FEM Final

ubaidbahussain@gmail.
com
7350715191/9420014590
Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
M.Tech (Mech – PLM), Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department
JSPM’s Imperial College of Engineering & Research, Pune
Finite Element Analysis in Brief

Note: This is the Collection from my co-authored book “Finite Element Methods for Civil
Engineering” for Jawaharlal Nehru Technical University Hyderabad Students, published by
Technical Publications. The syllabus of this book is similar to that of our Pune University Syllabus.
Please consult your subject teacher about the examination pattern.
Chapter 1: Introduction to FEM
Fill in the Blank
I. The total workdone by all forces acting on a system is static equilibrium

is______________
II. FEM Models are called___________________________
III. _______________________principle states that as long as the different
approximations are statistically equivalent, the resulting solution will be valid.
IV. The analytical solution to the differential equations is generally viewed as the
sum of_________solution and a_______solution.
V. Dividing the structure into discrete elements is
called______________________________
VI. The ends of the element where deformations calculated is
called_____________________
Answers
I. Zero, II. discrete and continuous III. variational IV. homogeneous solution and a particular
solution V. Discretization Vi) Nodes
Objective Types of Questions
i) In a body, how many types of loading consists
A) Three
B) Two
C) One
D) Four
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
ii) Nodes are classified as
A) Noble, Global
B) Local, Non-Local
C) Local, Global
D) Total, Sub-Total
iii) What is strain displacement matrix
A) [B]
B) [Q]
C) [K]
D) [A]
iv) What is a Formula of Stress?
A) E.Bq
B) D.q
C) B.q
D) E.q
v) What is Potential Energy expression?
A) Strain Energy (SE)/Work Potential(W.P)

B) S.E+WP
C) SE*W.P
D) None
vi) What is notation of elemental Stiffness matrix?
A) [K]
B) [C]
C) [B]
D) [Q]
Answers i) B ii) C iii) A iv) A v) B vi) A
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
Two Marks Questions
What is meant by finite element?

A small units having definite shape of geometry and nodes is called finite element.
What is meant by node or joint?

Each kind of finite element has a specific structural shape and is inter- connected with the
adjacent element by nodal point or nodes. At the nodes, degrees of freedom are located. The
forces will act only at nodes at any others place in the element.
What is the basic of finite element method?

Discretization is the basis of finite element method. The art of subdividing a structure in to
convenient number of smaller components is known as discretization.
What are the types of boundary conditions?

Primary boundary conditions
Secondary boundary conditions
State the methods of engineering analysis?
Experimental methods
Analytical methods
Numerical methods or approximate methods
What are the types of element?
1D element
2D element
3D element
State the three phases of finite element method.
Preprocessing
Analysis
Post Processing
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
What is structural problem?
Displacement at each nodal point is obtained. By these displacements solution stress and strain
in each element can be calculated.
What is non-structural problem?
Temperature or fluid pressure at each nodal point is obtained. By using these values properties
such as heat flow fluid flow for each element can be calculated.
What are the methods are generally associated with the finite element analysis?
Force method
Displacement or stiffness method.
Explain stiffness method.

Displacement or stiffness method, displacement of the nodes is considered as the unknown of
the problem. Among them two approaches, displacement method is desirable.
What is meant by post processing?
Analysis and evaluation of the solution result is referred to as post processing. Postprocessor
computer program help the user to interpret the result by displaying them in graphical form.
Name the variation methods.
Ritz method.
Ray-Leigh Ritz method.
What is meant by degrees of freedom?
When the force or reaction act at nodal point node is subjected to deformation. The deformation
includes displacement rotation, and or strains. These are collectively known as degrees of
freedom
What is meant by discretization and assemblage?
The art of subdividing a structure in to convenient number of smaller components is known as

discretization. These smaller components are then put together. The process of uniting the
various elements together is called assemblage.
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
What is Rayleigh-Ritz method?
It is integral approach method which is useful for solving complex structural problem,
encountered in finite element analysis. This method is possible only if a suitable function is
available.
What is Aspect ratio?
It is defined as the ratio of the largest dimension of the element to the smallest dimension. In
many cases, as the aspect ratio increases the in accuracy of the solution increases. The
conclusion of many researches is that the aspect ratio
What are the h and p versions of finite element method?
It is used to improve the accuracy of the finite element method. In h version, the order of
polynomial approximation for all elements is kept constant and the numbers of elements are
increased. In p version, the numbers of elements are maintained constant and the order of
polynomial approximation of element is increased.
Name the weighted method
Point collocation method

