Chemistry PCHEM Revision

1 A manufacturer investigates some reactions that produce hydrogen.
The table shows three possible reversible reactions that he could use. The enthalpy changes
are also shown.
Reaction Equation ǻH in kJ/mol
1 CH4(g) + 2H2O(g) U CO2(g) + 4H2(g) +165
2 CO(g) + H2O(g) U CO2(g) + H2(g) –41
3 CH4(g) + H2O(g) U CO(g) + 3H2(g) –206
(a) (i) For reaction 1, predict whether the pressure should be low or high to give the
greatest yield of products.
(1)
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(ii) Give a reason for your choice.

(1)
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(b) (i) For reaction 1, predict whether the temperature should be low or high to give
the greatest yield of products.
(1)
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(1)
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PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(c) For reaction 2, suggest why changing the temperature will have less effect on the
yield of products than in reactions 1 and 3.
(1)
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(d) (i) For reaction 3, predict the effect on the rate of the forward reaction of
increasing the pressure, without changing the temperature.
(1)
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(ii) Explain your prediction in terms of the particle collision theory.

(2)
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(e) The manufacturer makes a batch of ethanoic acid from methanol and carbon monoxide
using this reaction.
CH3OH + CO o CH3COOH
He starts with 64kg of methanol.
Calculate the maximum mass of ethanoic acid he could obtain.
(3)
maximum mass of ethanoic acid = ............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg
(Total for Question 1 = 11 marks)
2 A student burned four liquid fuels in order to compare the amount of energy they released,
in the form of heat.
She used this apparatus.
thermometer
copper can
water
spirit burner
liquid fuel
The energy released when each fuel was burned was used to raise the temperature of
100 g of water. For each fuel, the student recorded the mass of fuel burned and the
increase in temperature of the water.
Her results are shown in the table.
Average relative Mass of fuel Amount of fuel Increase in

Fuel
formula mass burned in g burned in mol temperature in qC
diesel 170 4 0.024 15
ethanol 46 3 0.065 10
methanol 32 2 0.063 5
petrol 114 1 0.009 4
The best fuel is the one that releases the most energy.
(a) The student suggested that petrol was the best fuel.
Explain why, using the information in the table.
(1)
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(b) Another student suggested that diesel was the best fuel.
Explain why, using the information in the table.
(1)
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(c) In another experiment, a student burned propanol and then used his results to
calculate the energy released when one mole of propanol was burned.
He then compared his result with a value from a data book.
The values are shown in the table.
Energy released per mole of

propanol burned in kJ
Student’s result 1020
Data book value 2010
Suggest two reasons why the student’s result is lower than the data book value.
(2)
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(d) The diagram shows the energy profile for burning a fuel.
energy C
reactants
B
products
Which of the energy changes A, B or C represents

t UIF BDUJWBUJPO FOFSHZ GPS UIF SFBDUJPO
t UIF BNPVOU PG FOFSHZ HJWFO PVU EVSJOH UIF SFBDUJPO
(2)
Activation energy = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................ .................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Energy released = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................................................... ......................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) Explain, in terms of bond breaking and bond making, why this reaction gives out energy.
(3)
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3 A student draws this diagram to show how he plans to prepare and collect oxygen gas
in a laboratory.
manganese(IV) oxide
oxygen
water
hydrogen peroxide
(a) The student makes a mistake in the labelling. He also misses out a piece of apparatus.
(i) State the mistake in the labelling of the diagram.
(1)
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(ii) Identify the piece of apparatus missing from the diagram.

(1)
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(iii) State why this piece of apparatus is necessary.

(1)
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(b) The student adds the missing piece of apparatus, then collects some oxygen gas.
This oxygen gas contains water vapour.
Suggest how he could alter the apparatus so that he could collect dry oxygen gas.
(1)
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(c) Balance the equation for the reaction used in this preparation of oxygen.
(1)
........................ H2O2 o ........................ H2 O + ........................ O2
(d) The manganese(IV) oxide acts as a catalyst.

What is meant by the term catalyst?
(2)
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(e) The diagram shows the reaction profile for the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
without a catalyst.
hydrogen peroxide
energy
water + oxygen
(i) Label the diagram to show the activation energy (Ea) for this reaction.
(1)
(ii) On the diagram, draw a curve to represent the reaction profile for the same
reaction when a catalyst is used.
(1)
4 The equation for a reaction that occurs in the manufacture of nitric acid is
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) U4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ǻH = −900 kJ/mol
(a) (i) State the meanings of the symbols U and ǻH.

(2)
U .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ǻH ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) What does the negative sign of ǻH indicate about the reaction?
(1)
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(b) Complete the energy level diagram for this reaction.

(2)
Energy
(c) Typical conditions used for this reaction are a temperature of 900 °C and a pressure
of 10 atmospheres.
Deduce the effects of changing the conditions as shown in the table. Choose
from the words increased, decreased or unchanged to complete the table.
(4)
Change Effect on rate of reaction Effect on yield of products
increase in temperature
addition of catalyst
(d) A manufacturer considers using a pressure of 5 atm instead of 10 atm.
(i) Predict and explain the effect on the rate of reaction of changing the pressure
to 5 atm.
(3)
Effect on rate of reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Explanation ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) Predict and explain the effect on the position of equilibrium of changing the
pressure to 5 atm.
(2)
Effect on position of equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................... .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Explanation ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(e) Balance the equation that represents the last stage in the manufacture of nitric acid.
.................... NO2 + . . . . . . . . ............ O2 + .................... H2O o .................... HNO3

(1)
1 Sodium thiosulfate solution and dilute hydrochloric acid react together slowly to
form a precipitate of sulfur. This precipitate eventually makes the mixture go cloudy.
A student uses this method.
• place 20 cm3 of sodium thiosulfate solution and 20 cm3 of water in a conical flask
• add 10 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid to the flask
• place the flask on a piece of paper marked with a black ×
• time how long it takes before the × can no longer be seen
eye
conical flask
sodium thiosulfate solution
paper with ×
marked on it
(a) The equation for the reaction is

Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) o 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + S(s) + SO2(g)
Before starting her experiments, the student considers the risk to her of sulfur dioxide
escaping from the flask. She uses this information.
concentration of sodium thiosulfate solution = 0.300 mol/dm3
volume of sodium thiosulfate solution = 20 cm3
volume of water = 20 cm3
volume of hydrochloric acid = 10 cm3
(i) Calculate the mass of sulfur dioxide formed in this experiment.

The hydrochloric acid is in excess.
(3)
mass of sulfur dioxide formed = ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g
(ii) The solubility of sulfur dioxide at room temperature is 100 g/dm3.
Use this additional information to explain whether any sulfur dioxide gas
escapes from the flask.
(2)
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(b) At what point in the experiment should the student have started a timer?
(1)
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(c) She repeats the experiment using the same volumes and concentrations of
solutions, but at different temperatures. The graph shows her results.
80 –
60 –
Time
in s 40 –
20 –
0–
–
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Temperature in °C
(i) The result at (14, 42) is anomalous.

Explain one mistake the student may have made to cause this anomalous result.
(1)
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(ii) Use the graph to find the time taken for the × to be no longer seen at 35 °C.
(1)
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(d) The student repeats the experiments using nitric acid in place of hydrochloric acid.
She records the times for the × to no longer be seen, then uses the times to
calculate the rate of reaction at each temperature.
The graph shows the results she plots.
0.20 –
Relative rate
in s–1
0.10 –
0–
–
–
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Temperature in °C
(i) Suggest two reasons why the results are least accurate at higher temperatures.
(2)
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2 . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) The student wrote this explanation for the shape of the graph.
As the temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases.

This is because there are more frequent collisions between
particles of reactants.
Use the particle collision theory to explain another more important reason for
the increase in reaction rate.
(2)
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(e) Another student uses the same reaction to investigate the effect of changing the
concentration of the sodium thiosulfate solution on the rate of reaction.
Give three variables that the student must control in this investigation to obtain
valid results.
(3)
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2 . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3 . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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2 The flow diagram shows how a fertiliser is manufactured from raw materials.
carbon dioxide
air
hydrogen ammonium
natural gas ammonia nitric acid
nitrogen nitrate
water
oxygen
The hydrogen needed is formed in two reactions.
(a) Reaction 1 occurs between steam and methane in natural gas.

Balance the equation for this reaction.
(1)
.......................... CH4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. H 2O o .......................... CO + .......................... H2
(b) The equation for reaction 2 is
CO(g) + H2O(g) U CO2(g) + H2(g) ¨H = –41 kJ/mol

(i) Assuming that this reaction reaches equilibrium, explain what happens to the
yield of hydrogen if the reaction is carried out at a higher pressure but at the
same temperature.
(2)
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(ii) Assuming that this reaction reaches equilibrium, explain what happens to the
yield of hydrogen if the reaction is carried out at a higher temperature but at
the same pressure.
(2)
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(c) Reaction 2 can be represented on an energy profile.
CO + H2O
energy
(i) Complete the profile by showing the products of the reaction and the
enthalpy change for the reaction.
(2)
(ii) Reaction 2 is carried out using an iron oxide catalyst.
State the effect, if any, of using a catalyst on the enthalpy change for the reaction.
(1)
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(iii) Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.

(2)
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(d) The equations for some other reactions used in the manufacture of ammonium nitrate
are
reaction 3 N2 + 3H2 U 2NH3
reaction 4 4NH3 + 5O2 U 4NO + 6H2O
reaction 5 2NO2 U N2O4
reaction 6 NH3 + HNO3 o NH4NO3
Explain which two of these are redox reactions.

(2)
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(e) The manufacturer produces a batch of 34 kg of ammonia.

Calculate the maximum mass of ammonium nitrate that can be made from this
mass of ammonia, using reaction 6 in part (d).
Give a unit for your answer.
(3)
maximum mass of ammonium nitrate = ................................................ unit .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 A student investigates the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide solution.
The diagram shows the apparatus he uses in his experiments.
gas syringe
0 100
hydrogen peroxide solution
The equation for the decomposition is

2H2O2 o 2H2O + O2
(a) The student keeps the amount, in moles, of H2O2 in the solution constant at the start
of each experiment.
State two properties of the solution that he should keep the same to ensure that
the amount of H2O2 is the same in each experiment.
(2)
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2 . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The student carries out the experiment five times.
He uses a different solid in each experiment to see how effective each solid is as a
catalyst in the decomposition.
He removes the bung, adds a small amount of one of the solids and quickly replaces
the bung.
He records the time taken to collect 100 cm3 of oxygen in the syringe.
Time to collect 100 cm3 of oxygen,

Solid
in seconds
A 76
B no oxygen collected
C 35
D 11
E 54
(i) Which solid does not seem to act as a catalyst?

(1)
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(ii) Which solid is the most effective catalyst?

(1)
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(c) In the first experiment the student added 1g of solid A.

Describe what he could do with the contents of the conical flask at the end of the
experiment to show that A was a catalyst, and not a reactant.
(2)
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(d) The student repeats the experiment using the same apparatus, but this time he records
the volume of oxygen collected at intervals of 20 seconds.
The table shows his results for two new solids F and G.
Volume of oxygen collected in cm3

Time in seconds
solid F solid G
0 0 0
20 69 36
40 89 58
60 98 74
80 100 86
100 100 96
120 100 100
(i) The grid shows the results plotted for solid F.

