REVIEWER IN GTHMACR1 Different Approaches in Tourism

WEEK 2-3 1. Institutional Approach

- Emphasis is anchored on the institutions that operate
LESSON 1: BASIC DEFINITION AND THE STUDY OF under the tourism industry;
TOURISM - It looks at the business side of the tourism industry
and tries to analyzed the risk factors and operational
What is tourism? methods of the different entities.
Tourism is defined as the activities of persons traveling
to and staying in places outside their usual environment 2. Historical Approach
for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, - It looks at the industry in a multi-stage/
business and other purposes. (WTO) developmental manner;
- If focuses on the historical growth or decline of
General Term for Travelers in Tourism activities and institutions;
“All types of travelers engaged in tourism are described - It observes the industry as it starts end evolves
as visitors.” through time.

Types of Visitors based on the Length of Stay: 3. Managerial Approach

- It studies the industry by focusing on the management
1. Excursionists or the same day visitors are visitors activities such as planning, research, advertising,
who do not spend the night in acollective or private pricing, control and others that are essential in
accommodation in the country visited. operating tourism-related business.
2. Tourists or overnight visitors are visitors who stays at
least one night in a collective or private accommodation 4. Economic Approach
in the place or country visited. - The industry is analyzed from the point of views of an
economist. Through this method, the contribution of
Types of Tourism Based on the area or destination tourism to the national economy can be measured and
being visited: monitored.
- The focus is on tourism’s share to the country’s
1. International Tourism economic development and finances.
Outbound tourism - refers to the visits made by
residents of a country to another country. 5. Sociological Approach
Inbound tourism - refers to the visits to a country by - This method primarily studies the result of host and
non-residents. guest interactions;
2. Internal Tourism - refers to the visits made by - The approach concerns itself on the behavior of
residents and non-residents within a country. tourists that are visiting certain meeting into the
3. Domestic Tourism - refers to the visits made by community as a whole;
residents of a country within their country. - It analyzes the impact of tourism to the community
4. National Tourism - is internal tourism plus outbound based on behavior, habits, tradition and customs
tourism.
6. Interdisciplinary Approach
The Study of Tourism-Disciplinary Approaches: - Tourism does not deal with only one particular aspect
Approaches to Tourism vary depending on the of the society; it is a fusion of different fields that were
perspective of the researcher. The term approach crossed and brought together in order to bring about
simple states that tourism is being studied from the phenomenon;
point of view of the discipline where the researcher is - Tourism involves many aspects of society. Virtually all
coming from. (Goeldner & Ritchie) disciplines are touched or traversed by the tourism
industry;
- It analyzes the impact of tourism to the community
based on behavior, habits, traditions and customs
7. Systems Approach - The hospitality industry alone is a multi-billion dollars
- A method used to bring together the different enterprise. It is exciting, never boring and offers
components or parts that are somehow linked with unlimited opportunities.
each other by a common principle or group. - The hospitality industry is diverse enough for people
- This approach is a very useful method in studying to work in different areas of interest and still be
tourism since it rationalizes and simplifies the complex employed within the industry.
ideas and prices and presents these in an organized and - The hospitality business produces guest satisfaction
synthesized manner. which is different from other business sectors. Products
of the hospitality business are intangible and perishable.
8. Geographical Approach
- This is also known as demographic approach E. Scope of the Hospitality Industry
- This focuses on understanding tourism based on the
environment and the characteristics of people where 1. Lodging Segment
the process is being undertaken. - Hotels, Inns, Motels, Pensions, Resort
- The study may happen in an urban or rural setting,
mountainous or coastal, developing, highly developed 2. Food and Beverage Segment
or even underdeveloped areas. - Restaurants, Fastfood (QSR), Catering Services

9. Product Approach 3. Entertainment and Recreation

- The attention is towards the products of tourism and - Attractions, Gaming, Parks, Clubs
its components compatibility to the tourists’
preferences. 4. Travel and Tourism
- The components include the destinations, attractions, - Transportation, Travel Agencies, Tour Operators
transportation, cuisine and other amenities
F. Hotel Organizational Set-up
C. Travel and Tourism
Department in the Hotel
1. Travel is the movement of people between distant
geographical locations. 1. Rooms Division
2. Travel can be done by foot, bicycle, automobile, train, - Front Office- considered the hub or nerve center of
boat, bus, airplane, ship, or other means, with or the hotel. It is the department that makes a first
without luggage, and can be one way or round trip. impression on the guest and one that the guest relies on
3. Travel can also include relatively short stays between throughout his or her stay for information and service.
successive movements. - Reservations- refers to an arrangement by which
4. Travel is a generic term for going into a journey lodging operators hold accommodations for guest who
regardless of the reason and timeframe. will be arriving at some later time.
5. Tour has specific reasons, timeframes, boundaries, - Housekeeping- is responsible for the cleanliness,
and journey. appearance, and condition of the entire hotel.
6. All tourists are travelers, but not all travelers are
- Concierge- is a uniformed employee of the hotel who
tourists. Tourism refers to the activity of traveling to a
has her or his own separate desk in the lobby or on
place for leisure.
special concierge floors.
7. Tourist may stay at a place for several days and enjoy
- Guest Service department or uniformed staff is
the attractions of the place or spend few days in leisure.
headed by a guest service manager who may also
happen to be the bell captain. The staff consists of door
D. Hospitality
attendants and bell persons and the concierge.
- It is derived from the Latin word Hospitare, meaning
2. Human Resource Department
“to receive as a guest”. It refers to the act of providing
- It is headed by the Human Resource Director or
food, beverages, or lodging to travelers.
manager who directly reports to the General Manager
- The Hospitality Industry comprises of businesses that and is responsible for the performance of his
provide accommodations, travel, food and beverage department.
and entertainment to the travelling public.
The Functions of Human Resources are: its previous ranking. The country is fifth out of the eight
ASEAN countries included in the report.
1. Hiring
2. Compensation The Department of Tourism (DoT) adopted the
3. Evaluation and management destination strategy, wherein the “tourism industry is
4. Promotions totally reliant on its natural attractions as the
5. Managing Relations
motivation for tourists to visit.”
6. Planning
7. Training B. Hospitality inclined with Tourism
3. Sales and Marketing “The New Clark City will bring in several hundred
- Sales, a term used to identify the income an enterprises and billions in new investments.
organization receives as a result of doing business.
- The term is synonymous with revenue. DOF International Finance Group
- Marketing is the business process of creating
relationships with and satisfying customers. With its - said the establishments to be built in the City
focus on the customer, marketing is one of the beginning this year include the P1.78 billion Clark Green
premier’s components of business management. City Government Center, P850 million Clark Commercial
Center, and the P3.33 billion Clark Mixed Income
LESSON 2: CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN HOSPITALITY
AND TOURISM Housing.

