ASHIRWAD’S INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, CBSE

Affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education, Delhi, Aff.No. : 1931312

Civics – 1

What is Democracy? Why Democracy?

Classwork

One Marks:

1. Explain the concept of one person, one vote, one value.

The concept of one person, one vote, one value means that all citizen of a
country irrespectively of their background have right to vote. Each citizen
has one vote and the value of each vote remains same for everyone.
2. When does a citizen have an equal role in decision-making?
In democratic country, under Universal Adult Franchise, every citizen gets
an opportunity to have an equal role in decision making process.

Three Marks:

1. Differentiate between democratic and non-democratic government?

Democratic government Non-democratic government

 People can elect their  People cannot elect their

government. government.
 People have basic rights in  People do not have any basic
form of Fundamental Rights. rights.
 There is free and fair election,  Government is illegally
with government having fair formed.
chance of losing election.

2. Mention three essential features of democracy?

i. The major decision in country is taken by elected representatives.
ii. Through elections people get ample of opportunity to change the
government.
iii. The choice of electing and removing the elected representative is
available to all on equal basis.
 iv. The process of election and constitution puts a limit on government.

Five Marks:

1. “Democracy is the only peaceful solution to the problems of a socially

diverse country like India”. Comment on the statement by suitable
reasons.
Democracy provides the peaceful solution to all problems.
i. Different groups can live with one another peacefully.
ii. In a diverse country like India, democracy keeps our country together.
iii. It is a system of government where decisions are taken by the elected
representatives on the behalf of the people.
iv. Democracy is based on consultation and discussion.
v. A democratic decision always involves many persons, discussions and
meetings.
vi. When a number of people put their head together, they are able to
point out possible mistakes in any decision.
vii. There are mechanism like judiciary, parliament and media to solve
and deal with various conflicts and differences.
2. Why do we prefer democracy better than any other form of
government?
We prefer democracy better than any other form of government because:
i. It is more accountable form of government.
ii. A democratic decision always involves many person, discussion and
meetings. Thus democracy improves the quality of decision-making.
iii. Democracy provides a method to deal with differences and conflicts.
iv. Democracy enhances the dignity of citizen.
v. It is based on the principle of political equality on recognizing that the
poorest and the least educated have the same status as the rich and the
educated.
vi. Finally, democracy is better than other forms of government because
it allows us to correct its own mistake.
 Civics – 2 Constitutional Design

CLASSWORK

I. Very Short Answers:

1. Mention any three characteristics of the Indian Constitution.
i. India has a written constitution and is one of the lengthiest in the
world.
ii. It provides for parliamentary form of government, parliamentary.
iii. Independent judiciary system.
2. “My wish is that South Africans never give up on the belief in goodness,
that they cherish that faith in human beings is the cornerstone of our
democracy”. Who said sentence?
Nelson Mandela.
3. Why India is called ‘Republic’?
India is a republic because the head of the country is elected. In India the
President is indirectly elected.

II. Short Answers:

1. “The apartheid system was particularly oppressive for the blacks”.

Justify the statement.
The system of apartheid followed in South Africa was unjust and racist
because:
i. The blacks were forbidden from living in white areas. They could
work in white areas only if they had a permit.
ii. Trains, buses, taxis, hotels, hospitals, schools and colleges, libraries,
cinema halls, theatres, beaches, swimming pools, public toilets,
churches were all separate for the white and blacks.
iii. Blacks could not form associations or protect against the terrible
treatment. Thus, the apartheid system was particularly oppressive for
the blacks.
2. Name some of the international events that inspired and helped Indian
in making of the Constitution.
Some of the international events that inspired and helped Indian in making
of the constitution are:
 i. The ideals of French revolution.
ii. The practice of parliamentary democracy in Britain.
iii. The bill of the rights in the USA.
iv. The Russian Revolution

