R - 2017 Metrology and Measurement Lab-1

KNOWLEDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

Kakapalayam (PO), Salem – 637504.
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Laboratory Code ME 8513

Laboratory Name Metrology & Measurements Lab
Year/ Semester III / V
Laboratory Manual cum Observation

Department of Mechanical Engineering
KIOT/MECH/METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS LAB
2 Manual cum observation

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENTS
1. Wear shoes and Uniform with ID card while entering in to the Laboratory.
2. Come with the observations/Manuals and the previous experiments getting

signed from the lab in charge, well in advance. Fail to do so, will not be allowed
to do the next experiment.
3. Have a clear idea about the experiment which has to be done at a particular
class.
4. Operate the equipments/instruments only in the presence of lab in charge/ lab

technician.
5. Don’t bring mobile phone to the laboratory.


INDEX
EX. Page Marks

No
Date Name of the Experiment No
Signature
Awarded
1. Calibration of Precision Measurements 7
2. Calibration of Vernier Height Gauge 13
3. Calibration of Vernier Depth Gauge 17

Measurement of Dimensions of a Given Specimen
4. 21
Using Slip Gauge
Measurement of Gear Parameters Using
5. 25
Gear tooth Vernier
6. Profile Projector 29
7. Taper Angle Measurement Using Sine Bar 33
8. Measurement of Angle Using Bevel Protector 37
9. LVDT Measurement Trainer 41

Measurement of Dimension of Given Specimen Using
10. 45
Tool Maker’s Microscope
Measurement of Straightness And Flatness Using
11. 49
Auto Collimator
12. Floating Carriage Micrometer 53
13. Torque Measuring Setup 52
14. Force measurement using Load cell 61
15. Thermocouple Trainer 65
16. Calibration Of Vernier Bore Gauge 69
17. Calibration Of Telescope Gauge 71
18. Surface Roughness Measurement 73
Average Marks

Micrometer
Vernier Caliper
Dial Gauge

Ex.No: CALIBRATION OF PRECISION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Date:
Aim:
To study and calibrate the precision measuring instruments like Vernier caliper, Micrometer, and
Dial gauge.
Apparatus Required:
Surface plate, Vernier caliper, Micrometer, Dial gauge, and Slip gauges.
Specification:
Vernier caliper Range: L. C:
Micrometer Range: L. C:
Dial gauge Range: L. C:
Study:
1.) Vernier caliper:
The Vernier caliper has one ‘L’ shaped frame with a fixed jaw on which Vernier scale is attached.
The principle of Vernier is that when two scale divisions slightly different in sizes can be used to
measure the length very accurately.
Least Count is the smallest length that can be measured accurately and is equal to the difference
between a main scale division and a Vernier scale division.
LEAST COUNT = 1 Main scale division – 1 Vernier scale division
Uses:
It is used to measure the external diameter, the internal diameter and the length of the given
specimen.
2.) Micrometer:
The micrometer has an accurate screw having about 10 to 20 threads/cm and revolves in a fixed
nut. The end of the screw is one tip and the other is constructed by a stationary anvil.
LEAST COUNT = Pitch scale division / Number of threads
Pitch scale division = Distance moved / number of rotation
Uses:
Outside micrometer is used to measure the diameter of solid cylinder.
Inside micrometer is used to measure the internal diameters of hollow cylinders and spheres.

Tabulation:
Precision Measuring Instruments Reading (Observed) in mm

Slip Gauge Vernier Caliper Micro Meter Dial Gauge
S.No
Reading
MSR (mm)
SHR (mm)
PSR (mm)
LHR (div)
TR (mm)
TR (mm)
TR (mm)
L.C(div)
L.C(div)
(Actual)
HSR x
VSR x
Error
Error
Error
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
mm
Model calculation:
1.) Micrometer:
Least count =
Total Reading (TR) =
2.) Vernier caliper:
Least count =
3.) Dial gauge:
Least count =

