A Report on

Liquid and various

OtherAnalyzers
Submitted By:- Guide:-

Anjul kumar Sh.Vinod Arora

MT Instrumentation Mgr Intrumentation
164/11680
 ANALYSER
INTRODUCTION
The term "analysis" stands for the quantative determination of components which is pan 'of
gaseous mixture. Today in industry the quantative analysis for controlling and maintaining process
variations and process itself has become a most important criteria. There are many applications,
when continuously analysis is very much in use. Such as:-
1. Emission analysis of every kind, especially flue gases from boiler and furnaces.
2. For checking and analyzing proper reactions/conversion in the reactor/convertor etc.
3. Blast furnace and coke oven for top gas analysis.
4. To measure atmospheric pollutant gases.
5. To control inflammable gas mixture and toxic solutions.

Here in plant we use analyzer for improving our boiler efficiency and chemical reaction in
Ammonia Plant, O & U plants and to monitor continuously environment at various point I inside
the plant.

I
PRINCIPLES OF VARIOUS ANALYZERSS
1. Methane analyzers, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide and Ammonia Analyzers works
on the principle of Infra Red Principle.
2. Silica Analyzers works on the Principle of Colorimetric, the colour variation are
created by adding different reagents to the coater sample.
3. The H2S Analyzer works on the Principle of Colorimetric, here colour variation of lead
acetate impregnated paper tape in the presence of H2S are measure in the form of
photocell.
4. Moisture Analyzer works on the Principle of Solid Alumina Capacitor variation as per
the H20 content.
5. Oxygen Analyzer used to Analyze % age concentration are based on Paramagr. effect
of O2 wind and flue gas analyzer make uses solid electrolysis of Zirconium 0: cell.
6. Nitrogen purity Analyzer works on the Principle of fuel cell (02 being the fact) 0::
diffusing into the cell reaches chemically to produce a current proportional to O2
concentration.
7. Hydrogen Analyzer works on the Principle of thermal conductivity.
8. Conductivity analyzer works on conductivity principles.
9. pH Analyzer works on pH principle.
10. S02 ,Cl2,LPG& CO environment monitors also work on the principle of chemically
fuel cell. Where sample analysis is done in the open atmospheric probe cell itself.
SILICA ANALYZER
SERIES 5000 SILICA ANALYZER MODEL-60000 (HACH COMPANY)
Instrument description- Continuous reading and chemical analyzer for
determining silica concentration in water.
Range 0 to 5000μg/L (ppb) silica

Chemical analyzer utilizes the heteropoly blue method (Molybdenum method)

adapted from standard methods for the examination of water and waste water.

Physical design- Three major modules:-

(1) Control Module- Alphanumeric LCD, a programming, keyboard, alarm
system relays and a power supply. All analyzer functions are controlled by
microprocessor based circuits.
Analyzer performance is self monitored continuously, and an alarm system
is used to notify the operator of any conditions affecting analysis.

(a) “System warning"- Power failure, inability to complete a calibration or a

reagent supply nearing depletion.
(b) “System Alarm” – Sample interruption, reagent supply failure or lamp
failure.

(2) Reagent Supply system- Reagents are supplied to analyzer module by

pressurizing the reagent containers and using solenoid valves actuated by the
control module to regulate reagent dispensation volume and timing. Reagent
container is enclosed in a separate reagent compartment.

A Safety interlock on the compartment door requires reagent

depressurization before opening. Reagent system pressure is; supplied from an
external source.

(3) Analysis module- Contains solenoid valve controlling sample and

reagent flow and the colorimetric measuring system. A Sample measurement
cell (SampleCell) is placed between a light source and a photo detector and
filtered to measure at 810nm.

Sample and reagent enter the cell through fittings in the cell cover, which
prevents external contamination. A magnetic stirrer is activated during reagent
additions to mix sample and reagent thoroughly.
METHODS OF ANALYSIS:-

The heteropoly blue method issued to measure molybdate reactive silica.

Molybdate 3 reagent an acidic molybdate solution is added to the sample to

react with any silica and phosphate present to form molybdatesilicic and
molybdophosphoric acids.

Then citric acid (Surfactant reagent) is added citric acid masks only the
molybdophosphoric acid present and reacts with excess molybdate. This
prevents molybdate from producing an interfering blue colored compound. The
surfactant a wetting agent, minimizes air bubble formation on the sample cell
walls.

Light absorbent through this solution is measured to determine a sample

blank reference absorbance.Color formed at this point is identical to the final
color of a 0μg/L silica sample. This provides a zero reference and compensates
for any background turbidity and color inherent in the sample, changes in
colorimeter lamp output or a contamination of the sample-cell walls.

Amino Acid+Reagent is added to reduce molybdosilicic acid to a blue

colored solution. The amount of color formed is directly proportional to the silica
cone of the sample. Light absorbance through the solution is measured at
810nm.

This absorbance is compared to the sample blank reference absorbance

and the silica concentration is calculated.

PRINICIPLE OF OPERATION-

Semicontinous where discrete portions of sample are captured and

analyzed in a timed sequence. When an analysis is complete, new sample flow
purges the sample cell and the analysis cycle repeats automatically.

If a cycle is maintained at an inlet temperature of 30oC to 50oC by normal

use or by a sample heater, set the measurement cycle time to 8.8minutes to take
advantage of the faster run time at this temperature otherwise when a sample
temperature is in the range of 5-40oC set cycle time to 15minutes to ensure
adequate reagent/sample reaction times.

Sample inlet pressure: 5±3 psig (100 to 30m2/min) is required to ensure

adequate flow. Reagents container pressure: 12±3 psig
 During calibration cycle standard solution stored in a reagent bottle is
added to the sample cell in place of the normal sample. The standard solution is
analyzed exactly as a Sample would be and the result is sued to calculate the
slope of the calibration curve. This slope factor is used in all future measurement
to calculate sample cone.

SiO2=Slope x log(reference/Sample)
The background of pH measurement and
hints for your daily work

history
It all began with food. Food is truly of the essence, and good food is
highly valued but too rarely found. In earlier years people used to
taste the food in order to establish the quality of a product. Working
for the food industry could be a hard job.

Little did they know at the time that the pH of food / drinks can
often yield information about its state such as whether fruit is fresh,
or not or whether wine will taste sweet or bitter.

Some of them were lucky to work with pleasant products like wine
or juices and they were happy. However some of them were a bit
less lucky (vinegar?) and they must have been sad. Not only to make
the sad ones happy but to make the happy ones even happier, science
had to think up something called potentiometry, which then enabled
people to directly measure the pH instead of tasting.