On the grid, plot the results for solid G.
Draw a curve of best fit.
(3)
120 –
100 –
80 –
Solid
ol
Volume of
60 –
oxygen in cm3
40 –
20 –
0–
–
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time in seconds
(ii) Use your graph to estimate the volume of oxygen collected after 70 seconds
for solid G.
Show on your graph how you obtained your answer.
(2)
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(iii) How do the curves on the graph show that the reaction is faster with solid F
than with solid G?
(1)
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4 Hydrogen peroxide solution decomposes very slowly at room temperature.
The equation for this reaction is
2H2O2 o 2H2O + O2
Very few bubbles can be seen in the solution because of the slow decomposition.
The rate of this reaction is greatly increased by adding a catalyst.
(a) A student added a solid to some hydrogen peroxide solution to see if the solid
acted as a catalyst.
He noticed that a lot of bubbles formed, and that the solid was still present at the
end of the reaction.
Outline a method to show that the solid acted as a catalyst and not as a reactant.
(2)
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. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The student investigated the effect that changing the concentration of the
hydrogen peroxide solution has on the rate of the reaction.
He used solid manganese(IV) oxide as the catalyst in each experiment.
This is the method he used.
x pour some hydrogen peroxide solution into a conical flask on a top-pan balance
x add the catalyst and place some cotton wool loosely in the neck of the flask
x record the balance reading and start a timer
x record the balance reading every minute until the mass no longer changes
x repeat the experiment several times using different concentrations of
hydrogen peroxide solution
(i) State one property of each substance that the student should keep the same
in each experiment.
(2)
hydrogen peroxide solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................ ................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
manganese(IV) oxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................... .................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) What is the purpose of the cotton wool?

(1)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The graph shows the results of one of the student’s experiments.
150.0
149.8
Balance reading
in grams 149.6
149.4
149.2
0 2 4 6 10
Time in minutes
(i) Why does the balance reading decrease during the experiment?
(1)
. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) What does the slope of the curve indicate about the reaction?
(1)
. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) How long does the reaction take to complete?

(1)
. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) The results of some of the student’s other experiments are shown on this graph.
150.0
149.8
R
Balance reading S
149.6
in grams
149.4
149.2 T
149.0
0 2 4 6 10
Time in minutes
(i) Which one of the experiments, R, S or T, was the fastest?

(1)
. . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) The concentration of the hydrogen peroxide solution in experiment S was 0.40 mol/dm3.
Use the graph to deduce the concentration of the hydrogen peroxide solution
in experiment T.
State how you deduced your answer.
(2)
concentration =....................................................... mol/dm3
. . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) Another student repeated the investigation.
She recorded the time for the total mass of the beaker and contents to decrease by 0.50 g
in each experiment. She then converted the times to relative rates of reaction.
The table shows the concentrations she used and the relative rates of reaction she calculated.
Relative rate of reaction 1.5 2.2 3.0 4.4 5.1 6.0 7.4
Concentration in mol/dm3 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.20 1.40 1.60 2.00
Plot a graph of these results on the grid.

Draw a straight line of best fit through the points.
(3)
7.0
6.0
5.0
Relative rate
of reaction 4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0
0 1.00 2.00
Concentration of hydrogen peroxide
in mol/dm3
(f ) Explain, in terms of particles, why the rate of a reaction increases as the concentration
of a reactant increases.
(2)
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 A group of students investigated the reaction between marble chips (calcium carbonate)
and dilute hydrochloric acid.
The equation for this reaction is
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
They wanted to find the effect of changing the concentration of hydrochloric acid
on the rate of reaction. The teacher provided a solution that she had labelled 100%
hydrochloric acid.
The teacher told them to do all their experiments
x using different concentrations of hydrochloric acid made by diluting the 100%
hydrochloric acid
x by timing how long it took to collect carbon dioxide
x at room temperature
The students used this apparatus.
cm3
dilute
hydrochloric
water
acid 100
marble chips
(a) The students tried to keep the amount of calcium carbonate constant by using
the same number of marble chips in each experiment.
State two other properties of the marble chips that should be the same in each
experiment.
(2)
1 . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The table shows how some of the students wrote down their results.
Student Results
I used 6 marble chips and 100% hydrochloric acid and
1 collected 100 cm3 of gas in 40 seconds.
In my experiment there were 6 marble chips and 80%

hydrochloric acid and I collected 100 cm3 of carbon
2
dioxide by the end of the experiment.
The marble chips and 60% hydrochloric acid formed

3 100 cm3 of gas in 70 seconds.
I used 40% hydrochloric acid and 6 marble chips.

4 It took 105 seconds to collect the gas.
I collected 100 cm3 of gas in 135 seconds when I used

5 6 marble chips.
The teacher said that she could only use the results from student 1 because the
other students had not recorded enough information.
Identify the piece of information that each student failed to record.
(4)
Student 2 ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Student 3 ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Student 4 ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Student 5 ............... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The students repeated the experiment to make sure that it was a fair test. They used
a different supply of hydrochloric acid. They all measured the time to collect
100 cm3 of carbon dioxide and calculated the rate of each reaction.
Their results are shown in the table.
Percentage Time to collect Rate of
concentration of 100 cm3 of gas reaction in
hydrochloric acid in seconds cm3/s
20 66.7 1.5
40 52.6 1.9
60 34.5 2.9
70 30.3 3.3
80 25.6 3.9
100 20.8 4.8
(i) Plot these results on the grid and draw a straight line of best fit.
(3)
5–
4–
3–
Rate of reaction
in cm3/s
2–
1–
0–
0 20 40 60 80 100
Percentage concentration of hydrochloric acid
(ii) One of the points is anomalous. Circle this point on the graph. (1)
(iii) Suggest two errors in the experiment that could have caused this anomalous
result.
(2)
1 . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Use your graph to estimate the rate of reaction using an acid concentration of 50%.
Show on your graph how you obtained your answer.
(2)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Some students investigated the rate of the reaction between marble chips (calcium carbonate)
and dilute hydrochloric acid.
(a) The equation for the reaction is
CaCO3 (. . . . . . . . . . ) + 2HCl (. . . . . . . . . . ) oCaCl2 (.......... ) + H2O (.......... ) + CO2 (.......... )

Insert state symbols after each formula.
(2)
(b) One of the students used this apparatus.
cotton wool
marble chips dilute hydrochloric acid
balance
(i) What is the purpose of the cotton wool?

(1)
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . .
.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) He recorded the total mass of the conical flask and contents every 30 seconds
for several minutes. He plotted the results as a graph of total mass ( y-axis)
against time.
Which of the graphs could represent his results?
Put a cross ( ) in a box to indicate your answer.
(1)
total total total total

mass mass mass mass
time time time time
A B C D
(c) Another student carried out three experiments to investigate the effect of changing
the concentration and temperature of hydrochloric acid on the rate of reaction.
She kept the number and size of marble chips the same in each experiment.
The marble chips were in excess.
In each experiment she measured the volume of gas collected at different times,
using this apparatus.
syringe
marble chips dilute hydrochloric acid
The graph shows the results of her experiments.
100
80
A
60 B
Volume of gas
collected
in cm3
40
C
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time in minutes
(i) Experiments A and B represent experiments using the same concentration of
hydrochloric acid but at different temperatures.
Which letter represents the experiment at the higher temperature?
Give a reason for your choice.
(2)
Letter ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .
Reason .................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Experiments B and C represent experiments at the same temperatures and

using the same volumes of hydrochloric acid.
The concentration of hydrochloric acid used in experiment B is 0.20 mol/dm3.
What is the concentration of hydrochloric acid used in experiment C?
Explain how you worked out your answer.
(2)
Concentration .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explanation ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) (i) A third student calculated the rate of reaction in his experiments.
The table shows his results.
Rate of reaction
4.0 9.0 13.5 18.5 23.0
in cm3 /min
Concentration of acid
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0
in mol/dm3
Plot these results on the grid. Draw a straight line of best fit through the points.
(3)
20
Rate of reaction
in cm3 /min
10
0
0 1.0 2.0
Concentration of acid in mol / dm3
(ii) Describe the relationship between rate of reaction and concentration of acid
shown by the graph.
(2)
. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Explain why increasing the concentration has this effect on the rate of reaction.
(3)
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3 A student investigates the rate of the reaction between marble chips (calcium carbonate)
and dilute hydrochloric acid. She is given a bottle containing hydrochloric acid labelled 100%.
She uses this method to find out how changing the concentration of the acid affects
the rate of reaction.
x add some marble chips to a conical flask
x pour 50.0 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid into the flask
x place the flask on a balance and start a timer
x record the time taken for the mass of the flask and contents to decrease by 1.0 g
x repeat the experiment using different concentrations of hydrochloric acid
(a) Suggest two features of the marble chips that the student should keep the same
to ensure that the results are valid (a fair test).
(2)
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(b) Why does the mass of the flask and contents decrease during the experiment?
(1)
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(c) The student should have put some cotton wool in the neck of the conical flask
after placing the flask on the balance.
How would this improve the accuracy of the results?
(1)
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(d) The graph shows the student’s results for the decrease in the mass of the flask
and contents by 1.0 g.
600
500
400
Time in
seconds
300
200
100
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Concentration of acid (%)
(i) Use the graph to find the time taken for the loss of 1.0 g of mass from the flask
when the concentration of acid is 50%.
Show on the graph how you obtained your answer.
(2)
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(ii) One of the points on the graph is anomalous.

What could have caused this anomalous result?
(1)
A the concentration of acid was more than 40%
B the loss of mass was greater than 1.0 g
C the mass of marble chips was more than 10 g
D the student started the timer too late
(e) The results of each experiment can be used to calculate the rate of reaction using
the expression
1.0 g
rate of reaction in grams per second =
time to lose 1.0 g in seconds
Calculate the rate of reaction when the concentration of acid is 50%.
(2)
rate of reaction = ............................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g/s
(f ) The student is given a bottle of hydrochloric acid with a concentration different from that
used in the previous experiments.
She repeats the investigation using different concentrations of hydrochloric acid.
She calculates the rate of reaction for each experiment.
The table shows her results.
Rate of reaction in
15 29 40 56 70
milligrams per second
Concentration
20 40 60 80 100
of acid (%)
Plot these results on the grid and draw a straight line of best fit.
(3)
80
60
Rate of reaction in 40
milligrams per second
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Concentration of acid (%)
(g) The rate of reaction increases as the concentration of the acid increases.
Explain this relationship in terms of particles.
(3)
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4 A student investigates how temperature affects the rate of reaction between two colourless
solutions containing ions.
When he mixes the solutions, a reaction takes place between the ions and after a while the
mixture suddenly turns blue. He performs the experiment at five different temperatures
and on each occasion he measures the time taken for the mixture to turn blue.
The table shows his results.
Temperature in qC 15 19 26 38 60
Time taken in seconds 175 150 134 123 119
(a) (i) Plot the results on the grid and draw a curve of best fit.
(3)
180
170
160
150
Time taken
in seconds
140
130
120
110
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Temperature in qC
(ii) Use your graph to estimate the time taken for the mixture to turn blue at 50 qC.
(1)
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(iii) What does the graph show about the relationship between temperature and
time taken?
(1)
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(b) Explain, in terms of particles, why an increase in temperature increases the rate of
this reaction.
(3)
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(c) State a variable that must be kept constant for the experiment to be valid (a fair test).
(1)
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1 AmmoFert Chemicals is a company that manufactures fertilisers.
The flow chart shows how the company manufactures a fertiliser called AmmoBoost.
nitrogen gas nitric acid
heated
separator mixer AmmoBoost
catalyst
hydrogen gas
(a) The first step in the process is the conversion of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas into
ammonia.
(i) State a raw material used as the source of each gas.
(2)
nitrogen ............. ............................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
hydrogen ...................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Identify the catalyst used in this conversion.

(1)
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(iii) State one other condition used in this conversion.

(1)
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(iv) Only a small percentage of the nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas is converted into
ammonia.
Explain how the unreacted gases are separated from the ammonia.
(2)
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(b) The equation for the production of ammonia is
N2(g) + 3H2(g) U 2NH3 J ǻH N-PRO
Calculate the maximum mass of ammonia that can be obtained from 56 tonnes of nitrogen.
(1 tonne 1 000 000 grams)
(3)
(c) EnAitchThree is another company that manufactures ammonia using the same reaction
as AmmoFert but using different conditions.
EnAitchThree uses a higher temperature and a higher pressure than AmmoFert.
(i) Predict the effect on the rate of reaction and on the equilibrium position by changing
to the temperature used by EnAitchThree.
(2)
Effect of higher temperature on rate of reaction
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Effect of higher temperature on equilibrium position
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(ii) Predict the effect on the equilibrium position by changing to the pressure used
E\ (Q$LWFK7KUHH -XVWLI\ \RXU SUHGLFWLRQ
(2)
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(d) The main compound in AmmoBoost contains 35% nitrogen and 5% hydrogen by mass.
The remainder is oxygen.
(i) Calculate the percentage by mass of oxygen in the compound.
(1)
(ii) Determine the empirical formula of the compound.

