CHEM 115 Chapter 3 Notes (Sections 3.1 – 3.

4)

Chapter 3: Compounds – Putting Particles Together

Introduction
 Most elements to not exist as _____________________________________________.
 Instead atoms tend to combine with other atoms to form _______________________
 ________________________ and _____________________________ combine
differently than ________________________ combine with other
__________________________
3.1 Electron Arrangements and the Octet Rule
 The ___________________________________ of ____________________________
around the nucleus of an atom is one of the reasons that elements are
_____________________ to form ________________________________
 Because electrons are charged and in constant motion, they possess
___________________________
 In atoms, electrons can exist only at _________________________ energy levels, not in-
between
 In general, electrons occupy the ____________________________ energy step first
 Energy levels get ______________________ together the ________________________
you get from the nucleus
 The maximum number of electrons that can be found in any given energy level can be
calculated by the formula ______________ where ___________ is the number of the
energy level
 Once there are ___________________ electrons in n=3, the next two electrons are
placed in the _______________________ energy shell, n=4. This trend continues as you
go down the periodic table
 Elements with the _________________ number of electrons in their
__________________________ energy level are in the ______________________
group on the periodic table
CHEM 115 Chapter 3 Notes (Sections 3.1 – 3.4)

 The highest energy level that contains electrons is called the

_____________________________, and the electrons residing in that energy level are
called ______________________________________________________. These are the
__________________________ from the nucleus and are responsible for combining
elements and making compounds
 The ______________________ number represents the number of valence electrons for
__________________________________ elements.
 The _______________________________________ of an atom is determined by the
arrangement of the _______________________________________________ in its
electron cloud
 The Octet Rule
o The Group 8A elements are called the __________________ or
________________________________ and are chemically unreactive under all
but extreme conditions.
o Elements that are _____________________________ are stable and exist as
_______________________.
o Group 8A contains __________________ valence electrons (except for helium
which has only ______________ valence electrons). Most atoms will react with
other atoms to achieve a total of _____________________ electrons in their
valence shell. This is known as the
_______________________________________________
3.2 In Search of an Octet, Part 1: Ion Formation
 Sometimes atoms can gain or lose electrons to achieve an octet. This new atom would
have an __________________________________ number of protons and electrons
and, therefore, would have a net charge. These charged atoms are called
________________
 Ions formed when atoms GAIN electrons and become ___________________________
charged are called __________________________
CHEM 115 Chapter 3 Notes (Sections 3.1 – 3.4)

 When ions and atoms have the same number of electrons, they are said to be
________________________________________
 Ions formed when atoms LOSE electrons and become ___________________________
charged are called ______________________________
 Trends in Ion Formations
o The ___________________________________________ is a useful tool to use
to know which atoms _____________________ electrons to form anions and
which atoms ____________________ electrons to form cations
o Concerning main-group elements
 Groups __________, ____________, and _____________ form cations
 Nonmetallic elements in Groups ____________, _____________, and
_____________ form anions
o Predicting Charge on an Ion Formed by a Main-Group Element
 Cations: Charge = _________________________________________
 Anions: Charge = __________________________________________
o For elements that are not main-group elements, the charge on the ions they
form is not simple to predict. They do not follow the
________________________________. Some of the transition metals form
_________________________________________________. It is not possible to
determine the charge of the ions formed by the
_______________________________________________ from their group
number.
o Another group of common ions whose charges cannot be determined from the
periodic table are the ____________________________________________.
These are a special group of ions consisting of a group of
__________________________________ that interact with each other to form
an ion.
 The charge shown is for the ______________________ group of atoms
together
CHEM 115 Chapter 3 Notes (Sections 3.1 – 3.4)

 Table 3.2 shows some common polyatomic ions.

