Exploring research trends of Sustainable LPG: Evidences from Topic

Modelling
Abstract:
In the long-term transition to a truly sustainable global energy system, liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG) is increasingly being seen as a "bridging fuel" alongside natural gas. Governments
across the world are urging people to utilise LPG as their major source of cooking fuel. This
has a major effect on the environment and human health. By minimising the pollution in the
kitchen caused by the burning of traditional fuels like firewood, coal, cow dung, and kerosene,
it also empowers women. LPG availability and cost were major issues in various nations, and
these issues received special attention from the respective governments throughout the world
in the form of subsidies, loans, enhanced supply chains, promotion, regulation, and a focus on
health and development. The present global endeavour to reduce indoor pollution centres on
the long-term sustainable use of LPG and its adoption as the principal cooking fuel. To analyse
the existing research on the topic of “Sustainable LPG”, a thorough literature review on the
subject is performed in this work by using a machine learning approach known as "Topic
Modelling" with LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation). By this investigation, we are able to zero
in on a set of topics that have generated research publications in international journals. In
summary, emerging topics pertain to concern for climate change, reduction in pollution, use
and adoption of LPG as fuel, impact of LPG usage, various government schemes for promotion
of LPG usage etc.

Keywords:
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), Gas, Fuel, Oil and Gas, Petroleum, Sustainability, Energy,
Topic Modelling, Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), Machine Learning, Environment,
Climate Change, Household Air Pollution (HAP) etc.

1. Introduction

Environmental pollution is one of the burning factors across the world at this moment. By
environmental pollution, it means Air Pollution, Water Pollution, Soil Pollution and Sound
Pollution etc., which may be due to natural causes as well as man-made causes or both.
Excessive burning of fossil fuels, coal, gas, biomass, industrial emissions, mining activities,
construction etc. are some of the principal sources of pollution. Vehicular exhaust fume
emissions, use of fuel oil and natural gas for heating homes, emission from the coal-fired

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electricity generation power plants, burning of garbage in landfills etc. contribute to
environmental pollution across the world. This results in adverse effect on human health such
as respiratory ailments, lung disease, heart disease etc (Poole et al., 2019) .

The developed countries are the main source that generate the maximum emissions responsible
for the environmental pollution. The consumption of fossil fuels in underdeveloped and
developing countries are much lesser in comparison to the developed world(International
Energy Agency, 2022). However, these underdeveloped and developing countries are equally
facing the wrath of environmental pollution. In these countries, household air pollution (HAP)
is one of the major risk factors of health hazards whose major impacts are on the women folks
working in the kitchen (Gordon et al., 2014) . Use of firewood, coal, kerosene, cow-dung etc.
contribute mainly towards indoor air pollution (Patel & Kumar, 2020) .

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is used primarily as a cooking fuel across the globe. Developed
countries also use LPG to a large extent for the purpose of heating. To some extent LPG is also
used in Industries, Automotives, Agriculture etc. but their share is almost negligible compared
to the use of the same as a cooking fuel.

Nations such as India, Ghana, Ecuador, Brazil, Indonesia, Kenya, Peru, Senegal, Sri Lanka etc.
have all formulated respective policies for sustainable use of LPG and implemented the use of
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) as a safe cooking fuel alternative (Puzzolo et al., 2020).
Governments of these countries have put strong focus on the implementation of the strategy of
promoting use of LPG to arrest deforestation, empowering women folks, reducing indoor air
pollution. In India, PMUY (Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana) Scheme is the central
government’s initiative through which more than 90 million women below the poverty line
from both urban and rural areas were provided LPG connection through various financial
benefits and policies. Through the implementation of PMUY Scheme, GOI (Govt. of India)
aims to empower women folks, eliminate indoor air pollution, reduce health hazards and
overall wellbeing of the women folks in the country (Ahmad et al., 2018) (Chattopadhyay et
al., 2021).

To arrest vehicular emissions, dual fuel technologies have been promoted across the world in
a big way. Vehicles are encouraged to use LPG (Autogas) as alternate fuel in addition to
gasoline. Policies were also formulated to promote use of CNG and LNG as dual fuel in

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vehicles. The use of LPG across the world has seen its primary use as cooking fuel in
kitchens(Richenda Van Leeuwen et al., 2017). LPG is also used to some extent in Agriculture,
Industries and in Automotives as fuel whose share of overall demand is less compared to the
use in household cooking purpose. The main reason for LPG adoption as cooking fuel is the
governmental support by way of subsidies and various other social benefit schemes(Kelly et
al., 2014).

World LPG Association (WLPGA), a group consisting of global LPG industry professionals
representing the complete LPG value chain, has advocated the sustainable use of LPG in all
the sectors. Governments across the globe have also made sustained efforts towards sustainable
LPG usage to popularise and increase acceptance of the use of LPG as cooking fuel in kitchens
(Wilson et al., 2018).

To understand the work undertaken in a particular area, a literature review on the subject is an
integral part of the research process where each of the research papers need to be scrutinised
separately. This is tedious, costly, and time-consuming process. With the advent of Machine
Learning approaches and using text mining and topic modelling algorithms, literature review
can be performed in a fast, cost effective and accurate manner. To study the impact of the
sustainable use of LPG across the globe, we have downloaded the papers from Scopus using
the keywork “Sustainable LPG” in which we got 548 papers’ abstract downloaded. To analyse
the studies undertaken in these papers related to the mentioned topic, we intend to use “Topic
Modelling” algorithm “Latent Dirichlet Assignment (LDA)” (Blei et al., 2003) besides others
to determine the trends of studies undertaken in the subject.

This current study proposes to answer the following research questions:

RQ1: What are the different factors in the study of Sustainable LPG?
RQ2: How can Topic Modelling assist in understanding the relative importance of various
topics in “Sustainable LPG”?
RQ3: How can we evaluate the different research trends undertaken in Sustainable LPG?

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2. Literature Review

Sustainable LPG:

The impact of fossil fuels and other sources of energy has given rise to an important concern
worldwide called climate change. The burning of the energy sources has impacted the climate
to a great extent. We intend to touch upon studies undertaken on this subject across the globe
from different country perspective in our subsequent section to understand the sustainable use
of LPG and other alternate fuel sources that gives positive impact on concerns of climate
change and net zero commitments (United Nations, 2015) across the globe:

(Aizaga et al., 2022) in this study on Ecuadorian companies’ use of fuels and their impact on
climate change have found that out of 3 fuels (gasoline, diesel, and LPG), LPG is the least
polluting fuel compared to the others and contribute the least to climate change. It has also been
seen that with the increase in LPG use, the productivity of the industry using LPG as fuel
increases compared to the others.

In Ghana, the use of LPG was promoted by government through LPG promotion program in
1990 to tackle the shortage of cooking fuel and to switch the population from solid fuel to LPG.
Subsequently, the government came up with Rural LPG Promotion Program (RLP) in 2013 for
the rural population. (Enninful et al., 2022) in this study has given the details of the government
initiatives and its success. Due to various reasons, both the initiatives failed but both the
schemes showed reduction in health and environmental issues etc. The authors through this
paper also studied the feasibility of LPG Cylinder Recirculation Model and its challenges and
suggested ways to eradicate the challenges.