(3)
(iii) What is the name of the main compound in AmmoBoost?

(1)
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(Total for Question 1 18 marks)
2 Some students investigated the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulfate solution and
hydrochloric acid. The equation for the reaction is
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + S(s) + SO2(g)

The precipitate of sulfur makes the reaction mixture go cloudy.
The students used this method.
Ɣ 3ODFH D PL[WXUH RI VRGLXP WKLRVXOIDWH VROXWLRQ DQG ZDWHU LQ D FRQLFDO IODVN
Ɣ $GG VRPH GLOXWH K\GURFKORULF DFLG VZLUO WKH PL[WXUH DQG VWDUW D WLPHU
Ɣ 3ODFH WKH IODVN RYHU D EODFN FURVV PDUNHG RQ D SLHFH RI SDSHU
Ɣ 5HFRUG WKH WLPH WDNHQ IRU WKH FURVV WR GLVDSSHDU ZKHQ YLHZHG IURP DERYH
The students used 10 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid in each experiment.
They carried out all the experiments at the same temperature.
They used different volumes of sodium thiosulfate solution and water in each experiment.
They were told to keep the total volume of sodium thiosulfate solution and water constant.
The table shows their results.
Volume of sodium
Volume of water Time
Student thiosulfate solution
in cm3 in s
in cm3
1 50 0 26.6
2 40 10
3 35 15 76.4
4 30 20 105.6
5 25 25
6 20 30 223.5
7 15 40 321.4
(a) Explain why the results of student 7 should not be used.

(1)
. . . . . ................................ ............................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Plot the results of the six other students on the grid below. Draw a curve of best fit
through the points.
(3)
250
200
150
Time
in s
100
50
0
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Volume of sodium
thiosulfate solution in cm3
(c) The students used this equation to calculate the rate of each reaction in their investigation.
1000
rate of reaction
time taken
Calculate the rate of reaction for student 1’s experiment.
Give your answer to one decimal place.

(2)
5DWH ...............................................
(d) Another group of students used the same method but with different solutions of
sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid. They calculated the rate of reaction for
each experiment they did. Their results are shown on the following graph.
40
30
5DWH RI UHDFWLRQ
20
LQ V
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Concentration of sodium thiosulfate solution
LQ JGP3
(i) Describe the relationship between rate and concentration as shown by the graph.
(2)
. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain why increasing the concentration has this effect on the rate.
(3)
. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . ............................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 A manufacturer investigates some reactions that produce hydrogen.
The table shows three possible reversible reactions that he could use. The enthalpy changes
are also shown.
Reaction Equation ǻH in kJ/mol
1 CH4(g) + 2H2O(g) U CO2(g) + 4H2(g) +165
2 CO(g) + H2O(g) U CO2(g) + H2(g) –41
3 CH4(g) + H2O(g) U CO(g) + 3H2(g) –206
(a) (i) For reaction 1, predict whether the pressure should be low or high to give the
greatest yield of products.
(1)
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(1)
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) (i) For reaction 1, predict whether the temperature should be low or high to give
the greatest yield of products.
(1)
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(1)
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) For reaction 2, suggest why changing the temperature will have less effect on the
yield of products than in reactions 1 and 3.
(1)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) (i) For reaction 3, predict the effect on the rate of the forward reaction of
increasing the pressure, without changing the temperature.
(1)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain your prediction in terms of the particle collision theory.

(2)
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) The manufacturer makes a batch of ethanoic acid from methanol and carbon monoxide
using this reaction.
CH3OH + CO o CH3COOH
He starts with 64kg of methanol.
Calculate the maximum mass of ethanoic acid he could obtain.
(3)
maximum mass of ethanoic acid = ............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg
4 The equation for a reaction that occurs in the manufacture of nitric acid is
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) U4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ǻH = −900 kJ/mol
(a) (i) State the meanings of the symbols U and ǻH.

(2)
U ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ǻH ................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) What does the negative sign of ǻH indicate about the reaction?
(1)
. . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Complete the energy level diagram for this reaction.

(2)
Energy
(c) Typical conditions used for this reaction are a temperature of 900 °C and a pressure
of 10 atmospheres.
Deduce the effects of changing the conditions as shown in the table. Choose
from the words increased, decreased or unchanged to complete the table.
(4)
Change Effect on rate of reaction Effect on yield of products
addition of catalyst
(d) A manufacturer considers using a pressure of 5 atm instead of 10 atm.
(i) Predict and explain the effect on the rate of reaction of changing the pressure
to 5 atm.
(3)
Effect on rate of reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................................................................................... ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explanation ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Predict and explain the effect on the position of equilibrium of changing the
pressure to 5 atm.
(2)
Effect on position of equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................... .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Explanation ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) Balance the equation that represents the last stage in the manufacture of nitric acid.
.................... NO2 + . . . . . . . . ............ O2 + .................... H2O o .................... HNO3

(1)
1 Iodine reacts with chlorine to form iodine monochloride, ICl
(a) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.

(1)
. . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Iodine monochloride reacts reversibly with chlorine to form iodine trichloride.
ICl + Cl2 U ICl3

dark yellow
brown
The reaction mixture is allowed to reach a state of dynamic equilibrium.
(i) One feature of a reaction that is in dynamic equilibrium is that both the
forward reaction and the backward reaction occur simultaneously.
Give two other features of a reaction that is in dynamic equilibrium.
(2)
1 . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) When the equilibrium mixture is heated, it becomes darker brown in colour.
Explain whether the backward reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
(2)
. . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . ..................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Ammonia (NH3) can be made by reacting nitrogen and hydrogen, in the presence of
an iron catalyst, according to the equation
N2(g) + 3H2(g) U 2NH3(g) ǻH = –92 kJ/mol

The reaction is reversible and the reaction mixture can, if left for long enough, reach a
position of dynamic equilibrium.
The graph shows how the percentage of ammonia at equilibrium depends on the
temperature and pressure used.
100 100 qC
200 qC
90
300 qC
80
70
400 qC
60
Percentage of
ammonia at 50
equilibrium
40 500 qC
30
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Pressure in atmospheres
(a) State two features of a reaction mixture that is in dynamic equilibrium.

(2)
1 . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) (i) Use the graph to state the effect on the percentage of ammonia at equilibrium of the
following changes
t BO JODSFBTF JO UFNQFSBUVSF BU DPOTUBOU QSFTTVSF
t BO JODSFBTF JO QSFTTVSF BU DPOTUBOU UFNQFSBUVSF
Write your answers in the table.
(2)
Effect on percentage of ammonia at equilibrium
increase in pressure
(ii) Explain why these changes have the effects you have given in (b)(i).
(2)
Increase in temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................................................... ........................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Increase in pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......................................................................... ................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(c) The reaction between nitrogen and hydrogen is used to manufacture ammonia in
the Haber process. This process operates at a pressure of 200 atmospheres and a
temperature of 450qC, with an iron catalyst.
If the reaction mixture reached a position of equilibrium, the expected yield of ammonia
would be about 30%.
The actual yield of ammonia obtained in the Haber process is about 15%.
(i) Suggest why the actual yield of ammonia is lower than the expected yield.
(1)
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(ii) How is the ammonia separated from the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen?
(2)
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29
(iii) What happens to the unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen?
(1)
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(d) The reaction would be faster if a higher temperature were used.

Suggest why a higher temperature is not used in the Haber process.
(1)
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(e) The equation for the formation of ammonia is

N2(g) + 3H2(g) U 2NH3(g)
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of ammonia, that could be formed in the
Haber process from 112 kilograms of nitrogen, assuming all the nitrogen is
converted into ammonia.
(3)
Amount of ammonia =........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol

(ii) Only 15% of the nitrogen is converted into ammonia.
Calculate the actual amount, in moles, of ammonia that is formed from
112 kilograms of nitrogen.
(1)
Amount of ammonia =........................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mol
3 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4) exist together in equilibrium.
2NO2(g)  N2O4(g)
brown colourless
(a) The gas syringe contains a sample of an equilibrium mixture of the two gases.
The mixture is brown in colour.
equilibrium mixture
plunger of NO2 and N2O4
seal
gas syringe
The plunger is pulled out to reduce the pressure of the gaseous mixture.
When the equilibrium is reached the mixture is darker in colour.
Explain this observation.
(3)
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(b) (i) A sealed tube containing an equilibrium mixture of NO2 and N2O4 at room temperature
is plunged into water at 0 °C. The colour of the mixture changes from brown
to pale yellow.
Explain whether the forward reaction is exothermic or endothermic.
(2)
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(ii) In the forward reaction, a bond is formed between the two nitrogen dioxide molecules.
NO2 + NO2 → O2N–NO2
Explain whether this information supports your answer in (b)(i).
(1)
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4 Carbon monoxide and hydrogen are used in the manufacture of methanol (CH3OH).
The reaction is reversible and can reach a position of dynamic equilibrium.
CO(g) + 2H2(g) U CH3OH(g) ¨H = –91 kJ/mol

The reaction is carried out at a pressure of about 100 atmospheres and a temperature
of 250qC.
(a) State two features of a reaction that is in dynamic equilibrium.
(2)
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2 . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) (i) How would a decrease in temperature at constant pressure affect the amount
of methanol in the equilibrium mixture?
Explain your answer.
(2)
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(ii) How would an increase in pressure at constant temperature affect the amount
of methanol in the equilibrium mixture?
Explain your answer.
(2)
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(c) Methanol (CH3OH) can be converted into methanal (H2CO).
A mixture of methanol and oxygen is passed over an iron oxide catalyst at 250qC.
Methanal and water are the only two products.
(i) Write a chemical equation for the conversion of methanol into methanal.
(2)
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(ii) What is meant by the term catalyst?

(2)
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(iii) Explain how a catalyst works.

(2)
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(d) Methanol can be used in racing cars as an alternative fuel to petrol.

Write the chemical equation for the complete combustion of methanol.
(2)
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5 The flow diagram shows how a fertiliser is manufactured from raw materials.
carbon dioxide
air
hydrogen ammonium
natural gas ammonia nitric acid
nitrogen nitrate
water
oxygen
The hydrogen needed is formed in two reactions.
(a) Reaction 1 occurs between steam and methane in natural gas.

Balance the equation for this reaction.
(1)
.......................... CH4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. H 2O o .......................... CO + .......................... H2
(b) The equation for reaction 2 is
CO(g) + H2O(g) U CO2(g) + H2(g) ¨H = –41 kJ/mol

(i) Assuming that this reaction reaches equilibrium, explain what happens to the
yield of hydrogen if the reaction is carried out at a higher pressure but at the
same temperature.
(2)
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(ii) Assuming that this reaction reaches equilibrium, explain what happens to the
yield of hydrogen if the reaction is carried out at a higher temperature but at
the same pressure.
(2)
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(c) Reaction 2 can be represented on an energy profile.
CO + H2O
energy
(i) Complete the profile by showing the products of the reaction and the
enthalpy change for the reaction.
(2)
(ii) Reaction 2 is carried out using an iron oxide catalyst.
State the effect, if any, of using a catalyst on the enthalpy change for the reaction.
(1)
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(iii) Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.

(2)
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(d) The equations for some other reactions used in the manufacture of ammonium nitrate
are
reaction 3 N2 + 3H2 U 2NH3
reaction 4 4NH3 + 5O2 U 4NO + 6H2O
reaction 5 2NO2 U N2O4
reaction 6 NH3 + HNO3 o NH4NO3
Explain which two of these are redox reactions.

(2)
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(e) The manufacturer produces a batch of 34 kg of ammonia.

Calculate the maximum mass of ammonium nitrate that can be made from this
mass of ammonia, using reaction 6 in part (d).
Give a unit for your answer.
(3)
maximum mass of ammonium nitrate = ................................................ unit ..................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 AmmoFert Chemicals is a company that manufactures fertilisers.
The flow chart shows how the company manufactures a fertiliser called AmmoBoost.
nitrogen gas nitric acid
heated
separator mixer AmmoBoost
catalyst
hydrogen gas
(a) The first step in the process is the conversion of nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas into
ammonia.
(i) State a raw material used as the source of each gas.
(2)
nitrogen ....................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
hydrogen ................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Identify the catalyst used in this conversion.