III. Long Answers:

1. What is a Constitution? Why do we need a Constitution?

The constitution of a country is set of written rules and laws that are
accepted by all people living together. It is supreme law that determines
nature of government and various principles on which the country will be
governed.
The importance of the Constitution is as follows:
i. It ensures that people living in account of trust and respects each
other.
ii. It defines the nature and type of the government that will be
constituted and the powers of the organs of the government.
iii. It lays down limits on the powers of the government that will be
constituted and the powers of the organs of the government.
iv. It lays down limits on the powers of the government and defines the
rights of the citizens.
v. It expresses the aspirations and the dream of the nation.
2. What is Preamble? What is the importance of preamble?
The Preamble is an introduction to the constitution and contains the
summary of the constitution.
i. The preamble helps to understand the basic framework of the
constitution.
ii. It explains the purpose and objectives with which the document has
been written.
iii. As such the ‘Preamble’ provides the guide lines of the constitution.
iv. It contains the philosophy on which the entire constitution has been
built. It provides a standard to examine and evaluate any law and
action of government to find out whether it is good or bad.
v. The Preamble, in brief, explains the objectives of the Constitution.
 Civics – 3 Electoral Design

CLASSWORK

II. Very Short Answers:

1. What is a democratic election?
Election should be conducted in a free and fair manner where people can
choose according to their wishes and this type of election is known as
Democratic Election.
2. What is general election?
Election held after every five years is termed as general election.
3. What are elections?
An election is a decision-making process by which electorates choose an
individual to represent them in legislature or any office.
4. What are different forms of political competition?
The political competition at the constituency level takes the form of
competition among several candidates, policies and ideologies of different
political parties.
5. When does the by-election occur?
By-election occurs in that constituency, which have become vacant due to
death or resignation of a member.

II. Short Answers:

1. Describe any three functions of the Election Commission of India?

The three major functions of Election Commission of India are:
i. Election commission takes decisions on every aspect of conduct and
control of elections.
ii. It implements the code of conduct and can punish any candidate or
party that violates it.
iii. It controls the government officers who are posted on the election
duty.
2. Why do we need elections?
Any representative’s democracy needs elections:
i. It provides the voters with many choices.
 ii. Voters select the representatives who make laws and take elections for
them.
iii. The voters can be choosing the party whose policies will guide the
government and law making.

III. Long Answers:

1. Why Elections? What makes an election democratic?

For an election to be democratic, the following conditions must be fulfilled:
i. Everyone should have the right to choose. Everyone should have one
vote and every vote should have equal value.
ii. All should be free to contest elections and election should offer some
real choice to the voters.
iii. Elections should take place at regular intervals and after every few
years.
iv. The candidate elected by maximum votes should win.
v. Elections should be conducted in a free and fair manner.
 Civics – 4 Working Of Institutions

CLASSWORK

III. Very Short Answers:

1. Who is the Real Executive of the Indian Union?
Prime Minister along with the Council of Ministers are the real executive of
the Indian Union.
2. What is the difference between a ‘bill’ and a ‘law?
The proposal for a law is called is bill. When a bill goes through the
Parliament and receives the assent of the President it becomes a law.
3. What is Mandal Commission?
The government of India appointed the second Backward Classes
Commission in 1979. It was headed by B. P. Mandal, retires Supreme Court
justice.

II. Short Answers:

1. ‘Lok Sabha is more powerful than Rajya Sabha’. Analyze the

statement.
Lok Sabha exercises power in the following ways:
i. Any ordinary law needs to be passed by both the houses but in the
case of conflict, view of Lok Sabha prevails because it has a large
number of members.
ii. Once the Lok Sabha passes the budget or any other money related
law, Rajya Sabha cannot reject it. The Rajya Sabha can delay it for a
maximum of 14 days or suggest changes in it which may or may not
be accepted by the Lok Sabha.
iii. Most importantly, the Lok Sabha controls the Council of Ministers. If
the majority of the Lok Sabha members say that they have no
confidence in the Council of Ministers, then all the ministers
including the Prime Minister have to resign. Thus, it can be concluded
that Lok Sabha is more powerful than Rajya Sabha.
III. Long Answers:
1. Why do we need a Parliament?
Parliament is an assembly of elected representatives exercising authority on
behalf of the people – In India, it is called as Parliament at the Central level
– at the state level, is called Legislative or Legislative Assembly. The
following are the powers of the Indian Parliament:
i. Parliament is the most important institution for making new laws,
modifications of existing laws - It makes laws on subjects mentioned
in Union List, which is of national importance like defence, finance,
railways, etc.
ii. Parliament controls the government and the government remains in
power so long they enjoy the support of the Parliament (Lok Sabha).
iii. In India or any democratic country, the public money can be spent
only when the Parliament approves it.
iv. Parliament is the place where all discussion and debate on all national
issues and concern takes place.
The Parliament keeps a check on the functioning of the Council of
Ministers. If Council of Ministers does not work satisfactorily, it can put
No-confidence motion. Election of President: Elected members of both
houses of Parliament along with the elected members of the State
Legislative Assemblies from the electoral college which elects the
President of India.
 Civics – 6 Democratic Rights