Finance Secretary Carlos Dominguez III

A. Career Opportunities in Hospitality and Tourism
- who toured the media in the City Tuesday, June 3, said
1. Job Forecast: The International Industry of the New Clark City, which sits at a nexus of well-
Hospitality and Tourism developed roadways, will soon be connected to Manila
by the second stage of the PNR North Line, and will be
- In the annual analysis of the global economic impact linked to the Subic Freeport by another highspeed rail
of Travel & Tourism (including hospitality industry), the line.
sector is shown to account for 10.4% of global GDP and
313 million jobs, or 9.9% of total employment, in 2017. - The Medical City Clark is a 100-bed hospital complex
- GDP - is the monetary value of all the finished goods located at the Clark Freeport Zone in Pampanga.
and services produced within a country's borders in a
Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) - provides urgent care
specific time period. Every day, a new idea is hatched,
center, Intensive Care Unit, Medical/ Surgical Care,
big investment firms sign off on the designs of a five-
Obstetrics and Gynecology Unit, Pediatrics and Pediatric
star luxury resort or some mom and pop diner opens its
Intensive Care, Neonatal Intensive Care, Ophthalmology
doors.
and ENT Clinics.
- The sector itself, according to experts in the field, will
C. Job Requirements
have difficulties finding enough qualified talent for the
forecasted 80 million jobs yet to be generated over the Is Hospitality & Tourism Industry Right for You?
next ten years according to the World Travel & Tourism
Council (WTTC). Based on quality of service, Personal qualities needed:

Travel and Tourism Competitiveness - Honesty

- Team player
The Philippines ranks 79th out of 136 countries in the
World Economic Forum Travel and Tourism - Ability to deal with stress
Competitiveness Index (2017), five notches down from
- Willingness to work hard
- Good communication skills What should you enhance?

- Good decision-making skills - Professionalism and Etiquette

- Willingness to work long hours - “Companies expectations vary but must be met.”

- Dedicated to exceptional service - Dress/attire

- Desire to exceed guest expectations - Table manners

What Do Recruiters Look for? - First impressions are critical

- Initiative - Treat others with dignity and respect

- Good GPA - Etiquette is how we behave and make others feel

comfortable
- Positive outlook

- Service-orientation You should be prepared for:

- Solid work experience - Social Responsibility of Business
- Involvement in on-campus & professional - Reactions towards everything
organizations
- Honesty & Being true regarding health, safety &
Personal SWOT analysis: security
- Pinpoint strengths to maximize - Environmentally concerned Issues include:
- Pinpoint weaknesses to minimize - Truth in menu
- Pinpoint opportunities to use to your advantage - Nutrition and obesity
- Pinpoint threats to neutralize - Atkins diet
What should you acquire? - Recycling
Ethics. Set of moral principles and values that people
use to make decisions about righ and wrong. D. Career Paths, Opportunities and Internship Options
within the Industry
1. Basic common values
What is a Career Path?
- Integrity
- Career goals
- Respect for human life
- Progression varies
- Self-control
- Cross-training is critical
- Honesty
- Career progression available in each segment
- Courage
- Advancement must be timely to match employee
2. Golden rule
development
3. Reasonable person standard
E. Hospitality & Tourism Careers List EVENT MANAGEMENT

HOTEL OPERATIONS 7. Concerts, Festival & Exhibitions

- Event planning and project management dealing with

large scale events. This role involves studying the brand,
1. Banquets & Conferences identifying the target audience, devising the event
- A demanding, yet high energy career working in concept and coordinating all the technical aspects
hotels, resorts and conference centers setting up rooms before launching or hosting an event.
and servicing events.
8. Wedding Coordination
2. Food & Beverage Management
- It all comes down to the details and building
- Responsible for all things related to food and beverage relationships.
from ordering products to hiring staff and balancing
profit and loss sheets. - Brides want to have confidence in their wedding
coordinator and in doing so, this individual needs to be
- The career requires exceptional social and analytical
extremely organized and love executing special events
skills. The ideal candidate is organized, calm under
with many moving components, balancing a need for
pressure, service oriented and business minded.
both structure and creativity in the workplace.
3. Front Office Reception
OTHER AREAS
- From the very first moment of a guest’s arrival, the
9. Airlines
front office serves as the face of the company and its
standards of service. - Jump on board and travel the world as a flight
attendant. Manage the inflight services taking care of
- Knowledgeable not only about the products they offer,
food and beverage, duty free and other customer
these individuals are friendly, customer service oriented
service requests.
and can give insights on the surround area
10. Amusement Parks
4. Resort Management
- Make every child’s eyes light up. Manage the overall
- Oversee all operations departments from the front
operations as a member of the leadership team or be
desk and security to housekeeping and food and
ready to welcome amusement park goers behind the
beverage.
desk selling tickets, supervising a food and beverage
- Responsible for the overall success of the facility, this outlet or controlling the rides themselves.
is a very diverse position that manages a wide variety of
11. Casinos
people.

5. Restaurant Management - The gaming service industry is huge and jobs are
typically found in casinos or at the racetrack.
- A dynamic position leading a team of employees
servicing food and beverage. - Someone interested in this career may work as a
dealer, slot machine attendant, pit boss or an overall
- A days in the life of a restaurant manager can go from operations manager dealing with the activities, in
tasting wines with different distributors to bussing addition to any lounges or food and beverage outlets
tables on a busy night. offered to the players.