(1)
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(iii) State one other condition used in this conversion.

(1)
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(iv) Only a small percentage of the nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas is converted into
ammonia.
Explain how the unreacted gases are separated from the ammonia.
(2)
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(b) The equation for the production of ammonia is
N2(g) + 3H2(g) U 2NH3 J ǻH N-PRO
Calculate the maximum mass of ammonia that can be obtained from 56 tonnes of nitrogen.
(1 tonne 1 000 000 grams)
(3)
(c) EnAitchThree is another company that manufactures ammonia using the same reaction
as AmmoFert but using different conditions.
EnAitchThree uses a higher temperature and a higher pressure than AmmoFert.
(i) Predict the effect on the rate of reaction and on the equilibrium position by changing
to the temperature used by EnAitchThree.
(2)
Effect of higher temperature on rate of reaction
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Effect of higher temperature on equilibrium position
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(ii) Predict the effect on the equilibrium position by changing to the pressure used
E\ (Q$LWFK7KUHH -XVWLI\ \RXU SUHGLFWLRQ
(2)
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(d) The main compound in AmmoBoost contains 35% nitrogen and 5% hydrogen by mass.
The remainder is oxygen.
(i) Calculate the percentage by mass of oxygen in the compound.
(1)
(ii) Determine the empirical formula of the compound.

(3)
(iii) What is the name of the main compound in AmmoBoost?

(1)
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1 A student uses this apparatus to measure the temperature change when lithium iodide
dissolves in water.
100 g of water
He measures the steady temperature of the water before adding the lithium iodide.
He then adds the lithium iodide, stirs the mixture until all the solid dissolves and
records the maximum temperature reached.
The diagram shows the thermometer readings before and after dissolving the lithium iodide.
20
25
15
20
before after
(a) Use the readings to complete the table.

(3)
Temperature in °C after adding lithium iodide
Temperature in °C before adding lithium iodide
Temperature change in °C
(b) In a second experiment, using the same mass of water, the student records a
temperature increase of 4.9 °C.
(i) Use this expression to calculate the heat energy change in this experiment.
heat energy change = mass of water × 4.2 × temperature change

(in joules) (in grams) (in °C)
(2)
heat energy change = ............................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J

(ii) In this experiment, 6.3 g of lithium iodide were used.
Calculate the amount, in moles, of lithium iodide in 6.3 g.
[Mr of lithium iodide = 134]
(2)
amount of LiI = ..................................... . . . . . . . . mol
(c) In a third experiment the student obtains these results.
heat energy change in J 2400

amount of lithium iodide in mol 0.048
(i) Calculate the molar enthalpy change, in kJ/mol, in this experiment.

(2)
molar enthalpy change = ............................... . . . . . . . kJ/mol

(ii) The temperature change in this experiment shows that dissolving lithium iodide
in water to form lithium iodide solution is an exothermic process.
Complete the energy level diagram to show the position of the lithium iodide
solution.
Label the diagram to show ǻH, the molar enthalpy change.
(2)
Energy lithium iodide + water
2 A student does some experiments to find the heat energy released when natural gas burns.
She uses this apparatus.
200 cm3 of water
gas burning
gas
natural gas
meter
(a) The diagram shows the thermometer readings in one of her experiments.
20 30
15 25
start end
Use these readings to complete the table, entering all values to the nearest 0.1 °C.
(3)
temperature of water at start in °C
temperature of water at end in °C
temperature change in °C
(b) The student repeats the experiment three times.
The table shows her results.
Volume of gas burned Temperature rise

Experiment
in cm3 of water in °C
1 1450 34.8
2 1875 41.2
3 1620 37.7
(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, at room temperature and pressure, of methane
burned in experiment 1.
Assume that natural gas contains only methane.
(The volume of 1 mol of a gas at room temperature and pressure is 24 000 cm3)
(2)
amount = ......................... . . . . . . . . . mol
(ii) The quantity of heat energy released in experiment 1 is 29 200 J.

Calculate the molar enthalpy change, in kJ/mol, for the combustion of methane.
(2)
molar enthalpy change = ................................. . kJ/mol
(iii) The temperature rise in experiment 2 is 41.2 °C.

Calculate the heat energy change in experiment 2 using the expression
heat energy change = volume of water × 4.2 × temperature change
(in J) (in cm3) (i °C)
(2)
heat energy change = ................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J

(iv) The student uses the results from experiment 3 to calculate the molar enthalpy change,
in kJ/mol, for the combustion of methane.
She compares her value with the value in a data book.
student’s value ¨H = –510 kJ/mol
data book value ¨H = –890 kJ/mol
Which is the best explanation for the large difference between these two values?
(1)
A natural gas contains other gases that release heat energy when burned
B not all of the heat energy is transferred to the water
C some of the water evaporates during the experiment
D the student measures the gas by volume instead of by mass
(c) The student uses a table of average bond energies to calculate another value for
the molar enthalpy of combustion of methane.
Bond C—H O=O C=O H—O
Average bond energy

412 496 743 463
in kJ/mol
The equation for the combustion can be shown using displayed formulae.
H
H—C—H + 2O=O ĺ O=C=O + 2H—O—H

H
(i) Use values from the table to calculate the energy taken in when the bonds in
the reactants are broken.
(2)
energy taken in = .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ

(ii) Use values from the table to calculate the energy given out when the bonds in
the products are formed.
(2)
energy given out = .................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kJ

(iii) Use your answers to (i) and (ii) to calculate the molar enthalpy change for the
combustion of methane.
(1)
molar enthalpy change = ............................... . . . . . . . kJ/mol

3 A student investigates the temperature rise of water in a copper can placed above a spirit
burner containing a flammable liquid. The diagram shows the apparatus he uses.
thermometer
copper can
water
spirit burner
flammable liquid
This is the student’s method.

Ɣ place 200 g of water in the copper can and record the temperature of the water
Ɣ weigh the spirit burner containing the flammable liquid
Ɣ place the spirit burner underneath the copper can and light the burner
Ɣ after two minutes extinguish the flame and record the maximum temperature of
the water
Ɣ reweigh the spirit burner containing the remaining flammable liquid
(a) State whether each of the changes listed in the table would increase, decrease or
have no effect on the value of the maximum temperature of the water.
(3)
Effect on the value of the maximum

Change
temperature of the water
increasing the distance between the

spirit burner and the copper can
using a thermometer with divisions

at 0.2qC instead of 0.5 qC
adding insulation to the side of the

copper can
(b) In one experiment pentane was used as the flammable liquid. The calculated
heat energy change was 51900 J.
In the experiment the mass of pentane burned was 1.88 g.
The relative molecular mass of pentane is 72
Use this information to calculate the molar enthalpy change of combustion,
in kJ/mol, of pentane.
(3)
molar enthalpy change = ......................................................... . . . . . . . kJ/mol
4 A student uses this apparatus to investigate the temperature change that occurs
when potassium hydroxide is dissolved in water.
polystyrene cup
She uses this method.

v pour 50 cm3 of water into the polystyrene cup and measure the temperature of
the water
v add 3 g of potassium hydroxide and stir
v record the highest temperature of the solution
(a) These diagrams show the thermometer readings before and after the student
added the potassium hydroxide.
°C 20 °C 30
15 25
before after
Use the readings to complete the table.

(3)
temperature in °C after adding potassium hydroxide
temperature in °C before adding potassium hydroxide
temperature change in °C
(b) The student uses her results to calculate the enthalpy change for dissolving
potassium hydroxide in water.
She compares her value with a data book value.
Student’s value = – 32 kJ/mol.
Data book value = – 55kJ/mol.
There are no errors in the student’s method or in the calculation.
Suggest two reasons why the student’s value differs from the data book value.
(2)
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2 . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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1 The hydrogen needed for the manufacture of ammonia is made by a process called
steam reforming.
In this process, a mixture of methane and steam is passed over a nickel catalyst.
The equation for the reaction is
CH4(g) + H2O(g) U CO(g) + 3H2(g) ǻH = + 210 kJ/mol

(a) In this part of the question, assume that the reaction reaches a position of equilibrium.
(i) Predict whether a high or low temperature would produce the highest yield of hydrogen.
(1)
prediction ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
reason ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) Predict whether a high or low pressure would produce the highest yield of hydrogen.
(1)
prediction ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
reason ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(b) Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.

(2)
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(c) Some of the carbon monoxide produced is removed in another reaction.
In this reaction, carbon monoxide is mixed with steam and passed over a heated catalyst.
The reaction is reversible and the carbon monoxide is oxidised to carbon dioxide.
(i) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
(2)
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(ii) Explain why the carbon in carbon monoxide is oxidised in this reaction.
(1)
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(iii) The carbon dioxide produced can be removed by passing the gas through a
solution of potassium carbonate, K2CO3
The potassium carbonate reacts with carbon dioxide and water to form
potassium hydrogencarbonate, KHCO3
Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
(2)
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1 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a brown gas.
Dinitrogen tetraoxide (N2O4) is a colourless gas.

The two gases can exist together in dynamic equilibrium according to the equation
2NO2(g) U N2O4(g) ǻH = –58kJ/mol

A mixture of nitrogen dioxide gas and dinitrogen tetraoxide gas is allowed to reach
equilibrium in a sealed container at 20°C. This equilibrium mixture is brown in colour.
(a) The sealed container is immersed in hot water at 60 °C.
As the temperature of the gas mixture increases, the pressure of the gas mixture
also increases.
(i) Predict the effect of the increase in temperature on the position of
equilibrium.
(1)
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(ii) Predict the effect of the increase in pressure on the position of equilibrium.
(1)
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(iii) Suggest why it is difficult to predict which way the equilibrium will shift.
(1)
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(b) Suggest why the equilibrium mixture is a darker shade of brown at 60 °C than the
equilibrium mixture at 20°C.
(2)
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2 The hydrogen needed for the manufacture of ammonia is made by a process called
steam reforming.
In this process, a mixture of methane and steam is passed over a nickel catalyst.
The equation for the reaction is
CH4(g) + H2O(g) U CO(g) + 3H2(g) ǻH = + 210 kJ/mol

(a) In this part of the question, assume that the reaction reaches a position of equilibrium.
(i) Predict whether a high or low temperature would produce the highest yield of hydrogen.
(1)
prediction ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
reason ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
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(ii) Predict whether a high or low pressure would produce the highest yield of hydrogen.
(1)
prediction ............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
reason ........................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
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(b) Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.