3.) Dial gauge:
The dial gauge has got 2 hands. The short hand reads in mm. One complete revolution of long
hand reads one mm. The plunger of the dial gauge has to be placed on the surface whose dimension
has to be read.
Least Count = One division of the circular scale with long hand.
Uses:
It is used as a mechanical comparator.
4.) Slip gauges:
They are rectangular blocks hardened and carefully stabilized. The surfaces are highly polished to
enhance wringing. It is used as a reference standard for transferring the dimensions of unit of length
from primary standard. It is generally made up of high carbon, high chromium hardened steel.
Uses:
These are accurate and used as comparator.
5.) Surface plate:

The foundation of all geometric accuracy and indeed of all dimensional measurement in
workshop is surface plate. It is a flat smooth surface sometimes with leveling screws at the bottom.
Uses:
It is used as a base in all measuring equipments.
Procedure for Calibration:

1.) The range of the instruments is noted down.
2.) Within that range, slip gauges are selected.
3.) The measuring instrument is placed on the surface plate and set for zero and the slip
gauges are placed one by one between the measuring points (jaws of the instruments.)
4.) The slip gauge (actual) readings and the corresponding (observed) readings in the
measuring instruments are noted down and tabulated.


Result:
The precision measuring instruments are studied and calibrated.

Calibration graphs are then drawn for all measuring instruments between
1.) Actual value and Observed value.
2.) Actual value and Absolute error.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1 What is calibration?
2 What is least count for precision instrument?
3 Define mechanical comparator?
4 How do classify the medium precision instrument?
5 Limitation of vernier caliper.
6 What do mean by SHR and LHR?
7 Why need slip gauge?
8 Define error.
9 What are factor consider for measuring error.
10 Define positive and negative errors.

VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
Tabulation:
Least count = mm
Vernier Scale Total reading =
Main scale reading Vernier scale reading
S.NO coincidence MSR + VSR
( MSR ) mm ( VSR ) VSC X LC mm
( VSC ) mm
1.
2.
3.
4.

Ex.No:
Date: CALIBRATION OF VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE
Aim:
To determine the height of the given specimen by using Vernier Height gauge
Apparatus Required:
Vernier Height gauge, specimen
Formula used:
Vernier scale reading = Vernier scale coincidence x Least count

Total reading = Main scale reading + Vernier scale reading
= Pitch scale reading + Thimble scale reading x L.C (Screw guage)
Procedure:
1. Clean the main scale,Vernier scale and measuring jaws of the Vernier Height gauge
2. The vernier height gauge is checked for zero error
3. Place the job on Surface plate.
4. Place the measuring jaw such that it touches the surface to be measured from the
Smooth surface.
5. Measure the main scale reading and Vernier scale coincidence of the Vernier Height gauge.
Result:
Thus the working of Vernier Height gauge has been done.


VIVA QUESTIONS
1. Merits of vernier height gauge.

2. What is purpose of height gauge?
3. Range of vernier caliper.
4. Which is best accuracy in measuring instrument?
5. What is limitation of vernier height gauge?
6. Why do preferred strong material for vernier scale?
7. List down the errors when vernier caliper is used in measurements
8. What are types of vernier caliper?

( VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE )
Tabulation:
Least count = mm
Main scale vernier scale vernier scale Total

S.NO reading(mm) Coincidence Readings reading(mm)
1.
2.
3.
4.

Ex.No:
Date: CALIBRATION OF VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE
Aim
To determine the Depth of the given specimen using Micrometer Depth gauge
Apparatus Required
 Vernier depth gauge

 Vernier Caliper
 Surface Plate
Procedure
1. The depth gauge is checked for Zero error
2. It is placed on the surface Plate
3. Thus the given specimen is placed on the surface plate
4. The work piece is placed inside the measuring jaw of the instrument
5. The main scale reading and thimble scale reading are noted
6. The readings are tabulated.
Result
Thus the Depth of the given Specimen is determined using depth gauge


VIVA QUESTIONS
1 What are types of internal dimension measuring instrument?

2 Why not select vernier caliper to measure inside diameter of specimen?
3 Any two Drawback of vernier depth gauge.
4 Advantage of vernier depth gauge.
5 How to rectify an error on vernier caliper
6 List out precautions to be taken while using vernier caliper.
7 Name the different error involved in measurement due to wear and tear.
8 The purpose ratchet screw in micrometer
9 What are types of internal dimension measuring instrument?