Classwork

I. Very Short Answers:

1. Under which fundamental right, expressing ideas on social issues is
permitted?
Freedom of speech and expression.
2. Which right ensures every citizen of India to live anywhere in India?
Under Right to Freedom to reside in any part of the country.
3. Enlist the role of ‘Amnesty International’.
It is an international organization of volunteers who campaign for human
rights. The organization brings out independent reports on the violation of
human rights all over the world.
II. Short Answers:
1. What is Secular state?
i. A secular state is one that does not have any official religion.
ii. It does not discriminate against people on the basis of religion they
follow.
iii. Government gives all religion equal respect.
iv. There shall be no religious instruction in the government educational
institutions.
III. Long Answers:
1. Describe the Fundamental Rights which have been provided to the
citizens by the constitution.
Indian Constitution has given six fundamental rights:
i. Right to Equality: According to this rights:
a. All persons are equal before the law.
b. Equal opportunity for public employment.
c. Right to use public places.
d. Abolition of untouchability.
ii. Right to Freedom: According to this right there should be freedom:
a. Of speech and expression.
b. To assemble peacefully and without arms.
c. To form association or unions.
d. To travel freely throughout India.
 e. To reside and settle in any part of India.
f. To practice any profession, trade or business.
g. No person can be deprived of his life.
iii. Right against Exploitation: This right means:
a. Every citizen has a right not to be exploited.
b. Constitution prohibits labor and employment of child of or less
than 14 years of age are punishable by law.
iv. Right to Freedom of Religion: As per this right everybody has right to
profess, practice and propagate his religion.
v. Cultural and Educational Rights:
a. Indian Constitution ensures that minorities are protected against
the majority and also provides special provisions to enhance their
culture and religion.
b. The community can run its own institutions to preserve its culture
and language.
vi. Right to Constitutional Remedies:
a. According to it, any citizen can approach Supreme Court or High
Court in case of violation of any of the fundamental rights.
 Economics – 1 The Story of Village Palampur

Classwork

One Marks:

1. Modern farming methods require more inputs which are manufactured

in industry. Do you agree?
Modern farming methods require inputs such as farm machinery, fertilizers,
HYV seeds, pesticides, canals, pump sets, diesel, etc., that can be
manufactured only in industries.
2. Why are the wages for farm labourers in Palampur less than minimum
wages?
Most of the labourers in Palampur are unskilled. The wages for farm
labourers in Palampur are less than minimum wages because there is heavy
competition for work among the farm labourers in Palampur. The supply of
labourers is less than their demand. Thus, the landless labourers agree to
work at much lower wages than the wages fixed by the government.
3. What are the different ways of increasing production on the same piece
of land? Use examples to explain.
The different ways of increasing production on the same piece of land are as
follows:
i. Use of modern irrigation facilities such as canals, pump sets, dams,
etc.
ii. Use of high quality seeds, fertilizers and pesticides.
iii. Use of modern machinery such as tractors, combines, threshers,
drilling machines, motors, etc.
iv. Adoption of farming techniques such as multiple cropping.