(2)
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(c) Some of the carbon monoxide produced is removed in another reaction.
In this reaction, carbon monoxide is mixed with steam and passed over a heated catalyst.
The reaction is reversible and the carbon monoxide is oxidised to carbon dioxide.
(i) Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
(2)
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(ii) Explain why the carbon in carbon monoxide is oxidised in this reaction.
(1)
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(iii) The carbon dioxide produced can be removed by passing the gas through a
solution of potassium carbonate, K2CO3
The potassium carbonate reacts with carbon dioxide and water to form
potassium hydrogencarbonate, KHCO3
Write a chemical equation for this reaction.
(2)
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Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 a i (pressure) low 1
ii fewer (gas) moles/molecules/particles on left Accept statement about numbers of moles / 1

OR molecules,
fewer moles/molecules/particles of reactants eg 3 on left and 5 on right
OR Accept more (gas) moles/molecules/particles on
forward reaction produces more right
moles/molecules/particles / more moles/molecules of products but not just
more products
Ignore references to favouring right hand

side/forward direction
/endothermic reaction /equilibrium shifting to
right
/Le Chatelier’s principle
/low pressure favours side with more moles
Ignore references to rate / collisions
If answer to (i) is high, no ECF in (ii)

If no answer to (i), mark can be awarded in (ii)
b i (temperature) high 1
ii (forward) reaction is endothermic / has positive Accept reverse reaction is exothermic / has 1
∆H value negative ∆H value / gives out heat
/ absorbs heat Ignore favours the endothermic reaction
If answer to (i) is low, no ECF in (ii)

If no answer to (i), mark can be awarded
c ∆H (value)/enthalpy change is small / smaller Accept energy in place of enthalpy 1
/ less (than for reactions 1 and 3) Accept closer to zero
OR Reject ∆H less negative / less exothermic / less
reaction not very exothermic / has lowest heat given out
enthalpy change Ignore references to temperature change /
pressure
Ignore less energy / not a lot of energy needed
Questio
n Answer Notes Marks
number
1 d Ignore references to yield / equilibrium / chances of collision in

(i)
i) d (ii)
i (rate) increases 1
ii Mark M1 and M2 independently 2
M1 particles closer together Accept more particles in a given volume/space

/particles have less space/room (to move in)
Ignore area in place of volume/space
Ignore references to just numbers of gas moles/molecules
M2 particles collide more Not just more (successful) collisions

frequently Accept more (successful) collisions per unit time / per second,
etc
0/2 if references to particles moving faster/having greater

energy
If answer to (i) is decreases, no ECF in (ii)

If no answer or ignored answer to (i), marks can be awarded
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 e Accept working by mass ratio OR moles routes

Mass ratios: 3
M1 Mr (CH3OH) = 32 AND Mr (CH3COOH) = 60 Award M1 for 32 and 60 seen anywhere,

except as the result of incorrect
calculations
M2 m( 3COOH) = 64 × 60
32 Mark M2 and M3 consequentially on Mr
values
M3 120 (kg)
OR
Moles: Allow working in 'kilomoles' even if mol
given as unit or no unit for intermediate
M1 n( 3OH) = 64 000 ÷ 32 = 2000 (mol) answers, eg
64 ÷ 32 = 2 (kmol/mol)
M2 n( 3COOH) = 2000 (mol)
CQ on M1
M3 COOH)
m(CH3C OOH
O 0× = 120
00 0g/1 0
(kg) CQ on M2
Correct final answer with or without

working scores 3 marks
Accept 120 000 g if unit shown
Total 11 marks
Question
Answer Accept Reject Marks
number
2 (a) (produces) most heat/energy per gram / per unit highest temperature rise per gram / per 1
mass per unit mass amount
most energy for smallest number of
grams / mass
(b) (produces) most heat/energy per mole/per highest temperature rise per mole / 1
molecule /per amount per molecule
most energy for smallest number of
moles / molecules / amount
(c) Any two from: 2

● heat/energy losses (e.g. by convection, by ● non-standard conditions
conduction, to air, to surroundings)
● incomplete combustion
● evaporation of water
● copper / can / beaker / thermometer
/apparatus
absorbs heat
● flame moves around because of draughts
(d) (i) A 1
B
(ii) 1
(e) M1 breaking bonds is endothermic / takes in more energy is given out when 1
heat/energy bonds are made than is taken in
when bonds are broken for 3 marks 1
M2 making bonds is exothermic / gives out
heat/energy more energy is given out when 1
bonds are made than when bonds
M3 more heat/energy given out than taken in are broken for 1 mark
IGNORE references to numbers/strengths of
bonds
Total 9
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 a i reactants labelled wrong way round / OWTTE Accept manganese(IV) oxide is the solid OR 1
hydrogen peroxide is the liquid
Ignore just manganese(IV) oxide/hydrogen
peroxide is wrongly labelled
ii bung / cork Accept stopper 1

Ignore plug
iii to prevent oxygen/gas from escaping Do not penalise wrong gas, such as 1
OR hydrogen
(without a bung), oxygen/gas would
escape/could not be collected
b use a (gas) syringe Accept collect in gas jar by displacement of 1

air in place of syringe
c 2 2 (1) Accept multiples and fractions 1
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 d (a substance that) increases rate of reaction / Ignore change/decrease in rate 1
speeds up reaction / decreases time of reaction Ignore references to element / compound
is (chemically) unchanged (at the end) Accept is not used up / does not change 1
OR Accept reference to lowering activation
mass does not change energy
Ignore reference to alternative route
Ignore references to yield
Ignore reference to not reacting or taking
part in reaction
Ignore refs to being physically unchanged
Ignore references to starting reaction
Reject reference to providing/increasing
energy for M2
Reject reference to incorrect statement
such as removes impurities for M2
e (approximately) vertical line between hydrogen ignore arrowheads on vertical line 1

peroxide and top of curve
AND
labelled activation energy / Ea
curve starting from hydrogen peroxide line and Accept near misses, such to and from 1
ending at water + oxygen line words
AND Accept curve leaving or joining original
peak below peak of original curve curve
Do not penalise more than one peak
Total 9 marks
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
4 a i M1 reversible (reaction) Ignore equilibrium 1
/ goes forwards and/or backwards
/ can go in either direction
M2 enthalpy/heat/energy change Ignore kJ/mol 1
Reject energy produced/released
ii exothermic / heat/energy given out/lost Accept enthalpy in place of 1
heat/energy
Ignore references to temperature
b M1 two (vaguely) horizontal lines: Ignore all curves and connecting lines 1
one with reactants or their formulae Ignore line representing x-axis and
AND any label
one with products or their formulae Accept R for reactants and P for
products
M2 reactants (line) above products (line) No penalty for products to left of 1
reactants
Accept formulae in place of words for
reactants and products
Do not penalise minor errors in
formulae (e.g. NH instead of NH3) or
missing coefficients
c M1 (effect of temp on rate) increased 1
M2 (effect of temp on yield) decreased 1
M3 (effect of catalyst on rate) increased 1
M4 (effect of catalyst on yield) unchanged 1
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
4 d i M1 decreased No ECF from increased / no effect 1
Accept longer time for reaction
Ignore references to equilibrium
M2 particles further apart/more widely spaced / Accept molecules 1
more space to move in / concentration decreases Reject atoms/ions in M2 only
If neither of M2 and M3 scored, accept
fewer collisions with no reference to
frequency or time
M3 less frequent (successful) collisions Accept more time between collisions 1
/ fewer (successful) collisions per second/minute Ignore decreased chance / probability
/ likelihood of collisions
References to change in energy/speed
of particles means M2 and M3 cannot
be scored
ii M1 shifted to right / more products / shifts in Ignore references to rate 1
exothermic/forward direction No ECF from shift to left / no change
Accept forward reaction favoured
M2 more (gas) moles/molecules on right Accept fewer (gas) moles on left 1
Accept favours side with more (gas)
moles
Accept 9 moles on left and 10 moles
on right
e 4 ( ) 2 4 Accept fractions and multiples 1
T
Total
ota 15
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 a i M1 n(Na2S2O3) = 0.300 × 20 OR 0.006(0) mol 3

1000
(= n(SO2))
M2 Mr of SO2 = 32 + (2 x16) OR 64
M3 mass of SO2 = (0.006 × 64) = 0.38 (g) Mark CQ throughout

Accept any number of sig fig
Correct final answer with or without marking
scores 3 marks
ii M1 mass of SO2 in 1 dm3 = 0.38(4) × 1000 M1 CQ on M3 in ai

50
= 7.6(8) (g) Accept any number of sig fig
M2 this is less than 100 so no SO2 will escape If candidate value for M1 is greater than 100,
award M2 for opposite argument
If no answer to M1 then M2 cannot be awarded
OR
M1 volume of solvent is 50cm3 which would If answers based on volume of solvent = 20cm3
dissolve eg 20cm3 which would dissolve (100/50) =
(100/20) = 5(g) 2(g)
M2 0.384(g) is less than 5(g) so no SO2 0.384(g) is less than 2(g) so no SO2 would
would escape escape worth 1 mark
b as the (hydrochloric) acid/HCl is added Allow (immediately) after (all) the acid/HCl
added
1
Ignore when the solutions are mixed
c i timer started too late / stopped too early
OR
1
thermometer (scale) read incorrectly / timer read Allow misread/incorrectly recorded the
incorrectly temperature/time
ii 19.5 (s) Accept range 19-20

1
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 d i M1 times are (very) short Accept reaction happens too/very/so quickly

(so hard to time accurately/precisely)
Ignore reaction is quicker
Ignore hard(er) to measure rate
Allow human reaction time becomes significant
Allow references to shorter times producing
greater percentage (measurement)
2
uncertainties/errors
M2 heat loss greater Accept heat loss occurs more quickly

Accept difficult to maintain a higher
temperature/keep temperature constant
Ignore references to evaporation occurring
ii M1 more collisions/particles have energy Ignore particles have more (kinetic) energy
equal to/greater than the activation energy Ignore harder/more vigorous collisions
Ignore references to speed of particles
2
M2 (therefore there are) more successful collisions if state activation energy is lowered scores 0/2
(per second) references to concentration scores 0/2
e Any three from
M1 concentration of the (hydrochloric/nitric) acid
M2 volume of the (hydrochloric/nitric) acid Allow amount for volume
M3 volume of sodium thiosulfate If neither M2 or M3 scored allow 1 mark for

total volume of the mixture OR
M4 temperature depth of liquid in the flask
3
Ignore reference to volume of water
Ignore references to size of flask/same
apparatus
Ignore references to distance of eye from flask/
the X/references to timing
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 a CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2 Accept fractions and multiples 1
b i M1 (increased pressure) has no effect (on yield) Ignore no effect on other factors eg
equilibrium (position)
M2 because equal numbers of (gas) moles/molecules 2
on each side Do not award M2 if M1 is incorrect
ii M1 (at higher temperature equilibrium position shifts

to left so yield of hydrogen) decreases
M2 because (forward) reaction is exothermic Accept because backward reaction is

endothermic
Accept because reaction moves in the
endothermic direction
2
Ignore references to Le Chatelier’s principle
eg increase in temperature favours the
endothermic reaction
Do not award M2 if M1 is incorrect
c i M1 for CO2 + H2 / products below CO + H2O
M2 for approximately vertical line/arrow with

∆H symbol/enthalpy change/-41kJ/mol
between reactants and products 2
M2 CQ on M1 unless if products above the

activation energy
ii no effect / OWTTE 1
iii M1 provides alternative pathway / route / OWTTE Accept words such as another / different in
place of alternative, but not just route
M2 with lower activation energy Accept lowers the activation energy

Accept less energy needed to start the
reaction 2
Reject (catalyst) provides energy for M1 and

M2
Ignore references to providing surface for
reaction
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 d M1 identifying reaction 3 or reaction 4 Ignore reactions 5 and 6

2
M2 a correct explanation for either eg
in reaction 3, there is gain of hydrogen Accept increase in oxidation number of H /

changes from 0 to (+)1
Accept decrease in oxidation number of N /
changes from 0 to -3
Ignore references to gain/loss of electrons
in reaction 4, there is gain of oxygen Accept decrease in oxidation number of O/

Accept increase in oxidation number of N /
changes from -3 to (+)2
Ignore other explanations
Allow:
Identifying both Reaction 3 and 4 only for 2

marks
Ignore any explanations
e M1 n(NH3) = 34 × 1000 = 2000 (mol)
17
M2 Mr (NH4NO3) = 80
Correct final answer with or without working
M3 mass (NH4NO3) = 80 × 2000 = 160 000 g / 160 kg scores 3 marks
Do not award M3 if unit missing or incorrect

OR
Mark CQ throughout 3
M1 Mr (NH4NO3) = 80
M2 (so) 17 (kg NH3) gives 80 (kg NH4NO3)
M3 (so) 34 (kg NH3) gives 80 x 34 = 160 kg

17
/ 160 000 g
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 a M1 volume Ignore amount of solution for both, but accept amount in 2

cm3 for M1
Reject volume of gases
Allow mass of solution
M2 concentration
Ignore strength
Ignore temperature / pressure
Accept in either order
b i B 1
ii D 1
c Mark M1 and M2 independently 2
M1 filter (and dry) and weigh Accept separate/remove solid/A/it from reaction mixture
solid/A/it and weigh it
M2 mass is (still) 1g / mass is Accept reverse argument, eg if it was a reactant, the mass
unchanged would decrease
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 d i M1 + M2 all five points plotted to nearest gridline 3

Points at zero and 120 are not essential but must be
correct if plotted
Deduct 1 mark for each error up to max 2
M3 curve of best fit

