tpGrJ mS pmcsKyf
xufyif aocsmao;onf/
(8) zefwD;vdkpdwf/ / *Dwynm&SifBuD; bDodkAif? yef;csDynm&Sif
BuD; yDumqdk wdkYonfom rdrdwdkY\ zefwD;rIudk jycsifMuonf
r[kw/f olwv Ykd kd yg&rD raumif;vSonfh vlawGvnf; zefw;D rI
udk vkyfjyvdkMuonf/
tdraf xmif&iS f rde;f uav;wpfa,muf odyrf csufwwf
rjyKwfwwfaomfvnf; rD;zdak csmifo;kH ud&, d mawGukd 0,frnf/
NyD;awmh &cgp cifyGef;onfu acG;auR;ypf&onfh tjzpfrsKd;
ra&mufEdkifonfh udwfrkefYrsKd; zkwfauR;csifonf/
tdrtf vSjyifonfh ypön;f ? okwaf q;? pkww f H ponfwYkd
0,fí tvSjyifrnf/ rdrd jyifqifonfrSm wu,fuRrf;usif
olrsm; vkyfonfavmuf aumif;onf[k tajymcHvdkí jzpf
onf/ tdraf emufaz; yef;NcHav;udv k nf; ydí k tjrifvaS p&ef
zefwD;csifMuonf/
tcsKUd vlrsm;onf uRr;f usirf q I ikd &f m tvkyaf wGukd vkyf
&efqG,f,lí &onf/ oifay;í &onf/ tm;vyfcsdefwGif
vkyf&ef 0goemqdkif&m tvkyfawGudk vkyfatmif qG,f,lí
&onf/ xkdodkY vkyfonfESifh olwdkY oufqkdif&m ypönf;awG
0,f&rnf r[kwfvm;/
(9) pl;prf;vdkrI/ / tcsKdUvlrsm;onf topftqef;awGudk odvdk
Muonf/ owif;pm (odrYk [kw)f r*¾Zif;wpfck topfxu G vf Qif
aMumfjimaumif;ygu csufcsif; a&mif;íukefoGm;wwfonf/

tBudrt f awmfrsm;rsm; xGuNf yD;umrS yHrk eS af pmifa&odYk a&muf
vmonf/
½ky&f iS w
f pfum; topfwifNyq D vkd Qivf nf; ½Hw k ifwifcsi;f
b,favmufa0;a0; oGm;MunhfwwfMuonf/ pmtkyfqdkif
oGm;NyDqvkd Qifvnf; aumif;aom 0w¬Kta[mif;xuf aemuf
qHk;xkwf 0w¬Kudkom awmif;wwfMuonf/
ta&mif;aps;onfwiG f topfxw k vf yk v
f u kd af om ypön;f
ygoGm;rnfqdkvQif ,if;udk 0,folu pl;prf;vdkayvdrfhrnf/
prf;Munfh vdkayvdrfhrnff/ aemufydkif;rS odrf;xm;um zkefawG
wufcsifwuf? topftqef;rdkY 0,fvdkufrnf/
vlonf b,ft&mrqdk jrifz;l csio f nf/ awGUzl;csio f nf/
a&mufzl;csifonf/ oGm;zl;csifonf/ xkdodkYaom pl;prf;csif
onfh vlUoabmudk jznfhqnf;ay;Edkifjcif;jzifhvnf; rdrdwdkY
ta&mif;vkyif ef;wGif atmifjrifEidk of nf/ vlqo kd nfrmS rao
zl;í aoMunhfcsifonfrsKd;om r&Sdjcif; jzpf\/
¾
tydkif; (i)
tjrwf & rnf h a&mif ; uk e f y pö n f ;
Taking the Part - Time Plung
Small Business Opportunities
oifhwGif qdkifwpfqdkifzGifhzdkY? vkyfief;wpfckzGifhzdkY tcsdef usae

ygNyDvm;/ vuf&dS vcpm;tvkyf tqifrajy jzpfaeonfvm;/ vuf&dS