6. SPA and Wellness Management 12. Catering

- Responsible for the day-to-day operations of a health - A mash up of sales, project management and food
or beauty spa. Based on the size of the operation the and beverage, this is a fun and vigorous career.
position can be customer service focused or more
business based, handling all the marketing, schedules, - Whether you’re a chef creating the menu or
and training. coordinator organizing the vendors, this position is
constantly on-the-go fielding queries and giving The Transparency Seal, depicted by a pearl shining out
instructions. of an open shell, is a symbol of a policy shift towards
openness in access to government information. On the
- A great position incorporating sales with event
planning one hand, it hopes to inspire Filipinos in the civil service
to be more open to citizen engagement; on the other,
13. Cruises to invite the Filipino citizenry to exercise their right to
participate in governance.
- Head out to sea. Very similar to a hotel, but you are
floating from port to port.
Agencies in Department of Tourism
- Work in sales, food and beverage, housekeeping,
1. Tourism Infrastructure and Entertainment Zone
maintenance or security.
Authority (TIEZA) - Formerly the Philippine Tourism
- Maybe you strive to be the big boss, in which case Authority is an agency of the Philippine National
there are a lot of moving parts to oversee 24 hours a Government under the Department of Tourism
day.
2. Duty Free Philippines Corporation - Retail outlets
14. Consulting
that are exempt from the payment of certain local or
- Work for a firm or start your own business, this national taxes and duties.
career requires a base of experience in order to advise
your clients. 3. Philippine Retirement Authority - A government
owned and controlled corporation established in 1985,
- Whether in hotels, restaurants or travel, becoming under Executive Order 1037. The SRRV is a lifetime visa
an expert in your trade will allow you to give the that allows the holder to permanently reside, gain
soundest guidance.
employment or study in the Philippines.
15. Start Your Own Business
4. Intramuros Administration - The group that
- The sky is the limit. Whatever you dream you can administers the walled city which is the Intramuros.
create.
5. Philippine Commission on Sports Scuba Diving - In
- From opening a restaurant to offering sightseeing pursuit of its mission, as set forth in LOI no. 745, the
tours, there is no end to the possibilities in the tourism Commission is mandated to perform the following
and hospitality industry.
functions
- With a little ingenuity, good business sense and
creative genius you can start a company of your own 6. National Parks Development Committee - Tasked to
and scale to great magnitudes. develop, administer and manage the Asia’s 8th best and
the Philippine People’s park, the Rizal Park in Manila.

7. Nayong Pilipino - Nayong Pilipino Foundation is

LESSON 3: WORLD, NATIONAL, REGIONAL & OTHER
established to showcase the diversity of Philippine
ORGANIZATION.
culture and heritage through its cultural and tourism-
A. World, National, Regional, and other Organizations oriented theme park.

8. Tourism Promotions Board - An attached agency of

the Department of Tourism, the Tourism Promotions
03/30/2017- A pearl buried inside a tightly-shut shell is
Board (TPB) exists to market and promote the
practically worthless. Government information is a
Philippines domestically and internationally
pearl, meant to be shared with the public in order to
maximize its inherent value.
Department of Tourism Partners Hotel and Restaurant Association of the Philippines - A
non-stock, non-profit organization represented by hotel
1. Super Ferry - founded as Aboitiz Shipping Company, managers, restaurant owners, university deans and
later Aboitiz SuperFerry was one of the largest ferry CEO's.
companies in the Philippines before it was purchased by
Negros Navigation HRAP membership includes luxury, deluxe and standard
hotels and resorts, leading restaurants and food groups,
2. Globe Telecom - commonly shortened as Globe, is a schools and universities offering hotel and restaurant
major provider of telecommunications services in the management courses, as well as allied industry
Philippines. partners.
3. Smart Communications - Smart Communications, Inc. HRAP concerns itself with all issues affecting the Hotel
commonly referred to as Smart, is a wholly owned and Restaurant Industry of the Philippines including but
wireless communications and digital services subsidiary not limited to Environment, Government Liaison, Ethics,
of PLDT, Inc., the Philippines' leading Health, Legislation, Program, Technology, Finance and
telecommunications and digital services provider. Education. We have worked and partnered with the
4. LIVING ASIA – Asian Travel & Lifestyle Channel Department of Tourism and other government agencies
as well as non-government organizations.
- Living Asia Channel is a 24-hour Asian travel and
lifestyle channel. Launched in 2004. It showcases the Tourism Educators, Schools, Colleges and Universities -
best of Asian destinations, finds, culture, cuisine, A bonafide organization of Tourism educators duly
fashion, people, business, issues and investment registered with the securities and exchange comission in
opportunities in the Philippines and Asia. January 9, 1993.

5. Islands Philippines – Islands Philippines.net, powered TESCU has 3 categories of members:

by Colors Publishing, publisher of Colors Philippine Regular - engaged in teaching
Travel Guide, aims to give travelers comprehensive
information about Philippine destinations. Association - involved in tourism research, study
training
6. Oishi - Liwayway Holdings Company Limited, doing
Institutional - insti and org w.c are interested in
business as Oishi, is a snack company based in the
promoting the goals of the association
Philippines. Its headquarters are in Pasay in Metro
Manila. As of 2013 it is headed by Carlos Chan. Council of Hotel and Restaurant Educators of the
Community-Based Employment Program - refers to Philippines (COHREP)
government undertakings whether infrastructure or
- an organization of educators, trainers and industry
non-infrastructure that provides temporary or practitioners, affirms and avows its commitments to
immediate employment to skilled etc. provide leadership toward the attainment of excellence
through united efforts for the development of its
3. Regional Tourism and Tourism-related Association members.
and Institution
Association of Administration in Hospitality, Hotel &
The Philippine Travel Agencies Association (PTAA) Restaurant Management Educational Institution
(AAHRMEI)
- is an organization born out of a union of the national
associations of outbound travel agencies and inbound - Serves as a vehicle for all schools offering Hotel and
Restaurant Management, Tourism, Food Technology,
tour operators in 1979. It was founded to foster unity in
Home Economics, Nutrition and other related programs
the travel industry and to promote the welfare of its in the quest for leadership excellence among
members and the traveling public. academicians and practitioners towards quality
education.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (Tourism Charter) The World-Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)
(APEC)
- Independent organization that is dedicated the
- The Charter reflects a collective commitment to conservation, research and restoration of the nature.
improve the economic, cultural, social and WWF is working in around 100 countries and supported
environmental well-being of APEC member economies by almost 5 million people worldwide. WWF-Philippines
through tourism. started working as a national organization of WWF
network in 1997. WWF-Philippines successfully
APEC Tourism Charter constitutes the basis for APEC implemented various conservation projects to help
tourism cooperation. It establishes four key policy goals protect the biological richness of some of the most
and an agreed process for realizing sustainable biologically-significant ecosystems in Asia.
development and enhancement of quality and quantity
of tourism. Ibon Foundation

