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    Tute 1

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    of 2

    UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA

    Faculty of Engineering

    EM211 Ordinary Differential Equations, EM216 Differential Equations - E/17 batch

    TUTORIAL 1

    1. A contagious disease, such as a virus flu is spread throughout a community by people


    coming into contact with other people. Let x(t) denote the number of people who have
    contracted the disease and y(t) denote the number of people who have not yet been exposed.
    Assuming that the rate at which the disease spreads is proportional to the number of
    interactions between these two groups of people, we have
    dx
    = kxy
    dt
    where k is a positive constant.
    Suppose a small community has a fixed population of n people. If one infected person is
    introduced to the community, we have the mathematical model
    dx
    = kx(n + 1 − x) (1)
    dt
    (a) Classify this differential equation (1) as ordinary/partial. Furthermore, state the
    “order” of the differential equation.
    (b) Using separation of variables, solve the differential equation (1).
    (c) An obvious initial condition is x(0) = 1. Solve the associated initial value problem.
    (d) Provide a rough sketch of the graph of x(t).

    2. Here are some differential equations that occur in practical applications. Classify them as
    ordinary/partial differential equations. Furthermore, state the “order” of each differential
    equation.
    (a) Schrodinger’s Equation:
    ∂
    i~ ψ(r, t) = Ĥψ(r, t) (2)
    ∂t
    where
    i: imaginary unit, ~: Planck constant divided by 2π, ψ: wave function of the quantum
    system, r: position vector, t: time, Ĥ: Hamiltonian operator.
    (b) The Euler–Bernoulli equation describes the relationship between a beam’s deflection
    and the applied load:
    d2 d2 w
     
    EI 2 = q(x).
    dx2 dx
    Here, w(x) is the deflection of the beam, q(x) is the applied load (force per unit
    length). E(x) is the elastic modulus and I(x) is the second moment of area of the
    beam’s cross-section.

    1
    3. An object falls freely under the influence of gravity near the Earth’s surface, where it can
    be assumed that the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration is a constant g.

    (a) Construct a mathematical model for the motion of the object in the form of an initial
    value problem, assuming that the initial altitude h0 and initial velocity v0 are given.
    Assume that gravity is the only force acting on the object.
    (b) Solve the initial value problem derived in part (a) to obtain the altitude h(t) as a
    function of time.

    4. Using the method of separation of variables, solve the following ODE. State your answer
    as a family of solutions. Are there any singular solutions?
    dy
    = y 2 − 4.
    dx

    5. Consider the following ODE:

    (e2y − y cos xy)dx + (2xe2y − x cos xy + 2y)dy = 0.

    (a) Show that this ODE is exact.


    (b) Solve the ODE. Provide your answer as a family of solutions.

    6. Solve the following initial value problems.


    (a)
    dx
    = 4(x2 + 1), x(π/4) = 1.
    dt
    (b)
    (x + y)2 dx + (2xy + x2 − 1)dy = 0, y(1) = 1.
    (c)
    dy xy 2 − cos x sin x
    = , y(0) = 2.
    dx y(1 − x2 )
    (d)
    dy y2 − 1
    = 2 , y(2) = 2.
    dx x −1

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