In Indian context, (Akter & Pratap, 2022) studied data of 9000 households from 6 energy poor
states on adoption of LPG as clean cooking fuel and its benefits for women folks. The study
found that with the adoption of LPG, there are health benefits, time saving in cooking and
collection of cooking fuel etc. The main benefit of the adoption of LPG is reduction of
household air pollution (HAP) and greenhouse gas emissions resulting is health benefits.

Household air pollution (HAP) in Cameroon like other sub-Saharan counties belonging to low-
income population is at high risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. (Bruce et al., 2018)
(Kypridemos et al., 2020) in their study has outlined the master plan of the Cameroon
government to increase the effective us of LPG as a clean cooking energy source to 58% of the

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population from less than 20% in 2014, which will have substantial health benefits and will
impact in tackling climate change.

Like other low income or developing countries, India too is grossly affected by indoor air
pollution. In their study on the topic, (Patel & Kumar, 2020) has discussed the health benefits
from use of clean cooking fuel such as LPG in household cooking fuel. The sustainable use of
LPG through increased adoption of LPG across the country has shown significant benefits but
sustainability of the benefits of LPG usage in rural low-income areas is still dismal and require
policy interventions towards availability and affordability. Similar is the case in Indonesia
where the government had launched an initiative to convert kerosene user to adopt LPG as
cooking fuel (Thoday et al., 2018).

In Mexico, to tackle the effect of climate change by promoting effective use of renewable
energy, the study by (Díaz-Trujillo et al., 2019) highlighted the concept of carbon pricing to
mitigate the effect. In addition to the carbon pricing strategy, it also supports the substitution
of LPG with biogas strategy through targeted investment in that sector. The effective
formulation of carbon pricing strategy results in a dual effect of investment in biogas sector to
tackle the environmental pollution faced by the population.

(Agwu NM, 2015) has outlined that to prevent effects of climate change, LPG use is
encouraged among the urban households in Abia State in Nigeria. The paper studied the
preference of LPG usage, relationship of availability and adoption of LPG, psychological
aspects of adoption of LPG, factor of high cost and adoption etc. The study found that LPG
adoption currently was very low and suggested that all necessary policy interventions and
investments need to be made to increase the adoption to tackle effects of climate change.

In this study published in The Lancet journal, (Gordon et al., 2014) has highlighted the impact
of household air pollution (HAP) in low- and middle-income countries resulting in rise in
respiratory diseases. The primary cause of HAP is the burning of Solid fuel such as Crop
residue, dung, coal, firewood etc and kerosene. This impacts the very low income, low-income,
and middle-income population across the world in developing and underdeveloped countries.
To eradicate the effect of HAP, the study suggests the promotion and use of cleaner fuel like
liquid petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas, biogas, electricity, solar powered stoves etc.

(Mccracken et al., 2012) in this article published in Global heart has listed the effect of
Household Air Pollution (HAP) due to solid fuel use in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and
respiratory illness. Although respiratory illness is the primary fallout of HAP, the study also

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indicates that CVD also accounts for large number of mortalities due to HAP across the world.
The study reiterates the need for policy formation for promotion of fuel-efficient low-emission
cooking medium in low-income countries around the world.

Topic Modelling:

In our current study of sustainable use of LPG, we intend to use Topic Modelling technique to
analyse the studies undertaken in this topic and derive the directions it has taken over the
period. Topic Modelling as a subject and Latent Dirichlet Assignment (LDA) model is
specifically discussed in the following section underlining the various usage of the techniques,
limitations, evolution of the technique etc.:

(Duong et al., 2022) in the study of product return (PR) perspective adopted a hybrid approach
of Topic Modelling and bibliometric analysis in classifying the various research directions on
the subject. The hybrid approach on the study gave insightful output such as, digitalization,
globalization vs localization, multi-layer and multi-channel, customer behaviour and
perception.

In this study, (Lind et al., 2022) used topic modelling in multilingual text from data collected
for the purpose of comparative communication research. Taking it forward from the paper
published by (Maier et al., 2018) where in monolingual communication research in English
through topic modelling was done, here the authors used Polylingual Topic Model (PLTM),
that bridges the gap among languages in topic research.

(Maier et al., 2022) in this paper also worked upon multilingual text data for topic modelling
through a comparative study of use of Machine Translation (MT) and Multilingual Dictionary
(MD) prior to passing the data through topic modelling algorithms. The study found both the
techniques yield encouraging results in topic modelling output, but they also retained technique
specific differences in their results.

(Trivedi et al., 2022) used topic modelling techniques to study the literature related to COVID-
19 pandemic. The number of research articles and related texts related to the topic COVID-19
was huge and hence topic modelling technique was found to be the perfect tool in reviewing
the literature in determining the research trends on the subject. A similar study was also done
by (Ilyas et al., 2022) .

(Rabitz et al., 2021) in this study have taken up climate change as a subject of study from the
3 Lithuanian news media publications between 2017 and 2018 which constitutes 583 articles.

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They wanted to establish the domestic and international linkages in the media articles from the
articles and have used LDA topic modelling, using which they found that the news articles are
heavily internationalized.

(Fresneda et al., 2021) in this study have used structural topic modelling in segmentation of
customers by analysing their open ended (OE) response, online customer service via chat or
social media interactions, customer reviews, targeted surveys etc. This segmentation yield
benefits such as targeted customer service, relevant customer communications, correct
customer benefits and service delivery etc.

(Thielmann et al., 2021) in this study for unsupervised document classification used one-class
Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modelling
classifiers as a multi-step classification technique for large dataset. Their study has been able
to showcase the benefits of the use of the technique over manual labelling which is time
consuming, costly and requires trained and expert manpower.

In this paper by (De la Hoz-M et al., 2021), the authors introduced an open-source application
called LDAShiny, which provides a graphical user interface to researcher of scientific literature
to review literature using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) algorithm. This tool gives an easy-
to-use interface to the researcher who are not familiar with R programming language.

(Kherwa & Bansal, 2020) in this study has undertaken a thorough review on “Topic Modelling”
algorithms such as Latent Semantic analysis (LSA), Non-Negative Matrix Factorization
(NNMF), Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA), and Latent Dirichlet Allocation
(LDA). In this empirical study, the authors studied the application of topic modelling in
Scientific Research, Bioinformatics, Social Network Analysis, Software Engineering etc.
besides discussing the challenges in the field such as Visualization, Interpretation, Memory
Efficiency and Stability.

(Jacobs & Tschötschel, 2019) in this paper have used Topic Modelling in Discourse Analysis.
The study has illustrated the compatibility and feasibility of using topic modelling in discourse
analysis by limiting the challenges faced in its study and interpretation.

(Pietsch & Lessmann, 2018) in this study analysed the use of different topic modelling algorithms
in open ended (OE) responses in market research which otherwise uses labour intensive costly
human efforts. The researcher in this study has considered LDA as benchmark and compared
the output of 3 short text topic models for OE responses such as Latent Feature LDA (LFLDA),

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Biterm Topic Model (BTM) and Word Network Topic Model (WNTM). The result of the 4
models showed encouraging result over laborious and error prone human analysis.