vcpm;tvkyfudk pdwfukefaeonfvm;/ vkyfief;&Sif wpfa,mufjzpfzdkY
tNrJ pdwful;&Sdygovm;/ vuf&Sd &&pm;pm; b0u vGwfajrmufvkdyg
NyDvm;/ vkyfief; qdkifwpfqdkifzGifhzdkY pdwftm;xufoefaeygovm;/
olrsm;twGuf wpfaeY 8 em&D vkyfae&onfxuf rdrdtwGuf wpfaeY
14 em&D vkyf&onfudk ydkí vdkvm;ygovm;/
txufyg ar;cGe;f rsm;udk ]][kwu f }hJ } [k ajzrnfqv kd Qif uk,
d yf ikd f
qdkifwpfqdkif zGifhzdkY pOf;pm;ayawmh/ rdrd odyfzGifhcsifonfh qdkifrsKd;
pdwx f w
J iG f pdwu
f ;l &Sx
d m;aumif; &Sxd m;ayvdrrhf nf/ r&S[
d k qdv k Qiv
f nf;
pdwfrysufygESifh? zGifhzdkYudkom toifhjyifyg/
vG,fvG,fulul a&mif;0,fvkyfudkifEdkifaom ta&mif;t0,f

vkyfief; 15 rsKd;udk wifjyygrnf/
ta&;BuD ; qH k ; tcsuf u d k ar;vd k y gonf / þta&mif ; t0,f
vkyif ef;udk rvkyrf D avhvm&ef tcsed af y;Edik yf grnfvm;/ zGií hf atmifjrif
onf? ratmifjrifonf tyxm;í rdrde,fajrxJwGif xkdqdkifrsKd;zGifhzdkY
tpDtpOf tao;pdwf a&;qGJEdkifygrnfvm;/ jzpfEkdifygonf[kqdkvQif
ajcpHkypfvkyf&ef qufízwfygawmh/
vkyfief;wpfckudk pvkyfolwpfOD;tzdkY jznf;jznf;rS pvkyfzdkY
ta&;BuD;onf/ rdrdckefcsrnfh vkyfief; a&jyif taetxm;udk ouf
oufomomusEdkif&ef yxr wdkif;wmMunhfzdkY vdkonf/ vkyfief; 25
rsKd;udk tBuHjyKvdkufygonf/ odkY&mwGif xkdvkyfief; a&jyifü oif
ul;cwfEikd rf nf? rcwfEikd rf nfuakd wmh tmr rcHEikd yf g/ rdr\
d tm;xkwrf I
ESifh tBuHÓmPfwdkYonfom xkdqdkifatmifjrifrI ratmifjrifrIudk tqHk;
tjzwf jyKygvdrfhrnf/
a&SUajy; 10 csuf
vG,fulpGm a&mif;0,fEdkifaom vkyfief; 25 rsKd;udk rwifjyrD
xdvk yk if ef; vky&f eftwGuf ta&;BuD;aom a&SUajy;tcsuf 10 csufukd
OD;pGm wifjyygrnf/
(1) rdrde,fajrwGif rdrdvkyfrnfh vkyfief;rsKd; tNydKif &Sdaeyg
ovm;/ xkdNydKifbufESifh aps;EIef;t& jzpfap? 0efaqmifrI
t& jzpfap ,SOfNydKifEdkifygrnfvm;/
(2) rdrdqdkifudk rdrde,fajrwGif w&m;0if zGifhvSpfEdkifygrnf
vm;/ rdrdzGifhrnfhqdkifrsKd;udk rdrde,fajrwGif wm;jrpfxm;rI
110 ¾ ZifoefY
&Sd r&Sd oufqdkif&m e,fajrtmPmydkif½Hk;wGif pHkprf;

Munhfyg/
(3) oufqdkif&m e,fajrtmPmydkif½Hk;wGif rdrdzGifhrnfh qdkifESifh
ywfoufaom vkyfief;vdkifpif &Edkif? r&Edkif pHkprf;yg/
pnf;rsOf;rsm;onf a'owpfckESifh wpfck rwlwwfyg/