Not only was this the birth of proper quality control in the food
industry but in conjunction with further developments allowed many
other industries to grow.

The magic term "pH"...

Is a liquid (or solid for that matter) acidic like lemon juice or is it basic
(sometimes also termed alkaline, although this actually refers to the
presence of alkali ions) like bleach?

How do we know? How do we measure? Does anyone care?

Whether a substance is acidic or basic all depends on a single ion:

H3O+, the hydronium ion.

If the hydronium ion is present at a concentration higher than

0.0000001 mol/l (10-7 mol/l) we are talking about an acidic solution.
The higher the concentration of the hydronium ion the more acidic the
solution is.

On the other hand concentrations below 10-7 mol/l H3O+ lead to a basic
solution.

Well, these numbers are terribly long and difficult to handle, which is
probably what Mr. Sørensen 1909 thought when hedevised the pH term
and pH scale. pH simply stands for the negative logarithm of the
hydronium ion concentration. So a concentration of 10-7 mol/l H3O+
means a pH value of 7. Likewise, a H3O+ concentration of 0.1 mol/l
would give a pH of 1. A difference of 1 in pH therefore means that the
hydronium ion concentration has changed by a factor of ten! A solution
at pH 6 has ten times more hydronium ions than one at pH 7.

Don't forget: a solution is

 ! acidic if the pH value is below 7; ! basic if
the pH value is above 7; ! neutral if the pH
value is exactly 7.

pH measurement
method: potentiometry
Did that word scare you? Don`t let it. All potentiometry does is to
measure (meter) the voltage (potential) caused by our friend, the
hydronium ion: H3O+.

However this new method gave accuracy, reliability and faster results
than the taste of any human being. It also saved some people from early
death and gave the rest of the chemical industry a chance to prosper.
Finally, scientists all over the world could measure things which were
previously un-measurable.

Tools for measuring pH

As mentioned, potentiometry is a measurement of voltage. The tools
used for this are:

! a pH meter (to accurately measure and transform the voltage caused

by our hydronium ion into a pH value);

! a pH electrode (to sense all the hydronium ions and to produce a

potential);

! a reference electrode (to give a constant potential no matter what

the concentration of our hydronium ion is).

pH meter
Basically, a pH meter measures the potential between our pH electrode
(which is sensitive to the hydronium ions) and the reference electrode (which doesn't care what's in
the solution)
The pH electrode
The pH electrode's potential changes with the H3O+ ion
concentration in the solution. A pH electrode is built as follows:

The clever bit is that the pH electrode only senses the hydro-nium
ions. This means that any voltage produced is from hy-dronium ions
only. This way we can relate the potential directly to the hydronium
concentration. Pretty neat.

The reference electrode

The reference electrode supplies a “constant” value against which
we measure the potential of the pH electrode. That's the funny thing
about potentials, they have to be in pairs to produce a voltage. A
reference electrode is built as follows:
 )

The classical set-up

The classical set-up for measuring pH consisted of a pH meter, a pH

electrode and a reference electrode:

The modern set-up

Although you can perfectly measure pH using the "classical" set-up,
it was soon realised that the two electrodes could be built into the
same probe (although there still are two totally separate electrodes).
This is nowadays called the combined pH electrode, which is, of
course, much more practical (see following page):
The magical formula for pH calculation
in order to measure pH we measure potential differences. But how
do we get a pH value from a millivolt value (1 mV = one thousandth
of a volt – the unit used to define potentials)?

Fret not, we have the answer. And the answer is: Nernst.

What's Nernst? Before we can answer that, you must first ask the
right question. It's not WHAT is Nernst, it should be WHO is (or
was) Nernst?

Walther Hermann Nernst was a clever guy. He studied the relation

between the mV (millivolt) reading produced by a pH electrode
against a standard hydrogen electrode and the pH (using the scale
devised by that other clever guy Sørensen) of the measuring
solutions.
Now, a standard hydrogen electrode is a rather complicated and ugly
piece of equipment which you're better off knowing little about.
Suffice to say that it gives very well defined and reproducible mV
readings over a wide range of pH values and strictly responds only to
hydronium ions.

After much calculation and probably lots of weekends alone in his

laboratory he came to the conclusion that the relation (Nernst
equation) looks like this:

E=Eo+(2.303RT/ZiF) Log[H2O+ ]

Where:

E potential measured between indicator and reference electrode (this

part we've already introduced)

E0 standard potential of the electrode assembly, depends on its

construction (well made electrodes give 0 mV with pH 7 – neutral
solution)
R gas constant (8.31441 J K-1 mol-1) (forget this one, it's a number
some other guy calculated – clever lot these scientists!)

T absolute temperature in K (273.15 + t in °C) (oh well ... scientists

are not only smart, they're also very awkward. Instead of measuring
temperatures in degrees Celsius (or Fahrenheit if you're American)
they use Kelvin. The temperature in Kelvin is simply the temperature
in degrees Celsius plus 273.15)

zi charge of the hydronium ion (1+) (each ion carries a single

positive charge with it)

F Faraday constant (96 484.56 C * mol-1) (yet another clever number

from another smart guy – his name was Faraday).

The pH meter basically uses this equation to calculate the pH value.

However, all the individual parts within the equation have to be
known (not everything is constant). The potential is measured by the
electrodes, and the temperature (T) needs to be measured as well and
if there isn't any temperature sensor connected to the meter, the
temperature (T) value has to be entered.

You will see that the temperature plays a key role (please check
also under 3.4.3).
What pH measurement REALLY is all about
A direct pH measurement, without calibration is as bad as a blatant
lie. Why's that?

In theory a pH electrode is so constructed that its potential in buffer

pH = 7 equals 0 mV. (A buffer is a solution which keeps a given
concentration of hydronium ions and therefore a given pH). This
potential is called the zero potential of a pH electrode (you would
never guess why!). This is one of the two main characteristics of a
pH electrode.

The second characteristic is the electrode slope. The slope of an

electrode gives the change of potential measured between two
buffers with a pH difference of 1 in comparison to what is expected
by theory (from Nernst). Nernst calculated this value as 59.16
mV/pH at 25 degrees Celsius (or of course 293.15 Kelvin).

But this is just theory and as we all know the practice always looks a
little different. In practice the zero point as well as the slope of the
electrode differ from what they should be.

This difference has to be known so that the meter can compensate

for any changes in electrode response. This way you get “true”
results. Determining the deviation of the zero point and the slope
from their theoretical values and saving these values into the meter
(it works automatically) is called calibration.