(Ambrosino et al., 2018) used Topic Modelling Technique with LDA as a tool to study the
evolution of economics and its changing structure from 250846 articles published from 1845
till 2013 in around 188 journals. The study gives the progression of published research of the
topic over the period and highlights the change in trend in the research in economics in that
period.

In this paper, (Maier et al., 2018) has studied in detail how Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA)
topic modelling can be effectively used in communication research. The paper outlined the 4
stages of topic modelling such as a) pre-processing b) selection of model parameters c) model’s
reliability d) interpretation of the result and gives a hands-on user guide of how LDA can be
effectively used with best results in the area of research.

In this paper, (Alghamdi & Alfalqi, 2015) carried out a survey on hierarchical probabilistic models
called topic modelling, which provides ways to analyse unclassified textual data. Topic
modelling is classified into 2 categories – ‘methods of topic modelling’ containing Latent
Semantic Analysis (LSA), Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA), Latent Dirichlet
Allocation (LDA), Correlated Topic Model (CTM) and ‘topic evolution model’ containing
Topic Over Time (TOT), Dynamic Topic Models (DTM), multiscale topic tomography,
dynamic topic correlation detection (DTCM), detecting topic evolution in scientific literature
and online topics. The paper discusses all the algorithms and outlines their characteristics and
limitations. Similar work is also done by (Ravikumar et al., 2023) .

Topic Modelling using R:

(Ponweiser, 2012) in this thesis has outlined the practical use of topic modelling using Latent
Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) and R Statistical Programming language. The paper uses the
practical application of LDA and have shown the implementation of the algorithms in R
packages like tm and topicmodels. Implementation of document term matrix (DTM), text pre-
processing, Model selection, results of the model execution etc in R is explained at detail in
this thesis.

The application of topicmodels package in R Programming language is discussed by (Grün &

Hornik, 2011) in this paper. They discussed topic modelling stages and its implementation in R
with wide variety of inbuild packages developed over the years.

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3. Data Description / Methodology / Modelling

The methodology of our study is depicted in Figure 1 below. The methodology used in this
study has primarily four phases, which are a) Data Collection, b) Data Pre-Processing, c) Topic
Modelling and d) Data Visualization and Analysis of results.
Data Data Pre- Topic Data Visualization & Analysis
Collection Processing Modelling

Histogram & WordCloud

1. Extract Abstracts
2. Remove Tags Document
3. Remove Stop Words Term Topic Curve
4. Remove Punctuations Matrix No of Topics
5. Remove Whitespaces
6. Stemming
7. Words Correction
Topic Modelling Using
LDA (Latent Dirichlet
Allocation)

Topic Modelling Analysis

Figure 1: Study Framework

3.1 Data Collection:

The data collection for the study was done from Scopus Database using the keyword
“Sustainable LPG”. The keyword resulted in total 548 papers, whose Author, Abstract, Title,
Keyword, Publisher, and Year of Publications are downloaded in a .CSV file containing 548
rows of data. The Abstract column in the .CSV file is the main column required for this study.
The papers belong to the journals such as Elsevier, Francis, and Taylor, MDPI, Emerald etc.
Altogether there are 134 distinct journals wherein these papers were published starting from
1985 till 2023 in the collection. Figure 2 below elaborates the Journal wise distribution of the
papers in the collection.

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 Publisher Distribution
Others 229
Emerald Publishing 131
Springer 45
MDPI AG 32
Society of Petroleum Engineers 18
Institute of Physics Publishing 15
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. 14
IOP Publishing Ltd 12
Publishers

Taylor and Francis 9

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) 7
John Wiley and Sons Inc 5
IEEE Computer Society 5
EDP Sciences 5
American Chemical Society 5
SAGE Publications Ltd 4
Royal Society of Chemistry 4
BioMed Central Ltd. 4
Academic Press Inc. 4
0 50 100 150 200 250
Papers

Figure 2 : Publisher of the papers

Figure 3 below gives us year wise distribution of the papers in the collection. It can be found
that maximum papers in the collection are from year 2013 onwards. Starting from 1985 till
2012 there were only 165 papers whereas from 2013 to 2023 there are 383 papers in total. We
see that a huge impetus was given on the study of “Sustainable LPG” as a subject in recent
years mainly in the last decade.

YEAR WISE PUBLICATION

70

60

50
PAPERS

40

30

20

10

0
1985
1991
1994
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001

2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010

2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019

2021
2022
2002

2011

2020

YEAR

Figure 3: Year wise distribution of Papers

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3.2 Data Pre-Processing
The data collected in .csv file contains 6 columns such as “Author”, “Abstract”, “Title”,
“Keyword, “Publisher” and “Year of Publications” and having 548 row of data one each for
each paper. In this phase of our study, we imported the .csv file into a R Program and extracted
the Abstract column into a data-frame. This data-frame was then passed into the pre-processing
phase where the content is first converted into lower case. Subsequently, the data is cleaned for
all special characters, numbers, punctuations, stop words etc. Next step is application of
stemming on the data which reduced a word to its basic form. Post stemming, each of the words
are manually checked for its spelling and corrected in the R code. This resulted in a total of
6452 unique words which are 3 characters or more in length.

3.3 Topic Modelling

The data cleaning phase has created a collection of words most relevant in the studies
undertaken in the collection of data. In this phase, we first converted the cleaned data of abstract
column into DTM (Document Term Matrix), which determines the frequency of certain word
in the collected data called documents. This DTM is then passed as a parameter to all the topic
modelling algorithms for undertaking the study and performing subsequent analysis.

We first created “Topic Curve” by using the DTM using the algorithms formulated by
“‘Griffiths2004’, ‘CaoJuan2009’, ‘Arun2010’, ‘Deveaud2014’”. The topic curve gives us the
optimum number of topics that can be determined in this study. Figure 4 below is the “Topic
Curve” generated for the data set we have in our study which determines that we can have 8-
10 no of optimal topics as part of our analysis of “Sustainable LPG” topic modelling.

Figure 4 : Topic Curve

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We next created the histogram (Figure 5) of all words which has frequency of more than 200
in our data collection. We find that word with highest frequency in the data collection are
“energy (1297)”, “fuel (1105)”, “Gas (1035)”, “sustainable (621)”, “lpg (735)” etc.

Figure 5 : Histogram of Word Frequency Above 200

Wordcloud, a graphical representation of frequency of word that gives prominence to words

having higher frequency more, is then generated for the collection of words in DTM. Figure 6
below is the wordcloud which also shows words like “energy”, “fuel”, “sustainable”, “lpg”,
“gas”, “environment” etc in prominence than that of other words.

Figure 6 : WordCloud

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Finally, the DTM is passed as parameter to LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) statistical model
that classifies text in a document to a particular topic, modelled as Dirichlet distributions.
Output to LDA is the set of topics with a set of words within the topic. Figure 7 gives us the
graphical output of the topics after passing through the LDA modelling.

Figure 7 : Topics after LDA Modelling

3.4 Data Visualization and Analysis

Outputs generated by the R-Program gives the topics with cluster of keywords used in those
topics. These are the words which occurred in these papers. The LDA gave us the topics with
keywords and documents belonging to each of the topics. Figure 8 below gives us the
distribution of documents in each of the topics in our collection.