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) - It has dedicated its years providing information,
incisive analysis, effective education especially when it
- established in 1967, is a geo-political and economic comes to socioeconomic issues. The Association of
organization of ten countries located in Southeast Asia Southeast Asian Nations (more commonly known as
(Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Malaysia, ASEAN) is an intergovernmental organization aimed
Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and primarily at promoting economic growth and regional
Vietnam.) stability among its members. There are currently 10
member states: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
- aims to accelerate economic growth, social progress
Singapore, Thailand, Brunei, Laos, Myanmar, Cambodia
and cultural development among its members as well as
and Vietnam.
protecting regional peace and stability, promoting
collaboration, providing mutual assistance, promoting ASEAN
regional studies and working in close collaboration with
international and regional organizations. - was founded half a century ago in 1967 by the five
Southeast Asian nations of Indonesia, Malaysia,
Pulse Asia Research, Inc. Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.
- It serves as one of the public opinion polling bodies in
the Philippines and Asia. It is launched in 1999 by
professional academics with acknowledged expertise in
their respective fields of study, is dedicated to
monitoring salient socio-economic, political and cultural
issues in the minds of the Filipino public. They are the
ones conducting the Ulat

- ng Bayan (People’s Report) national survey, its regular

quarterly probe into the Filipino’s perception and the
national and local pre- and post-election polls; they also
do a social science research on significant economic and
social issues with the use of quantitative and quality
methods.

Philippine Medical Association (PMA)

➤ The first medical association of the Philippines, is a

fellowship of medical practitioners and component
medical groups from the entire country. It is a member
of World Medical Association (WMA) and co-founder
of Confederation Medical Association of Asia and
Oceania (CMAAO) and Medical Association of
Southeast Asian of Nations (MASEAN).
REVIEWER IN GTHMACR1 - Facilitates socializing and networking
- Ideal for bonding and special occasions
WEEK 4-5 - Each cruise stop gives a brief historical and learning
experience about each destination
- Sea vessels today offer great safety and security
Passenger Transportation
Famous Cruise Lines:
- Is the transference or carrying of people by different - Star Cruises
means of transportation to their desired destination. - Costa
- Carnival
Modes of Transportation - Royal Caribbean International
- Disney Cruise Line
Road Transportation - This is a transport of passengers
- Norwegian Cruise Line
or goods on roads. Automobile is the most common
road vehicle and the other users of the road include
CRUISING DESTINATIONS ALL OVER THE WORLD:
bicycles, motorcycles, trucks and buses.

- Ex: (Philippine Setting) • South East Asia (SG, TH, MY, IN, etc.) South Pacific
(AU, NZ)
- Tricycle, pedicab, jeepneys passenger motor coaches • Caribbean (MX, BH, BE, etc.) Central and the rest of
and liners South America
• The Mediterranean (GR, CY, IT, etc.) The British Isles
Rail Transportation - This is the transference of • Alaska and rest of North America (US, CA) Exotics
passengers or goods by means of wheeled vehicles (African Territories like GI, SE, etc.)
running on rail track or also known as railway or rail
road Philippine Setting
- Ex: (Philippine Setting)
- In the Philippines, the industry is being handled by the
- MRT Line 2, MRT Line 3, LRT Line 1, PNR Maritime Industry Authority (MARINA). The agency
was created on 01 June 1974 as an attached Agency to
Maritime Transportation – This is a method of the Office of the President (OP) with the issuance of
transporting people and goods by means of water Presidential Decree No. 474, otherwise known as the
transportation such as barge, boat, ships or sailboat Maritime Industry Decree of 1974, to integrate the
over a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. development, promotion, and regulation of the
maritime industry in the country.
- Ex: (Philippine Setting)
23 July 1979 - the MARINA was attached to the DOTC
- Boats, Banca, Balsa, Ship, Ferry, Ro-Ro
for policy and program coordination.
CRUISING IN THE 1900s
C. Aviation - This is a process of transferring people and
- Back in the day there were only first class and steerage goods by means of aircrafts
class - Ex: (Philippine Setting)
- Planes, Airliners, Jets, Helicopters
- Sea safety is a lot better in terms of ventilation and
passenger handling
Class of Aviation Travel
- RMS Titanic’s sinking on 15 April 1912 forever changed
passenger safety precautions (1502 of 2224 died)
- Standard/Basic Economy - Class fares offer the best
WHY GO CRUISING? value for money. Sometimes include benefits such as
complimentary meals and beverages.
- Price is all inclusive (transport/ lodging/ main meals) - Premium Economy - flights bridge the gap between
- Cruising is a stress-free, hassle-free vacation Economy cabins and Business Class comforts, with
- A New and Prestigious premium seating and various other benefits.
- Numerous activities on-board and off-board
 - Business Class - cabins forefront space and - Telecommunication – it is in grey because it does not
convenience, allowing passengers to continue working have any physicality though it is considered as a
while on board. transport mode.
- Premium Economy - flights bridge the gap between
Economy cabins and Business Class comforts, with E. Urgent Transportation Problems
premium seating and various other benefits.
- Business Class - cabins forefront space and - Congestion - this means delays that are waste of time
convenience, allowing passengers to continue working and energy. The majority of the passenger transport
while on board. modes are affected by the grave congestion is mainly on
- First Class - travel offers more space, premium menus roads and at airports during peak periods.
and larger seats that generally convert to fully flat beds
for optimal comfort. - Safety and security - the basic requirement of tourism
is to ensure the safety and security of transportation.
Types of Flight Routes (tickets or fares)
- Environment - the environment may be harmed if the
traffic will continue to increase and if the area does not
- Round trip - allows a person to travel to one place and
have the carrying capacity for additional tourists.
then return back to the place he or she left.
- One-way - allows a passenger to travel only to their
- Seasonality - patterns for seasonal travel demand
destination, without returning
make overcapacity at certain time.
- Open-jaw - the destination and/or the origin are not
the same in both directions. Can go back to the origin F. Passenger Demand Characteristics
from the 2nd or third destination visited.
- Destination - The place to be visited by the passenger.
Types of Flight (journey)
- Schedules and speed - Travelers often seek a mode of
transportation that provides speed and convenient
- Direct flight - any flight between two points by an schedule time of departure and arrival to maximize
airline with no change in flight numbers, which includes their time at the destination
one or more stops at an intermediate point. A stop, may
either be to get new passengers (or allow some to - Cost - Pertains to amount of transportation services.
disembark) or a technical stop over.
- Equipment - Type of vessel, aircraft, container etc.
- Non-stop flights - make no stops. It does not visit that are being considered also because it reflects the
another city, and simply takes you from your origin to kind of services that will be provided by the transport
your destination in one flight. company.