How to calibrate pH meter

How do you perform a calibration? You do it as follows:

1. Take the pH electrode and connect it to the meter. Remove the

storage vessel and rinse the sensing area thoroughly with distilled
water. Dab the electrode with a soft paper tissue to remove the rest
of water (don't rub the electrode surface).

2. Dip the electrode into buffer pH = 7, so that the diaphragm of

the electrode is well immersed. If the pH electrode doesn't have an
integrated temperature sensor, connect a separate temperature sensor
to the meter and dip it also into the buffer solution. If you don't have
a temperature sensor which you can connect to the meter, use a
conventional sensor and enter the temperature into the meter when
required.

7
 3. Start the calibration on the meter (check instructions for use of the
meter). You will notice that the temperature is measured first and
then a mV reading is taken, which should be around 0 mV. The
difference to 0 mV will be registered by the meter and taken into
account during later measurements:

4. Rinse the sensors thoroughly with distilled water and dab the
electrode with a soft paper tissue to remove the rest of water (don't
rub the electrode surface). Dip in buffer pH = 4 and repeat the
procedure.

Practical hints for successful calibration:

! Always use fresh buffer solutions!

! A two-point calibration is recommended for normal use.

Also: Calibrating with buffers that lie within your pH measuring

range increases the accuracy of the measurement.

Stirring during the calibration process also plays a big role. Very
important: The stirring speed during the calibration process should
be identical with the stirring speed during the pH measurement.

When stirring during the pH measurement is not required or not

possible (penetration measurements for example), the calibration
should also be carried out without stirring.

When you need temperature compensation

Temperature plays a key role in pH measurement. There are two
reasons for this:

! the pH value of the solution changes with the temperature;

! the slope (theoretical slope) of the electrode changes with the

temperature.
PH meters easily compensate the error caused by the dependence of
the Nernstian slope on the temperature.

However still have to cope with the pH change of sample with the
temperature! It is the nature of all things to change their
characteristics with the temperature. And one of them is the pH
value!

Clear and simple: pH measurement should always be performed

together with temperature measurement because only pH values
measured at the same temperature can be compared!

The exception to the rule...

Of course there is one exception which confirms the rule above. This
is when you calibrate. In this case both problems mentioned above
are eliminated.

The reason for this is the cleverness meters. These meters know the
temperature dependence of buffer solutions

So all you need to do is to let the meter know what temperature

you're calibrating at and the compensation will be done
automatically. No need to thermostat the buffer solutions any longer.

Important: This can not be said when you measure the sample. No
meter knows the temperature dependence of your sample so
therefore it can't be compensated. This is why (the sentence above
needs to be repeated here): only pH values taken at the same
temperature can be compared to each other!
pH ELECTRODE PERFORMANCE
By Anjul Kumar

Preface
The purpose of this write-up is tutorial. The intent is to provide a practical explanation
and general understanding of how to evaluate the performance of both new and used pH
electrodes. Also discussed are some of the many factors which can affect pH electrode
performance and to aid the reader in understanding what they may be able to do to
increase performance and service life.

pH Electrodes

pH electrodes are electrochemical sensors used by many industries but are of particular
importance to the water and wastewater industry. The sensor itself is similar to a battery.
It generates a voltage output and has a useful service and shelf life. While there are many
types of pH electrodes used in field, lab and process environments, we will concentrate
on a basic design for this article.

Basic Construction of a pH electrode Fig 1

OFFSET - Theoretically, when placed in 7.00 buffer at 25°C a pH electrode produces

zero millivolts which the pH meter reads as 7.00 pH. The difference between these
perfect readings and the electrode's actual reading is called the offset error.

SPAN - A perfect pH electrode, at 25°C produces 59.12mV per pH unit. The difference
between this perfect reading and the electrode's actual reading is called the span error.
These theoretical values are not always achieved, even with brand new electrodes. New
pH electrode performance specifications should meet the following criteria:

TYPICAL SPECIFICATION - Offset: 7.00 +/- 0.2 pH (+/- 12mV) SPAN: Better than
95% of theory; i.e. between 56.2 and 59.2 mV

Normal Aging
As electrodes are used or stored for long periods they will experience some shifts in
these new electrode specifications. OFFSETS will change and SPAN error will increase;
i.e., the span will become shorter. By using the calibration controls these errors can be
corrected. If an electrode is able to be calibrated and it is stable and responsive, it is still
a functional electrode and may be used in service even though it no longer meets "new"
electrode specifications.

As described later in this article, an electrode's response time becomes longer as it ages.
Even though the electrode can be calibrated, sluggish response can limit its life. Also,
certain application conditions, elevated temperatures, for example, will cause electrodes
to have shorter service lives.

Speed of Response
An electrode's speed of response is affected by several things; mainly, by the impedance
(resistance) of the pH glass measuring surface and the condition of this surface. The type
of pH responsive glass used and the size, shape and thickness of its surface all affect
impedance characteristics. When selecting pH electrodes there are tradeoffs to consider.
Here is a comparison of the three most common shapes:
Shapes of pH measuring Surfaces Fig 2

SPHERICAL BULB HEMI-SPHERICAL BULB FLAT pH GLASS

A spherical shaped bulb will provide 95% response in less than one second. It has low
impedance and fast response but is relatively fragile. pH electrodes with spherical shaped
surfaces are designed so that the bulb is recessed inside the electrode body. Such designs
protect the glass bulb against breakage.

A hemispherical shaped bulb is a stronger shape mechanically and, as a result, it has a

higher impedance and slightly slower response. These shapes are often used in a fully
exposed manner.

A flat measuring surface is the most durable of all the shapes. It makes good sample
contact, is easily cleaned, is very strong mechanically but has the highest impedance and
the slowest speed of response-95% in less than 5 seconds.
Coatings can mimic a sluggish speed response problem; therefore a used pH glass
measuring surface should be cleaned before assuming that the electrode is no longer
functional. Normally, the electrode may be cleaned with whatever chemical the coating
material is soluble in provided the chemical will not attack the electrode's materials of
construction. The glass surface should never be cleaned in a manner that would scratch
the glass surface. Scratches will result in a slow response and shorter working life. When
wiping the surface always use clean, non abrasive materials and cloths.

Effects of Temperature
The impedance issue previously discussed is also a factor when measuring samples at
temperatures other than 25°C. For every 10°C decrease in temperature the glass
impedance will increase about 2.5 times. Therefore a spherical electrode (which has
lower impedance) will offer better speed of response in lower temperatures than a flat
electrode will.