Distribution of Papers in Topics

120 103
100 83
80 66 71
Papers

60 44 47 48
40 42
40
20
0
Topic-1 Topic-2 Topic-3 Topic-4 Topic-5 Topic-6 Topic-7 Topic-8 Topic-9
Topics

Figure 8 : Papers in Topics

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While passing the collection through DTM (Document Term Matrix) it was found that there
are 4 papers whose abstract are not available in our collection of 548 papers. Thus, when
documents were passed through LDA modelling with k=9 and n=10, data from 544 out of 548
documents were only analysed. The output of the LDA model resulted in 9 topics each having
10 keywords in each.

Analysing each of the topics for its keywords and their inter-relation and weightage, we can
determine the research direction under each of the topics. Studying the group of papers
individually will give us a better understanding of the research undertaken in each of the topics
and the direction of the research and the methodology followed.

4. Topic Modelling Classifiers

Topic modelling is an unsupervised machine learning natural language processing (NLP)

technique that scans and analyses a set of textual data, detecting words and phrases, to list out
a set of topics having a set of words that best describes the characteristics of the documents.
Topic modelling churns input set of documents into topics containing set of words which
determines the meaningful sentiments each group of documents are inferring about.

While using Topic Modelling, researchers need to tackle the following: a) Proper pre-
processing of the collected data, b) Proper selection of Modelling parameter including the
appropriate number of topics to be generated, c) model’s reliability analysis, d) result analysis
and interpretation.

Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA):

LDA is an unsupervised machine learning algorithm and statistical model used in topic
modelling, which generates topics from the collection of documents based on frequency
distribution and variance. It creates the list of topics and list of words incorporated in those
topics based on the number of Topics (K) we want to generate and the number of keywords
(N) we want to incorporate in each of the topics for our understanding and analysis (Blei et al.,
2003).

Based on the output of LDA modelling, it is analysed to put an inference of the topics based
on the cluster of words generated in each of the topics.

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5. Data Analysis and Results

In our study, abstract from all the documents were converted into 6960 tokenised words in the
pre-processing stage. DTM (Document Term Matrix) is then created from these tokenised
words of the collection. From topic curve, we found that there are 8-10 best topics that can be
generated. Using the DTM, the LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) algorithm is executed for
2000 iterations to create 9 topics (k=9) with 10 keywords each (n=10). Table 1 below is the list
of 9 topics with its 10 keywords each generated as output of LDA model.

Topic 1 Topic 2 Topic 3 Topic 4 Topic 5 Topic 6 Topic 7 Topic 8 Topic 9

1 study gas use can lpg develop system energy Fuel
2 environment nature cook process use sustainable well consumption emission
3 impact product household product air economy paper source reduce
4 sustainable industry lpg use method country manage use transport
5 analysis lng fuel liquid due global design biogas carbon
6 assess develop clean base time change environment renew alternative
7 data oil stove research water provide safety potential vehicle
8 result supply rural oil rate need area heat engine
9 model price access plant temperature issue new result diesel
10 life petroleum biomass produce test govern risk total lpg

Table 1: Keyword List of Topics

Error! Reference source not found.From the output of the LDA model, we also got
“Document to Topic” and “Abstract to Topic Probability” model outputs. Using “Document to
Topic” output, we classified the documents in our collection with the topics to classify each of
the documents into their respective topics. The summary of number of documents falling under
each of the 9 topics and their percentage share of overall numbers are shown in Table 2 below.

Topics Papers % Of Papers in Topic

Topic-1 40 7.35
Topic-2 66 12.13
Topic-3 103 18.93
Topic-4 44 8.09
Topic-5 47 8.64
Topic-6 42 7.72
Topic-7 48 8.82
Topic-8 71 13.05
Topic-9 83 15.26
Grand Total 544 100.00

Table 2: Percentage share of Documents in Topics

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For all the nine topics we calculated the weightage of each keyword in it and found out the
strength of each word in the topic output from LDA model. The LDA modelling process
generated the “Abstract to Topic” probability matrix for all the documents in the scope. Table
3 below represents first 10 rows of the matrix with 544 rows. The columns here in the matrix
corresponds to each of the 9 Topics as mentioned in
Table 1 and Table 2 above.

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V8 V9
1 0.072997 0.072997 0.043928 0.090439 0.078811 0.043928 0.067183 0.067183 0.462532
2 0.095433 0.089298 0.205862 0.083163 0.058623 0.138378 0.101568 0.119973 0.107703
3 0.334387 0.064244 0.050026 0.125856 0.050026 0.083202 0.045287 0.09268 0.154292
4 0.274758 0.068237 0.030193 0.312802 0.068237 0.062802 0.062802 0.030193 0.089976
5 0.148148 0.129369 0.068336 0.063641 0.030777 0.152843 0.073031 0.190402 0.143453
6 0.103268 0.062092 0.050327 0.120915 0.344444 0.091503 0.091503 0.062092 0.073856
7 0.078811 0.038114 0.072997 0.096253 0.177649 0.084625 0.049742 0.067183 0.334625
8 0.090965 0.041514 0.398657 0.063492 0.090965 0.118437 0.068987 0.074481 0.052503
9 0.091766 0.051587 0.114087 0.024802 0.457837 0.078373 0.06498 0.060516 0.056052
10 0.072845 0.060396 0.388197 0.056247 0.0355 0.089442 0.085293 0.159982 0.052098

Table 3 : Abstract to Topic Probability

Each of the row in the table above corresponds to each of the documents and the column values
gives the probability of each of the topic being present in each of the document. Considering
row 1, we can see that column V9 has the maximum value i.e., 46. 25%, which means that
document 1 has 46.25% chances to be about Topic 9. Similarly for row 2, column V3 has the
20.59% probability which is the maximum value. In other words, we can interpret that
document 2 has 20.59% chance to be about Topic 3.

5.1 Topic Labelling:

From the LDA modelling, we have 9 topics (k=9) with 10 keywords (n=10) in each of the
topics as shown in Table 1 above. Looking at the keywords in each of the topics, we need to
define a suitable name for each of the topic which can define the crux of the study undertaken
in the cluster of documents corresponding to each of the topic.

Topic 1:

P a g e 16 | 40
In Topic 1, we have the keywords as “life, data, assess, model, impact, analysis, result,
environment, study, sustainable” where most dominant words are Environment, Sustainable,
Study, Analysis etc. These dominant words show that this topic is related to research on
“Environment and Sustainable Energy Sources.” Row 1 in Table 4 below gives the
wordcloud and year wise distribution of papers in this topic which consists of 40 documents.