Sub domain collocation method
Least squares method
Galerkins method.
List the two advantages of post processing.
Required result can be obtained in graphical form. Contour diagrams can be used to understand
the solution easily and quickly.
During discretization, mention the places where it is necessary to place a node?
Concentrated load acting point

Cross-section changing point
Different material interjections
Sudden change in point load
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
Differentiate between global and local axes.
Local axes are established in an element. Since it is in the element level, they change with the
change in orientation of the element. The direction differs from element to element. Global axes
are defined for the entire system. They are same in direction for all the elements even though
the elements are differently oriented.
Distinguish between potential energy function and potential energy functional
If a system has finite number of degree of freedom (q1,q2,and q3), then the potential energy
expressed as, π = f (q1,q2,and q3)
It is known as function. If a system has infinite degrees of freedom then the potential energy is
expressed as
What are the basic steps involved in the finite element modeling.
Discretization of structure.
Numbering of nodes.
What is discretization?
The art of subdividing a structure in to a convenient number of smaller components is known

as discretization.
Chapter2: 1D Element Analysis

Fill in the blank
1. In a banded matrix all of the ________ elements are contained within a band
2. The Local and Global Coordinate system is introduced in___________
3. The number of nodes of a quadratic one dimensional elements are_________
4. The bar element has__________________DOF at each node
5. The shape functions used here are called_________ functions.
Answers
1. Nonzeroes 2. 1D Element Analysis 3. Three 4. Two 5. Quadratic Shape Functions
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
Objective Type Questions
i) In which of the following elements, the displacement of the nodes of the element always
takes place in one direction
A) 1D Elements
B) 2D Elements
C) 3D Elements
D) None of the these
ii) Shape Functions are to
A) Describe the loading condition on the element

B) Describe the physical behavior of the element
C) Describe the geometry of the element
D) Describe the displacement field within an element
iii) The Traction force of a 1D Body is
A) Force Per Unit Volume

B) Force Per Unit Area
C) Force Per Unit Length
D) Gravitational Force
iv) The linear element will have an equation of generally
A) One degree polynomial equation

B) Two Degree Polynomial equation
C) Three degree polynomial equation
D) All of these
v) How many degrees of freedom for 2D bar element
A) One degree
B) Two Degrees
C) Three degrees
D) All of these
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
Answers
i) A ii) D iii) B iv) A v) B
Two Marks Questions
State the properties of stiffness matrix

It is a symmetric matrix
The sum of elements in any column must be equal to zero
It is an unstable element. So the determinant is equal to zero.
Write down the expression of shape function N and displacement u for one dimensional bar
element.
U= N1u1+N2u2
N1= 1-X / l
N2 = X / l
Define total potential energy.

Total potential energy, π = Strain energy (U) + potential energy of the external forces (W)
State the principle of minimum potential energy.
Among all the displacement equations that satisfied internal compatibility and the boundary
condition those that also satisfy the equation of equilibrium make the potential energy a
minimum is a stable system.
Chapter 3: Beam Elements
Fill in the Blank
i) A beam element has_______________DOF
ii) Generally (u1,u2) are______________ degrees of freedom in a beam.
iii) Generally (u3,u4) are______________ degrees of freedom in a beam.
iv) Elemental Stiffness matric for a beam is__________________
v) The deformed shape of beam is specified by__________ and__________ of the beam. (2.66)
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
Answers
i) Two ii) axial displacements iii) lateral displacements iv)
v) Slope and Deflection
Objective Type of Questions
i) How many shape functions does a beam has
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
ii) N=[1/4] [(1-ξ)2(2+ ξ)+ is a shape of
A) Link
B) Bar
C) Beam
D) Truss
iii) Shape Function for beam eliminate differ from bar element because of it involves
A) Nodal Displacements
B) Nodal Rotations
C) Nodal Displacements and Nodal Rotations
D) All of above
iv) The Hermite Shape Function is defined by
A) Cubic Order
B) Quadratic Order
C) Quartic Order
D) Quadrilateral Order
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
v) Beams are slander members that are used to support
A) Transverse Loading
B) Axial Loading
C) Longitudinal Loading
D) None of these
Answers
i) D ii) C iii) C iv) A v) A
Chapter 4: Truss Elements
Fill in the blank Questions
i) Truss element is equivalent to one dimensional bar element in………
ii) Truss element differ one dimensional bar element in …… Coordinate.
iii) Strain energy for a truss element in local coordinate is given by…………
Answers
i) local coordinates ii) global coordinates iii) ½ q’ T K’ q’
Objective Types of Questions
i) The Directional Cosines l and m are respectively the angles of
A) Cosθ, Cosθ,
B) Cosθ, Sinθ
C) Sinθ,Cosθ
D) Sinθ,Sinθ
ii) σ = E/L *–c –s c s ] u is a stress for
A) Link
B) Bar
C) Beam
D) Truss
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
iii) The Truss structure consist only of
A) Three Force Members