Use of electrodes in elevated temperatures will cause pH electrodes to experience

shorted service life than if used at ambient temperature. High temperatures accelerate
both the natural aging of pH glass and chemical attack of the glass. These factors can
cause impedance to increase and the surface to loose its ability to respond to hydrogen
ion activity (which is what a pH electrode actually measures!).

High and Low pH Measurements

Very strong acidic or caustic solutions will accelerate aging of a pH electrode leading to
shorter service life. Some of these solutions will actually etch the pH glass surface with a
resulting loss of response to hydrogen ions. There are special formulations of glass
which are available from some manufacturers to resist this degradation.

Low Ionic Strength Measurements

pH measurement in low ionic or low conductivity solutions may create several problems
for standard pH electrodes. Typical difficulties include:

- Slow sluggish or drifting readings

- Unrepeatable readings
- Premature electrode failure

Special design electrodes have been developed and are often used in low ionic strength
applications. They may feature:

Reference junctions- the porous material that contacts the sample- are made of porous
materials so that there is a very large surface area where the junction contacts the sample.
The reference junction is peripheral; that is, it surrounds the glass stem onto which the
pH bulb is blown. This design minimizes streaming current effects which can generate
spurious reference junction potentials.

The built-in reference electrode is a double junction design. The inner chamber contains
the usual high (3.0M or higher) salt concentration solutions or gels so that stable outputs
are generated. The outer chamber, which contacts the sample through the porous
reference junction, is filled with a low ionic solution or gel. This lower ionic strength
material more closely matches that of the sample and further reduces spurious potentials.

Single vs. Double Junction References

For many applications, a single junction reference electrode is satisfactory. However, if
samples contain proteins, sulfides, heavy metals or any other material which interacts
with silver ions, unwanted side reactions may occur. These reactions can lead to
erroneous reference signals or to precipitation at the reference junction leading to a short
service life.

A double junction reference design affords a barrier of protection to combat the above
interactions. When in doubt about using single or double junction designs, the safest
approach is to use the double junction; they can be used anywhere a single junction
design can be used. Conversely, single junction designs should not be used where double
junction designs are needed. In most process applications, it is recommended to use
double junction electrodes.

Electrical Ground Problems

When a pH system is unstable, erratic, has short electrode service life or the offset drifts,
the most common problem is an electrical ground loop in the system, particularly if the
tank and/or pipes are plastic. To verify this problem, remove the electrode and calibrate
it in a known buffer in a beaker. Pull a sample of the solution from the process and verify
meter reads sample correctly.
Electrical Ground Problem Fig 3

ELECTRODE CALIBRATES THEN ELECTRODE READS

HIGH
IN BUFFER AND READS OR OUT OF RANGE IN
ROCESS
SAMPLE OUTSIDE OF PROCESS

The sources of the ground loop could be any mixer motor, pump, conductivity probe, or
other electrically powered device in the media with the pH electrode.

POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

1. Check to see if any voltage producing sensor such as a conductivity or amperometric

sensor is in the same solution or the meter to which they are attached is sharing same
ground with your pH meter or controller. Power down that device and verify if the pH
instrument is reading correctly.
2. Try placing a large (12 or 14 AWG) copper wire into the media and the other end to
the meter or controller ground terminal to draw the ground loop away from the pH
electrode.
3. Disconnect all devices connected to meter or controller. This includes all pumps,
alarms, outputs, etc. If the problem solves, re-connect 1 item at a time to isolate the
problem device.
4. A pH electrode with an internal differential amplifier and solution ground may
provide a solution if all else fails. There are electrodes available with internal batteries,
solution
 grounds and differential amplifiers which will hook directly to your
existing meter even though it was not designed to use this technology.

Storage/Shelf Life
Since pH electrodes have limited lives, it is important to keep one or
more spare electrodes available for replacement. An important aspect of
the performance of any spare pH electrode is that it will it work when
you need it. Electrodes supplied in soaker storage bottles with special
soaker solutions have longer shelf lives than those supplied dry, with
small caps or dry stored after use. The special solution in soaker bottles
provides an environment that maintains pH glass hydration in an acidic
environment as well as keeping the reference junction wet and
communicating. If the original solution is no longer available, the
following are acceptable storage medias for pH electrodes in order of
preference:

- 4.00 pH Buffer

- 7.00 pH Buffer
Note: Never store a pH electrode in de-ionized water. De- ionized water is
only for rinsing
Dissolved Oxygen Analyzer
Dissolved oxygen causes corrosion in the boiler plant by reacting with iron
to form iron oxides. These iron oxides flake off metal surfaces and
produce a sludge that must be removed periodical I y~5y blow-down. The
resulting pitting of pipe work may eventually cause puncturing and failure.
Dissolved oxygen also facilitates electrolytic, action between dissimilar
metals, thereby causing corrosion and leak age jt joints and gaskets. To
minimize corrosion, modern high-pressure steam boilers require
extremely pure feed water with a very low dissolved oxygen level.
Mechanical desecrators and chemical additives are used together to
remove oxygen; an analytical
check of process efficiency therefore is essential. Finally, dissolved
oxygen control is imperative in circuits with neutral operating conditions
(pH 7.0—7.5)..
A dissolved oxygen concentration as low as 10ppm in a boiler of
450tons/hr. capacity can result in a build-up of approximately 90 kg of rust
per year.
Priniciple of Measurement
The design of The Oxistat sensor is based on the well-known Clarke type of
electrochemical cell. A constant voltage supply powers two electrodes
maintaining each at a constant potential. The working, or measuring, electrode
serves to reduce the oxygen to hydroxyl ions; this electrode is often referred to as
the cathode; it is made of gold. Cathode reaction
:

The second electrode, or counter electrode, provides for a con' [ current

oxidation reaction to occur on its surface; this electrode'- is often referred
to as the anode; it is made of silver.

The cell current thus generated is linearly proportional to the 'dissolved

oxygen concentration. Both the cathode and anode reactions require an
alkaline environment for a complete and fast rate of reaction. An oxygen
permeable membrane, therefore, serves to isolate the Oxistat electrodes
from the sample water; the space inside brane contains an alkaline
bromide buffer solution the electrodes The buffer solution maintains a coil
line pH for many months of operation.
The dissolved oxygen diffusing through the membrane simultaneously
reduced at the cathode. This design obvious for sample conditioning prior
to the measurement; anti ductile or oxidizable ions do not interfere
because is pass through the gas permeable membrane.