- Connecting flight - Requires the passengers to change - Entertainment and attention - Amenities, facilities
from one plane or airline to another at an intermediate and entertainment. Terminal. Boarding and departure
point (called connecting point) on way to their area of the passengers must be safe and clean.
destination.
G. Examples of Some Unusual Transportation Systems
D. Other Modes of Transportation and Routes in the World

- Pipelines – transporting of goods through the use of 1. Traghetto in Venice, Italy - By Traghetto, The
pipelines. unglamorous sibling of the gondola; these no-frills boats
get passengers from one side of the canal to the other
- Cable – transport mode that relies on vehicles pulled for a meager fee.
by cable rather than having an internal power source.
2. Tangah in Pakistan - is a carriage, sitting atop two
- Space – mostly used for space exploration, tourism large wooden wheels pulled by one or two horses.
and satellite communication
3. Nori Bamboo Train in Cambodia Cambodian bamboo
train - known locally as a Nori. Passengers sit on a
makeshift bamboo 'train' (basically just a bamboo
platform) powered by an electric generator engine, Bed & Breakfast - A private house offered as an
perched just inches above the railway tracks and accommodation when serving bed and breakfast. This
travelling at up to 40km/h. usually accommodates not more than 6 guests. Dinner
may be served upon request.
4. Monte Toboggan in Madeira - came to being in the
19th century, as a fast way of getting down the hill from Small Hotel - It offers a minimum of 6 letting bedrooms
Monte to Funchal. and a maximum of 20. Most bedrooms have private
facilities. Also serves breakfasts, dinner and normally,
5. Longtail boats in Thailand Longtail boats are an icon lunch and drinks. This is usually being run by the owner
of Thailand. Originally they were used in the canals that and reflects their own personal style.
ran through Bangkok.
Hotel - Normally has at least 20 letting bedrooms with
6. Songt. haew, in Laos, PDR Also known as a baht bus, private facilities. They served meals of breakfast, lunch,
this is a pickup truck adapted to transport passengers. dinner and drinks or sometimes have their own dining
Songthaew literally translates as 'two rows' facility or restaurant inside.

7. Dog Sled in Alaska - In reality, dog sledding isn't quite International Resort Hotel - A hotel with a range of
so graceful, it can be a bumpy ride and will be leisure, relaxation facilities, sporting facilities and
accompanied by your dogs' barks country pursuits.

8. DUKW trucks in London DUKW trucks are Serviced Apartment - These are self-catering
amphibious trucks that were designed by the American apartments where services such as cleaning are
military during World War II. available. Meals and drinks may also be available either
to each apartment or in a restaurant or bar on site.
Three Longest Railways in the World
Lodge - It offers overnight accommodation, usually
- The Yiwu - Madrid Railway (China-Europe) purpose-built and situated close to a major road or city
center. Reception hours may be restricted and payment
- The Trans - Siberian Railway
may be associated required upon check-in.
- This is an account of a Moscow to Beijing journey on Inn - Generally establishments or buildings where
Trans-Siberian train number 4, the weekly Chinese train
travelers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink.
from the Russian to the Chinese capital via Mongolia.
Hostel - An establishment that provides inexpensive
Accommodation, Lodging Industry and Food and food and lodging for a specific group of people, such as
Beverage Sectors
students, workers, or travelers.
1. Accommodation - People who travel and stay away Motel - A roadside hotel designed primarily for
from home for more than a day need lodging for sleep, motorists, typically having the rooms arranged in a low
rest, food, safety and shelter from cold temperatures or building with parking directly outside
rain, storage of luggage and access to common
household functions Guest Rooms Classification According to Size
Accommodation Types - Lodgings may be self-catering, 1. Single room – a room with a single bed designed for a
in which case no food is provided, but cooking facilities single traveler.
are available. Lodging is done in a hotel, motel, hostel,
inn or hostel and many other forms. 2. Double room – room with two double beds.

Guest House - An independent that normally has at 3. Twin room – a room with two single beds
least four letting bedrooms, some with private facilities
and might be operated for commercial business. 4. Suite room – a complete room with different facilities
Breakfast is available and evening meals may be which offers luxury.
provided.
Types of Rooms According to View Kinds of Restaurant or Food Establishment

- Partial Ocean View – the view of the ocean is limited. 1. Casual Dining - this type of restaurant has a relaxing
and friendly atmosphere, moderate food pricing and
- Ocean View – the room has the full view of ocean but table services.
the room doesn’t face the ocean
2. Family Style - restaurant is very similar to casual
- Ocean Front View – full-on ocean view it means the dining with a difference that the food is served in bigger
room is facing the ocean. dishes on tables where customers can serve the food
for them and pass it to the other people at the table.
- Beach Front View – Rooms that have access to the
beach. A guest should be able to walk out from the 3. Fine Dining or High-End - customer service in a fine
room onto the sand. dining restaurant is much more attentive than in casual
dining establishments.
- Mountain View – Rooms view towards a mountain
landscape 4. Fast Food or Quick Serve Restaurant - fast food is the
most familiar restaurant to most people.
- Water View – the view of the room is a body of water
such as river, lagoon etc.

- Island view – usually use in Hawaii and Caribbean for 3. MICE Industry - the business of MICE (Meetings,
rooms with no ocean view at all it means the room is Incentives, conventions and Exhibitions) is a big
facing the other side of the ocean industry in any country. The term “MICE” refers to a
particular type of tourism in which large groups of
2. Food and Beverage Service - also known as the tourist travel to a certain destination for a particular
foodservice or the catering industry. purpose, usually business oriented.