Topics Keywords # of Wordcloud Year wise Paper Distribution

Papers
1 life 40
data Topic-1
assess 10
model 8
impact 6
4
analysis 2
result 0
environment
study
sustainable
2 price 66
lng Topic-2
supply 10
industry 8
oil 6
petroleum 4
2
nature
0
product
1997
2003
2006
2009
2012
2015
2018
2022
develop
gas
3 access 103
rural Topic-3
stove 25
biomass 20
clean 15
household 10
5
cook
0
lpg
use
fuel

P a g e 17 | 40
Topics Keywords # of Wordcloud Year wise Paper Distribution
Papers
4 plant 44
liquid Topic-4
produce 15
research
10
process
oil 5
base
0
can

2016
2000
2008
2010
2012
2014

2018
2020
2022
product
use
5 temperature 47
test Topic-5
rate 10
due 8
water 6
time 4
2
method 0
air
lpg
use
6 govern 42
issue Topic-6
global 5
change 4
provide 3
need 2
country 1
economy 0 2013
1991
2003
2006
2009
2011

2015
2017
2019
2021
sustainable
develop
7 risk 48
safety Topic-7
manage 10
new
5
design
well 0
area
1998
2004
2008
2010
2012
2015
2017
2019
2021

paper
system
environment

P a g e 18 | 40
 Topics Keywords # of Wordcloud Year wise Paper Distribution
Papers
8 total 71
biogas Topic-8
heat 10
renew
5
potential
source 0
consumption

2007
1985
2003

2010
2013
2016
2019
2022
result
use
energy
9 diesel 83
alternative Topic-9
vehicle 10
engine 8
carbon 6
transport 4
reduce 2
emission 0

2007
2000
2003

2010
2013
2016
2019
2022
lpg
fuel

Table 4 : WC & Year Wise Publication of Topics

Topic 2:
In Topic 2, we have the keywords as “price, lng, supply, industry, oil, petroleum, nature,
product, develop, gas” where most dominant words are Gas, Develop, Product, Nature etc.
These dominant words show that the research undertaken in the related research papers under
this topic are related to “Natural Gas as Sustainable Energy Product.” Row 2 in Table 4 above
gives the wordcloud and year wise distribution of papers in this topic consisting of 66
documents.

Topic 3:
In Topic 3, we have the keywords as “access, rural, stove, biomass, clean, household, cook,
lpg, use, fuel” where the dominant words in the cluster are LPG, Fuel, Cook, Household, Clean,
Rural etc. The combination of the keywords shows that the research in this topic is related to
“Clean Cooking Fuel as Sustainable Alternatives”. Row 3 in Table 4 above gives the
wordcloud and year wise distribution of papers in this topic consisting of 103 documents.

Topic 4:

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In Topic 4, the keywords are “plant, liquid, produce, research, process, oil, base, can, product,
use” where the dominant words are Use, Product, Research etc. The study under this topic can
be defined as “Sustainable Product Research”. Row 4 in Table 4 above gives the wordcloud
and year wise distribution of papers in this topic which consists of 44 documents.

Topic 5:
In Topic 5, the keywords are “temperature, test, rate, due, water, time, method, air, lpg, use”
having the dominant words as LPG and Use. In this cluster topic, we can thus define that study
to be “Uses of LPG”. Row 5 in Table 4 above gives the wordcloud and year wise distribution
of papers in this topic which consists of 47 documents.

Topic 6:
In Topic 6, the keywords are “govern, issue, global, change, provide, need, country, economy,
sustainable, develop”. Analysis of the combination of keywords in the topic relates to
“Sustainable Energy Development”. Row 6 in Table 4 above gives the wordcloud and year
wise distribution of papers in this topic which consists of 42 documents.

Topic 7:
In Topic 7, the keywords are “risk, safety, manage, new, design, well, area, paper, system,
environment”. The keywords depict the study as “Sustainable Energy – Risk, Safety &
Environment”. Row 7 in Table 4 above gives the wordcloud and year wise distribution of
papers in this topic which consists of 48 documents.

Topic 8:
In Topic 8, the keywords are “energy, consumption, source, use, biogas, renew, potential, heat,
result, total”. Analysing the combination of keywords and their weightage, we can figure out
that the study undertaken in this topic cluster relates to “Forecasting Energy Consumption”.
Row 8 in Table 4 above gives the wordcloud and year wise distribution of papers in this topic
which consists of 71 documents.

Topic 9:
In Topic 9, the keywords are “fuel, emission, reduce, transport, carbon, alternative, vehicle,
engine, diesel, lpg”. The combination of the keywords in this topic relates to study of “Carbon

P a g e 20 | 40
Emission Reduction in Transportation”. Row 9 in Table 4 above gives the wordcloud and
year wise distribution of papers in this topic which consists of 83 documents.

P a g e 21 | 40
6. Discussion

Using the LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) statistical model on the downloaded data set for
“Sustainable LPG”, we got 9 different topics with 10 keywords each. We also got the
classification of all the papers into each of the topics generated by LDA. Table 5 below gives
us the “Names” of each of the topics and keywords mapped in the previous section of this
document. In this section, we are going to elaborate each of the topic and discuss the subject
of research undertaken under each of the topic.

Topic Topic Name Keywords No of Citation

Papers
Topic-1 Environment and life, data, assess, model, 40 (Kimambo, 2007)
Sustainable Energy impact, analysis, result, (Kulkarni, 2019)
Sources environment, study,
sustainable
Topic-2 Natural Gas as price, lng, supply, 66 (Kutcherov et al.,
Sustainable Energy industry, oil, petroleum, 2017)
Product nature, product, develop, (Motalo et al., 2020)
gas
Topic-3 Clean Cooking Fuel as access, rural, stove, 103 (Jana & Bhattacharya,
Sustainable biomass, clean, household, 2017) (Kizilcec et al.,
Alternatives cook, lpg, use, fuel 2022)
Topic-4 Sustainable Product plant, liquid, produce, 44 (Natakaranakul et al.,
Research research, process, oil, base, 2021)
can, product, use (Gautam et al., 2020)
Topic-5 Uses of LPG temperature, test, rate, due, 47 (Gupta et al., 2022)
water, time, method, air, (Horesh et al., 2019)
lpg, use
Topic-6 Sustainable Energy govern, issue, global, 42 (Farouq & Al-Obaidi,
Development change, provide, need, 2022)
country, economy, (Sadiyah et al., 2021)
sustainable, develop
Topic-7 Sustainable Energy – risk, safety, manage, new, 48 (Hirst et al., 2008)
Risk, Safety & design, well, area, paper, (Akyuz & Celik, 2015)
Environment system, environment
Topic-8 Forecasting Energy energy, consumption, 71 (Jingchao & Kotani,
Consumption source, use, biogas, renew, 2012)(Rivera-
potential, heat, result, total González et al., 2020)
Topic-9 Carbon Emission fuel, emission, reduce, 83 (Baek et al., 2021)
Reduction in transport, carbon, (Kapilan & Prabhu S,
Transportation alternative, vehicle, 2022)
engine, diesel, lpg

Table 5: Topic Names

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6.1 Topic-1 -- Environment and Sustainable Energy Sources:

The collection of articles under this topic are predominantly concerned about the use of
sustainable energy sources and its impact on environment. The topic here revolves around
the sustainability of energy sources in day-to-day life across the globe where researchers
were able to showcase the use of various sustainable energy sources to minimize the impact
of climate change by reducing harmful greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Environmental
impact due to pollution is one area of study where researchers tend to undertake extensive
study. Use of various fuel types and sources of pollution is studied to analyse the impact.
(Singh et al., 2014) in their paper have done assessment of different fuel sources as cooking
fuel and its impact of environment and health. As per their study, LPG usage has 15 to 18
% lower environment impact than kerosene. Using solid fuel such as coal and dung has
highest impact of emissions. Biogas and charcoal are found to be sustainable source of fuel
other than LPG in preventing environmental impact due to climate change and emissions.
(Lanfranchi et al., 2018) in their study has found that biomass sources derived from
vineyards in Sicily has the potential to replace LPG as fuel source which will have positive
impact on effects of climate change. (Kimambo, 2007) in their study in Sub-Saharan
African countries have found that use of solar cookers has the best environmental impact
where firewood is the main source of cooking fuel and has huge environmental impact. The
study has found that adoption of LPG as alternate fuel for cooking is economically very
expensive.