Oyrm - tpm;taomuf a&mif ; rnf q d k v Qif tpm;
taomufqdkif&m vdkifpif vdkygvdrfhrnf/
(4) e,fajrtmPmydkif½Hk;udk a&mufonfhtcg vkyfief; vdkifpif
avQmufyHkavQmufenf;udk ar;jref;yg/ odkYrSom bPfwGif
aiGpm&if;zGifhEdkifNyD; xkdaiGudkxkwfum vkyfief;udk vnfywf
vdkyfudkifoGm;Edkifayvdrfhrnf/
(5) tdrfwGif ta&mif;t0,fvkyfief;ESifY ywfoufonfh qdkif
cef; (odkYr[kwf) ½Hk;cef;i,fwpfck vkyfyg/ BuD;BuD;
us,fus,f vkyfzdkYrvdkyg/ ta&mif;t0,fudpöESifY vm
a&mufolrsm;udk vufcHpum;ajymEdkifonfh? rSmxm;onfh
ypönf;rsm; ay;ydkY&ef pDpOfEdkifonfh at;at;aq;aq;
ae&muav;wpfckom vdkygonf/
(6) oufqdkif&m tmPmydkif½Hk;ESifY qufoG,fí rdrd toHk;
jyKrnfh qdkiftrnfudk w&m;0if oHk;EdkifcGifY &Sd r&Sd pHkprf;yg/
(7) vkyfief;yHko@mefudk a&G;yg/ vkyfief; pvkyfonfh vlrsm;rSm
trsm;tm;jzifY wpfOD;wnf;ydkif vkyfief;yHkpHrsKd; vkyfwwf
Muonf/ xdkyHkpHrsKd; vkyfonfqdkvQifawmY vkyfief; pmcsKyf
pmwrf;awG txl;wvnf rvdkawmYyg/ yHkrSef tcGef
ay;aqmif&ef jynfwGif;tcGef yHkpHwGif jznfhpGufvdkuf½Hkyif/
xdkodkYr[kwfygu tjcm; ]tpkpyf} odkYr[kwf ]zufpyf}
yHpk rH sm;vnf; vkyí

f &Edik yf gonf/ xdu
k pd rö sm;twGuf a&SUaeESiYf
wdkifyifyg/ pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m Oya'pmtkyfrsm; vnf;
0,fí &Edkifygonf/
(8) tu,fí vufum;0,fí vufvDjyefa&mif;rnfh qdkifrsKd;
qdkvQif vufvDa&mif;cGifY vufrSwf vdkygvdrfYrnf/ xdk
vufrSwfrsKd;&SdvQif vufum;qdkifBuD;rsm;ü vufum;
0,fcGifY &&SdygvdrfYrnf/ xdkqdkifBuD;rsm;wGif pm;oHk;olrsm;
vufvDoGm;0,fí ra&mif;yg/ xdkvufrSwf &&SdEdkifa&;
twGuf oufqdkif&m tmPmydkif½Hk;wGif pHkprf;Munfhyg/
(9) rdrd a&mif;csrnfh ukefypönf;ESifY ywfoufí jzpfap?
rdrd vkyfudkifrnfh 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;ESifY ywfoufí
jzpfap tumtuG,f jyKxm;zdYk vdo k nf/ rlyikd f umuG,rf I
rsm; vkyfxm;&rnf/ ,if;twGuf oufqdkif&m Oya'½Hk;
rsm;wGif pHkprf;yg/
(10) rdrdbmom tm;xkwfavYvmyg/ qdkifwpfqdkif jzpfatmif
rnfolurQ vmvkyfay;rnf r[kwf/ b,f vkyfief;yJ
vkyfvkyf xdkvkyfief;vkyf&ef avYvm pl;prf;&onfrSm aysmf
p&mtaumif;qHk; jzpfonf/ pmtkyfawG zwfyg/ vlawGESifY
aqG;aEG;yg/ pl;prf;yg/ odkYqdkvQif wpfoufvHk; wpfcgrQ