Restaurants - Provision of food and drink, generally at a Philippine Setting

high price with high levels of service.
The Philippine Convention and Visitors Corporation
Café - A coffeehouse, coffee shop or café (sometimes (PVCC) is tasked, as the lead agency, to plan and
spelled cafe) is an establishment which primarily serves implement country’s tourism marketing efforts.
hot coffee, related coffee or tea beverages
Conventions and Incentive Travel Unit (CITU) - which is
Catering - Including cafes, pizza, grills, and specialist tasked is to develop and promote the Philippines as a
coffee shops. meeting, incentive travel, convention and exhibition
destination.
Fast Food - Provision of food and drink in highly
specialized environment. CITU - is supported by the PCVC Foreign Offices Unit
and DOT Foreign and Domestic Field Offices in the
Take away - Including spuds, snacks, fish and chips, implementation of its marketing activities abroad.
sandwich bars, kiosk. Fast provision of food and drink.

- Banqueting/conferencing exhibitions - Provision of Types of Meetings

large-scale food and drink alongside services such as
conferencing. Convention – A meeting of delegates for action on a
particular matter.
- Leisure attractions - Such as theme parks, museums,
galleries, cinemas and theatres. Provision of food and Conference – A near synonym for a convention, usually
drinks to people engaged in another pursuit. implying much discussion and participation.

Congress – A term commonly used in Europe. Usually

refers to an event similar to a
Forum – A meeting featuring much back-and-forth Four (4) major GDS systems in operation: Amadeus,
discussion, generally led by panellists or presenters. Sabre, Galileo by Travelport, and Worldspan by
Travelport.
Symposium – Similar to a forum, except more formal
and less give-and-take. B. THE INTERNET - In today’s marketplace it is necessary
to talk about the Internet as a channel of distribution. It
Lecture – Even more formal or structured, involving makes direct selling from the supplier to the consumer
individual presentation, often by just one expert. more possible than ever before.

Seminar – Involves much give-and-take and sharing of C. CONSOLIDATORS - are travel agencies that sell airline
knowledge. tickets at sizable discounts. They specialize in this area
and have contracts with one or more airlines to
Workshop – Involves small groups that deal with distribute discount tickets.
specific problems or assignments.
D. THE TOUR WHOLESALER - The tour wholesaler (also
Clinic – Involves drills and instruction in specific called tour operator) puts together a tour and all of its
subjects. components and sells the tour through his or her own
company
Retreat – Small meetings in remote locations for
bonding and/or intensive planning E. SPECIALTY CHANNELERS - Specialty intermediaries
include such organizations as incentive travel firms,
Institute – Offers extended educational and training business meeting and convention planners, corporate
opportunities. travel offices, association executives, hotel
representatives, travel consultants, trade shows, and
Panel – Two or more speakers offering their viewpoints
supplier sales offices.
Exhibition/trade show – An exhibition with displays,
Marketing Intermediaries - can come in the form of
generally held within a trade industry or discipline.
wholesalers, retailers, brokers, agents, financial
intermediaries or distributors.

The Travel Operator or Tour Operator (TO) - A tour

Organizations in the Distribution Process
operator produces the trip, creates tourism travel
Travel Agent - travel agency is a middleman a business packages 6 months prior to the tourist season. They
or person selling the travel industry’s individual parts or freeze seats on planes and hotel rooms: this is the
a combination of the parts to the consumer. principle of allotment.

The Travel Agent versus the Internet: Travel Agency - The travel agent comes to mind when
we think about going on holiday.
The Internet can be a powerful tool. It can increase the
scope and reach of a consumer’s efforts and allow a Classification of Tourism Attraction
person to check hundreds of options or research
Tourism attractions - are the life blood of the tourism
destinations in depth. But to make the Internet work
industry.
effectively, a person has to understand where to look
and what questions to ask, otherwise hours can be
Tourist attract - are generally classified into natural and
wasted surfing the Web and ultimately produce
man-made attractions.
unsatisfactory results. This is where a travel agent can
make a world of difference. Natural Attractions - A geographic or geological feature
that attracts tourism.
Global Distribution Systems (GDS) - is used to describe
the large and sophisticated electronic travel reservation Topography – Refers to the physical terrain or
systems in use throughout the world. landscapes of the place.
Beaches and Dive destinations – Showcases pristine Leisure and Recreation
beaches and diving sites which are the ideal for nature-
based tourism development. Recreation - is the process of giving new life to
something, of restoring something.
Flora & Fauna – exist interdependently therefore,
cannot be separated from the ecotourism equation. Leisure - is defined as the productive, creative or
contemplative use of free time.
Ecotourism – Responsible travel to natural areas that
conserves the environment and improves the well-being Recreational activities - include all kinds of sports, both
of local people. team and individual such as baseball, softball, football,
tennis, volleyball, swimming and skiing.
Mt. Apo - it is the highest mountain in the Philippine
Archipelago and is located between Davao City and Two Types of Recreation
Davao del Sur province.
- Active Recreation - Hiking, jogging, aerobics and rock
Tubbattahan Reef - is a protected area of the climbing
Philippines located in the middle of the Sulu Sea.
- Passive Recreation - Reading, fishing, playing and
Caluit Island/ Caluit Safari Park - Calauit Island is an listening to music, gardening, playing computer games
island of the Calamian Archipelago, just off the north- and watching tv or movies
western coast of Busuanga Island.
Attractions
Man- Made Attractions - Place which is made by man
for tourist attraction or it can be historically building or Recreation Attractions - maintain and provide access to
architecture. indoor and outdoor facilities where people can
participate in sports and other recreational activities.
Monuments and Landmarks – Attained world-wide
prominence. Commercial Attractions – are retail operations dealing
in gifts, handcrafted goods, art, and souvenirs that
Museums – range in scale of high profile, internationally attract tourists Ex. Shopping
known to lesser known city sites as almost any
community can augment their tourism resource. Industrial Attractions – wineries and breweries are
examples. Factory tours are growing in number, and
festival - is an event, usually and ordinarily staged by a manufacturers have developed elaborate facilities to
local community, which centers on and celebrates some handle tourists.
unique aspect of that community and the Festival is
usually a day or period set aside for celebration. Theme Parks - The parks create an atmosphere in which
the visitor is likely to experience fantasy, glamour,
escapism, prestige and excitement.