Curve does not need to be labelled
If curve correct but points not visible under curve,
award M1 and M2
Curve CQ on points plotted
Penalise repeated straight line(s) joining points
/ more than one curve visible
ii M1 some indication on graph eg vertical line up from 70s 2

OR
horizontal line to where line from 70s would meet
curve
OR
cross on graph
M2 volume CQ on candidate curve
Must be an integer (cm3)
No marks if original curve used
iii curve steeper /gradient steeper/greater Accept line for curve

OR Accept graph is steeper 1
curve levels off earlier / curve reaches
100cm3 in shorter time / OWTTE
Accept answers that do not depend on graph but can
be obtained from the table of results, eg bigger volume
in a shorter time, reaction stopped earlier
Total 12 marks
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
4 a weigh (solid) before and after 1

mass unchanged 1
M1 and M2 are independent
b i (total) volume / temperature Ignore amount 1

mass / amount
OR
1
state of subdivision / particle size / surface
area
ii ref to hydrogen peroxide / solution / liquid /

water / reactant / spray
AND 1
ref to stopping escaping / spitting (out) / Reject idea of evaporation
leaving / OWTTE
c i oxygen/O2/gas escapes/given off Ignore O

1
Reject reference to wrong gas
ii rate Accept loss of mass per unit time 1

OR
reaction slowing (down)
iii 8 (minutes) 1
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
4 d i T 1
ii 0.8(0) 1
loss in mass is double/twice that for 0.4(0)/S Accept 150 - 149.6 = 0.4 and 150 - 149.2 = 1
OR 0.8 but not just 150 - 149.2 = 0.8
S loses 0.4g and T loses 0.8 g M2 DEP on M1
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
4 M1 + M2 for all 7 points plotted

to nearest gridline
Deduct 1 mark for each error
M3 for straight line of best fit
Must be drawn with ruler
Need not be drawn to origin but
must reach origin if extrapolated
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
4 f more particles/molecules (in a given volume) 1

collide more frequently Ignore greater chance of 1
/ more collisions per unit time/per second/per minute collision
Max 1 if reference to greater
energy / moving faster
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 (a) mass Accept weight 1

surface area / size / volume Ignore length / width / height / 1
thickness / shape / type
Ignore temperature / purity /
density
1 (b) (2) time / how long (to Accept length of 1

collect gas) reaction/experiment
(3) number of / how many Ignore amount of marble 1

(marble) chips Accept amount of (marble) chips
(4) volume of gas / how Accept carbon dioxide/CO2 in place

much gas collected of gas 1
Accept amount of gas
(5)
5) per tage /
concentration (of acid) Accept strength (of acid)
Ignore volume of acid 1
Reject amount (of acid)
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 (c) i all six points plotted to nearest Deduct 1 mark for each error up to max 2, including 2
gridline extra points, but no penalty for point at 2.4 and 50%
straight line of best fit Line need not be extrapolated 1

Must be drawn with a ruler
CQ on candidate’s plotted points
ii anomalous point circled at 1.5, 20 or CQ on candidate’s line of best fit 1
iii timer started late / stopped early Ignore just wrong time 2
concentration/% too high/more Ignore just wrong concentration

than 20%
marble chips bigger / more Ignore just wrong mass/size
marble chips
air in measuring cylinder before Accept smaller volume of gas collected
experiment started
(room) temperature higher
Ignore references to calculation
Any two for 1 mark each
M1 to M5 CQ on position of anomalous point, so if
anomalous point below line of best fit, then:
M1 timer started too early/stopped too late
M2 concentration/% too low/less than 20%
M3 marble chips smaller / fewer marble chips
M4 larger volume of gas collected
M5 (room) temperature lower
iv vertical line from 50% to drawn Accept short vertical line crossing graph line at 50% 1
graph line Accept point on graph line at 50%
2.4 (cm3/s) CQ on drawn graph line but can be awarded without 1

vertical line
Do not penalise incorrect units
T
Total
ota 14
Question
number
2 (a) M1 (reactants) s aq capital letters 1
M2 (products) aq l g 1
(b) (i) to prevent acid escaping/spraying out/spitting out solution/liquid/HCl 1
IGNORE to prevent water escaping
(ii) C 1
(c) (i) M1 A 1
reaction is faster
M2 gas produced/collected more quickly /
1
experiment over
in shorter time / (gradient of) line steeper
M2 dep on M1 1
(ii)
M1 0.1(0) 1
Half the products are
M2 volume of gas is half/40 80 = ½ / 80 = 40 produced
x2
M2 dep on M1
(d) (i) M1 & M2 - all points plotted to nearest gridline 2
deduct 1 mark
for each incorrect plot up to a max. of 1
2
M3 suitable straight line of best fit (csq on
plotted points)
(ii) (show a ) positive correlation 1
(must be drawn with the aid of a ruler). Line
need not beextrapolated.
1
as one doubles the other
M1 as concentration increases rate increases
doubles/directly proportional
M2 proportional / in proportion for 2 marks
molecules/atoms 1
(iii)
1
M1 more ions/particles (in a given volume)
IGNORE more reactants 1
M2 collide (successfully)
any reference to
M3 more per second/more frequently greater energy
Must be reference to frequency or number of
collisions
per unit time
IGNORE greater chance of collision
Total 16
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 a mass / amount Accept weight 1
Ignore number of marble chips
surface area / size / volume Ignore length / width / height / thickness / 1
shape / type
Ignore temperature / purity / density
b gas/carbon dioxide escapes / OWTTE Ignore references to solid dissolving 1

Ignore references to acid spray / vapour
Do not penalise incorrectly named gas (eg
hydrogen)
c prevents loss of acid (spray)/liquid Ignore references to evaporation / water vapour 1

/ spilling of liquid
Reject references to stopping gases/marble
chips escaping
d i 210 (s) 1
some indication of mark on curve Mark M1 and M2 independently 1
OR
vertical line from 50% / horizontal line
from 210 s
ii B (the loss of mass was greater than 1.0g 1
e 1 ÷ 210 Accept any time value in range 200 - 210 1

evaluation of M1 / 0.00476 Accept answer in range 0.004- 0.005 1
Accept any number of sig fig
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 f
Deduct 1 mark for each error up to max

all five points plotted to nearest gridline 2
2
straight line of best fit Line need not be extrapolated to origin 1
If line not extrapolated, it should go to
the origin if extrapolated
Must be drawn with a ruler
CQ on candidate’s plotted points
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 g more particles (in a given volume) Accept ions 1
Reject atoms / molecules
Accept quantitative answer such as twice as
many particles when concentration doubles
more collisions (between particles) / 1
OWTTE
per unit time / OWTTE more frequent collisions scores M2 and M3 1
Ignore greater chance/likelihood of collisions
Accept reverse argument if clear that decreasing
concentration is being considered
MAX 1 if any reference to particles moving faster
/ having more energy
Total 15 marks
Question
number
4 (a) (i) M1 & M2– all points correctly plotted to nearest gridline 2
deduct 1 mark for each incorrectly plotted point
M3 smooth curve of best fit drawn 1
value from candidate’s graph to nearest gridline

(ii)
Penalise incorrect units 1
(iii) as temperature increases, time (taken) decreases reverse argument 1
negative correlation
IGNORE references to rate and inverse proportionality
Question
number
4 (b) M1 (average kinetic) energy of particles/ions particles move faster molecules/atoms (but 1
increases once only)
sufficient energy to react 1
M2 more collisions/particles/ions have energy
activation 1
energy
M3 more (successful) collisions per second / more

frequent
(successful) collisions
IGNORE references to chance of collisions
Penalise reference to molecules once only
(c) (same) concentration (of each solution) (same) volume (of each 1
solution)
(same) amount of (each)
solution
rate of mixing
Total 9
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 a i M1 air / atmosphere 1
M2 water / natural gas / hydrocarbons Allow methane 1
ii M1 iron / Fe Ignore iron oxide 1

Accept phonetic spellings
Do not penalise other included
numbers - eg Fe(II) / Fe(III) / Fe2+ /
Fe3+
iii M1 450 ºC Accept temperature of 350ºC to 550ºC

or temperatures in K 1
If range given, both values must be
within acceptable range
M2 200 atm(ospheres) Accept pressure of 150 atm to 250 atm
or pressures in Pa
Unit needed for mark
If two conditions given, both must be
correct
iv M1 cooled / temperature lowered 1
M2 ammonia liquefies / condenses M1 and M2 are independent 1
Do not award M2 if implication that
other gases condense
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 b M1 n(N2) = (56 × 106) ÷ 28 / 2 × 106 No penalty for missing or incorrect 1
power of 10
M2 n(NH3) = M1 × 2 / 4 × 106 Conseq on M1 1
M3 m(NH3) = M2 × 17 / 68 t(onnes) Conseq on M2 1
Correct final answer with units scores 3
Accept answers in grams and kilograms
34 t scores 2 marks
Final answer of 68 with missing or
incorrect units scores 2
OR M1 for 28 and 34 (need not be in this
34 × 56 expression)
28 M2 is for expression shown
= 68 t(onnes) M3 is for answer with units
c (i) M1 increased 1
M2 shift to left Allow less ammonia / products 1
Allow moves in reverse direction
Ignore reference to favouring
(ii) M1 shift to right Allow more ammonia / products 1
Allow moves in forward direction
M2 fewer moles/molecules (of gas) on the right Allow more moles/molecules on the left 1
Do not penalise incorrect numbers, eg
3 moles on the left and 2 moles on the
right
Ignore references to rate
M2 dependent on M1
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 d i M1 60 1
ii M1 setting out correct division of each % by Ar Award 0 for whole question if division 1
OR by atomic numbers / wrong way up /
2.5, 5 and 3.75 multiplication used
If molecular masses used for all three
elements, no M1, but can award M2
and M3
M2 division by smallest (gives 1 : 2 : 1.5) No penalty for subsequently rounding 1
1.5 to 2 if clear they have divided by
smallest
M3 N2H4O3 Accept elements in any order 1
Allow NH4NO3
If % O wrong or missing, only M1 and
M2 can score
iii M1 ammonium nitrate Accept phonetic spellings 1

Do not accept ammonia in place of
ammonium
Do not accept nitrite or nitride in place
of nitrate
Ignore all formulae
Total 18 marks
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 a M1 (total) volume different/not constant / not 50 / Allow too much water / sodium 1
is 55 thiosulfate added / reference to
numbers eg should be 10 instead of
15 or 35 instead of 40
b M1 All six points plotted correctly to nearest Deduct 1 mark for each error 2
M2 gridline If plotting cannot be seen judge
accuracy from the line.
M3 curve of best fit Do not award mark for joining dots 1
or multiple lines or if all of the data
points are completely misplotted
c M1 1000 ÷ 26.6 1
M2 37.6 Ignore units 1
M2 can be awarded for use of
another student's result
Award 2 marks for correct final
answer
Award 1 mark for 38 / 37.59 / 37.5
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 d i M1 rate (directly) proportional to concentration
M2 2
Accept concentration (directly)
proportional to rate
Accept specific quantitative
expression, eg rate doubles as
concentration doubles
Allow 1 mark for qualitative
expression, rate increases as
concentration increases
2 d ii M1 more particles / ions (in a given volume) Reject atoms / molecules 1

M2 collide (successfully) 1
M3 more frequently Reject with more energy 1
Ignore greater chance of collision
Must be reference to frequency or
number of collisions per unit time
Allow "increased frequency of
collisions" for M2 and M3
Total 11 marks
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 a i (pressure) low 1
ii fewer (gas) moles/molecules/particles on left Accept statement about numbers of moles / 1

OR molecules,
fewer moles/molecules/particles of reactants eg 3 on left and 5 on right
OR Accept more (gas) moles/molecules/particles on
forward reaction produces more right
moles/molecules/particles / more moles/molecules of products but not just
more products
Ignore references to favouring right hand

side/forward direction
/endothermic reaction /equilibrium shifting to
right
/Le Chatelier’s principle
/low pressure favours side with more moles
If answer to (i) is high, no ECF in (ii)

If no answer to (i), mark can be awarded in (ii)
b i (temperature) high 1
ii (forward) reaction is endothermic / has positive Accept reverse reaction is exothermic / has 1
∆H value negative ∆H value / gives out heat
/ absorbs heat Ignore favours the endothermic reaction
If answer to (i) is low, no ECF in (ii)