Three Marks:

1. On what terms did Savita get a loan from Tajpal Singh? Would Savita’s
condition be different if she could get a loan from the bank at a low rate
of interest?
Savita got a loan of 3,000 from Tajpal Singh at an interest rate of 24% for
four months. Along with such interest rate, Savita also promised to work on
Tajpal Singh’s field as a farm labourer during the harvest season, at a very
 low wage of ₹35 per day. Savita’s condition could have been different if
she could get a loan from the bank. Banks usually offer loan to small farmers
at a reasonable rate of interest. Moreover, she would not have to work for
the bank at such a low wage rates.
2. What are the non-farm production activities taking place in your
region? Make a short list.
The various non-farm production activities include:
i. Dairy and fishing.
ii. Tailoring and shop-keeping.
iii. Transportation activities.
iv. Small manufacturing of tools.
v. Cottage industry.
3. What can be done so that more farm production activities can be
started in village?
The following measure can be adopted to encourage more farm production
activities in the villages:
i. Farmers should be provided capital at cheap rates.
ii. Village markets should be linked with urban markets through
improved transportation facilities.
iii. The infrastructure of villages should be improved.
iv. Farmers should be educated about the latest technology and methods
of production on a regular basis.

Farmers should be encouraged to diversify and involve in-farm activities such as

forestry, fishing and horticulture.
 Economics – 2 People as Resources

Classwork

One Marks:

1. Mention any three measures taken by the government to improve

literacy condition in India.
i. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan
ii. Mid-day meal
iii. There has been expansion in primary school system in 5,00,000
villages in India.
2. How would you calculate literacy rate in India?
A person aged 7 years and above, who can read and write with
understanding in any language, is treated as literate. Percent of literate
people to the total population above 7 years is literacy rate which was 74%
in 2011.
3. Name the factors on which quality of population depends?
The quality of population depends upon:
i. Literacy rate
ii. Health of a person
iii. Life expectancy of a person
iv. Skill formation

Three Marks:

1. What is the difference between economic and non-economic activities?

i. Economic activities: Activities performed to earn livelihood and
having economic motive are termed as economic activities. These
activities are concerned with the production, exchange and
distribution of goods and services. The engagement of people in
business, profession and employment are economic activities. These
activities are rewarded in monetary terms.
ii. Non-economic activities: Activities performed to satisfy emotional
and psychological needs and having no economic motive behind them
are known as non-economic activities. These activities may be social,
cultural, religious, educational and charitable.
 2. What is unemployment? Distinguish between disguised unemployment
and seasonal unemployment?
Unemployment is a situation in which a person is willing to work at
prevailing wages, but does not get any job.
 Disguised unemployment:
a. It is a situation, where in marginal physical productivity of labour
is zero.
b. In other words, where more people are put in a job than actually
required are called disguised unemployment.
c. It is invisible and found among wage earners, mostly in
agriculture.
 Seasonal unemployment:
a. Getting employment only for the part of the year in certain sectors,
such as agriculture known as seasonal employment.
b. It is not a regular source of earning and the person has to find an
alternative job for all season time.

Five Marks:

1. What role does education play towards growth of society?

i. Education is an important factor of economic and social development.
ii. Education enhances national income, culture richness and increases
the efficiency of governance.
iii. Efficiency of workers can be increased with the help of education.
iv. Education develops human personality.
v. Education provides job opportunity to individuals and reduces the
burden of unemployment.
vi. Education improves level of understanding of individuals.
 Economics – 3 Poverty as Challenge

Classwork

One Marks:

1. What do you understand by human poverty?

Poverty may be defined as inability to satisfy minimum human needs
concerning food, clothing, shelter, health and education.
2. “There is a strong link between economic growth and poverty
reduction”. Explain the statement.
This is true that economic growth brings reduction in poverty. Economic
growth creates job opportunities for the country which puts more money in
the hands of the people. This money can be used for better food, shelter,
education, healthcare of the family of the individual which works towards
reduction of poverty.
3. In how many districts was NREGA implemented initially?
Initially NREGA was implemented in 200 districts.

II. Short Answers:

1. What are the indicators used by social scientists to understand poverty?

Since poverty has many facets, social scientists look at it through a variety
of indicators. Usually the indicators used relate to:
i. The levels of income and consumption

But now poverty is looked through other social indicators such as:

i. Illiteracy level
ii. Lack of general resistance due to malnutrition
iii. Lack of access to healthcare.
iv. Lack of job opportunities
v. Lack of access to safe drinking water
vi. Lack of sanitation facilities

Analysis of poverty based on social exclusion and vulnerability is now

becoming very common.
 2. “Poverty reduction is expected to mark better progress in the next ten
to fifteen years”. Justify the statement.
Poverty reduction is expected to make better progress in the next ten to
fifteen years. This would be possible mainly due to:
i. Higher economic growth.
ii. Increasing stress on universal free elementary education.
iii. Declining population growth.
iv. Increasing empowerment of the women.
v. The economically weaker section of the society.