In this topic of study, it is primarily focussed on the environmental impact due to various
emissions such as household emissions, vehicular emissions etc. The study intends to find
alternative energy source for cooking fuel, vehicular fuel which has lower emission rate.
Adoption of LPG as sustainable fuel primarily as a cooking fuel has greater impact on
environment and health.

6.2 Topic-2 -- Development of Natural Gas as Sustainable Energy Product:

The papers in this topic are mostly related to Natural Gas and its development as a
sustainable alternative to petroleum products and lpg. The adoption of natural gas as energy
source will have a positive impact on environment and in reduction of GHG emissions. As
an alternative to fossil fuel which has huge impact on greenhouse gas emissions, electric

P a g e 23 | 40
 battery, ammonia, hydrogen, biofuel, liquefied natural gas (LNG), liquefied petroleum gas
(LPG) etc. are some of the alternatives that can be promoted. (Koilo, 2020) in this paper
has studied the use of alternate fuel sources in Norwegian maritime industry specially LNG
and LPG and studied their positive impact on the environment with an objective to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions in line with the UN 2015 agenda of sustainable development
goals by 2030 (UNDP, 2015). Study by (Kutcherov et al., 2017) about global energy market
and dominion of natural gas has outlined the growth of sustainable energy sources in times
to come. With the discovery of natural gas reserves and development of infrastructure
required to explore usage of natural gas, most of the major economies around the globe
have been moving towards gas economies. Alternative fuel, renewable energy, and
sustainable fuel sources are one of the main agenda of almost all governments to achieve
the sustainable development goals and to reduce the impact of greenhouse gas emissions.
In that direction, most of the economies are moving towards adoption of natural gas as one
of their primary fuel sources which gives huge positive impact towards sustainable
development and positive direction towards climate change. Optimization and Supply
chain is one of the important factors in implementation of the natural gas economies
(Kaligis et al., 2019). In that direction, to have a positive direction towards sustainable
development goals of 2030, (Motalo et al., 2020) studied the qualitative aspects of natural
gas (NG), liquefied natural gas (LNG) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and its impact
on environment.

This topic of study revolved around natural gas as a sustainable source of energy world
over in attaining the sustainable development goals. To achieve the goal by all major
economies, who are otherwise the major GHG emitters, natural gas has been promoted as
a major energy source to have sustainable energy objective. Huge developments related to
infrastructure, storage, distribution etc are being undertaken in these economies and large
amount of funds are getting spent in this direction.

6.3 Topic-3 -- Clean Cooking Fuel Alternatives:

The collection of papers in this topic revolves around the subject of clean household
cooking fuel alternatives around the world. Papers mostly talk about fuel such as LPG,
Electric stoves, Solar Stoves etc. as a sustainable medium for household energy
requirements which will eliminate the harmful effects of household air pollution (HAP)

P a g e 24 | 40
 mainly responsible for respiratory and cardiovascular ailments. To achieve the UN
Sustainable Development Goals 2030 (SDG2030) target no 7.1 which states “by 2030,
ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services”, governments
of developing countries across the globe are working on replacing solid fuel for cooking
with LPG. This is also going to result in reduction of emission of greenhouse gasses.
(Hollands & Daly, 2023) in their study has outlined how adoption of LPG has dual impact of
availability of energy and climate mitigation as an objective. Household pollution due to
solid fuel burning is a major source of health impacts across the globe and will have positive
impact if solid fuel gets replaced by LPG. For achieving this, governments across the globe
requires to implement policy which caters to both energy and climate change as an
objective. A study in this direction in Sub-Saharan African countries by (Kizilcec et al.,
2022) have outlined different aspects of adoption of LPG, solar home system, electric
cooker with respect to affordability, availability, family size etc. All of them (LPG, solar
home system, electric cooker) are clean cooking alternatives to the solid fuel being
extensively used in that region and has huge potential of transition to the alternatives. The
study by (Maurya et al., 2022) (Jana & Bhattacharya, 2017) on Indian perspective have also
found LPG, Biogas and Gasifier stoves as viable alternatives to solid fuel for cooking but
illustrated that they are expensive and unaffordable to the local population. They also have
suggested policy driven interventions by government to promote the alternative fuel to solid
fuel for cooking.

The study of clean cooking fuel alternatives as replacement to solid fuels are manyfold.
The urban population have mostly been using LPG as cooking fuel and have electric
cookstoves as a possible clean fuel alternative. The rural populace who are mostly using
solid fuel sources, Kerosene etc. are slowly moving to cleaner LPG as an alternative
cooking fuel. However, in most of the countries LPG gas availability, affordability and
supply chain of LPG distribution is a major concern in adoption and sustainable use of
LPG.

6.4 Topic-4 -- Sustainable Product Research:

In this collection of papers, the primary theme is the development of renewable products
through extensive research like biogas, bio-crude, bio-methanol, bio-alkane, dimethyl
ether, or bio-lpg etc. into sustainable fuel for household cooking or transportation purposes

P a g e 25 | 40
to be used in place of the petroleum products, solid fuel etc. Possibilities of sustainable
materials conversion into fuel through research and product development is the goal
towards environmental sustainability and climate change goals including net zero. In the
paper by (Yang et al., 2014), comprehensive study was undertaken in this area. Conversion
of natural gas into methane as feedstock for transportation fuel, biogas from landfills into
methane, biogas into compressed natural gas (CNG) and liquefied biogas (LBG), catalytic
conversion of methane into alcohols and liquid hydrocarbon fuels, production of hydrogen
from methane via reforming process etc. have been studied in the paper. There are
technologies available through research to convert biogas into transportation fuel such as
bio-CNG and bio-LBG which have very less greenhouse gas and particulate matter
emissions in comparison to the traditional transportation fossil fuel. Since biogas is
generated from waste as transportation fuel, it gives an added advantage in respect to waste
management across the globe. (Gautam et al., 2020) in their study have discussed about the
current technology for conversion of waste biomass into bio-methanol and discussed the
processes and requirements to make this an economically viable alternative source of
cleaner fuel. Greenhouse gasses such as CO and CO2 emissions are enormous from coal
and petroleum fired thermal power plants which are released into atmosphere by these
plants. These greenhouse gases can be captured and converted into dimethyl ether (DME)
using catalysts, reactors, and separators. There are technologies available for the conversion
of greenhouse gases into DME and further research are underway by several organizations
across the globe to simplify the process, but study by (Mondal & Yadav, 2019) has outlined
the difficulties and factors such as cost intensive as primary hinderances to its
implementation. To convert CO2 into liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) through direct
synthesis process using catalysts and combination of metals called CZZA (copper/zinc
oxide/zirconium/alumina) is studied in the paper presented by (Natakaranakul et al., 2021).