rvkyfzl;cJYonfhwdkif atmifjrifaom qdkifwpfqdkif zGifYjzpfzdkY
aocsmygonf/
vkyf&efvG,fonfh 25 rsKd;
,ckwifjyrnfh ta&mif;t0,fvkyfief; 25 rsKd;wGif BuD;BuD;
us,fus,f avYvm&ef rvdk/ rlydkifcGifYawG bmawG wif&ef rvdk/
112 ¾ ZifoefY
Oya'a&;&m avYvmrIawG rvd?k BuD;BuD;us,u f s,f tmrcHawG xm;&ef

rvdk/ odkY&mwGif txufwGif wifjycJYonfh a&SUajy;tcsuf 10 csuf
udak wmY odxm;oifoY nf/ xdtk xJrS trSwpf Of 10 jzpfaom ]rdrbd mom
tm;xkwfavYvmyg} qdkonfh tcsufudkrl rarYygESifY/
Yellow Pages pmtkyfrsm;? ukefonfBuD;rsm; toif;ESifY
pmMunfhwdkufrsm;wGif avYvmí rukefEdkif/
Yellow Pages rsm;wGif ukefxkwfvkyfief;? ukrÜPD rsm;\
trnfESifY vdyfpmrsm; yg&Sdonf/ rdrda&mif;csrnfh ukefypönf;udk ouf
qdkif&m xkwfvkyfonfh ukrÜPDESifY qufoG,fum vufum;aps;jzifY
0,f,lEdkifonf/ xdkpmtkyfrsm;onf rdrd qdkifzGifYEdkif&eftwGuf rsm;pGm
toHk;usayonf/
taumif;qHk;ta&mif;t0,f 25 rsKd;
,ck vG,fultqifajyrnfh ta&mif;t0,f vkyfief; 25 rsKd;udk
atmufwGif azmfjyvdkufygonf/ a&G;cs,fvkyfudkifMuayawmY/
1/ owif;pmapmif
taMumif;t&mwpfck (vdkif;wpfvdkif;) ESifY ywfoufí xJxJ
0if0if em;vnfonfrsKd; &Sdygovm;/ xdktaMumif;t&mudk owif;
pmapmiftjzpf csa&;Edik yf grnfvm;/ a&;Edik o f nfqv kd Qif owif; pmapmif
vkyif ef;udk pí xkwaf 0a&mif;csyg/ rdrd ESpo f ufonfh taMumif;t&m
acgif;pOfwpfcu k kd a&G;yg/ NyD;awmY tNydKif &Sd r&Sd Munfyh g/ r&Sv
d QifawmY
ydkí tqifajyEdkifonf/ rdrd pmapmifudk zwfrnfh y&dowf (Target
avdience) pm&if;udk &SmazGí &Edkifygonf/ xdky&dowfxHodkY erlem
pmapmif wpfck ydí Yk ]ESpaf y;} zwf&ef avQmufvmT yHpk H tvGww f pfcv
k nf;
xnfah y;vduk yf g/ xdyk pkH aH wG rsm;rsm; jyefvmonfqv kd QifawmY vkyif ef;
jzpfoGm;ayNyD/
2/ AD'D,dkrSm aMumfjima&mif;
AD'D,dktacG ta&mif;vkyfief;wpfckudk oGm;yg/ olwdkYa&mif;onfh
AD'D,dktacGrsm;ay:wGif aMumfjimuyfí vnf;aumif;? tacGumbm
xJwGif aMumfjimpm&Guf xnfhívnf;aumif; tacGrsm; jzefYcsd
a&mif;csEdik yf grnfvm;[k ar;jref;yg/ olwv
Ykd ufcv
H Qif aMumfjim&Six
f rH S
aiG&rnf/ ,if;txJrS &mcdkifEIef;tcsKdUudk AD'D,dk vkyfief;tm; ay;í
usefonfudk rdrd ,lvdkuf½Hkyif/ emrnfBuD; AD'D,dk ukrÜPDrsm;udk udkif
xm;&rnf/