Both the cathfldic oxygen reduction and the rate of oj fusion through the
membrane are dependent on ten The cell is therefore equipped with a
temperature serf continuously measures the sample temperature. The
measurement is temperature compensated using 25°C as the temperature
ref.
CONDUCTIVITY

The conductivity of an electrolyte is a measure of the ability of the

solution to carry electric current through the solution takes place
through the movement of electrically Charged particles called ions
when a potential difference is applied to two electrodes Immersed in
the solution ,ions are almost instantaneously accelerated toward the
electrodes .since the conductance of the solution of electron
conductance are possible.

Like a metallic conduter, electrolyte solution obeys ohm' s law . the

resistance of a solution depend upon expressed as depend upon the length
L, area A and the intrinsic properties of the solution .it can be

R=pL/A
Where p is known as specific resistance since conductance is the
reciprocal of resistance. 1/R=1/P(A/L)=K(A/L)
K is called the specific conductance it is expressed in ohm-1 cm-1 The
equivalent conductance is the conductance of a hypothetical solution
containing 1 gram ^, equivalent of an electrolyte per cubic cm of
solution. The equivalent conductance (^)is connected with the specific
conductance and cone.as follow:-

(^) =1000K/C,K=^

C/1000

MEASUREMENT OF

CONDUCTANCE:-

Conductivity is usually determined by measuring the resistance of a

column of a solution .this is
done by using a Wheatstone bridge , in which the conductivity cell from 1
arm of the bridge ,in
which the ionic . due to net chemical are employed.
When the bridge is balanced, and it is assumed that the conductivity cell
behaves as a pure resistance, then the voltage between two terminals is
equal to zero.
 Re =(R1/R2)*R3
As the conductivity cell contains electrodes separated by a dielectric an
appreciable cell capacitance is invariably present. this capacitance is
balanced out by providing a variable capacitor with resistance R3 . it is so
adjusted that the detector gives a sharply defined balance point.

The null detector is not an ordinary galvanometer as the same is not

sensitive to alternating current at the frequencies which are employed to
excite the bridge. The most popular detector in use is the magic eye or the
cathode ray oscilloscope.

CONDUCTIVITY CELL:

A conductivity cell comprises of two electrodes, which may be two parallel

sheets of platinum fixed in position by sealing the connecting tubes into the
sides of the measuring cell,
In order to reduce the polarizing effect which produces a large cell
capacitance, the effective 'area of the electrode is greatly increased by
coating the electrodes with platinum black. This deposit can be obtained by
immersing the electrodes in a solution containing 7.5* 10" M
chloroplatinic acid and about 8*10"4M lead acetate and applying a direct
current, reversing the direction every half-minute. When a black deposit is
obtained, the electrodes are washed in water and occluded gases are
removed by electrolyzing in dilute H2SO4 for about half an hour with
current reversal every minute. Electrodes are washed again and stored in
distilled water
overnight before using. Also the electrodes should be stored in distilled
water when not in use. This prevents the platinum black from drying out.
Most of the conductivity cell are of such a design that the solution
completely surrounds the electrodes. In such case the conductance of the
cell is given by l/R=p(A/L) p=l/R(L/A) The term L/A is called the cell
constant and may be denoted by 0
P=0/R The effective value of 0 for a cell is not simply related to the cell
geometry. However, it has a constant value for electrolytes, measured in
that particular cell. The cell constant can be determined by measuring R for
solution of known concentration are invariably employed for this purpose

TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION IN CONDUCTIVITY

MEASUREMENT

The conductivity of electrolytic solution varies with temperature. This is

because the ionic motilities are temperature dependent. The temperature
coefficient usually of the order of 1.5 -2percent/ oC at room temperature.
Control of temperature is done by introducing into the brid circuit a
resistive element which will change with temperature
at the same rate as the solution under test. Automatic temperature
compensation can provided by using thermistor & resistance combination
in contact with solution, which would automatically offset the effect of
changes of temperature of the solution under test. A proportional controller
is employed in preference over the conventional on-off method. With this
method a temperature stability of 0.02°c may be achieved. Thermostatic
baths are very essential for continuous measurement of electrical
conductivity in liquid stream especially where very small changes in salt
cone, takes place.
Gas sensing and analysis
Gas sensing and analysis is required in many applications. A primary role of gas
sensing is in hazard monitoring to predict the onset of conditions where
flammable gases are reaching dangerous concentrations. Danger is quantified in
terms of the lower explosive level, which is usually reached when the
concentration of gas in air is in the range of between 1% and 5%.
Gas sensing also provides a fire detection and prevention function. When mater-
ials burn, a variety of gaseous products result. Most sensors that are used for fire
detection measure carbon monoxide concentration, as this is the most common
combustion product. Early fire detection enables fire extinguishing systems to be
triggered, preventing serious damage from occurring in most cases. However, fire
prevention is even better than early fire detection, and solid-state sensors, based
on a sintered mass of polycrystalline tin oxide, can now detect the gaseous
products (generally various types of hydrocarbon) that are generated when
materials become hot but before they actually burn.
Health and safety legislation creates a further requirement for gas sensors. Certain
gases, such as carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide, chlorine and nitrous oxide,
cause fatalities above a certain concentration and sensors must provide warning of
impending danger. For other gases, health problems are caused by prolonged
exposure and so the

sensors in this case must integrate gas concentration over time to determine
whether the allowable exposure limit over a given period of time has been
exceeded. Again, solid-state sensors are now available to fulfil this function.
Concern about general environmental pollution is also making the development
of gas sensors necessary in many new areas. Legislation is growing rapidly to
control the emission of everything that is proven or suspected to cause health
problems or environmental damage. The present list of controlled emissions
includes nitrous oxide, oxides of sulphur, carbon monoxide and dioxide, CFCs,
ammonia and hydrocarbons. Sensors are required both at the source of these
pollutants, where concentrations are high, and also to monitor the much lower
concentrations in the general environment. Oxygen concentration measurement is
often of great importance also in pollution control, as the products of combustion
processes are greatly affected by the air/fuel ratio.
Sensors associated with pollution monitoring and control often have to satisfy
quite stringent specifications, particularly where the sensors are located at the
pollutant source. Robustness is usually essential, as such sensors are subjected to
bombardment from a variety of particulate matters, and they must also endure
conditions of high humidity and temperature. They are also frequently located in
inaccessible locations, such as in chimneys and flues, which means that they must
have stable characteristics over long periods of time without calibration checks
being necessary. The need for such high-specification sensors makes such
pollutant-monitoring potentially very expensive if there are several problem gases
involved. However, because the concentration of all output gases tends to vary to
a similar extent according to the condition of filters etc., it is frequently only
necessary to measure the concentration of one gas, from which the concentration
of other gases can be predicted reliably. This greatly reduces the cost involved in
such monitoring.
A number of devices that sense, measure the concentration of or analyse gases
exist. In terms of frequency of usage, they vary from those that have been in use
for a number of years, to those that have appeared recently, and finally to those
that are still under research and development. In the following list of devices,
their status in terms of current usage will be indicated. Fuller information can be
found in Jones (1989).