MECHANICAL COMPARATOR
Tabulation:
Thickness
S.No Actual size of Dimension of
of slip
specimen(mm) dial gauge
gauge(mm)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Ex.No:
Date: MEASUREMENT OF DIMENSIONS OF A GIVEN SPECIMEN USING SLIP
GAUGE
Aim:
To Check the Various Dimensions of a Part Using Slip Gauge
Apparatus Required:
.
 Surface Plate,
 Dial Gauge with Stand,
 Slip Gauge,
 Part (Specimen)
Specification:
Dial Gauge : Range: L.C. : mm
Procedure:
1. The part whose dimensions are to be measured is placed on the surface plate.
2. The spindle of the dial gauge is placed over the part and dial gauge is fixed on the stand such
that the short and long hand off the dial gauge shows zero readings.
3. Then the part is removed and the slip gauges are placed one over another on the surface plate
below the spindle of the dial gauge until the hands of the dial gauge deflect from zero reading.
4. This ensures that the dimensions achieved by slip gauges and the part is same.
5. The required dimension of the part is measured by finding out the total Height (Thickness) of
the slip gauges.
6. Trial readings are noted down for various initial setup levels of the dial gauge on the stand.
Result:
The various dimensions of the given Part measured are:
A : mm
B : mm
C : mm


VIVA QUESTIONS
1. What are slip gauges?

2. List out the slip gauge accessories.
3. List out the requirement of slip gauges.
4. How much of slip gauges with steps in a slip gauge set?
5. What is wringing of gauge blocks?
6. What are steps followed to measure a height using slip gauge?
7. List out precautions to be taken while using slip gauges
8. Merits and demerits of slip gauge.
9. What are the materials used for slip gauge?
10. What are sources of error in slip gauge?

GEAR TOOTH VERNIER

Ex.No:
Date: MEASUREMENT OF GEAR PARAMETERS USING GEAR TOOTH VERNIER
Aim:
To measure gear parameters by Gear tooth vernier.
Apparatus required:
Gear tooth Vernier, Gear specimen.
Specification:
Gear tooth Vernier: Range = Horizontal = mm
Vertical = mm
L.C = 0.02 mm
Formula:
Where, W = Chordal width of tooth in mm
d= Chordal addendum of gear in mm
M = Module of gear in mm
N = No. of teeth
D = Out side Dia of gear in mm

Outside Diameter of Gear
TRIAL OUT SIDE DIAMETER ‘D’ mm
Measurement of Addendum and Thickness.
Chordal addendum’ d’ mm Thickness ‘w’ mm

Trial Width (mm)
Actual Theoretical Actual Theoretical
1

Procedure:
1. The N, D of the given gear block are measured.
2. The module m’ it then calculated.
3. Theoretical values of ‘W’ and’d’ are computed.
4. Theoretical values of ‘W’ is set in horizontal Vernier scale of gear tooth Vernier and
corresponding actual ‘d’ value scale.
5. Theoretical values of ‘c’ is set and ‘W’ is measured along Horizontal scale.
6. This procedure is repeated for 5 teeth and value tabulated.
Result:
Thus the chordal thickness and addendum of gear is measured using gear tooth Vernier.
The actual values are W =

D=
VIVA QUESTIONS
1 What are the methods available for measuring tooth thickness?

2 What is chordal thickness?
3 What is module?
4 Why do you calculate module of teeth?
5 Define pitch circle.
6 Define tooth thickness.
7 List out merits of gear tooth vernier.
8 List the main components of gear tooth vernier.

PROFILE PROJECTOR

Ex.No:
Date: MEASUREMENT OF FUNDAMENTAL DIMENSIONS OF A GEAR
SPECIMEN USING CONTOUR PROJECTOR
Aim:
To measure the fundamental dimensions of a gear using contour (profile) projector
Apparatus Required:
 Contour projector
 Gear specimen
 Vernier caliper.
Specifications:
Contour projector: Magnification accuracy for contour = %

Micrometer head: mm. L.C: mm.
Contour illuminator:
Magnification:
Vernier caliper: Range: L.C:
Formulae:
m = D/ (N+2) in mm
Where, m = module of gear in mm.