xdkodkYvkyf&mwGif owif;pm aMumfjimcrsm;udk pHkprf;yg/ rdrd
aMumfjima&mufrnfh y&dowfonf owif;pm y&dowfxuf enf;ojzifY
rdrd\ aMumfjimcEIef;rSmvnf; owif;pmaMumfjimEIef;xuf enf;&
ayvdrfYrnf/
tu,fí aMumfjimvdkolu aiGaMu;wwfEdkifonfqdkygu ½kyf&Sif
ESifY owif;pmrsm;wGif aMumfjimrsm; xnfhoGif;ay;Edkifygonf/ xdktcg
aMumfjimcEIef;udkvnf; xdkufoifYovdk wdk;,loGm;&ygrnf/
3/ vufurf;aMumfjim
vufurf;aMumfjim ½dkufESdyfjzefYa0Edkifjcif; r&Sdaom vkyfief;
rsm;twGuf vufurf;aMumfjimrsm; ½dkufESdyfjzefYa0ay;jcif;onfvnf;
tjrwf&aom vkyfief;wpf&yfjzpfygonf/
114 ¾ ZifoefY
ukrÜPDrsm;? vkyfief;rsm;odkY oGm;a&mufí rdrd\ vufurf;

aMumfjim tpDtpOfudk urf;vSrf;yg/ aumfzDqdkifBuD;rsm;? uGefysLwm
vkyfief;BuD;rsm;? tajcmufavQmf yifrif;vkyfief;rsm;? oD;oefYpwdk;
qdkifBuD;rsm;onf vkyfief;tyfEdkifaom ae&mrsm; jzpfonf/
rdrdwGif uGefysLwm&SdvQif vufurf;aMumfjimudk rdrdbmom
vkyfEdkifNyD; xdktwGuf p&dwfudkyif rdrd &Edkifao;onf/
aMumfjima0cudk rnfrQ awmif;&rnfenf;/ aMumfjim&SifxHrS
aMumfjimwpf&GuftwGuf 2 usyf? 3usyf twGif; awmif;Edkifonf/
aMumfjimjzefYa0&mwGif vliSm;í jzefYa0Edkifonf/ (ausmif;tm;&uf
ausmif;om;rsm;udk iSm;vQif &Edkifonf/) aMumfjima0oludk aMumfjim
wpf&u G v f Qif 1 usyrf S 2 usyf tMum;ay;Ny;D tjrwfukd rdrd ,lvu
kd ½f ykH if/
4/ tjrwf&atmif ypönf;iSm;
rdrdwGif vlawG pdwf0ifpm;Edkifrnfh ud&d,mrsm; toHk;rjyKbJ

&Sdaeygovm;/ ,if;wdkYudk toHk;jyKrnfholtm; iSm;vQifvnf; tjrwf
&aom vkyfief;wpfck jzpfygonf/
xdkodkY iSm;rnfhtaMumif;udk owif;pmxJwGif aMumfjimyg/
odkYr[kwfyguvnf; pwdk;qdkifrsm;wGifoGm;í ¤if;wdkY\ aMunmcsuf
qdkif;bkwfrsm;wGif rdrd\ aMumfjimxnfh&ef n§dEIdif;yg/
rdrdwGif tdrfoHk; vTpuf? tdrfoHk; ajrwl;puf? jruf&dwfpuf
rsm; &SdaeonfqdkvQif prf;Munfhvdkufyg/
5/ um;a&mif;zdkY ae&m
um;a&mif;&ef r[kwfyg/ um;a&mif;vdkolrsm; um;rsm; jy&ef

ae&miSm;zdkU jzpfygonf/ xdkvkyfief;twGuf tweftoifY us,faom
ajrtus,ft0ef;wpfckawmY vdkygonf/
xdkajrae&mudk um;ta&mif;vkyfief; wpfcktm; jycef;vkyfzdkY
iSm;½Hkyif/ um;tpD;aygif; 100 cefY&SdvQif vpOf odef;*Pef;rQ tjrwf
&Edkifaom vkyfief; jzpfygonf/
6/ a&aq;qDxdk;
wpfvwefonf? ESpfvwefonf wpfcg rdrdwdkYum;udk a&aq;?