B) Four Force Members
C) Two Force Members
D) None
Answers: i) B ii) D iii) C
Two Marks Questions
What is truss?
A truss is defined as a structure made up of several bars, riveted or welded together.
Why Truss elements used for?
The truss elements are the part of a truss structure linked together by point joint which
transmits only axial force to the element.
Chapter 5: 2D Elements
Fill in the Blanks
i) A____________________force is distributed, load acting on the surface of the body of a

CST element.
ii) The relationship between the unit and natural coordinates is_____________________
iii) The LST Element consist of__________ number of shape function
Answers: i) Body ii) r = (1 + n)/2 iii) Four
i) The stiffness matrix for C.S.T element using potential energy approach is given by General
formula as
A) K=tATBDB
B) K=tABDTB
C) K=tABDBT
D) K=tABTDB
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
ii) A thin planner body is subjected to in plane loading on its edge surface is set to be in
A) True Stress
B) True Strain
C) Plane Stress
D) Plane Strain
iii) In plane strain
A) ԑ0 = (1+µ) **α∆T, α∆T, α∆T+T

B) ԑ0 = (1+µ) **0, α∆T, α∆T+T
C) ԑ0 = (1+µ) **α∆T, α∆T, 0+T
D) ԑ0 = (1+µ) **α∆T, 0, α∆T+T
iv) A body is in equilibrium if internal virtual works equals the external virtual work for
every kinematically admissible displacement field *φ,ԑ(φ)+ is statement of
A) Principle of Virtual Work

B) Galerkian Approach
C) Weighted Residual Method
D) All of above
Answers: i) D ii) C ii) C iv) A
Two Marks Questions
What are the types of loading acting on the structure?
Body force (f)

Traction force (T)
Point load (P)
Define the body force
A body force is distributed force acting on every elemental volume of the body Unit: Force per
unit volume.
Example: Self weight due to gravity
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
Define traction force
Traction force is defined as distributed force acting on the surface of the body. Unit: Force per
unit area.
Example: Frictional resistance, viscous drag, surface shear
What is point load?
Point load is force acting at a particular point which causes displacement.
What are the classifications of coordinates? Global coordinates
Local coordinates
Natural coordinates
What is Global coordinates?
The points in the entire structure are defined using coordinates system is known as global
coordinate system.
What is natural coordinates?
A natural coordinate system is used to define any point inside the element by a set of
dimensionless number whose magnitude never exceeds unity. This system is very useful in
assembling of stiffness matrices.
Define shape function.
Approximate relation φ (x,y) = N1 (x,y) φ1 + N2 (x,y) φ2 + N3 (x,y) φ3

Where φ1, φ2, and φ3 are the values of the field variable at the nodes N1, N2, and N3 are the
interpolation functions.
N1, N2, and N3 are also called shape functions because they are used to express the geometry
or shape of the element.
What are the characteristic of shape function?
It has unit value at one nodal point and zero value at other nodal points. The sum of shape
function is equal to one.
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
Why polynomials are generally used as shape function?
Differentiation and integration of polynomial are quit easy. The accuracy of the result can be
improved by increasing the order of the polynomial. It is easy to formulate and computerize the
finite element equations.
How do you calculate the size of the global stiffness matrix?
Global stiffness matrix size = Number of nodes X Degrees of freedom per node
How do you define two dimensional elements?

Two dimensional elements are define by three or more nodes in a two dimensional plane. The
basic element useful for two dimensional analysis is the triangular element.
What is CST element?