There are many different types of festival like Water Parks - A specialized type of theme park which
features wave pools, slides, chutes, shows and other
- Art festivals forms of water-based play and entertainment. Water
parks are usually part of larger theme park operations.
- Film festivals
Fun Centers - In heavily populated metropolitan areas,
- Cultural festivals entrepreneurs have developed a variety of indoor fun
centers
- Seasonal festivals
Sports Tourism - The purpose of sports tourism is to
- Product festivals participate directly in a form of sport or attend sports
events as a spectator.
- Dance festivals
Gaming - The gaming industry includes a whole range of Economic, Social, and Environmental Impacts
activities including casinos (both land-bases and
riverboats), card games, charitable games, lottery • Employment opportunities
operated games and betting on greyhound and horse
races. • Local economy is stimulated

Commercial Recreation - The provision of recreation- • Outside capital is attracted

related products or services by private enterprise for a
fee, with the long-term intent of being profitable. • Property values increase

Commercialized Public Recreation - The provision of • Tax revenues increase

selected recreation-related products or services by a
• Recreation opportunities increase
governmental or non-profit organization
• Economic multiplier improves
Entrepreneurial Recreation - The actions of a
recreation-related organization that searches for trends
The Negative Impact
and changes in its environment
• High failure rates result in unemployment/low
Tourism - The activities of persons traveling to and
economy
staying in places outside their usual environment, for
leisure, business, or other purposes. • Local roads, utilities, etc. can become overburdened

• Crime can increase

Types of Commercial Recreation & Tourism
• Natural resources can be overused
The Travel Industry - Primary function is the movement
of people and the provision of travel-related services. • Undesirable types of commercial recreation may
appear
The Hospitality Industry - Primary function is the
provision of accommodations, food and beverage, and Key Trends in the Recreation and Tourism Industry
related amenities.
• International, national, regional, and local economic
The Local Commercial Recreation Industry - Primary conditions affect the ability of people to spend for
function is the provision of retail products and recreation and tourism
entertainment; including sporting goods,
theme/amusement/water parks, movie theaters, • Demographic changes underlie changes in the market
sport/fitness/health clubs, golf courses and country for recreation and tourism
clubs
• Resource availability will affect almost all forms of
commercial recreation and tourism

The Facilitators • Foreign policy, war, and terrorist activity and violence
will alter tourists’ choices
Facilitator - of many types support the three main
industries. • New technology will be available

1. travel agencies support hospitality • Multi-cultural & diverse activities will increase

2. equipment wholesalers support local commercial

recreation

3. convention/visitor bureaus support hospitality and

local commercial recreation
REVIEWER IN GTHMACR1 Henley Center Model of Holidaymaking

WEEK 6 • Phase I-Bubble Travelers − They don't have much

cash and also information.

• Phase II-Idealized Experience Seekers − They are

Motivation and Pleasure for Travel certain tourists with the experience of outside visits.

Types of Tourists: • Phase III-Seasoned Travelers − These tourists are

more well-to-do than the admired experience
Business Tourists - Tourist traveling with relation to searchers.
business is known as a business tourist. Business
tourism is part of the business world. • Phase IV-Complete Immersers − These tourists have
an expectation of inundating totally into the remote
Incentive Tourists - Incentives tourists are those few culture, legacy, culinary experience, and dialect.
lucky individuals, who get a holiday package as a reward
from his company

Religious Tourists - are the individuals who travel to Cohen’s Model

sites of religious significance.
• Organized Mass Tourist – packaged tours; prefer the
Cultural Tourists - these types of tourists travel to familiar environment
experience the essence of assorted cultures. Cultural
tourists also prefer to witness the World Heritage Sites • Individual Mass Tourist – major arrangements made
of the travelled country. through a travel intermediary; tourist have some
control over his itinerary and time allocations
Sport and Recreation Tourists - This type of tourists
travels to either participate in recreational sporting or • Explorer – usually plans own trip; avoids developed
just watch sports events. tourist attractions; mixed with locals but still protected
by environmental bubble
Leisure Tourists - To these people, travel is about fun
and excitement, about rest and relaxation, and about • Drifter – plans own trip; avoids tourist attractions and
whatever they want it to be about. live with the locals, immersed with the host culture and
shared their food, shelter, and habits

Different Classifications of Tourist Explained by Pearce’s Traveller’s Category

Different Models
• Tourist - Takes photos, buys souvenirs, goes to
•Plog’s Model – classification of tourists according to famous places, stays briefly in one place, does not
their characteristics in choosing activities to try. understand the local people.

•Allocentric (The Wanderers) – try new products; • Traveller - Stays briefly in one place, experiments with
adventurous; prefer off the beaten track; self-confident local food, goes to famous places, takes photos,
explores privately.
•Psychocentric (The Repeater) – non adventurous;
prefer the familiar travel; non-risk taker’ passive type of • Holidaymaker - Takes photos, goes to famous places,
traveller is alienated from society, buys souvenirs, contributes to
the visited economy.
•Midcentric (Combination) – dwell between allocentric
and psychocentric tourism; most tourists belong to this • Jetsetter - Lives a life of luxury, is concerned with
catregory; a combination of the charactersitics of the social status, seeks sensual pleasures, prefers
two other categories. interacting with people of his/her own kind.

• Businessperson - Concerned with social status,

contributes to the economy, does not take photos,
prefers interacting with people of his/her own kind, • Dreamers - Are fascinated by travel. Their own travel
goes to famous places. tends to be more mundane than might be expected give
their travel ideas
• Migrant - Has language problems, prefers interacting
with people of his/her own kind, does not understand • Economizers - They travel primarily because they
the local people, does not live a life of luxury, does not need a break; travel is not a central activity for them.
exploit people. Seek value in travel.

• Conversationist - Interested in the environment, does • Indulgers - Like to be pampered. Their travel is not a
not buy souvenirs, does not exploit the local people, central or important experience
explores places privately, takes photos.