qDx;kd ? ta&mifwif vkycf sifaom um;ydik &f iS f tajrmuftrsm; &So
d nf/
xdkYaMumifY a&aq;? qDxdk;? ta&mifwif vkyfvdkaomum;rsm;udk rdrd
taejzifY aqmif&Gufay;Edkifyguvnf; tjrwf&Edkifaom 0efaqmifrI
vkyfief;wpfck jzpfonf/
xdkvkyfief;rsKd; vkyfrnfqdkvQif um;ypönf; ta&mif;qdkifrsm;odkY
oGm;í a&aq;?qDx;kd ? ta&mifwifvyk &f mwGif oH;k &rnfh ypön;f rsm;udk
0,fyg/
NyD;awmY owif;pmESifY vufurf;aMumfjimrsm;jzifY aMumfjimyg/
yxrqHk; vkyfief; vmtyfoludk 10 &mcdkifEIef; avQmYí vkyfay;rnf
[kvnf; aMumfjimxJwGif xnfhoGif;azmfjyyg/ xdkaMumfjimonf um;
ydkif&Sifrsm;udk qGJaqmifrI &SdEdkifygonf/
7/ 0dkif;usL&Sif
rdrdwGif tEkynmESifY ywfoufíjzpfap? bmompum;ESifY
ywfoufíjzpfap? uGeyf sLwmynmESiYf ywfoufíjzpfap? *Dw wl&, d m
wD;rIwfrIESifY ywfoufíjzpfap? ausmif;bmom&yfjzpfap wwfuRrf;
xm;ygu 0dik ;f oifwef;rsm; zGiv
Yf Qifvnf; tjrwf&aom vkyif ef;wpf&yf
jzpfEdkifygonf/
xdkoifwef;rsm; zGifY&mwGif twef;tvdkuf oifwef;aMu;
,ljcif;? odkYr[kwf Session 10ckvQif wpfck tcrJY oifay;jcif;rsKd;
jzifY oifwef;om;udk qG,fEdkifygonf/
xdkvkyfief; vkyfrnfqdkvQif vdyfpmuwf½dkufjcif;? rdrdoifMum;
rnfh bmom&yfudk ydkrdk uRrf;usifatmif vkyfaejcif;rsm; vdktyfonf/
8/ ausmif;aysmfyGJrsm;
ausmif;rsm;wGif vkyfavY&Sdonfh EIwfqufyGJrsm;? qkay;yGJrsm;?

aysmfy&JG iT yf rJG sm;twGuf tcaMu;aiGjzifY vdt
k yfonfh pm;aomufz,
G rf sm;
pDpOfay;jcif;? tcrf;tem; jyifqifrrI sm; vkyaf y;jcif;onfvnf; (trsm;
rvkyfao;aom) tjrwf&Edkifonfh vkyfief;wpfck jzpfygonf/
xdktcrf;tem;wGif rdrd\ aqmif&Gufcudk &Edkifonfhtjyif
ukefusonfhypönf;rsm;twGuf rdrdu vufum;aps;jzifY 0,f,lcJYonf
jzpf&m ypönf;ay:rSvnf; tjrwf&Edkifayonf/
9/ tdrfwdkif&ma&muf
rdrdwGif armfawmfum; (odkYr[kwf) qdkifu,f? pufbD; &SdvQif
tdrfwdkif&ma&muf vdkufrydkYEdkifaom vkyfief;i,frsm;xHrS rdrdu
tdrwf ikd &f ma&muf vdu
k yf o
Ykd nfh wm0efukd &,laqmif&u
G af y;jcif;onf
vnf; tjrwf&Edkifonfh 0efaqmifvkyfief;wpfck jzpfEdkifayonf/
odkY&mwGif y&dabm*vdk ypönf;rsKd; rddrdu o,fydkY&if; usKd;ysuf
oGm;onfhtcg umrdap&ef tmrcHvkyfief;ESifY qufoG,fxm;zdkYawmY
vdkonf/
10/ tdrfoefY&Sif;a&;
a&wpfyHk;qGJ? Murf;awGudk wdkufcRwf? ydk;owfaq;zsef; onf
avmufom vky&f onf/ vkyt f m;udk a&mif;pm;aom tqdyk g 0efaqmifrI