Three noded triangular elements are known as CST. It has six unknown displacement degrees
of freedom (u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3). The element is called CST because it has a constant strain
throughout it.
What is LST element?
Six nodded triangular elements are known as LST. It has twelve unknown displacement
degrees of freedom. The displacement function for the elements are quadratic instead of linear
as in the CST.
What is QST element?
Ten nodded triangular elements are known as Quadratic strain triangle. It is also called as
cubic displacement triangle.
What meant by plane stress analysis?
Plane stress is defined to be a state of stress in which the normal stress and shear stress directed
perpendicular to the plane are assumed to be zero.
What is axisymmetric element?
Many three dimensional problem in engineering exhibit symmetry about an axis of rotation
such type of problem are solved by special two dimensional element called the axisymmetric
element
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
What are the conditions for a problem to be axisymmetric?
The problem domain must be symmetric about the axis of revolution
All boundary condition must be symmetric about the axis of revolution
All loading condition must be symmetric about the axis of revolution
Give the stiffness matrix equation for an axisymmetric triangular element. Stiffness matrix
Chapter 6: Isoperimetric Elements
Fill in the Blank
i) An isoperimetric element can have straight edge and ………
ii) If order of shape function for geometric configuration is equal to the order of shape function
then such element is called as…………….
iii) If order of shape function for geometric configuration is lesser than the order of shape
function then such element is called as…………….
iv) If order of shape function for geometric configuration is greater to the order of shape
function then such element is called as…………….
v) ……..elements are the rectangular elements with ……….nodes
Answers: i) curved boundries ii) isoparametric element iii) sub-parametric element iv) super
parametric element
i) If shape functions are represented by Area Coordinates then
A) N1 = A1/A
B) N1 = A/A1
C) N1 = A1/N
D) N1 = N/A
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
ii) Aspect ratio is the ratio of
A) The largest to smallest size in an element

B) The smallest to the largest size element
C) Smaller to the smallest size element
D) None of the above
iii) Aspect ratio of the square of 1cm size will be
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
iv) Serendipity Elements are
A) Triangular Elements
B) Tetrahedron Element
C) Rectangular Elements
v) How many basic laws are there for Isoperimetric Formulations ?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
Answers: i)A ii) A iii) A iv) C v) C
Two Marks Questions
What is the purpose of Isoparametric element?
It is difficult to represent the curved boundaries by straight edges finite elements. A large
number of finite elements may be used to obtain reasonable resemblance between original body
and the assemblage.
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
Define super parametric element.
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is more than of nodes used for defining
the displacement is known as super parametric element
Define sub parametric element.
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is less than number of nodes used for
defining the displacement is known as sub parametric element.
What is meant by Isoparametric element?
If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is same as number of nodes used for
defining the displacement is known as Isoparametric element.
Is beam element an Isoparametric element?
Beam element is not an Isoparametric element since the geometry and displacement are
defined by different order interpretation functions.
What is the difference between natural coordinate and simple natural coordinate?
L1 = 1-x/l
L2 = x/l
What is Area coordinates?
L1 = A1/A L2 = A2/A L3 = A3/A
What is simple natural coordinate?
A simple natural coordinate is one whose value between -1 and 1.
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
Chapter 7: Numerical Integration
Fill in the Blank
i) The limitations of Newton Cotes equation is overcome by …………….. Method
ii) Double Integration methods include……………..and…………………….
iii) When we calculate area integration by………………., the area is divided in number of strips.
iv) The two values of y with respect to x are y1= …….. and y2=……. in Gauss Legendre two
point formula.
Answers: i) Gauss Legendre Quadraryre Method ii) Trapezoidal Rule and Simpson (1/3rd )Rule
iii) Newton Cotes Method iv) f(x1) and f(x2)
i) Newton Cotes method does include
A) Gauss Legendre Quadrature Method

B) Gauss Legendra Two Point Formula
C) Trapezoidal Rule
ii) Area under the curve A = (y1+y2) X C is found by which method
A) Gauss Legendre Three Point Formula

B) Gauss Legendra Two Point Formula
C) Trapezoidal Rule
iii) Trapezoidal Rule is applied for
A) Two Degree Polynomial Equation

B) One Degree Polynomial Equation
C) Three Degree Polynomial Equation
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
iv) Simpson’s 1/3rd Rule is used for
A) Two Degree Polynomial Equation

B) One Degree Polynomial Equation
C) Three Degree Polynomial Equation
Answers: i) C ii) B iii)B iv) A
Chapter 8: Steady State Heat Transfer
Two Marks Questions
I. There are……………modes of heat transfer.