There are enormous efforts given into research on technology development for the
development of sustainable and clean fuel products from sources such as biomass,
greenhouse gases, emissions etc. Although there are technologies available for such
conversion, but their commercial utilization is yet to be realised. More such research on
this field is underway across the globe and we can expect that with the sustainable
development goal objective, we may soon see several such technologies exploited
commercially with economic and environmental gains.

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6.5 Topic-5 -- Uses of LPG:

With sustainable use of energy as a primary aim like reduction of household air pollution
and reduction in emission of greenhouse gases (GHG), collection of papers under this topic
mainly caters to various efficient usages of LPG besides cooking fuel for kitchen such as
in dual-fuel vehicles, refrigerants, in agriculture etc. In the study by (Zuliani et al., 2011),
high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HTPEM) is fed with liquefied
petroleum gas (LPG) using a compact steam reformer to convert energy of fuel into
electricity. The resultant process is highly efficient having very low greenhouse gas
emissions. Study by (Horesh et al., 2019) has shown the use of LPG in agriculture in onion
farming for control of weeding. LPG is used here for flaming both during pre and post
emergence weed control method and are safe for use as it has no adverse impact on the
onion yields. In the article by (Abdul Mujeebu et al., 2013) and collection of articles from
(Gupta et al., 2022), there were studies in the direction of LPG cookstoves and burners
which yield better efficiencies.

LPG which is primarily being used as cooking fuel also has other uses such as in metal
cutting, weeding in agriculture, dual-fuel in transportation industry, fuel-cell technology
etc. The technology for its diverse usage is varied and it being low emission fuel has
comparatively less impact on environment and climate change. There are quite a few
research undertaken to develop efficient cookstoves for LPG and other modes of energy
used in household cooking. The research in this area focusses on efficiency of the fuel used
and the emissions it emanates due to the burning of the fuel.

6.6 Topic-6 -- Sustainable Energy Development:

To evolve the energy basket into a sustainable energy mix in-sync with the environmental
issues, several innovative products are being developed such as city gas distribution of
natural gas replacing lpg, reticulated LPG system in buildings etc. Most of the countries
are dependent on LPG import to fuel their demand of domestic consumption. Due to the
extreme volatility of prices in international markets for petroleum products, import of these
products become an uncertain and costly proposition compounding with the supply chain.
Transportation of bulk and packed LPG constituting the entire supply chain is of utmost
challenge. In most of the countries where LPG has been promoted to be used as domestic

P a g e 27 | 40
 cooking fuel, the supply chain issues concerning transportation of LPG to the end-users is
of paramount importance. To tackle this issue, alternative methods of distribution and
innovative supply chain solutions are adopted. One such innovation is city-gas distribution
where primarily LNG is distributed through a mesh of pipelines across a city to each of the
households as fuel for kitchens. LPG is also used at some places in-place of LNG in the
city gas distribution. However, LPG is alternatively used as a feedstock for such a
distribution channel is a reticulated system where a centralised bank of cylinders is packed
together in a multi-storied apartments and gas is distributed using a mesh of pipelines
connected to the centralized bank for use of LPG in kitchens in that apartment. This is a
newer business model of gas distribution and most of the countries around the globe are
adopting it as a solution for distribution of cleaner fuel for kitchens. In the study by
(Sadiyah et al., 2021) from Indonesian city gas distribution perspective, it was analysed
that through implementation of city gas distribution system, dependence on LPG import
could be reduced thereby utilizing the reserve of natural gas available within the country.
Major challenges discussed in the paper are that city gas distribution is huge capital
intensive and requires government interventions in investment and proper legislation and
strategy decisions which were lacking. (Farouq & Al-Obaidi, 2022) studied the feasibility of
gas distribution pipeline in Iraq and its economic considerations in installation, adoption,
and maintainability over the period.

This new business model of city gas distribution and reticulation system for LPG is a step
in the right direction for achieving sustainable energy goals. However, this is mostly
concentrated in urban areas as of date in the developing and under-developed countries.
Government policies and interventions are making inroads for city gas distribution towards
smaller cities and towns, but the rural population are still dependant on the traditional
distribution network for some time to come. The success of these developments depends
on the cost of setting up of the pipeline network and its associated infrastructure needed to
complete the setup coupled with the adoption of the service by the population.

6.7 Topic-7 -- Sustainable Energy – Risk, Safety & Environment:

Papers in this topic relates to evaluation of risks in energy operations such as production
and transportation; health & safety measures taken for the environment conservation and
reduction in emissions. Various innovative ways have been developed over the period in

P a g e 28 | 40
this direction towards health & safety measures. Handling of any petroleum products is
hazardous and more so in case of gaseous products such as LPG and LNG etc. to make
these products available to the end customers relentlessly over a period of time, an
extensive and efficient network of supply chain is needed. This setup of the supply chain
should also be designed considering health and safety considerations in mind. Risks
associated with the supply chain has to be assessed regularly and necessary provisions for
safety need to be setup accordingly. Environmental risks are also associated with the energy
supply chain and needed attention from the governments and corporations working in this
field. Sustainable Development Goal mandates that all associated risks aversions methods
must be in place to tackle environmental needs so that any sort of degradation and harm to
environment (land, water and air) must be tackled accordingly. Risks associated to human
life connected to handling of the operations of all these hazardous materials are also to be
in place. (Akyuz & Celik, 2015) in their paper have highlighted the risk associated with storage
and handling of LPG while transportation of bulk LPG through marine bulk carriers and
necessary safety measures needed to prevent any accidents and loss of life. (Hirst et al.,
2008) in their study in Yemen has highlighted the impact of marine biology in setting up
of LNG terminal in Gulf of Aden and measures taken to transplant corals away from the
LNG terminal construction site to preserve the environment. (Asopa et al., 2021) conducted
a study to highlight the impact of technology, such as IoT, can have in mitigating climate
change measures with respect to the usage of energy in buildings. Their study found that
using the IoT technology can have a 20% reduction in energy usage thereby having a
positive impact of emission and climate change. (Zulkifli Abdul Rashid et al., 2011) is their
paper have outlined the risks associated with the transportation of hazardous materials such
as LPG. They have analysed the transportation of LPG by tankers through road and its
associated risk of accidents, impact on environment and human loss of life.

While energy requirement across the globe is ever increasing, the operation of these
hazardous materials involve risk to lives and impact on environment. Various SOPs are in
place for handling these materials but still risks associated with it cannot be redeemed.
Continuous innovation towards averting any accidents and harm to environment and human
life need to be put in place and all concerned with the business need to be putting their
efforts in place in tackling any such eventualities.