tvkyfwGif vkyfcudk em&Dydkif;ESifYvnf; awmif;í&onf/ (olrsm;awG
awmif;onfh xHk;pHtwdkif; awmif;½Hkyif)/
rdrdvkyfief;udk NrdKUwGif;owif;pm? vufurf;aMumfjimrsm;ESifY
vnf; aMumfjimEdkifonf/ wpfqifYpum; wpfqifYem;jzifYvnf;
owif;vTifYEdkifonf/
11/ pmtkyfpifvkyfa&mif;
pmtkyfpifuav;rsKd; (odkYr[kwf) tdrfwGif toHk;vdkwwfonfh
tvm;wl ypönf;uav;rsm; vkyfwwfonfqdkvQif udk,fuRrf;usif
onfh ypön;f uav;rsm;udk xkwv f yk vf u
kd yf g/ Ny;D awmY rSmvQif tjrefq;kH
vkyaf y;Edik Nf yD; tdrw
f ikd &f ma&muf ydUk ay;rnfjzpfaMumif; aMunmvdu k yf g/
tvkyfjzpfoGm;ygvdrfYrnf/
12/ vrf;ab;wGif opfoD;? [if;&Gufa&mif;
xdkvkyfief;twGuf rdrdwGif x&yfum;uav;wpfpD; &SdvQif
ydkaumif;onf/ aemufNyD; vufum;aps;EIef;ESifY &Edkifrnfhae&m(NcH)udk
odxm;zdkY vdkonf/
NcHrSxGufonfh opfoD;? opfOESifY [if;&Guf[if;oD;rsm;udk
um;&Sv d Qif um;ay:? um;r&Sv d Qifvnf; vSn;f ay:wifum xdyk pön;f rsKd;
a&mif;onfhqdkif? aps; ponfwdkYESifY a0;aom vlae&yfuGufrsm;odkY
wifoGm;yg/
xdkYaemuf rdrdtwGuf oD;oefYae&mr&SdvQif ae&mwpfae&m
avmufudk iSm;oifYvQif iSm;vdkufyg/ NyD;awmY xdkopfoD;ESifY [if;oD;
[if;&GufwdkYudk 0,fcsifYpzG,fjzpfatmif vSvSyy jyifqifí jyxm;yg/
qdkifzGifYcsdefvnf; rSefygap/
rdrdqdkifa&SUrS ,aeY jzwfarmif;oGm;aom um;onf aemufaeY
wGif ]][kwfNyD? igtvkyfutjyef [dkqdkifem;rSm &yfNyD; vwfvwf
qwfqwf toD;t&Guu f av;awG 0,fomG ;OD;rSy}J } [k pdwu f ;l ayguf
oGm;ayvdrfYrnf/ 0,fonfhtcsdefwGif rdrdqdkifr&SdvQifawmY vlawG
pdwfysufoGm;ayvdrfYrnf/
xdkae&mwGif rdrdqdkif&SdaMumif; odatmif wpfywf? ESpfywfawmY
onf;cHNyD;zGifYyg/
aps;EIef;udkvnf; oifYwifYrQwygap/ ypönf;0,fonfhtcg
xnfah y;p&mtdwrf sm;vnf; toif, Y al qmifvmyg/ vdt
k yfvQif csdecf iG f
tav;ESifY *Pef;aygif;pufrsm;vnf; ygvmoifYonf/
xdkqdkifrsKd; a&mif;cs&mwGif tcsKdUu &moDtvdkufom a&mif;
Muonf/ xdq k ikd rf sKd; atmifjrifzUkd qdo
k nfrmS a&mif;onfah e&m tuGuf
tuGif;ay:wGif t"duusonf/ ypönf;aumif;zdkYvnf; vdkonfaygY/
13/ oabFmqdyf ,lydkYvkyfief;
rdrdtdrfESifY eD;onfhae&mwGif avS? oabFmrsm;udk qdkufuyf
wwfygovm;/ a&,mOfrSL;? oabFmom;ESifY c&D;onfrsm;twGuf
vdt
k yfonfyh pön;f rsm; 0,f,yl aYkd y;onfh vkyif ef;wpfcuk kd vkyyf g uvnf;
tjrwf&Edkifonfh vkyfief;wpfck jzpfygonf/
olwdkY\ t0wftpm;awGudk ,lí yifrif;qdkif ydkYay;jcif;?