II. Radiation heat transfer is the process by which the……………is exchanged between two surfaces.
III. A fin is …………….. Surface that is added to increase the rate of het removal.
IV. The governing differential equation for 1D Steady State Heat Transfer is derived according
to……………….
Answers: i) Three ii) Thermal Energy iii) extended iv) Fouriers Law of Conduction
Multiple Choice Questions
i) Convection is the heat transfer process by which the thermal energy is transferred between
A) Solid and Solid

B) Liquid and Liquid
C) Solid and Fluid
ii) For transfer of energy from one region to another through solid medium required
A) Pressure Difference
B) Temperature Difference
C) Pressure Rise
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
iii) Heat Transfer in fins involves
A) Conduction
B) Convection
C) Both Conduction and Convection
iv) How many kind of Boundry Conditions are there in Heat Transfer problems
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
Answers: i) C ii) B ii) C iv) B
Two Marks Questions
States the assumption are made while finding the forces in a truss.
All the members are pin jointed.

The truss is loaded only at the joint
The self-weight of the members is neglected unless stated.
State the principles of virtual energy?
A body is in equilibrium if the internal virtual work equals the external virtual work for the
every kinematically admissible displacement field
What is essential boundary condition?
Primary boundary condition or EBC Boundary condition which in terms of field variable is
known as Primary boundary condition.
Natural boundary conditions?
Secondary boundary natural boundary conditions which are in the differential form of field
variable is known as secondary boundary condition
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
Chapter 9: Dynamic Analysis

Fill in the Blank
i) If a solid body is deformed elastically and suddenly released, it tends to vibrate

about……..position
ii) The periodic motion due to restoring strain energy is called………………………..
iii) The Maximum displacement from the equilibrium position is called as……………
iv)…………………….were used by Claude Shannon to determine the theoretical limit to how

much information can be transferred through communication medium.
v) The………………………of the bridge is the Eigen value of the smallest magnitude of a system
that models the bridge.
Answers: i) Equilibrium ii) Free Vibration iii) Amplitude iv) Eigen Values v) The Natural
Frequency
i) The number of cycles per unit time is called as
A) Vibration
B) Amplitude
C) Frequency
ii) The vibration which is under the influence of continuous external excitation is called as
A) Forced Vibration
B) Natural Frequency
C) Free Vibration
iii) The equation of motion for damped vibration is given by
A) mx+cx+Kx = 0
B) mx+cx = 0
C) cx+Kx = 0
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
iv) The Characteristic equation is given by
A) [K]-λ*M+=0
B) [K]- [M]=0
C) λ*M+=0
Answers: i) C ii) A iii) A iv) A
Two Marks Questions
What is the difference between static and dynamic analysis?
Static analysis: The solution of the problem does not vary with time is known as static analysis
Example: stress analysis on a beam
Dynamic analysis: The solution of the problem varies with time is known as dynamic analysis
List the two advantages of post processing.
Required result can be obtained in graphical form. Contour diagrams can be used to understand
the solution easily and quickly.
What are the h and p versions of finite element method?
It is used to improve the accuracy of the finite element method. In h version, the order of
polynomial approximation for all elements is kept constant and the numbers of elements are
increased. In p version, the numbers of elements are maintained constant and the order of
polynomial approximation of element is increased.
During discretization, mention the places where it is necessary to place a node?
Concentrated load acting point Cross- section changing point Different material inter junction
point
Sudden change in point load
What is the difference between static and dynamic analysis?

Static analysis: The solution of the problem does not vary with time is known as static analysis.
Example: stress analysis on a beam Dynamic analysis: The solution of the problem varies with
time is known as dynamic analysis
Example: vibration analysis problem.
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
Define Eigen value problem.