III. Long Answers:

1. What are the main features of the National Rural Employment

Guarantee Act 2005?
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) 2005. The following
are the key features of this scheme:
i. NREGA is an employment generations scheme of government of
India for rural areas.
ii. The act was passed in September 2005.
iii. The central government will establish state level funds for
implementation of the scheme.
iv. It provides 100days assured employment every year to every rural
household.
v. One-third of the proposed jobs reserved for women.
vi. If an applicant is not provided employment within 15days he/ she will
be entitled to a daily unemployment allowance.
vii. Later the name of this scheme changed to MNREGA (Mahatma
Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act).
 Economics – 4 Food Security in India

Classwork

I. One Marks:
1. On what factors food securities depend?
Food security is dependent on Public Distribution System (PDS),
Government’s vigilance, its proper and appropriate action at the time food
security is threatened.
2. Write notes on: Buffer Stock?
The surplus stock of food grains, namely wheat and rice, procured and
stored by FCI is known as buffer stock. It is distributed in the deficit areas
and among needy people.
3. Write notes on: Fair Price Shops?
Fair price shops are a government sponsored outlet to supply essential items
at subsidized rates to the weaker section of society and BPL families.

II. Short Answers:

1. What is Public Distribution System?

The food procured by the FCI is distributed through government regulated
ration shops among the poorer section of the society.
i. This is called the Public Distribution System (PDS). Ration shops are
now present in most localities, villages, towns and cities. There are
about 5.5lakh ration shops all over the country.
ii. These items are sold to people at a price lower than the market price.
iii. Any family with a ration card can buy a stipulated amount of these
items (Ex. 35kg of grains, 5liters of kerosene, kg of sugar, etc.). Every
month from the nearby ration shop.
 Geography – 1 India – Size and Location

Classwork

One Marks:

1. What is the total geographical area of India?

The total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq.km.
2. India is located in which hemisphere?
India is located in the northern and eastern hemisphere.
3. What is the southernmost latitude?
The southernmost latitude of India is 8º4´North.
4. Which meridian is chosen as the standard meridian of India?
82º30´E is chosen as the Standard Meridian of India. It passes through
Allahabad and Mirzapur.

Three Marks:

1. ‘India has contributed significantly to making of world history’. Give

two facts.
i. India is one of the ancient civilizations of the world. The Indus valley
civilization is one of the ancient civilizations.
ii. The Aryans settled in India.
iii. The traders, invaders, scholars entered India and returned after
gaining a lot of knowledge and wealth.
 Geography – 2 Physical Features of India

Classwork

One Marks:

1. What are tectonic plates?

Larger fragments of earth’s crust are known as tectonic plates.
2. Name the three major divisions of the Himalayas from north to south?
Three divisions of the Himalayas from north to south:
i. The Himadri (Greater Himalayas)
ii. The Himachal (Middle Himalayas)
iii. The Shiwaliks (Outer Himalayas)
3. Which are the major physiographic divisions if India?
Major physiographic divisions of India:
i. The Himalayan Mountains
ii. The Northern Plains
iii. The Peninsular Plains
iv. The Indian Desert
v. The Coastal Plains
vi. The Islands

Three Marks:

1. What is a dun? Give examples from the Himalayan region.

Duns are broad valleys between the Himachal range and the Shiwalik
ranges. In other words, the longitudinal valleys lying between lesser
Himalayas and the Shiwalik.
Examples:
 The Kashmir valley is a classic example of Dun valley.
 Mandi and Kandra in Himachal Pradesh.
 Dehradun, Kotli dun, Patli dun in the Kumaon Himalayas.
 Kathmandu valley in Nepal.
2. “India is a huge assemblage of landmasses varying in age”. How?
 India is a huge assemblage of landmasses formed during different
geological periods.
  Besides geological formations, a number of processes such as
weathering, erosion and deposition have formed and modified the relief
to its present form.
 Example:
a. The peninsular plateau is the oldest landmass of India.
b. The Himalayas and the Northern Plains are youthful topography.