1 Catalytic (calorimetric) sensors

Catalytic sensors, otherwise known as calorimetric sensors, have widespread use
for measuring the concentration of flammable gases. Their principle of operation
is to measure the heat evolved during the catalytic oxidation of reducing gases.
They are cheap and robust but are unsuitable for measuring either very low or
very high gas concentrations. The catalysts that have been commonly used in
these devices in the past are adversely affected by many common industrial
substances such as lead, phosphorus, silicon and sulphur, and this catalyst
poisoning has previously prevented this type of device being used in many
applications. However, new types of poison-resistant catalyst are now becoming
available that are greatly extending the applicability of this type of device.

2 Paper tape sensors

By moving a paper tape impregnated with a reagent sensitive to a specific
gas (e.g. lead acetate tape to detect hydrogen sulphide) through an air
stream, the time history of the concentration of gas is indicated by the
degree of colour change in the tape. This is used as a low accuracy but
reliable and cheap means of detecting the presence of hydrogen sulphide
and ammonia.

3 Liquid electrolyte electrochemical cells

These consist of two electrodes separated by electrolyte, to which the
measured air supply is directed through a permeable membrane, as shown
in Figure 21.15. The gas in the air to which the cell is sensitive reacts at
the electrodes to form ions in the solution. This produces a voltage output
from the cell.
Electrochemical cells have stable characteristics and give good
measurement sensitivity. However, they are expensive and their durability
is relatively poor, with life being generally limited to about one or two
years at most. A further restriction is that they cannot be used above
temperatures of about 50°C, as their performance deteriorates rapidly at
high temperatures because of interference from other atmospheric
substances.
The main use of such cells is in measuring toxic gases in satisfaction of
health and safety legislation. Versions of the cell for this purpose are
currently available to measure carbon monoxide, chlorine, nitrous oxide,
hydrogen sulphide and ammonia. Cells to measure other gases are
currently under development.
Liquid electrolyte electrochemical cell.
 In addition, electrochemical cells are also used to a limited extent to
monitor carbon monoxide emissions in flue gases for environmental
control purposes. Pre-cooling of the emitted gases is a necessary condition
for this application.

4 Solid-state electrochemical cells (zirconia

sensor)
At present, these cells are used only for measuring oxygen concentration,
but ways of extending their use to other gases are currently in progress.
The oxygen-measurement cell consists of two chambers separated by a
zirconia wall. One chamber contains gas with a known oxygen
concentration and the other contains the air being measured. Ions are
conducted across the zirconia wall according to the difference in oxygen
concentration across it and this produces an output e.m.f. The device is
rugged but requires high temperatures to operate efficiently. It is,
however, well proven and a standard choice for oxygen measurement. In
industrial uses, it is often located in chimneystacks, where quite expensive
mounting and protection systems are needed. However, very low cost
versions (around £200) are now used in some vehicle exhaust systems as
part of the engine management system.

5 Catalytic gate FETs

These consist of field effect transistors with a catalytic, palladium gate
that is sensitive to hydrogen ions in the environment. The gate voltage,
and hence characteristics of the device, change according to the hydrogen
concentration. They can be made sensitive to gases such as hydrogen
sulphide, ammonia and hydrocarbons as well as hydrogen. They are cheap
and find application in workplace monitoring, in satisfaction of health and
safety legislation, and in fire detection (mainly detecting hydrocarbon
products).
6 Semiconductor (metal oxide) sensors
In these devices use is made of the fact that the surface conductivity of
semiconductor metal oxides (generally tin or zinc oxides) changes
according to the concentration of certain gases with which they are in
contact. Unfortunately, they have a similar response for the range of gases
to which they are sensitive. Hence, they show that a gas is present but not
which one. Such sensors are cheap, robust, very durable and sensitive to
very low gas concentrations. However, because their discrimination
between gases is low and their accuracy in quantitative measurement is
poor, they are mainly used only for qualitative indication of gas presence.
In this role, they are particularly useful for fire prevention in detecting the
presence of the combustion products that occur in low concentrations
when the temperature starts to rise due to a fault.

7 Organic sensors
These work on similar principles to metal oxide semiconductors but use
an organic surface layer that is designed to respond selectively to only one
gas. At present,
 h, but industrial exploitation is anticipated in the near future. They promise to be cheap and have
t high stability and sensitivity.
h
e
s
e 8 Piezoelectric devices
In these devices, piezoelectric crystals are coated with an absorbent layer. As this layer absorbs
d gases, the crystal undergoes a change in resonant frequency that can be measured. There is no
e discrimination in this effect between different gases but the technique potentially offers a high
v
i sensitivity mechanism for detecting gas presence. At the present time, problems of finding a suitable
c type of coating material where absorption is reversible have not been generally solved, and the
e device only finds limited application at present for measuring moisture concentrations.
s
a 9 Infra-red absorption
r
e This technique uses infra-red light at a particular wavelength that is directed across a chamber
between a source and detector. The amount of light absorption is a function of the unknown gas
s concentration in the chamber. The instrument normally has a second chamber containing gas at a
t known concentration across which infra-red light at the same wavelength is directed to provide a
i reference. Sensitivity to carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia or hydrocarbons can be
l provided according to the wavelength used. Microcomputers are now routinely incorporated in the
l instrument to reduce its sensitivity to gases other than the one being sensed and so improve
measurement accuracy. The instrument finds widespread use in chimney/flue emission monitoring
t and in general process measurements.
h
e
s 10 Mass spectrometers
u The mass spectrometer is a laboratory device for analysing gases. It first reduces a gas sample to a
b
j very low pressure. The sample is then ionized, accelerated and separated into its constituent
e components according to the respective charge-to-mass ratios. Almost any mixture of gases can be
c analysed and the individual components quantified, but the instrument is very expensive and
t requires a skilled user. Mass spectrometers have existed for over half a century but recent advances
s in electronic data processing techniques have greatly improved their performance.

o
f 11 Gas chromatography
o This is also a laboratory instrument in which a gaseous sample is passed down a packed column.
n This separates the gas into its components, which are washed out of the column in turn and
g measured by a detector. Like the mass spectrometer, the instrument is versatile but expensive and it
o requires skilled use.
i
n
g INFRARED ANALYZER
r
e Principle: It works on the principle of absorption of IR radiation. If we pass a ray of sunlight (or
s any pure white light) through a prism, we got a spectrum. But only its visible portion can be seen by
e
a naked human eye. Infact there are portions, below a above it. Which may not be visible to us just as
r it is, but they too exist. Similarly in an electromagnetic spectrum also such phenomenon takes
c place, which is shown below herewith wave length (in microns)
 0.00001 0.2 um .4 um .7 um 200 um
Gamma X-rays U.V.rays Visible IR ray Um&
rays rays Radio
wave

Out of this range of IR range, only a small portion of IR range is useful for analyses purpose i..e
from -2.5 um to 15 um-
There is a property of some gases to absorb certain wavelength in IR spectrum

Gases having mono atomic structure (such as Ar, Ne, He etc.) or Diatomic structure (H2, O?, IT2
etc) or inert gases don't have this property. Normally following hertro atomic gases only absorbe
I.R. spectrum. Up to certain wave lengths.