The problem of determining the constant is called eigen value problem.
Chapter 10: Stress Analysis in 3D Problems
Fill in the Blank
i) The First Principle stress in 3D Element is given by…………..

ii) It is now obvious that the first step in the finite element analysis is to…..
iii) The selection of tool completely depends on the ……………and rate of

accuracy.
iv) ANSYS can import all kinds of …………… from different CAD software's and
perform simulations
Answers:
i) σ1=
ii) Discretize the problem.
iii) Work requirement
iv) CAD geometries
Objective Type of Question
i) For Crash Testing which software is used ?
A) Ansys
B) Creo
C) Pamcrash
ii) For Good Meshing which software is used ?
A) Ansys
B) Creo
C) Hypermesh
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
iii) For Composite Materials which software is used ?
A) Ansys – Composite Prespost

B) Creo
C) Hypermesh
iv) For Fatigue Failure studies which tools is used ?
A) Ansys – Composite Prespost

B) Abaqus
C) Hypermesh
Answers: i) C ii) C iii) A iv) B
Two Marks Questions
Name any four FEA softwares.

ANSYS
NASTRAN
COSMOS
NISA
Write in short advantages of Ansys Software
ANSYS can import all kinds of CAD geometries (3D and 2D) from different CAD
software's and perform simulations, and also it has the capability of creating one
effortlessly.
ANSYS has inbuilt CAD developing software's like Design Modeler and Space Claim
which makes the work flow even smoother.
ANSYS has the capability of performing advanced engineering simulations accurately

and realistic in nature by its variety of contact algorithms, time dependent simulations
and nonlinear material models.
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Prof. Shaikh Ubaid
Write Advantages of Nastran Software
 Multidisciplinary Structural Analysis

 Structural Assembly Modeling
 Automated Structural Optimization
 High Performance Computing
 Customer Service
How 3D Problems can be reduced to 2D Problems?
All 2D approximations like plane stress criteria, plane strain criteria, axis symmetric
criteria reduce 3D problems into 2D problems.
The main benefits of this 2D approximation is reducing the computing time, as

number of elements are less the most accurate mesh can be generated and
convergence error will be reduced therefore very accurate results will be obtained.
Classify Mesh Generation Methods
Mesh generation methods are broadly classified among

1. Semi-Automatic Method
a. Wireframe based and surface based methods
b. Solid Modeling based methods
2. Fully Automatic Method
a. Node based approach
b. Element based approach
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Finite Element Analysis in Brief

Chapter 1: Introduction to FEM

Fill in the Blank

I. The total workdone by all forces acting on a system is static equilibrium

Objective Types of Questions

i) In a body, how many types of loading consists

ii) Nodes are classified as

iii) What is strain displacement matrix

iv) What is a Formula of Stress?

v) What is Potential Energy expression?

A) Strain Energy (SE)/Work Potential(W.P)

vi) What is notation of elemental Stiffness matrix?

Answers i) B ii) C iii) A iv) A v) B vi) A

Two Marks Questions

What is meant by finite element?

What is meant by node or joint?

What is the basic of finite element method?

What are the types of boundary conditions?

State the methods of engineering analysis?

What are the types of element?

State the three phases of finite element method.

What is structural problem?

What is non-structural problem?

Explain stiffness method.

What is meant by post processing?

Name the variation methods.

What is meant by degrees of freedom?

What is meant by discretization and assemblage?

The art of subdividing a structure in to convenient number of smaller components is known as

What is Rayleigh-Ritz method?

What is Aspect ratio?

What are the h and p versions of finite element method?

Name the weighted method

Point collocation method

List the two advantages of post processing.

During discretization, mention the places where it is necessary to place a node?

Concentrated load acting point

Differentiate between global and local axes.

Distinguish between potential energy function and potential energy functional

The art of subdividing a structure in to a convenient number of smaller components is known

Chapter2: 1D Element Analysis

1. Nonzeroes 2. 1D Element Analysis 3. Three 4. Two 5. Quadratic Shape Functions

Objective Type Questions

ii) Shape Functions are to

A) Describe the loading condition on the element

iii) The Traction force of a 1D Body is

A) Force Per Unit Volume

iv) The linear element will have an equation of generally

A) One degree polynomial equation

v) How many degrees of freedom for 2D bar element

i) A ii) D iii) B iv) A v) B

Two Marks Questions

State the properties of stiffness matrix

Define total potential energy.

State the principle of minimum potential energy.

Chapter 3: Beam Elements

Fill in the Blank

i) A beam element has_______________DOF

ii) Generally (u1,u2) are______________ degrees of freedom in a beam.