Five Marks:

1. Distinguish between Northern Plains and Peninsular Plateau?

Basis of Northern Plains Peninsular Plateau

Distinction

Formation It was formed by the interplay It was formed due to the

of three major river system. breaking and drifting of the
gondwana land.

Division These plains are broadly The peninsular plateau is

divided in: divided into:
 The Punjab Plain.  The Central Highlands.
 The Ganga Plain.  The Deccan Plateau.
 The Brahmaputra
Plain.
Relief These plains are level plain This is a tableland with broad
being about 2400km long. and shallow valleys.

Population It is densely populated. It is sparsely populated.

Agriculture Plains are agriculturally very It is less agriculturally

productive region of India. productive.

Rivers The Indus, the Ganga and the Krishna, Kaveri, Narmada,
Brahmaputra. Tapi, Mahanadi, Godavari,
Chambal, etc.
 Geography – 3 Drainage

Classwork

I. Very Short Answers:

1. What is meant by a river water divide? Give an example.

A water divide means the upland which divides the two drainage basins
from each other. Ex: Ambala-Saharnpur upland separates the Indus basin
from Ganga Basin.
2. What is the largest river basin in India?
Ganga river basin is the largest river basin in India.
3. What is drainage?
The river system of an area is termed as drainage.
4. What is the area drained by a single river system called?
Drainage basin.

II. Short Answers:

1. Why are peninsular rivers seasonal in nature? Give any three reasons.
i. Most of the peninsular rivers are seasonal in nature because their flow
is dependent on rainfall.
ii. Even the large rivers have reduced flow of water in their channels
during the dry season.
iii. Therefore, the peninsular rivers have shorter and shallower course as
compared the Himalayan Rivers.

III. Long Answers:

1. Explain any three causes of river pollution.

i. Due to growing population, rapid industrialization and urbanization,
more and more water is being drained out of rivers. This reduces river
volume.
ii. A heavy load of untreated sewage and industrial effluents are emptied
into the rivers. Thus the water of the rivers becomes polluted.
iii. Human ashes, dead animals and birds thrown into the rivers, also
pollute the river waters.

Methods of controlling water pollution:

i. The waste products from the factories should not be treated before
flowing into rivers.
ii. The waste material should be treated before flowing into rivers.
iii. Sewage of urban centres should not be allowed into rivers.
 Geography – 4 Climate

Classwork

IV. Very Short Answers:

1. What are the controls affecting the climate of India?
Factors affecting climate of India.
i. Latitude
ii. Altitude
iii. Pressure and wind systems
iv. Distance from sea
v. Influence of oceans
vi. Physiography
2. Name the four seasons of India with their months?
i. Winter season (December to February).
ii. Summer seasons (March to May).
iii. Season of advancing monsoon (June to mid-September).
iv. Season of retreating monsoon (mid-September to November).
3. ‘Loo’ blows over northern and north-western India during summer
season. What is the cause of these ‘loos’?
The ‘loo’ mainly originates in the large desert regions of the northwestern
Indian subcontinent, the Thar Desert. Therefore these are hot winds.

II. Short Answers:

1. Give reasons. Why the Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall.
Tamil Nadu coast receives winter rainfall of the following reasons:
i. Tamil Nadu coast lies on the eastern coast of the peninsula. During
summer, Arabian Sea branch of southwest monsoon ascends on the
Western Ghats and causes maximum rainfall on its western side. On
the other hand, the Tamil Nadu coast remains dry due to its location
off the way of south-west monsoon as moving towards east they go on
shedding their moisture.
 ii. During winter, the northeast dry monsoon winds blow over the Bay of
Bengal. As they pass over the Bay of Bengal they pick up moisture
and bring rain to the Tamil Nadu coast as now they are under the
effect of on-share winds, full of moisture.
2. What is Inter Tropic Convergence Zone (ITCZ)? Explain.
i. Inter Tropical Convergence Zone or ITCZ is a board through of low-
pressure in equatorial latitudes.
ii. This is the area where northwest and southwest trade winds converge.
iii. This convergence zone lies more or less parallel to the equator but
moves northwards or southwards with the movement of the sun.