D = outside diameter in mm.
N = No. of teeth.
dp = pitch circle diameter.
A= Addendum.
Dp = (D/2) – Addendum.

Gear tooth Vernier
S.No Outer diameter of gear Tooth thickness

Wheel(mm) using GTV(mm)
Using optical profile projector
S. Final Difference
N Initial reading in reading Teeth
Parameter reading
o Angle Average
required X Y X Y X Y
(θ)
Axis Axis Axis Axis Axis Axi

Procedure:
1. The required magnification adapter is fixed in the contour projector.
2. The gear (specimen) is placed on the glass plate perfectly perpendicular to the lens tube
and perfectly focused on the screen.
3. The illumination can be improved by adjusting the height of the condenser lens by shifting
the knurled knob with provided at the lamp assembly with a helical cut.
4. The profile (contour) of the gear specimen is traced on a tracing paper fixed on the screen
using pencil.
5. Then the addendum and the pitch circle are marked on the image using the theoretical
values.
6. Again, the image is fixed on the screen and the other dimensions are measured using the
table micrometers fixed on the table on the contour projector.
Result:
The measured gear parameters using contour projector are:

Addendum = mm Pitch = mm
Dedendum = _ mm Major Dia = mm
Minor Dia = mm Pitch circle Dia = _mm.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1 Define addendum
2 Define chordal width
3 What is Profilometer?
4 What is the principle of profile projector?
5 What are the types gear tooth measurements?
6 List out advantage of profile projector?
7 List out the main components of profile projector.
8 How do u set the specimen on profile projector?

SINE BAR
SINE CENTRE WITH SLIP GAUGE

Ex.No:
Date: TAPER ANGLE MEASUREMENT USING SINE BAR AND SLIP GAUGE
Aim:
To measure the taper angle of the given specimen using sine bar
Apparatus Required:
 Surface plate
 Dial gauge with stand
 Sine bar
 Slip gauge
 Bevel protractor & specimen.
Specification:
Sine bar : Range:
Formula:
Taper angle ‘θ’= Sin-1 (h/l) in degrees

Where, h = the total height (thickness) of the slip gauges in mm
l = the standard length of the sine bar in mm
Procedure:
1. The taper angle of the specimen is first found out approximately with the help of a bevel
protractor.
2. The sine bar is set at this angle on the surface plate with the help of the slip gauges as shown
in the figure.
3. The specimen is placed on the sine bar so that its top taper surface is parallel to the surface
plate.
4. The parallelism is checked and adjusted by increasing or decreasing the height level of the slip
gauges, so that there should be no deflection in the long hand of the digital gauge when the
spindle of the dial gauge is moved over the specimen surface.
5. The total height (thickness) of the slip gauges is noted down.
6. Trial readings are taken by placing the specimen at different points of the sine bar surface.

Using sine Bar:
Total height of the

Length of sine slip gauge Reading
Trial (mm) Taper angle(θ)
Bar(mm)
Using sine center:
Total height of the

Length of sine Bevel protector
Trial slip gauge Reading Taper angle(θ)
Bar(mm) angle(θ)
(mm)
1
Model Calculation:

Result:
The taper angle of the given specimen is
a. Using bevel protractor = degrees
b. Using sine bar = degrees
VIVA QUESTIONS
1 How do you find the taper angle?

2 Limitations of sine bar.
3 How to specify the sine bar?
4 Why do you select std length of sine bar?
5 What is the purpose of hole provided in sine bar?
6 How do you measure angle for heavier component?
7 Which is the best accuracy method to find angle?
8 What is the formula for angle measurement?
9 Where do you locate the test specimen?
10 What are different types of errors?

BEVEL PROTRACTOR
Tabulation:
Least count = 5 mins

Main scale reading Vernier scale Vernier
S.No Total reading
(MSR) coincidence Scale reading
MSR + VSR
(VSC) VSC X LC
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Ex.No:
Date: MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE USING VERNIER BEVEL PROTRACTOR
Aim:
To measure the angle of given specimen using bevel protractor.
Apparatus Required:
 Surface Plate
 Dial Gauge
 Slip Gauge
 Bevel protractor
 specimen
Procedure:
1. Initially bevel protractor is adjusted as per requirements.
2. Specimen is placed between the blades.
3. Reading noted directly from main scale and Vernier scale
4. The protractor is corresponding adjusted.
5. Noted reading is tabulated.
Formula:
One main scale division
Least count =
No.of division on vernier scale


Result:
The angle of the given specimen was measured using Bevel protractor.
Angle of the given specimen =
VIVA QUESTIONS
1 What are bevel protractors?