pm;aomufz, G ?f tazsm, f rumESiYf a&ykvif;rsm; 0,f,al y;ydjYk cif;tjyif
tjcm; rdrdpdwful;&Sdovdk 0efaqmifrIrsm; vkyfay;Edkifygonf/ olwdkY
vdtk yforQukd jrefjrefEiS Yf pdwaf useyfatmif aqmif&u G af y;Edik zf v
Ykd o
kd nf/
xdk 0efaqmifrIvkyfief;twGuf em&DESifY aqmif&Gufay;c ,lvQif
vnf; &Edkifonf/ rdrd\ aqmif&GufrIrSm auseyfzG,f&m jzpfvQif
tydkaMu;uav;rsm;yif &Edkifygonf/
teD;tem;&Sd pm;aomufqdkifrsm;rS pm;aomufzG,frsm;udk
c&D;onfrsm; vrf;wGifpm;zdkY 0,fjcif;? xkyfydk;jcif;vnf; vkyfEdkifonf/
xdk tpm;taomuf wefzdk;ay:rS rdrdu aqmif&Gufc 15 &mcdkifEIef;
aumuf,lEdkifonf/
14/ xif;a&mif;
xif;rsm;udk tdrfwdkif&ma&muf a&mif;aom vkyfief;wpfckvnf;
&Sad o;onf/ od&Yk mwGif oyfoyf&yf&yf? vSvyS y xkyyf ;kd a&mif;csjcif;rsKd;
jzpfonf/
xif;rsm; a&mif;aomae&mrS xif;rsm;udk 0,fyg/ ,if;wdkYudk
rdrdbmom oyfoyf&yf&yf? vSvSyyjzpfatmif csnfaESmifxkyfydk;yg/
NyD;awmY rdrdwGif um; (odkYr[kwf) pufbD;&SdvQif xdkxif;pnf;rsm;udk
120 ¾ ZifoefY
wifí toGm;tvmrsm;aom vrf;ab;wpfae&mwGif oGm;a&mif;yg/

rdrda&mif;cs&ef ,lxm;onfhae&mtwGuf iSm;&aumif; iSm;&
Edik o
f nf/ od&Yk mwGif rdrpd w
d u
f ;l aumif;zdYk vdyk gonf/ ae&maumif;vQif
aumif;ovdk tqifajyEdkifygonf/
15/ wnf;cdkp&m
þvkyfief;twGuf rdrdwGif tcef;ydk wpfcef;? ESpfcef;&SdzdkY vdk
onf/ oD;oefY a&csKd;cef;ESifY tdrfomrsm;vnf; vkyfay;xm;&rnf/
c&D;oGm;{nfhonfrsm; wnf;cdkrd&mrS rdrdu azmfa&GysLiSmvQif aemuf
wpfBudrf xd{k nfo
h nf jyefvmonft h cg rdrx
d wH iG o
f m wnf;ayvdrrYf nf/
rdrdteD; ywf0ef;usifwGif wuúodkvf aumvdyfrsm; &Sdjcif;?
aysmf&Tifvnfywfp&mrsm; &Sdjcif;wdkYonf rdrdvkyfief;udk taxmuf
tul jyKayvdrfYrnf/
eHeufpmauR;jcif;? oefY&Sif;ysLiSmpGm qufqHjcif;rsm; vdkonf/
xdkvkyfief;udk vkyfawmYrnfqdkvQif rdrdvkyfief;udk raMumfjimrD?
rdrde,fajrü xdkvkyfief;rsKd; ydwfyifxm;rIrsKd; &Sd r&Sd tvsifpHkprf;yg/
oufqdkif&m e,fajrwm0ef&Sdrsm;udk zdwfMum;í rdrdvkyfief;wGif jyif
qifxm;yH?k auR;arG;yHwk u
Ykd kd jyoyg/ olwYkd oabmusvQif olwu Ykd yif
aMumfjimay;ygvdrfYrnf/
16/ tvkyform;aMumfjim
vufwdkvufawmif; tvkyform; tajrmuftrsm; &Sdaeyg
ovm;/ xdktvkyform;rsm;ESifY qufoG,fvdkYa&m &Edkifygovm;/
odkYqdkvQif tvkyform;rsm;twGuf vufurf;aMumfjim pmapmifrsm;
jzefYa0onfhtvkyfrsKd; vkyfí &Edkifygonf/
tjrwf&rnfha&mif;ukefypönf; ¾ 121
uefx½dkufvkyfvdkolrsm;? ykwfjywf? aeYpm;vkyfvdkonfh tvkyf

orm;rsm;onf wpfvwpfcg (odkYr[kwf) wpfESpfwpfcg xGufonfh
rdrd\ aMumfjimpmapmifwGif aMumfjimvmxnfhMuygvdrfYrnf/ olwdkY\
aMumfjimudk rdrud pDpOfay;&rnf/ Ny;D awmY uGeyf sLwmjzifY pmapmifi,fukd
pDpOf&ygrnf/
xdkYaemuf pmapmifi,fudk ½dkufESdyfyg/ ½dkufESdyfNyD;aomtcg
aqmufvkyfa&;ypönf; ta&mif;vkyfief;rsm;? ukefrmqdkifrsm;tm; jzefY
a0yg/ pwdk;qdkifrsm;wGifvnf; rdrd\ aMumfjimpmapmifi,fudk wifum
jzefYa0ay;&ef n§dEIdif;Edkifygonf/
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