III. Long Answers:

1. Describe the phenomenon of the retreating monsoon.

Main characteristics of retreating monsoon:
i. October and November are the months of retreating monsoon.
ii. During this season low monsoon trough becomes weak and is
replaced by high pressure. Thus, monsoon begins to retreat. By the
beginning of October it retreats completely from northern plains.
iii. This period is the period of transition from hot rainy season. It is
marked by clear sky, moist ground and high temperature giving birth
to “October heat”.
iv. Low pressure trough shifts to Bay of Bengal. They give rise of
cyclonic depressions which cause havoc on the eastern coasts-
especially the coasts of Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu with
very strong storms and rains. The super cyclone of 1999 will remain
in the millions of people forever, who lost their near and dear one
along with their properties.
 Geography – 5 Natural Vegetation and Wildlife

Classwork

V. Very Short Answers:

1. Define an ecosystem.
Interdependence and interrelationship between plants and animals in their
physical environment is termed as ecosystem.
2. “The vegetation cover of India in large parts is no more natural in real
sense. Give answer in support of this statement.
The vegetation cover of India in most of the regions has been modified or
replaced degraded due to the human occupy for their personal benefits,
commercialization and for many other reasons, etc.
VI. Short Answers:
1. “Land affects the natural vegetation directly and indirectly”. Give
reasons support of this statement.
The nature of land influences the types of vegetation:
i. The fertile level land supports agriculture of vegetation.
ii. The undulating and rough terrains are the areas of grasslands and
woodlands. These give shelter to a variety of wild life.
iii. Mountains are the areas of temperature forests and alpine vegetation.
iv. The deltas support mangrove forests.
 History – 1 The French Revolution

Classwork

One Marks:

1. What is the national anthem of France? Who composed it?

The national anthem of France is ‘Marseillaise’. It was composed by poet
Roget de L’Isle.
2. Who was Olympe de Gouges?
She was a revolutionary woman and the write of ‘Declaration of Rights of
Woman and Citizen’.
3. Who wrote the ‘Two Treatises of Government’?
This book was written by John Locke.
4. Who was Jean Jacques Rousseau?
He was a renowned philosopher who wrote the famous book, The Social
Contract.
5. Mention any two legacies of the French Revolution?
i. It gave the idea of liberty.
ii. It showed the way for achieving democratic rights.

Three Marks:

1. How did the political system work in France under the Constitution of
1791?
i. This constitution gave powers to the National Assembly for making
laws and this national assembly was indirectly elected.
ii. Citizens were given the right to vote for an electoral group which in
turn, elected the Assembly. But all citizens were not given this right.
Only those men older than 25 years who paid taxes equal to minimum
of 3 days labourer’s wage were given this right.
iii. If anyone wanted to become the member of the Assembly, then he
should be one of the highest tax-payers of the state.
iv. The constitution declared the rights of man and citizen. Rights like
rights to life, freedom of speech, freedom of opinion and equality
 before law were made natural rights of person and they could not be
taken away.

Five Marks:

1. How would you explain the rise of Napoleon?

Rise of Napoleon: In 1799, Napoleon became the First Council after
overthrowing the rule of Directory. He acquired numerous powers and even
opted for a plebiscite in which 99.9% people voted for his new
administrative system. He not only conquered new areas but also made
peace treaties with the enemies. All this proves that he was an able
administrator. He implemented many reforms from 1799 till 1804 which are
given as follows:
i. He stopped inflation through financial reforms.
ii. He established the Bank of France.
iii. He resolved the long-time confrontation with the Pope which
was started with the confiscation of church’s property in 1789.
For this, he even declared Catholic religion as the religion of
the majority of French people.
iv. Later on, he introduced the Napoleonic code which became the
basis of French legal system in the future.