CO Gas-2.3 um, 4.7 um

C02Gas-2.74 um, 4.34 um, 14-15 um

CH4Gas-2.3 um, 3.4 um, 7-8 um

Such gases are called Hetro atomic gases.

There are some other gases which characteristic in the same category.
Like NH3, S04, H20, Acetone, Benzene, Ethyl alcohol etc.

WORKING
The sample gas is passed through the sample cell or the measuring cell located the measuring beam side. The reference cell contains N2 or any other inert gas or in
some case H2 too (which do not absorb IR radiation). The radiant energy emitted by the IR light source is split up into to beams by means of a chopper moving a
constant speed with the help of a synchronous motor having a speed of 5 rps (300 rpm). The IR rays after passing through the measuring cell and reference cell enter
the detector assembly.
 The Detector assembly is nothing but a variable capacitor consisting of a thing mettalic plate along a
Plastic film (or a metal diaphragm it self) and a fixed thin metallic plate called microphone condenser
and it is filled and separated from each other by the gas being analyzed a slight positive pressure than
the sample pressure.
The incident radiation is absorbed only in the specific absorption bands of the detector (or
Receive selectively), the collision of molecules result in instant conversion of absorbed energy into
thermal energy. If a gas absorb the IR spectrum energy, the absorbed luminous energy is changed into
thermal energy increases and this the temp of the detector gas and hence the pressure will increase.

If the quantity of the measured gas changes, the spectrum entering the detector changes. Even if
some other gas of a different absorption band of this gas does not produce any variance in the thermal
energy and in case any such gas which interfaces with the spectrum band ^interfaces cell is provided in
the path of the IR radiation.

- When the beam enters from reference cell side, gas in the microphone condenser detector
Expands due to rise in temp to force the variable electrode upward and when the beam enters From the
measurement cell side, it becomes weaker than the same beam form entering from Reference cell side,
because the ray has been absorbed and reduced in the measurement cell. The variable electrode will
oscillate slightly up and down. When the concentration of the measured gas increases the amplitude of
oscillation also increases. The fixed electrode laid close to variable electrode are detected as change in
electrical capacitance.

In the IR gas analyzer, the absorption energy of the gas is detected as a temp-change by a thermometer
and the entire optical unit must be kept at a constant temp. The constant temp is obtained by switching a
heating system, it may be space heater i.e. heating coil and blower "system or any signal from the head
amplifier becomes the input to the conversion or main 4|amplifier and is adjusted for proper calibration
by zero/span and gain adjustment and is finally ^^ -read on a calibrated meter (or recorder). Other type
of sources are:
Different Parts:

Source:- Source for and IR analyzer must be capable of producing or radiating energy in fa wide band of
infrared wave length. Most commercial analyzer now use nichrome wire.platinum wire (in source cases)
to produce strong emissions of IR energy.
Glower source:- it is a rod of carborundum heated directly from low voltage regulated power 'supply
operating temp is 1100°C-1800°C, point of maximum emitted is 1.8 micron.
Nernest glower source: - A filament of oxide thorium , chromium etc hearted electrically ,
Operating temp is 155C to 1800C,point of maximum energy emission is 1.4 microns .
Chopper or Sector and Chopper motor:- IR beam emitter by the two Light source coils areChopped up
by a semi circled plate enclosed in the light unit and entering the detector after traveling through the
reference and measuring cells.
The chopper rotates at a constant speed of 5rps (300rpm) to produce 5Hz choppingFrequency.

Measuering cell:-The cell is a S.S cylinder whose inner surface coated with gold whose ends are
equipped with cats windows cell lengths are generally 5,2,10,50,100& )200mm. this windows are
made of CaF2

Cell size :-According to beer absorption law

A = ABC
Where A =absorbance (Unit, measurement of energy absorbed)
A=Absorbility at normal temperature & pressure
B=cell length
|C=conc. of gas
A compound with strong absorptive will require shorter cell length than a compound
With low absorption valve liquid sample usually required exceedingly short cell whereas some gas
application necessitate long cell.
The Labert Beer Absorption also states that.
A=Log 1/T
A=Absorbance
T=Transmittance. (% of energy transmitted not absorbed)
Sample cells are normally god lined to reduce energy absorption by cells walls which is
particularly troublesome is long cell.

4. Reference cell or Dummy & Interference Cell: -

These cells are made of brass. The inner surface are plated with gold both ends are equipped
with CAF2 windows.
These cells are charged with various gases to remove effects of partly overlapped interface
components.

5. Detector & Head Amplifier: -

The pneumatic type detector are used in two forms (i) opposed chamber & combined single beam
chamber; in out plant we can used combined single beam. It consist of a combined beam

.single chamber detector compares the amount of IR energy alternatively emerging from both sides
of optical systems. This detector requires alternate chopping of the radiation energy, i.e. energy
alternately passing through each side of optical systems. The detector is filled with a gas (which
absorb energy at the wave length of interest. The detector gas the absorb energy alternately from
each optical length path which produces volumetric expansions with each pulse of energy. The
expansions displace the membrane until the chamber pressure released. As in the opposed chamber
detector. The membrane is used a one side of capacitance microphone system & changing
capacitance is measured in head amplifier.
PARAMAGNETIC OXYGEN ANALYSER
PRINCIPLE OF PARAMAGNETIC ANALYSER
Oxygen is virtually unique in being a paramagnetic gas. This means that it is
attracted into a magnetic field. In the Servomex measuring eel! the oxygen
concentration is detected by means of a dumb-bell mounted on a torque suspension
in a strong, non-linear magnetic field. The higher the concentration of oxygen the
further the dumb-be1! is deflected from its rest position. This deflection is detected
by an optical system and twin photo-cells connected to an amplifier (Figure 1).
Around the dumb-bell is a coil of wire. A current is continuously passed through
this coil to return the dumb-bell to its original position. The current measured is
directly proportional to the oxygen concentration.