• Explorer - Explores places privately, is interested in

the environment, takes physical risks, does not buy Classification of Tourists according to Perceived
souvenirs, keenly observes the visited society Traveling

• Missionary - Does not buy souvenirs, searches for the • Adventurers - Are motivated to seek new experiences.
meaning of life, does not live a life of luxury, does not Value diversity; seek new activities, cultures and people.
seek sensual pleasures, keenly observes the visited Are independent and in control.
society.
• Worriers - Suffer considerable anxiety about traveling.
• Overseas student Experiments with local food, does Travel is relatively unimportant to them
not exploit the local people, takes photos, keenly
observes the visited society, takes physical risks. • Dreamers - Are fascinated by travel. Their own travel
tends to be more mundane than might be expected give
• Anthropologist - Keenly observes the visited society, their travel ideas
explores places privately, is interested in the
environment, does not buy souvenirs, takes photos. • Economizers - They travel primarily because they
need a break; travel is not a central activity for them.
• Hippie - Does not buy souvenirs, does not live a life of Seek value in travel.
luxury, is not concerned with social status, does not
take photos, does not contribute to the economy. • Indulgers - Like to be pampered. Their travel is not a
central or important experience
• International athlete - Not alienated from own
society, does not exploit the local people, does not Forms of Tourism
understand the local people, explores places privately,
searches for the meaning of life. Adventure tourism – a type of niche tourism involving
exploration or travel to remote areas, where the
• Overseas journalist - Takes photos, keenly observes traveler should expect the unexpected
the visited society, goes to famous places, takes physical
risks, explores places privately Agritourism – a style of vacation of which the traveler
normally stays on farms.
• Religious pilgrim - Searches for the meaning of life,
does not live a life of luxury, is not concerned with Archeotourism – alternative form of cultural tourism
social status, does not exploit the local people, does not which aims to promote the passion for historical-
buy souvenirs. Classification of Tourists according to archeology and the conservation of historical sites.
Perceived Traveling
Art tourism – a type that focuses on having exposure to
• Adventurers - Are motivated to seek new experiences. the different forms of art like paintings, sculpture, and
Value diversity; seek new activities, cultures and people. other forms of art
Are independent and in control.
Atomic tourism – this is a relatively new style of tourism
• Worriers - Suffer considerable anxiety about traveling. in which the tourists travel to significant sites in atomic
Travel is relatively unimportant to them history
Black tourism – aka dark tourism involves visiting sites Geotourism – this focuses not just on sustainability but
associated with suffering and death also on enhancing the area’s character though not
related as much as to the environment
Bookstore tourism – a type of cultural tourism that
promotes independent bookstores as a group travel Health tourism – aka medical tourism, describes the
destination practice of leaving the country to seek medical
healthcare
Culinary tourism – refers to travel of which purpose is
to pursue unique and memorable drinking and dining Music tourism – this is the act of visiting city or town in
with the locals at the chosen destination order to see a gig or festival.

Cultural tourism – aka heritage tourism, this involves Nautical tourism – a form of tourism combining boating
immersion in a society, lifestyle, It’s people ‘s history, and sailing while vacationing and traveling.
art, architecture, religion and any other element that
shaped its. War tourism – recreation travel to war zones for
purpose of sight-seeing, and deliberated culture shock.
Disaster tourism – this involves visiting areas that have
been affected by natural phenomena and/or other
disasters which is tourism accessible to the disabled. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Ecotourism –"responsible travel to natural areas that 1.Physiological – these needs must be met in order for
conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of a person to survive, such as food, water and shelter.
the local people, and involves interpretation and
education" 2. Safety – including personal and financial security and
health and wellbeing.
Educational tourism – the kind of tourism of which the
purpose is learning and enriching knowledge 3. Love/belonging – the need for friendships,
relationships and family.
Events tourism – this allows the traveller to go to
destinations to attend and have an actual participation 4. Esteem – the need to feel confident and be respected
in an event like fairs, festivals etc. by others.

Extreme tourism – This includes tourism of native 5. Self-actualization - the desire to achieve everything
societies, ghettos, jungles and urban areas. Also known you possibly can and become the most that you can be.
as shock tourism which considers traveling to dangerous
places and participating in to dangerous events. Learned Needs Theory

Ethnic tourism – this is where travelers observe a David McClelland - built on this work in his 1961 book,
country’s native people without the intent of scientific "The Achieving Society." He identified three motivators
gain that he believed we all have: a need for achievement, a
need for affiliation, and a need for power. People will
Dental tourism – this is a subset of the sector known as have different characteristics depending on their
medical tourism. It involves seeking dental care. dominant motivator.

Drug tourism – a travel for the purpose of obtaining or • Achievement - Has a strong need to set and
using drugs for personal use that are unavailable or accomplish challenging goals; Takes calculated risks to
illegal in one’s home jurisdiction. accomplish their goals; Likes to receive regular feedback
on their progress and achievements; often likes to work
Female sex tourism – a travel for women, partially or alone.
fully for the purpose of having sex.
• Affiliation - Wants to belong to the group; Wants to
LGBT tourism – a form of niche tourism marketed to be liked, and will often go along with whatever the rest
gay people who are open about their sexual orientation of the group wants to do; favors collaboration over
competition; Doesn't like high risk or uncertainty.
• Power - Wants to control and influence others; Likes • Lack of interest - people have values and other
to win arguments; Enjoys competition and winning; interests that may screen out travel.
enjoys status and recognition.
• Fear - Knowledge of political conflict or high crime
Travel Motivators rates at destinations may deter travellers.

• Relaxation & Recreation - Enjoyment and relaxation Why do people travel?

at places involving the sun, beach, warm oceans, skiing,
golf, etc. By being exposed to new places, people and cultures,
you'll develop a wider world view. And that will make
• Social and Family- Visiting friends and relatives. you a better-rounded global citizen. Travel motivation is
Referred to as "VFR Tourism" (Visiting friends, relatives) the inner state of a person, or certain needs and wants
in the tourism industry. - Often involves other types of of the tourists that can be considered as one of the
motivation such as cultural and relaxation or recreation. most important psychological influences of tourist
behavior.
• Specialty Travel- "Once in a Lifetime" types of trips

• Cultural - The chance to experience different cultures

& language; Sightseeing trips to historic sites; Drama,
music, clothing and religious attractions. Educational
trips

• Business and Work - Business travel, convention

conferences, trade shows. Meeting with business
partner, suppliers and customers

• Adventure - Offers the chance to experience

challenge and adventure. Participation in something
"completely different”. Usually involves strenuous
physical activity such as rock climbing, ranching, or
trekking in tropical forests.

• Environment - Enjoyment of wildlife and nature.

Photo safaris, diving at coral reefs and ecotourism.
Game reserves in Africa, national parks in Canada, and
unique ecosystems in Antarctica

Travel Barriers

• Cost - Consumers have budgets. Travel competes with

other financial commitments.

• Health - Inadequate health may keep people from

travelling.

• Time - People have jobs, business, family, and other

commitments that limit the time available for travel

• Family stage - Parents with young children may limit

travel because of cost and inconvenience or may be
restricted in their choice of travel destination.