Napoleon as a King: Till 1804, Napoleon was not satisfied with his role as the
First Council. He again opted for a plebiscite and achieved what he wanted. In
December 1804, he crowned as the king of France. In this way, Napoleon rose to
power.
 History – 2 Socialism in Europe and The Russian Revolution

Classwork

One Marks:

1. Who were regarded as ‘Kulaks’ in Russia?

Well to do peasants were regarded as ‘Kulaks’ in Russia.
2. Which values are associated with Stalin’s collectivization programme?
Mention three values.
i. Cooperation
ii. Dignity of labour
iii. Sharing
iv. Equality

Three Marks:

1. What was the ‘April Theses’?

OR
Explain the major demands of Lenin’s April Theses’.
The term April Theses relates to the three demands made by Lenin return
from exile to Russia in April 1917:
i. War be brought to a close.
ii. Land be transferred to the peasants.
iii. Banks be nationalized.

He wanted the Bolshevik party to rename itself the Communist Party to

indicate its radical aims.

2. Explain the main objective of the Russian Revolution.

The main objective of the Russian Revolution:
i. To secure peace and withdrawal of Russia from the First World War.
ii. Transfer land to the tiller.
iii. Give control of industry to the workers.
iv. Nationalize all the banks.
 v. Give equal status to non-Russian nationalists.

Five Marks:

1. What were the main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks

immediately after the October Revolution?
The main changes brought about by the Bolsheviks immediately after the
October Revolution were:
i. Peace: Immediately after coming to power Lenin announced his
decision to withdraw from war. He made peace with Germany ar,
Brest Litovsk and by adoption of Decree of Peace; Russia withdrew
from World War I.
ii. No Private Property: To realize the old socialist ideal, private property
as a means of production was abolished. Lands of clergy and nobility
were confiscated. Land and other means of production were declared
property of the entire nation. Work was now an essential requirement
for everyone as there was no unearned income to live on.
iii. Nationalization: All industries, banks, insurance companies, mines,
water, transport and railways were nationalized. Control of industries
was given to the workers.
iv. End of Privileges: Use of old titles of aristocrat was banned. It marked
the end of the system of privileges, thus creating a classless society.
v. Declaration of the Rights of People: Russia unilaterally renounced all
the unequal treaties which the Tsar’s government had imposed on
countries such as China, Iran and Afghanistan. The right of all peoples
to equality and self-determination was proclaimed.
vi. The Bolshevik Party was renamed the Russian Communist Party.
Russia became a one-party state. All Russian Congress of Soviets
became the Parliament of the country.
 History – 3 Nazism and the Rise of Hitler

Classwork

One Marks:

1. State three lessons that the German children leant under Nazi
schooling?
The lessons the German children learnt under Nazi schooling were:
i. To be loyal and submissive
ii. To hate Jews.
iii. To worship Hitler.
2. Name the Special Forces created by the Nazis?
i. Already existing regular force in green uniform.
ii. SA
iii. Strom Troopers
iv. Gestapo (Secret State Police)
v. SS (the Protection Squads)
vi. Criminal Police
vii. Security Service (SD)

Three Mars:

1. State any three promises made by the Hitler to people of Germany?

i. Hitler promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the
Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the German people.
ii. He promised employment for those looking for work and a secure
future for the youth.
iii. He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all foreign
conspiracies against Germany.
2. What was the impact of the First World War on the political system of
Germany?
 i. Germany’s defeat in the First World War followed by abdication of
the Emperor. This gave an opportunity to the parties to recast German
polity.
ii. A democratic constitution with a federal structure was established.
iii. Deputies to the German Parliament (Reichstag) were elected on the
basis of Universal Adult Franchise.

Five Mars:

1. Explain any five effects of Nazi rule on Germany.

i. Germany was turned into police state. One party – one man
dictatorship was established. Opposition parties and trade unions were
disbanded.
ii. Freedom of speech and expression was severely curtailed. Newspaper
was suppressed and government controlled all radio stations.
iii. Liberals, socialists and communists were either exiled or thrown into
prisons.
iv. Of all, Jews were the worst treated. They were deprived of their
rights, publicly humiliated, forced to live in ghettos and finally
exterminated.
v. Hitler despite the treaty of Versailles began to rearm and in 1936
marched the Rhineland. Lack of action on the part of the western
powers emboldened Hitler and set Germany on the path of war. This
finally engulfed the world in the World War.