2 What is LC?
3 Main components of bevel protractor.
4 How do u measure angle?
5 What is resolution?
6 What are types of angular measuring device?
7 Limitation of bevel protractor.
8 List out the applications of bevel protractor.
9 What is meant by combination set?
10 How do u set the specimen?

MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT USING LVDT
Tabulation:
Push side Pull side

Sl.No Micrometer Indicated Push Micrometer Indicated Pull
Reading (mm) Reading (mm) Error Reading (mm) Reading (mm Error
2

Ex. No:
Date: MEASUREMENT OF DISPLACEMENT USING LVDT
Aim:
To measure the displacement by using Linear Variable Differential Transformer

.
Apparatus Required:
 LVDT
 Micrometer, Potentiometer
Procedure:
1. Check the connection made and switch on the instrument by rocker switch at the front panel
the display glows to indicate is ON.
2. Allow the instrument in ON position for 10 minutes.
3. Rotate the micrometer till it reads 20
4. Adjust the CAL Potentiometer at the front panel so the display reads the 10.
5. Rotate the core of the micrometer till it reaches the 10 and adjust the zero potentiometer
6. Rotate back the micrometer core upto 20
7. As the core of the LVDT moves the display reads the displacement
8. Rotate the core of micrometer in steps of 2mm and tabulate the readings
9. Plot the graphs between actual reading Vs indicator reading, Actual reading Vs error and
Display the results.
Result:
Thus the displacement has been measured using LVDT.
Graph:
Indicated reading Vs Micrometer reading


VIVA QUESTIONS
1 List down the uses of LVDT

2 Which one is calibrating in this system?
3 What do mean by LVDT?
4 Why do you adjust the zero potentiometer?
5 What is use of CAL?
6 What is potentiometer?
7 What is the working principle of potentiometer?
8 Why initial worm up condition is needed?

TOOL MAKER MICROSCOPE
Tabulation:
Major
S.No Minor diameter(mm) Pitch(mm) Thickness(mm)
diameter(mm)

Ex.No:
Date: MEASUREMENT OF DIMENTION OF GIVEN SPECIMEN USING
TOOL MAKER’S MICROSCOPE
Aim:
To measure various dimension of a given specimen using Tool maker’s microscope.
Apparatus Required:
 Tool maker’s microscope,
 Specimen
 Eyepiece.
Procedure:
1. To find the Major and Minor diameter:
One end of screw thread is made to coincide with cross wire & fixed. Reading is taken.
The difference between readings will give linear measurement
2. Measurement of pitch:
The contour is get so that the same it an screen. The reading of micrometer is noted. The
readings are subtracted & difference is noted.
3. Measurement of thread angle:
The screw is rotated till linear cross wire coincides with flank of thread profile. The angle
of screw rotation and than the same line coincides with flank thread.
Result:
The various parameters of the given specimen are measured.


VIVA QUESTIONS
1 What are the types of gear tooth measure in this instrument?

2 Define pressure angle.
3 What are the methods available in measuring tooth parameters?
4 Advantages of tool maker microscope.
5 What is the working principle of tool maker microscope instrument?
6 Define Major and Minor diameter:
7 Define chordal thickness.
8 Define circular thickness.

AUTO COLLIMATOR PRINCIPLE

Ex.No:
Date: MEASUREMENT OF STRAIGHTNESS AND FLATNESS USING
AUTO COLLIMATOR
Aim:
To measure the straightness and Flatness of given specimen using two axis auto collimator.
Apparatus required:
 Collimator unit
 Base
 Plain reflector
 Optical Scanner
Procedure:
1. Testing square with auto collimator.