 Naming Ions
o To distinguish between an ion and the atom from which it was formed, we give
the ion a different name. For metal ions, this simply involves adding the word
__________________ to the name of the metal.
o Transition metals that form more than one ion use a
___________________________ in parentheses following the name of the metal
to indicate the charge on the ion
o For nonmetals, the suffix _____________ replaces the last few letters of the
name of the element
 In most cases, the first syllable of the element is kept and the
_____________ suffix is applied for the dropped letters
o Most common polyatomic ions end in ___________. The ___________ ending is
used for the names of related ions that have
_____________________________________ oxygen.
3.3 Ionic Compounds – Electron Give and Take
 Ion formation does not occur in _____________________________________
 Cations do not form unless _____________________ are also formed and vice versa.
 When a ___________________________ and ____________________________
combine, a compound is formed and electrons are
________________________________ between the atoms forming oppositely charged
ions
 These new ions are ___________________________ attracted to each other. This
attraction is called an ___________________________________________________
 The resulting combination of the cation and anion that is held together by this strong
attraction is called an __________________________________________________
CHEM 115 Chapter 3 Notes (Sections 3.1 – 3.4)

 Formulas of Ionic Compounds

o When writing formulas for chemical compounds, we represent the number of
each particle in the compound with a ________________________.
 A “______” is understood if no subscript is written after the element
symbol
o Cations and anions combine so that the compound has a net charge of
____________________. No __________________________ appear in the
compound formula
o The subscript on each ion is actually the magnitude of the
______________________ (number without sign) on the other ion.
 Naming Ionic Compounds
o To name an ionic compound, put the ______________________ of the
________ ions together. The ________________________ is always listed first.
o For transition metals, recall that a _____________________________________
is used to designate the charge on the transition metal, since it can vary.
o If a polyatomic ion is present, the name of the ion remains
_______________________________ in the name of the compound.
3.4 In Search of an Octet, Part 2: Covalent Bonding
 Nonmetals combine by ______________________________ valence electrons to
achieve an octet
 The sharing of electrons results in the formation of a
____________________________________________
 Valence electrons in the bond belong to ___________________ of the atoms
 When atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds, the resulting new compound is
called a ____________________________________________________
 The smallest (or fundamental) unit of a covalent compound is a
__________________________________
 Covalent Bond Formation
CHEM 115 Chapter 3 Notes (Sections 3.1 – 3.4)

o A simple rule of thumb:

__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
o We can see this by using ________________ to represent electrons. These
symbols are then referred to as
____________________________________________
 These consist of the
_________________________________________________ plus a
_______________ for each valence electron
o A shared pair of electrons is known as a ___________________________ or
simply a _______________. This is represented as a __________________ or
_________________ connecting two electron-dot symbols
o The electrons that are NOT shared are referred to as
_________________________________
o One pair of shared electrons is called a _________________________________
o Two pairs of shared electrons between two atoms is called a
____________________________________
o Three pairs of shared electrons between two atoms is called a
____________________________________
o Hydrogen only requires _____________ electrons, not a complete octet
o Table 3.4 shows some common bonding patterns for main-group elements
 Formulas and Structures of Covalent Compounds
o A _______________________________________ completely identifies all the
components in a covalent compound
o The molecular formula tells us the number of atoms in a molecule, it does not
tell us _____________ the atoms are joined together. The
CHEM 115 Chapter 3 Notes (Sections 3.1 – 3.4)

______________________________________________ help us visualize

structure
o The drawing that shows the number and type of each atom in a molecule and
their connectivity is called a ________________________________
 Naming Covalent Compounds
o Covalent compounds composed of only two elements are known as
___________________________________________

o These compounds can be named by a three step procedure:

 Step 1:
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
________________________
 Step 2:
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
________________________
 Step 3:
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________
 See table 3.5 on page 95 for Greek prefixes
o The ________________ prefix is not used when the first element in the
compound only has 1 atom.
CHEM 115 Chapter 3 Notes (Sections 3.1 – 3.4)

o Some binary compounds are so prevalent that their long-standing traditional

names have never been replaced by the rules-derived names
 You may find the flow chart in Figure 3.10 to be helpful in learning how to name the
various types of compounds.