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    Impact Testing

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    romesaali23

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    Impact Testing

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    romesaali23
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    impact testing

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    Impact Testing

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    of 6

    EXPERIMENT NO.

    7
    IMPACT STRENGTH OF A MATERIAL

    Submitted by:
    Name: Syeda Rumesa Ali Muhammad Hannan Tehman Saleem
    Reg No.: 220101053 220101021 220101043

    Submitted to: Ms Rida Jabbar

    DEPARTMENT OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS


    INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY
    ISLAMABAD
    OBJECTIVES
    To test the ability of a material to withstand a severe impact by breaking notched specimen using
    a heavy pendulum.

    APPARATUS

    LR= Reduced length of pendulum


    & distance to centre of impact

    Fig. 1 Impact angle displacement Fig. 2 Impact tester Fig. 3 Specimen placement
    INTRODUCTION
    In mechanics, an impact is a high force or shock applied over a short interval of time when two or
    more bodies collide. Such a force or acceleration usually has a greater effect than a lower force
    applied over a proportionally longer period. The effect depends critically on the relative velocity
    of the bodies to one another.

    Impact Tests
    Impact tests are designed to measure the resistance to failure of a material to a suddenly applied
    force. The test measures the impact energy, or the energy absorbed prior to fracture. The most
    common methods of measuring impact energy are the:
    a. Charpy Test
    b. Izod Test

    a) Charpy Impact test


    The Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy v-notch test, is a standardized high strain-rate
    test which determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture. This absorbed
    energy is a measure of a given material's toughness and acts as a tool to study temperature-
    dependent brittle-ductile transition. It is widely applied in industry, since it is easy to prepare and
    conduct, and results can be obtained quickly and cheaply. However, a major disadvantage is that
    all results are only comparative.

    b) Izod Impact test


    In this test, an arm held at a specific height (constant potential energy) is released. The arm hits
    the sample and breaks it. From the energy absorbed by the sample, its impact strength is
    determined. The Izod impact test differs from the Charpy impact test in that the sample is held in
    a cantilevered beam configuration as opposed to a three-point bending configuration.

    Standard Dimension of Charpy Test Specimens


    Charpy test specimens normally measure 55x10x10mm and have a notch machined across one of
    the larger faces. The notches may be:

    i. V-notch – A V-shaped notch, 2mm deep, with 45-degree angle and 0.25 mm radius along
    the base.
    ii. U-notch or keyhole notch – A 5mm deep notch with 1mm radius at the base of the notch.

    Product summary
    MT 3016 is a robust, easily handled bench impact tester (Charpy) made to standard specifications.
    It demonstrates in a simple and reliable manner how the impact strength characteristics of a
    material are affected at, for example, low temperature. This is of great importance for the choice
    of material in applications subjected to heavy temperature fluctuations. It is also useful to
    demonstrate how the impact strength of a material is affected by different kinds of heat treatments,
    e.g. hardening, tempering, and normalizing.

    Technical data of Apparatus and Specimen


    Max. Impact energy =15 joules (1 J = 1 Nm)
    1 Scale graduation = 0.1 joule
    Dimensions of test pieces = 6x6x44 mm
    Dimensions of the machine = 170x290x615 mm
    Weight of the machine = 30 kg

    PROCEDURE
    1. Adjust the Zero point.
    2. Raise the pendulum to a height where it is locked in a position making an angle a1 (angle of
    displacement) vertical.
    3. Fit the notched specimen in position as shown in Fig.3.
    4. Release the pendulum by pressing the lever to unlock. The pendulum strikes the notched
    specimen from behind breaking the specimen in two pieces.
    5. The pendulum then swings up to a maximum height making angle a2 (angle of rise) with the
    vertical as shown in Fig.2.
    6. The scale on the apparatus showed the amount of energy in joules of the pendulum after impact.

    Indicator arm shows


    deflection after test
    Angle of displacement

    Indicator

    Angle after test


    Pendulum

    Test piece seen


    from the side

    Fig. 4 Impact Mechanism


    a = Test piece seen from the side
    b = Pendulum
    c = Angle of disp.
    d = Angle after test
    e = Indicator

    Fig. 5 Description of Impact Testing Machine


    CALCULATIONS
    Potential Energy of the system when released: K = FL (1+sin (a1-90))
    Potential Energy after impact: T = FL (1-cos a2)
    Energy consumed in breaking the specimen (Neglecting Friction/wind resistance losses) E = K-T
    Impact strength is given by KCU = E / fractured Area
    F = 2.1 x 9.8 = 20.5 N
    L = 38.5 cm
    Fracture Area = 18 mm2
    RESULTS
    Results are tabulated as follows:

    TABLE: Data obtained during the experiment


    Fracture
    E (Joules) E (Joules) KCU
    Specimen a1 a2 K (joules) T (Joules) Area
    Theoretical Practical (J/mm2)
    mm2
    Mild Steel 162˚ 15˚ 15.4 0.27 15.1 14.7 18 0.817

    OBSERVATIONS
    From the results obtained, the mild steel fracture did not break completely, and some part of the
    steel is still attached therefore it behaves in the ductile manner.
    Ductile fracture is better because of the following reasons:
    a) More energy is needed in the ductile fracture because it is a tough material
    b) Brittle fracture happens quickly without warning while the ductile fracture takes a longer time
    before the whole process to happen. Notched impact strength is an important characteristic for
    applications in pipeline construction and shipbuilding. The fractured specimen is shown in Fig.6
    Fig. 6 The broken specimen after Impact testing

    SOURCE OF ERRORS
    a. Level of machine. (it should not be inclined)
    b. Air resistance
    c. Machine resistance

    CONCLUSION
    From the Charpy impact test, mild steel undergoes ductile fracture. More energy is absorbed by
    mild steel which shows that it is more suitable to be use in the structural construction that expose
    to high load for example: car bodies.

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