If no answer to (i), mark can be awarded
c ∆H (value)/enthalpy change is small / smaller Accept energy in place of enthalpy 1
/ less (than for reactions 1 and 3) Accept closer to zero
OR Reject ∆H less negative / less exothermic / less
reaction not very exothermic / has lowest heat given out
enthalpy change Ignore references to temperature change /
pressure
Ignore less energy / not a lot of energy needed
Questio
n Answer Notes Marks
number
3 d Ignore references to yield / equilibrium / chances of collision in

(i)
i) d (ii)
i (rate) increases 1
ii Mark M1 and M2 independently 2
M1 particles closer together Accept more particles in a given volume/space

/particles have less space/room (to move in)
Ignore area in place of volume/space
Ignore references to just numbers of gas moles/molecules
M2 particles collide more Not just more (successful) collisions

frequently Accept more (successful) collisions per unit time / per second,
etc
0/2 if references to particles moving faster/having greater

energy
If answer to (i) is decreases, no ECF in (ii)

If no answer or ignored answer to (i), marks can be awarded
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 e Accept working by mass ratio OR moles routes

Mass ratios: 3
M1 Mr (CH3OH) = 32 AND Mr (CH3COOH) = 60 Award M1 for 32 and 60 seen anywhere,

except as the result of incorrect
calculations
M2 m( 3COOH) = 64 × 60
32 Mark M2 and M3 consequentially on Mr
values
M3 120 (kg)
OR
Moles: Allow working in 'kilomoles' even if mol
given as unit or no unit for intermediate
M1 n( 3OH) = 64 000 ÷ 32 = 2000 (mol) answers, eg
64 ÷ 32 = 2 (kmol/mol)
M2 n( 3COOH) = 2000 (mol)
CQ on M1
M3 COOH)
m(CH3C OOH
O 0× = 120
00 0g/1 0
(kg) CQ on M2
Correct final answer with or without

working scores 3 marks
Accept 120 000 g if unit shown
Total 11 marks
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
4 a i M1 reversible (reaction) Ignore equilibrium 1
/ goes forwards and/or backwards
/ can go in either direction
M2 enthalpy/heat/energy change Ignore kJ/mol 1
Reject energy produced/released
ii exothermic / heat/energy given out/lost Accept enthalpy in place of 1
heat/energy
Ignore references to temperature
b M1 two (vaguely) horizontal lines: Ignore all curves and connecting lines 1
one with reactants or their formulae Ignore line representing x-axis and
AND any label
one with products or their formulae Accept R for reactants and P for
products
M2 reactants (line) above products (line) No penalty for products to left of 1
reactants
Accept formulae in place of words for
reactants and products
Do not penalise minor errors in
formulae (e.g. NH instead of NH3) or
missing coefficients
c M1 (effect of temp on rate) increased 1
M2 (effect of temp on yield) decreased 1
M3 (effect of catalyst on rate) increased 1
M4 (effect of catalyst on yield) unchanged 1
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
4 d i M1 decreased No ECF from increased / no effect 1
Accept longer time for reaction
Ignore references to equilibrium
M2 particles further apart/more widely spaced / Accept molecules 1
more space to move in / concentration decreases Reject atoms/ions in M2 only
If neither of M2 and M3 scored, accept
fewer collisions with no reference to
frequency or time
M3 less frequent (successful) collisions Accept more time between collisions 1
/ fewer (successful) collisions per second/minute Ignore decreased chance / probability
/ likelihood of collisions
References to change in energy/speed
of particles means M2 and M3 cannot
be scored
ii M1 shifted to right / more products / shifts in Ignore references to rate 1
exothermic/forward direction No ECF from shift to left / no change
Accept forward reaction favoured
M2 more (gas) moles/molecules on right Accept fewer (gas) moles on left 1
Accept favours side with more (gas)
moles
Accept 9 moles on left and 10 moles
on right
e 4 ( ) 2 4 Accept fractions and multiples 1
T
Total
ota 15
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 (a) I2 + Cl2 → 2ICl ACCEPT halves and 1
multiples
(b) (i) M1 rate of forward reaction = rate ACCEPT both 2

of backwards reaction reactions occur at
the same rate
IGNORE forward
reaction =
backwards reaction
M2 concentrations of reactants/ ACCEPT

products remain constant amounts/masses for
concentrations
ACCEPT don’t
change/stay for
remain
IGNORE
concentrations/
amounts of
reactants and
products are the
same/are equal
ALLOW colour
remains constant
(ii) M1 equilibrium has shifted to the IGNORE references 2

left / equilibrium has shifted to to Le Chatelier’s
the ICl side / equilibrium has principle e.g. an
shifted to the reactants side increase in
OR temperature favours
more ICl has been produced / the endothermic
more reactants have been reaction
produced
M2 an increase in temperature ACCEPT ‘therefore

shifts the equilibrium in the the (backward)
endothermic direction reaction is
endothermic’ for M2
if M1 has been
awarded
Question
number
2 (a) any two from: 2
● forward and backward reactions (still) occurring both reactions (still)
● concentrations/amounts of occurring
reactants/products/components stay the same in place of
remain constant remain constant
● rate of forward reaction = rate of reverse
reaction
IGNORE concentrations/amounts of reactants and

products are
the same
IGNORE reaction is reversible/goes both ways,
OWTTE
IGNORE references to le Chatelier
(b) (i) M1 – (increase in temperature) decrease(s) less/lower(s)/drop(s)/gets 1

smaller
M2 – (increase in pressure) increase(s) 1
more/raise(s)/higher/gets
(ii) M1 – (forward) reaction is exothermic/gives out bigger 1
heat
OR
reverse reaction is endothermic/takes in heat
atoms 1
M2 – fewer (gas) molecules/particles on right hand
side reverse argument
shifts to side with fewer
OR fewer moles (of gas) on right hand side (gas) molecules/fewer moles
IGNORE references to volumes (of gas)
IGNORE references to le Chatelier’s principle
IGNORE references to reverse reaction lowers the
temperature
IGNORE references to forward reaction reduces
the pressure
2 (c) (i) (the position of) equilibrium is not 1
established/reached
(ii) temperature is decreased 1

M1 – (the mixture of gases is) cooled
1
M2 – ammonia liquefies / condenses
(iii) put (back) into the reaction 1
recycled / reused / recirculated chamber
used again (in the process)
(d) heat(ing) / energy costs would be higher yield (of ammonia) would 1
decrease
(e) (i) M1 Mr (N2) = 28 28 anywhere in the calculation 1
M2 112 000 28 (= 4 000) / 112 000 1

M1
1
M3 8 000 / M2 x 2
112 28) 2 = 8 for 2 marks
(112 000 14) x 2 = 16 000

for 2 marks
Correct final answer without

working for 3 marks
1
(ii)
1 200 / 15% of M3
Total 15
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 (a) M1 (goes darker because) more NO2 is 3
formed
allow ‘moves backwards/in reverse direction’
M2 as equilibrium/reaction shifts to left
accept ‘fewer moles/molecules on the right hand
M3 because there are more side’
moles/molecules (of gas) on the left
hand side ignore references to Le Chatelier's principle
(b) (i) M1 the equilibrium/reaction has shifted 2

to the right / more N2O4 has been
formed
accept ‘therefore the (forward) reaction is
M2 a decrease in temperature shifts the exothermic’ for M2 if M1 has been awarded
equilibrium in the exothermic direction
(ii) (yes: because) bond making is 1

exothermic/releases (thermal/heat)
energy
Question
number
4 (a) Any two from: 2
M1 both forward and backwards reactions are occurring

M2 amounts/concentrations of reactants and products stay the masses for are the same
same/pressure (of gas mixture) stays the same amounts
M3 rate of forward reaction = rate of backwards reaction
(b) (i) M1 increase 1

M2 (forward) reaction is exothermic/gives out heat reverse reaction is equilibrium
endothermic 1
shifts to left
M2 dep on M1
IGNORE references to le Chatelier’s principle and to reaction tries to
decrease the temperature/equilibrium shifts to right
(b) ii) M1 increase 1
M2 fewer moles/molecules (of gas) on right (hand side) more molecules on equilibrium 1
left (hand side) shifts to left
M2 dep on M1
IGNORE references to le Chatelier’s principle and to reaction tries to
decrease the pressure/equilibrium shifts to right
(c) (i) 2CH3OH + O2  2H2CO + 2H2O multiples and halves 2
M1 formulae
M2 balancing
M2 dep on M1
IGNORE catalyst if on both sides or above arrow
IGNORE state symbols
(ii) M1 – a substance that increases the rate of a reaction

mass does not 1
IGNORE alters the rate and any reference to enzymes change
without being used
M2 and is chemically unchanged (at the end of the reaction) 1
up
IGNORE references to takes no part in the reaction
(iii) M1 provides an alternative reaction path(way)/route/mechanism 1

M2 (alternative path has a) lower activation energy 1
M1 molecules
[Activation energy can be described, e.g. the minimum energy
adsorb on/stick
needed (by colliding particles) for reaction to occur]
to the catalyst
MAX 1 if any mention of particles gaining energy
M2 weakens the
bonds in the
reactant
molecules
(d) 2CH3OH + 3O2  2CO2 + 4H2O multiples and halves 2
M1 all formulae correct correct equation for

methanal for one
M2 balanced
mark
M2 dep on M1
IGNORE state symbols
Total 14
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
5 a CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2 Accept fractions and multiples 1
b i M1 (increased pressure) has no effect (on yield) Ignore no effect on other factors eg
equilibrium (position)
M2 because equal numbers of (gas) moles/molecules 2
on each side Do not award M2 if M1 is incorrect
ii M1 (at higher temperature equilibrium position shifts

to left so yield of hydrogen) decreases
M2 because (forward) reaction is exothermic Accept because backward reaction is

endothermic
Accept because reaction moves in the
endothermic direction
2
Ignore references to Le Chatelier’s principle
eg increase in temperature favours the
endothermic reaction
Do not award M2 if M1 is incorrect
c i M1 for CO2 + H2 / products below CO + H2O
M2 for approximately vertical line/arrow with

∆H symbol/enthalpy change/-41kJ/mol
between reactants and products 2
M2 CQ on M1 unless if products above the

activation energy
ii no effect / OWTTE 1
iii M1 provides alternative pathway / route / OWTTE Accept words such as another / different in
place of alternative, but not just route
M2 with lower activation energy Accept lowers the activation energy

Accept less energy needed to start the
reaction 2
Reject (catalyst) provides energy for M1 and

M2
Ignore references to providing surface for
reaction
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
5 d M1 identifying reaction 3 or reaction 4 Ignore reactions 5 and 6

2
M2 a correct explanation for either eg
in reaction 3, there is gain of hydrogen Accept increase in oxidation number of H /

changes from 0 to (+)1
Accept decrease in oxidation number of N /
in reaction 4, there is gain of oxygen Accept decrease in oxidation number of O/

Accept increase in oxidation number of N /
changes from -3 to (+)2
Ignore other explanations
Allow:
Identifying both Reaction 3 and 4 only for 2

marks
Ignore any explanations
e M1 n(NH3) = 34 × 1000 = 2000 (mol)
17
M2 Mr (NH4NO3) = 80
Correct final answer with or without working
M3 mass (NH4NO3) = 80 × 2000 = 160 000 g / 160 kg scores 3 marks
Do not award M3 if unit missing or incorrect

OR
Mark CQ throughout 3
M1 Mr (NH4NO3) = 80
M2 (so) 17 (kg NH3) gives 80 (kg NH4NO3)
M3 (so) 34 (kg NH3) gives 80 x 34 = 160 kg

17
/ 160 000 g
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
6 a i M1 air / atmosphere 1
M2 water / natural gas / hydrocarbons Allow methane 1
ii M1 iron / Fe Ignore iron oxide 1