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6.8 Topic-8 -- Forecasting Energy Consumption:

In this topic, there is a mix of papers, but dominant ones are related to the forecasting of
energy consumption demand across sectors which also considers the environmental impact
because of fossil fuel consumption. Demand forecasting of energy requirement is a sphere
of study on its own and require continuous innovation and updation as energy consumption
pattern changes over time. Forecasting depends on factors such as seasonality,
demography, urban vs rural, consumption pattern, availability, price etc. Factors such as
transportation growth, growth in economy, incentives in the market economy, household
fuel market dynamics are some of the factors that impact the forecasting of energy demand.
Forecasting the domestic household energy requirement for consumption in kitchen is a
field on its own. Consumption of various fuel associated with household fuel requirement
is studied. As most of the emerging economies are dependent on import of fuel such as
LPG and LNG used primarily in kitchen, an advanced prediction goes down well in
planning and fulfilling the demand. It is seen from economies such as China, India, Brazil
etc that there is an exponential growth in demand of such products which are mostly met
through imports, a forecasting of the consumption in days to come is need of the hour.
(Jingchao & Kotani, 2012) and (Han et al., 2022) have both studied the consumption patterns
of energy in day to day live in China. The aspects they studied are Urban vs Rural
populations need of energy and how that are met. They also discussed the energy
requirement of an aging population vs the younger population in the country and their
energy needs. A similar study is also done with respect to the developing economies by
(Weiss de Abreu et al., 2021), where the author conducted a similar study from Brazilian
context. This study catered to the entire spectrum of energy basket including household
energy requirements primarily for cooking and touched upon aspects of sustainable energy
usage policy from the government in that direction. (Rahman et al., 2021) in their paper
have undertaken a similar study from a rural sector in Bangladesh where wood as fuel is
primarily used. Abundant availability of wood from nearby forests and high cost of
alternative fuel such as LPG has made the population continue with wood fuel as source of
their energy needs. (Rivera-González et al., 2020) in their paper have studies the energy
requirement in transport sector in Ecuador. Their study has concluded that Diesel and Petrol
will continue to be the main energy requirement in Ecuador in the transportation sector and
requires sustainable energy policy from the government to arrest the greenhouse gas
emissions and environmental pollution it impacts.

P a g e 30 | 40
 Although demand prediction of energy requirement is a continuous process without which
this extremely complex supply chain cannot sustain its demand fulfilment, the same need
to be reviewed from time to time as several factors alter the energy mix requirement. A
forward planning is a must in this sector considering the volatility of the energy market.
The environmental aspects also need to be factored in while planning and forecasting the
energy needs.

6.9 Topic-9 -- Carbon Emission Reduction in Transportation:

In this collection of articles under this topic, between mix of papers the dominant subject
is the carbon emission and measures taken for reducing the same to minimize its
environmental effects in transportation sector. The papers discuss about mixing of
renewable products with conventional fuel in reducing the emission as also prospects of
renewable fuels in high emission sectors like transportation etc. Environmental pollution
because of energy usage specially by transportation sector is of utmost concern. The
emission of greenhouse gasses and particulates such as nitrogen and sulphur etc pollute the
environment. Sustainable energy usage is the buzz word currently as world in moving
towards netzero and achieving sustainable energy goals 2030. Various measures in that
direction are being promoted so that we can achieve the desired level of reduction in carbon
emissions necessary. Studies by (Baek et al., 2021) (Kapilan & Prabhu S, 2022) (Cinar et al.,
2020) (Li & Loo, 2014) (Liu et al., 2023). have all worked towards technology innovation
towards engine design so that it can emit less carbon and other particulates. Their study
also touched upon modification of the engine so that it can be fuelled by cleaner fuel such
as LPG and biofuels such as biodiesel, bioethanol etc. The primary objective of all these
studies is the reduction of emissions of greenhouse gasses to the atmosphere.

Climate change and greenhouse gas emissions are of the utmost concern across the globe.
All possible and necessary measures to reduce the emissions are undertaken for which all
concerned across the globe are committed. Sustainable goals are set to be achieved by all
in reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases and make our world a better place to live.

P a g e 31 | 40
7. Implications of Study

Practical Implications

The findings in this study led to aspects such as impact of various fuel used in our day-to-
day life has huge implications on health, environment, and economy. Sustainable use of
LPG in sectors such as household cooking reduces impact of greenhouse gases (GHG) and
household air pollution (HAP) to a large extent. This has resulted in several governmental
schemes to encourage adoption of LPG as fuel in place of solid fuel and kerosene. In
various other sectors, wherever possible, renewal energy products such as biogas, electric
cookers (Gould et al., 2018), ethanol/methanol etc are used in place of LPG and other
petroleum products to reduce emissions and reduce the environmental impact.
Sustainability and arresting environmental impact due to the use of traditional fuel in our
day-to-day life is a big concern and large number of studies have been undertaken in this
subject across the world. Global dependence on petroleum products will remain as
economies around the world are in an upswing specially in the emerging economies.
Environmental concerns however remain; and necessary steps by government and
populations to handle the concerns must be devised adequately.

This study of the “Sustainable LPG” using Topic Modelling algorithms have opened
various avenues in the research space related to energy space in an around LPG such as
renewable energy, various energy mix methods in reduction of emissions, innovative ways
to tackle climate change, health safety and environmental concerns, women empowerment,
and wellbeing etc. Topic modelling have clearly assisted us in finding the various facets of
research undertaken so far in this space. Some of the interesting research trend that could
be explored further in-depth are a) Emission reduction in transportation sector, b) energy
demand forecasting, c) Environment and Energy, d) Reduction of GHG and HAP, e) Policy
Formulation etc.

Managerial Implications

The concrete and effective steps that could be adopted to tackle the sustainable use of LPG
as well as various other emission efficient energy sources is the policy formulation and
adoption through forums such as the UNDP, World Bank, ADB, OPEC etc for sustainable
energy usage in reduction of GHG and emissions for the benefit of health and environment.

P a g e 32 | 40
8. Conclusion and Future Work

Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is one of the most popular fuels used for cooking, heating,
transportation, and industrial use across the world. LPG usage is mainly in the household
cooking in most of the developing economies (Quinn et al., 2018). In developed economies,
LPG is mainly used for heating purpose. LPG in developing economies is mainly promoted by
the respective governments to arrest the impact of harmful emissions due to the usage of solid
fuel in household cooking. Sustainable LPG usage is promoted in the developing economies
particularly in countries like India, Ghana, Indonesia, Sub-Sharan countries, Latin American
countries etc to obtain several benefits some of which are : a) reduction of greenhouse gas
emission, b) eliminate use of solid fuel in kitchens, c) obtain health benefits due to reduced
emissions, d) empowerment of women folks in household decision making, e) saving of time
in collection of fuel etc . However, there are several concerns in adoption of Sustainable LPG
such as availability, high cost, inadequate supply chain, market volatility etc. As an alternative
to LPG is sectors such and transportation, household cooking, industries, agriculture etc, there
have been a spurt in adoption of Natural Gas and renewable sources such as biogas, ethanol,
methanol etc, whose primary objective is to reduce carbon emissions and improve health and
environment (Ozier et al., 2018).

Although a huge impetus is given to renewal energy sources to meet our energy needs. It is but
not practically possible to stop using petroleum products in our daily life. Even if renewal
energy generation and consumption is on the rise, with the expansion of economies across the
globe specially in emerging economies such as India, China, Brazil, Indonesia etc fuel import
and consumption is on a rise with the expansion of the economies. This impacts the
environment of these countries to a large extent. The government of these economies are
working overtime to arrest the environment impact on the population through policies such as
PMUY in India.

In future work about sustainable LPG, we may also study aspects such as: a) LPG production
from renewal sources, b) Reduce greenhouse gas emission from LPG production, c) LPG
conservation, d) LPG Recycling, e) LPG alternatives etc. By adopting these approaches, we
can have LPG as a reliable and sustainable fuel source meeting our energy need which will
also help in a great extent in environment conservation and reduction of harmful gas emission.

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