2. Level auto collimator unit on a stand a table.
3. Straighten the light.
4. Observe measuring graphical through the eye below.
5. The smallest discussion of linear scale is measured.
6. Bring plain reflector in front of the auto collimator to get reflector.
7. Depending upon the verification in surface.
8. Using micrometer provided for eye piece we can measure the frequency up in lose.
Formulae:
Deviation = Sin θ (A-B)

Where,
Angle θ in rad & Distance (A-B) in mm

Tabulation:
Parallel to the Axis:
MSR+Micrometer
Distance from MSR Cumulative Deviations
Sl.no scale reading x
ref A-B ( mm) (Min) value (mm)
L.C

Result:
Thus the straightness and Flatness are determined using autocollimator.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1 What is the use of autocollimator?

2 How do you measure flatness of the surface?
3 What is principle of autocollimator?
4 What are the uses of plain reflector?
5 How do you measure range of autocollimator?
6 Application of autocollimator.
7 How to set zero position?
8 Define refectory angle?

FLOATING CARRIAGE MICROMETER
One wire method Two wire method

Ex.No:
Date: MEASUREMENT OF THREAD PARAMETERS BY USING
FLOATING CARRIAGE MICROMETER
Aim:
To measure the major diameter, minor diameter & effective diameter by using floating carriage
micrometer.
Apparatus Required:
 Floating carriage micrometer.

 Specimen
 Prism
 Wire
 Cylinder.
Formula:
(A) Major Diameter Measurement:
OD = D+ (RS ~ R) mm
Where D = Diameter of setting master.
RS = Micro meter reading over setting master.
R = Micro meter reading over threaded W/P or gauges.
+ Or – is determined by relative size of master & work piece.
(B) Minor Diameter Measurement:
ID = D- (R ~ RO) mm
Where D = Diameter of setting master.
C = Core or minor diameter of work piece.
RO= Reading over master & prism
R = Reading over work piece.

TABULATION (STD SPECIMEN)
Major Diameter Measurement
Reading over Reading over work

Diameter of setting
S.No setting master piece and prism Minor diameter(mm)
master (mm)
and prism(R) ( RO mm)
Effective Diameter Measure by Two Wire Method
Diameter of Reading Measured

Reading over
setting over work dimension of
S.No setting master Difference
master piece the Effective
with wire(R) (R ~ RO)
(mm) ( RO mm) cylinder(mm) diameter(mm)
Model Calculation:

(E) Measurement of effective diameter by using 2 wire method:

E = T+P
T= D- (RW ~ ROW)
Where, E = Effective or pitch diameter.

T = Measured dimension using cylinder.
RW= Reading measured over setting master with wire.
ROW= Reading measured over work piece over wire.
P = (0.86603 * p) – W
W =Mean diameter of cylinder wire used = mm
p = Pitch of thread = mm
Procedure:
1. The setting master is held b/w center and taken the reading at the diameter say RS
2. The master cylinder is then replaced by a threaded work piece and R is taken.
3. Take the reading on micrometer and indicator in such a way that radius portion of prism
touches master.
4. The cylinder or wire should be chosen so that when placed b/w the threads, they should
contact about halfway down the flanks.
Result:
Thus, the thread parameters of a screw thread are measured using floating carriage micrometer.
VIVA QUESTIONS
1 Name the various methods for measuring effective diameter.

2 What is best size of wire?
3 What are the direct angular measurements methods?
4 What is mean by effective diameter?
5 Define three wire methods.
6 Define pitch radius.
7 Define root
8 What is the purpose of standard block?

TORQUE MEASUREMENT

Ex.No:
Date: TORQUE MEASUREMENT
Aim:
To measure the torque using shear type load cell.
Apparatus Required:
 Torque measurement equipment

 Stand
 lever
 strain gauge
 Weight.
Formula Used:
Calculated Torque = Load x Distance (kg-m)
Procedure:
1. Fix the main frame of transducers rigidity.
2. Connect the cantilever beam with weight pan.
3. Connect transducer wire socket to rear side of indicator.
4. Connect digital indicator at 230V, AC supply.
5. Set zero on indicator, by zero adjust pan provides indicator.
6. Now apply the load gradually and note down reading in upward & downward trend.