Accept phonetic spellings
Do not penalise other included
numbers - eg Fe(II) / Fe(III) / Fe2+ /
Fe3+
iii M1 450 ºC Accept temperature of 350ºC to 550ºC

or temperatures in K 1
If range given, both values must be
within acceptable range
M2 200 atm(ospheres) Accept pressure of 150 atm to 250 atm
or pressures in Pa
Unit needed for mark
If two conditions given, both must be
correct
iv M1 cooled / temperature lowered 1
M2 ammonia liquefies / condenses M1 and M2 are independent 1
Do not award M2 if implication that
other gases condense
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
6 b M1 n(N2) = (56 × 106) ÷ 28 / 2 × 106 No penalty for missing or incorrect 1
power of 10
M2 n(NH3) = M1 × 2 / 4 × 106 Conseq on M1 1
M3 m(NH3) = M2 × 17 / 68 t(onnes) Conseq on M2 1
Correct final answer with units scores 3
Accept answers in grams and kilograms
34 t scores 2 marks
Final answer of 68 with missing or
incorrect units scores 2
OR M1 for 28 and 34 (need not be in this
34 × 56 expression)
28 M2 is for expression shown
= 68 t(onnes) M3 is for answer with units
c (i) M1 increased 1
M2 shift to left Allow less ammonia / products 1
Allow moves in reverse direction
(ii) M1 shift to right Allow more ammonia / products 1
Allow moves in forward direction
M2 fewer moles/molecules (of gas) on the right Allow more moles/molecules on the left 1
Do not penalise incorrect numbers, eg
3 moles on the left and 2 moles on the
right
Ignore references to rate
M2 dependent on M1
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
6 d i M1 60 1
ii M1 setting out correct division of each % by Ar Award 0 for whole question if division 1
OR by atomic numbers / wrong way up /
2.5, 5 and 3.75 multiplication used
If molecular masses used for all three
elements, no M1, but can award M2
and M3
M2 division by smallest (gives 1 : 2 : 1.5) No penalty for subsequently rounding 1
1.5 to 2 if clear they have divided by
smallest
M3 N2H4O3 Accept elements in any order 1
Allow NH4NO3
If % O wrong or missing, only M1 and
M2 can score
iii M1 ammonium nitrate Accept phonetic spellings 1

Do not accept ammonia in place of
ammonium
Do not accept nitrite or nitride in place
of nitrate
Ignore all formulae
Total 18 marks
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 a M1 (after) 22.3 All answers must be to 0.1 °C 3

Penalise addition of trailing zero once only
M2 (before) 16.7
Award 1 mark for two correct readings in
M3 (change) (+)5.6 the wrong order
M3 CQ on temperature readings
Ignore units
b i M1 100 × 4.2 × 4.9 Accept answer to 2 or 3 sf 2
eg 2060 / 2100
M2 2058
Accept answer in kJ if unit given
Ignore signs
Allow 1 mark for correct calculation based
on incorrect temperature change
ii M1 6.3 2
134
M2 0.047 Accept 1 or more sig figs, eg 0.05

Correct answer with no working scores 2
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
c i M1 2400 2
0.048 x 1000
Accept 50.0 and 50.00
M2 50
Award 1 mark for 50 000
Award 2 marks for 50 000 if units changed to

J/mol on answer line
Ignore signs
Correct answer with no working scores 2
c ii Mark M1 and M2 independently 2

M1 for horizontal line drawn below (labelled or
unlabelled)
M2 for (vertical) line connecting the two

horizontal lines AND labelled ∆H (ignore sign)
Ignore all arrow heads
Ignore curves for energy profiles including
activation energy
Total 11 marks
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 a 18.7 Give 1 mark for 18.7 1

and 27.2 wrong way
around
27.2 1
M2−M1 / (+)8.5 1
b i 1450 ÷ 24000 1
0.0604(16) Accept minimum of 2 1

dp
Award 1 mark for a

correct answer using a
volume from either
experiment 2 or 3
ii 29.2 ÷ M2 from (b)(i) / 29.2 ÷ Accept 29200 ÷ 1

0.0604(16) 0.0604
(−)483(.315678) Final answer in joules 1

scores 1/2
iii 200 × 4.2 × 41.2 1
(−)34608 Accept minimum of 2 1

sf
Award 1 mark for a

correct calculation
using 1875 for the
volume of water.
iv cross in box B (not all of the heat 1

energy is transferred to the water)
2 c i (4 × C-H) + (2 × O=O) Accept (4 × 412) + 1
(2 × 496) / 1648 +
992
2640 Deduct 1 mark for 1

each mistake
Ignore sign
ii (2 × C=O) + (4 × H–O) Accept (2 × 743) + 1

(4 × 463) / 1486 +
1852
3338 Deduct 1 mark for 1

each mistake
Ignore sign
iii – 698 (kJ/mol) CSQ on answers given 1

to (c)(i) and (c)(ii)
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
3 (a M1 decrease
M2 no effect 3
M3 incr se
(b) M1 amount of pentane = 1.88 ÷ 72 / 0.026 (mol)
M2 molar enthalpy change = 51900 ÷ 0.026 / Accept answer in kJ

1996153 J 3
Correct final answer with correct units scores (3)
M3 (-)2000 (kJ/mol) Accept 2 or more significant figures
Accept answer in range 1987 - 2000
Total for Question 3 6
Question
number
4 (a) M1 temperature after 27.1 one trailing zero more than one trailing 3
M2 temperature before 18.8 zero
M3 temperature (+) 8.3
change
Recorded temperatures correct but in wrong order
scores 1 for M1 and M2
M3 csq on M1 and M2
(b) M1 heat (energy) /thermal energy lost (to the water evaporates 2
atmosphere)
ignore just energy lost
potassium hydroxide
M2 potassium hydroxide dissolves (very/too) does not completely
slowly dissolve
potassium hydroxide is
impure
less than 3 g of
potassium hydroxide is
used
more than 50 cm3 of
water is used
Total 5 marks
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 a i high / higher (temperature) 1

because
(forward) reaction is endothermic Accept reverse reaction is exothermic
/absorbs heat Accept reaction shifts in endothermic direction
/favours the endothermic reaction (more)
Ignore references to Le Chatelier's principle
ii low / lower (pressure) Accept fewer moles/molecules on LHS 1

because Accept 2 mol on LHS and 4 mol on RHS
more moles/molecules (of gas) on RHS Accept particles in place of molecules
/ products side / hydrogen side Accept shift to side with more moles
b provides an alternative route Ignore just a route/path

/pathway/mechanism
with lower activation energy If no reference to activation energy, then accept 2
references to energy if qualified by idea of being
needed to start the reaction
MAX 1 if any reference to particles gaining energy
or moving more quickly
OR
(gas) molecules adsorb/stick to surface
of catalyst
(covalent) bonds in molecules
weakened
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
1 c M1 for all formulae correct
CO + H2O ⇌ CO2 + H2 M2 for balancing AND reversible arrow 2
Ignore state symbols
M2 DEP on M1
ii (carbon/it) gains/reacts with oxygen / Accept oxygen atom/molecule 1

oxygen is added Accept increase in oxidation number
Accept actual oxidation numbers if correct (+2 to
+4
Reject oxide ion
Ignore references to gain or loss of electrons
iii M1 for all formulae correct and on the correct sides

K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O → 2KHCO3 M2 for balancing 2
M2 DEP on M1
Question
number
1 (a)(i) shifts to left moves in the endothermic 1

direction
shifts to the side of the reactants 1
(ii) shifts to the right OWTTE 1
(iii) moves in the exothermic direction

impossible to know which shift is greater /
shifts to the side of the products
impossible to know which change has the
greater effect OWTTE
shifts to the side with fewer (gas)
moles/molecules
OWTTE
the (two) effects are opposing
one another
(b) M1 – greater proportion of NO2 more NO2 present 2

equilibrium shifts to left
M2 – (increase of) temperature has a greater

effect than
(increase of) pressure
Total 5 marks
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 a i high / higher (temperature) 1

because
(forward) reaction is endothermic Accept reverse reaction is exothermic
/absorbs heat Accept reaction shifts in endothermic direction
/favours the endothermic reaction (more)
ii low / lower (pressure) Accept fewer moles/molecules on LHS 1

because Accept 2 mol on LHS and 4 mol on RHS
more moles/molecules (of gas) on RHS Accept particles in place of molecules
/ products side / hydrogen side Accept shift to side with more moles
b provides an alternative route Ignore just a route/path

/pathway/mechanism
with lower activation energy If no reference to activation energy, then accept 2
references to energy if qualified by idea of being
needed to start the reaction
MAX 1 if any reference to particles gaining energy
or moving more quickly
OR
(gas) molecules adsorb/stick to surface
of catalyst
(covalent) bonds in molecules
weakened
Question
Answer Notes Marks
number
2 c M1 for all formulae correct
CO + H2O ⇌ CO2 + H2 M2 for balancing AND reversible arrow 2
Ignore state symbols
M2 DEP on M1
ii (carbon/it) gains/reacts with oxygen / Accept oxygen atom/molecule 1

oxygen is added Accept increase in oxidation number
Accept actual oxidation numbers if correct (+2 to
+4
Reject oxide ion
Ignore references to gain or loss of electrons
iii M1 for all formulae correct and on the correct sides

K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O → 2KHCO3 M2 for balancing 2
M2 DEP on M1

Chemistry PCHEM Revision

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1 A manufacturer investigates some reactions that produce hydrogen.

Reaction Equation ǻH in kJ/mol

1 CH4(g) + 2H2O(g) U CO2(g) + 4H2(g) +165

2 CO(g) + H2O(g) U CO2(g) + H2(g) –41

3 CH4(g) + H2O(g) U CO(g) + 3H2(g) –206

(ii) Give a reason for your choice.

(ii) Give a reason for your choice.

(ii) Explain your prediction in terms of the particle collision theory.

maximum mass of ethanoic acid = ............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . kg

(Total for Question 1 = 11 marks)

Average relative Mass of fuel Amount of fuel Increase in

Energy released per mole of

Which of the energy changes A, B or C represents

(Total for Question 2 = 9 marks)

(ii) Identify the piece of apparatus missing from the diagram.

(iii) State why this piece of apparatus is necessary.

........................ H2O2 o ........................ H2 O + ........................ O2

(d) The manganese(IV) oxide acts as a catalyst.

(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) U4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) ǻH = −900 kJ/mol

(a) (i) State the meanings of the symbols U and ǻH.

(b) Complete the energy level diagram for this reaction.

Change Effect on rate of reaction Effect on yield of products

Effect on position of equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......................................................................................................... .................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.................... NO2 + . . . . . . . . ............ O2 + .................... H2O o .................... HNO3

(Total for Question 4 = 15 marks)

sodium thiosulfate solution

(a) The equation for the reaction is

(i) Calculate the mass of sulfur dioxide formed in this experiment.

mass of sulfur dioxide formed = ....................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g

(i) The result at (14, 42) is anomalous.

As the temperature increases, the rate of reaction increases.

(Total for Question 1 = 15 marks)

The hydrogen needed is formed in two reactions.

(a) Reaction 1 occurs between steam and methane in natural gas.

.......................... CH4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. H 2O o .......................... CO + .......................... H2

(b) The equation for reaction 2 is

CO(g) + H2O(g) U CO2(g) + H2(g) ¨H = –41 kJ/mol

(iii) Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a reaction.

Explain which two of these are redox reactions.

(e) The manufacturer produces a batch of 34 kg of ammonia.

maximum mass of ammonium nitrate = ................................................ unit .......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(Total for Question 2 = 15 marks)

The diagram shows the apparatus he uses in his experiments.

hydrogen peroxide solution

The equation for the decomposition is

Time to collect 100 cm3 of oxygen,

(i) Which solid does not seem to act as a catalyst?

(ii) Which solid is the most effective catalyst?

(c) In the first experiment the student added 1g of solid A.

Volume of oxygen collected in cm3

(i) The grid shows the results plotted for solid F.

(Total for Question 3 = 12 marks)

The equation for this reaction is

hydrogen peroxide solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................ ................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(ii) What is the purpose of the cotton wool?

(iii) How long does the reaction take to complete?

(i) Which one of the experiments, R, S or T, was the fastest?

concentration =....................................................... mol/dm3

Concentration in mol/dm3 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.20 1.40 1.60 2.00

N2(g) + 3H2(g) U 2NH3 J ǻH N-PRO