Distance: m
Observed torque Calculated Torque

Sl.no Weight added (g) Error %Error
(Kg-m) (Kg-m)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Distance: m
Observed torque Calculated Torque

Sl.no Weight added (Kg) Error %Error
(Kg-m) (Kg-m)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Model Calculación:
Calculated Torque =Load x Distance (kg-m)
% of Error = (Error / True value) x100

Result:
Thus measurement of torque using shear type load cell has been carried out.
Graph:
Observed torque Vs Calculated torque
VIVA QUESTIONS
1 Define Torque
2 What is the purpose of torque measurement?
3 How to change a torque when distance is changed?
4 What is a transducer?
5 Application of torque measurement system.
6 Define shear type load cell.
7 What is the use of strain gauge?
8 How to measure error?
9 Limitation of torque instrument.
10 Define the range of instrument

LOAD CELL

Ex.No:
Date: FORCE MEASUREMENT
Aim:
To measure the force using load cell.
Apparatus Required:
 weight
 Load cell
 Force indicator
 Potentiometer
 Capacity of load cell= KN.
Description:
Force is one of the major derived parameter having fundamental dimension of

mass length and time. It is a vector quantity which, when applied result in a change of
momentum in a body. Basically mechanical force is created due to variation of started potential
energy. Different types of load cell are column type, shear type, s-type, and compression type. In
this setup, s-type load cell is provided.
Procedure:
1. Ensure that proving ring along with load all is perfectly in vertical position.
2. Check and ensure that the axis of screw jacks perfectly aligned with load cell.
3. Ensure that load cell with socket is connected to the rear side of the load indicator.
4. Apply a small load without any slip in the system.
5. Note down the reading of dial gauge of force indicator.

FORCE MEASUREMENT
Tabulation:
Calculated
Actual load applied Indicator Reading
Sl.No force Error %Error
(g) (N=mg)
(N)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Model Calculation:
% of Error = (Error / True value) x100

Result:
Thus the force has been measured using load cell.
Graph: Deflection Vs Applied load
VIVA QUESTION
1 Define Range of instrument.
2 What is strain gauge?
3 What the working principle of strain gauge?
4 Which one is calibrating in this system?
5 What are uses of zero and CAL adjustment?
6 How do you measure error?
7 How does function the load cell?
8 What are the steps followed in this system?
9 How do you rectify an error?
10 What do you mean by load cell?

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
Tabulation:
Indicated temperature
Actual temperature Error( Va – Vi )
Sl.No C°
C°
TC RTD TR TC RTD TR
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Ex.No:
Date: TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT
Aim:
To measure temperature using thermometer and 3 type thermocouple apparatus and
Compare the results.
Apparatus Required:
 Temperature indicator
 Temperature source
 Thermocouple
Formula used:
Error = Va – Vi
Where, Va is the actual temperature

Vi is the thermocouple indicated temperature
Procedure:
1. Clean the instrument and its accessories by fine cotton cloth.
2. Check the connection made and switch on the instrument by rocker switch.
3. The display glows to indicate is ON.
4. Allow the instruments in ON position for 10 minutes for initial warm up.
5. Fill around 3/4th full of water to the kettle and place the thermometer and
thermocouple Inside the kettle.
6.Note down the initial water temperature from the thermometer. Adjust the initial set
Potentiometer in the front panel till the display reads initial water temperature


7. Switch ON the kettle and wait till the water boils note down the thermometer reading
and set Potentiometer till the display reads boiling water temperature.
8. Remove the thermometer and temperature sensor from the Kettle and change the
water and replace the thermometer reading and set final set potentiometer till the
display reads boiling water Temperature.
9. Switch ON the kettle and note down the reading for every 10 º interval and tabulate the readings
10. Plot the graphs between actual reading Vs indicator reading.
Result:
Thus the temperature is measured using thermocouple.
Graph:
Indicated Temperature Vs Actual Temperature
VIVA QUESTION
1 Which type Principle in thermocouple?

2 What is thermoelectric effect?
3 How to heat convert into voltage?
4 Which is calibrating in this experiment?
5 What are steps followed?
6 Why do preferred water for testing of temperature?
7 Mention the principle involved in bimetallic strip.
8 Which type of Principle use in thermocouple?
67
Manual cum observation
VERNIER BORE GAUGE
Tabulation:
S.NO Bore length (mm) Bore diameter(mm) Dial gauge reading
68
Ex.No:
Date: CALIBRATION OF VERNIER BORE GAUGE
Aim:
To determine the bore of the given specimen using bore gauge
Apparatus required:
 Vernier bore gauge

 Vernier caliper
 Surface plate
Procedure:
1. The bore gauge is checked for zero error.

2. It is placed on the surface plate.
3. The given specimen is placed on the surface plate.
4. The workpiece is placed inside the measuring jaw of the instrument.
Result:
Thus the bore of the given specimen is determined using bore gauge.
69
TELESCOPE GAUGE
Tabulation:
Bore diameter range Vernier scale reading Actual size of specimen

S.NO
(mm) MSR VSR TR (mm)
70
Ex.No:
Date: CALIBRATION OF TELESCOPE GAUGE
Aim:
To determine the telescopic of the given specimen using telescope gauge
Apparatus required:
 Telescope gauge
 Vernier caliper
 Surface plate
Procedure:
1. The telescopic gauge is checked for zero error.

2. It is placed on the surface plate.
3. Thus the given specimen is placed inside on the measuring plate.
4. The workpiece is placed inside the measuring jaw of the instrument.
Result:
Thus the telescopic of the given specimen is determined using telescope gauge
71
Tabulation:
Specimen Ra Value(µm) Rz Value(µm)

S.NO
72
Ex.No:
Date: MEASUREMENT OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS
BY USING STYLUS METHOD
Aim:
To measure surface roughness parameters as per ISO Standards

Apparatus required:
 Surface roughness tester

 Calibration specimen
 Surface plate
 Specimen
Procedure:
1. Connect AC adaptor to the measuring instrument and switch on the power supply.
2. Attach the drive detector unit and connect to all the cable connection as shown when mounting the
detector to the drive unit.
3. Adjust or modify the measuring condition such as sample length.
4. Calibrate the instrument using standard calibration piece.
5. Carefully place the detector on the work piece.
6. Press start button to measure the work piece.
7. Press print button to take reading.
Result:
Surface roughness checked for different specimen by using surface roughness apparatus.
73

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KNOWLEDGE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi and Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai)

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Laboratory Code ME 8513

Laboratory Manual cum Observation

2 Manual cum observation

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENTS

2. Come with the observations/Manuals and the previous experiments getting

4. Operate the equipments/instruments only in the presence of lab in charge/ lab

5. Don’t bring mobile phone to the laboratory.

3 Manual cum observation

4 Manual cum observation

EX. Page Marks

1. Calibration of Precision Measurements 7

2. Calibration of Vernier Height Gauge 13

3. Calibration of Vernier Depth Gauge 17

7. Taper Angle Measurement Using Sine Bar 33

8. Measurement of Angle Using Bevel Protector 37

9. LVDT Measurement Trainer 41

13. Torque Measuring Setup 52

14. Force measurement using Load cell 61

15. Thermocouple Trainer 65

16. Calibration Of Vernier Bore Gauge 69

17. Calibration Of Telescope Gauge 71

18. Surface Roughness Measurement 73

5 Manual cum observation

6 Manual cum observation

Ex.No: CALIBRATION OF PRECISION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

LEAST COUNT = 1 Main scale division – 1 Vernier scale division

7 Manual cum observation

Precision Measuring Instruments Reading (Observed) in mm

Total Reading (TR) =

2.) Vernier caliper:

Total Reading (TR) =

3.) Dial gauge:

Total Reading (TR) =

8 Manual cum observation

3.) Dial gauge:

4.) Slip gauges:

5.) Surface plate:

Procedure for Calibration:

9 Manual cum observation

10 Manual cum observation

The precision measuring instruments are studied and calibrated.

11 Manual cum observation

VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE

12 Manual cum observation

Vernier Height gauge, specimen

Vernier scale reading = Vernier scale coincidence x Least count

13 Manual cum observation

14 Manual cum observation

1. Merits of vernier height gauge.

15 Manual cum observation

( VERNIER DEPTH GAUGE )

Main scale vernier scale vernier scale Total

16 Manual cum observation

 Vernier depth gauge

17 Manual cum observation

18 Manual cum observation