Micro-Fuel Cell Oxygen Analyzer

Principles of Operation
The oxygen sensor used in the Model 3190 is a Micro-Fuel Cell designed and
manufactured by TAI. It is a sealed, disposable electrochemical transducer-
-
The active components of the Micro-Fuel Cell are a cathode, an anode, and the 15
% aqueous KOH electrolyte in which they are immersed. The cell converts the
energy from a chemical reaction into an electrical current through an external
electrical circuit. Its action is similar to that of a battery.
There is, however, an important difference in the operation of a battery as
compared to the Micro-Fuel Cell: In the battery, all reactants are stored within the
cell, whereas in the Micro-Fuel Cell, one of the reactants (oxygen) comes from
outside the device as a constituent of the sample gas being analyzed. The Micro-
Fuel Cell is therefore a hybrid between a battery and a true fuel cell. (All of the
reactants are stored externally in a true fuel cell
The analyzer is composed of two subsystems:
1. Analysis Unit with Micro-Fuel Cell Sensor
2. Control Unit with Signal Processing, Display and Controls
The Analysis Unit is designed to accept the sample gas and direct it to the sensitive
surface of the Micro-Fuel Cell sensor. The Micro-Fuel Cell is an electrochemical
galvanic device that translates the amount of oxygen present in the sample into an
electrical current.
The Control Unit processes the sensor output and translates it into electrical
concentration, range, and alarm outputs, and a trace oxygen meter readout. It
contains a microcontroller that manages all signal processing, input/output, and
display functions for the analyzer.
H2S Analyzer
PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
The Houston Atlas MODEL 722R H2S ANALYZER
operates on two basic principles:
H2S creates a brown stain on the surface of Lead Acetate impregnated tape.
The H2S concentration in the Sample can be determined by the rate at which the
stain forms. These two principles produce a reading that is directly proportional to
the concentration of the Hydrogen Sulfide in the original sample. The TRACOR
ATLAS patented process directs the flow of H2S bearing gas over the surface of
the Lead Acetate Sensing Tape. This eliminates many problems and errors
associated with those processes in which the gas must flow through the tape.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE MODEL 722R ANALYZER
The MODEL 722R H2S Analyzer is designed for process analysis of Hydrogen
Sulfide in gases. This system is completely factory tested and calibrated. With
routine maintenance and care, it will provide years of dependable, accurate service.
The main components of the MODEL 722R are:
FLOW SYSTEM
TAPE TRANSPORT ASSEMBLY
OPTICAL SYSTEM
RATE READING ELECTRONICS MODULE
CONTROL PANEL
The FLOW SYSTEM consists of a Flowmeter, a Stab-in Connector, a Humidifier
Bubbler, and a Sample Chamber. The Flowmeter sets and maintains a regulated
flow through the analyzer. This flow setting, in part, determines the analyzer
calibration. The Stab-in Connector per- '.3 easy removal of the Tape Transport
Assembly. The Humidifier Bubbler contains a 5% Acetic Acid Assemoiy which
prevents H2S dissolving in the water. Tne sample is bubbled through the solution to
achieve proper humidification for reaction between the H2S ana the Lead Acetate
Tape. The Sample Chamber channels the humidified sample over an exposed
portion of Lead Acetate Tape, then out through the Excess Sample Vent
The following reaction takeas place while humidified sample containing H2S
comes in contact with the Lead Acetate Tape.
H2S + Pb(CH3COO)2=>PbS + 2 (CH3COOH)
Hydrogen Sulphide + Lead Acetate => Lead Sulphide + Acetic Acid
The formation of PbS (Lead Sulphide) on the white tape creates a brown stain.
Higher the concentration of H2S present in the sample, the darker will be the stain.
Zirconium Based Oxygen Analyzer
Measuring principles
The ENOTEC-02-analysers OXITEC 3000 measure the net concentration of oxygen in
the flue gas of combustion processees and in other not combustible gases."
An EMF (Electrical Motoric Force) is performed on a temperature-stabilised
electrochemical cell. This EMF is a direct measurement value for the remaining oxygen
level in the (flue) gas.
The measurement is direct. This means the probe itself is located in the gas-channel. It
performs this task without any use of a sampling system.
Remaining water (such as steam) in the gas-stream effects the signal output of the
probe: it will be measured "oxygen wet".
"Wet" measurements give - related to "dry" ones - a smaller oxygen value.The difference
between both methods is directly proportional to the water content of the process gas. -
The measuring cell consists of a small zirconium-oxideplate,. which is porously plated
with platinum on/ both sides and soldered gastight tothe probe top.
For temperature-stabilising of the probe cell an installed heating is used, whose
temperature is kept constant by means of a temperature controller. Under constant
temperature conditions at the probe cell, the output signal of the cell is calculated'as
follows:

The reference gas consists of clean, dry and oil-free air (20,95 Vol. % 02). If the oxygen
concentration between process and reference side of the probe are different, oxygen
ions go from the high to the low partial pressure side of the probe. The mV-signal of the
probe cell is invers logarithmic proportional to the oxygen concentration of the process
gas. If the oxygen concentration of the process gas decreases
CL2 Environment Analyzer

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Make ENDEE.

Model EXPO-98 FTD

Gas detection : Chlorine in Ambient Air

Sensor Electrochemical

Principle Diffusion type for

Continuous monitoring

Display : Inbuilt LCD display for continuous

Indication of the concentration of CL2
gas

Range 0-10 ppm

Construction of sensor ABS Plastic Housing (is replaceable and mounted

inside the holder).

Input power supply : 24V DC from ENDEE Gas control unit /

Customers' Power supply unit

Input Signal : From gas sensor

Output : 4-20 mA dc

Enclosure Ex- proof IIA/IIB

Resolution 0. 1 ppm.

Accuracy : +/- 1%
GENERAL DESCRIPTION :
ENDEE model Expo-98 FTD Field Detector with LCD display for continuous monitoring
of CL2 gas concentration in Ambient Air. The standard system consists of a compact
electronics modules housed in Ex- proof box with a Electro chemical sensor.

Principle of operation : The surrounding atmosphere diffuses in and reach the active part
of the sensor which is detected by the sensor which in turn gives electrical signal output
corresponding to the gas concentration and this electrical signal is amplified in the
transmitter electronics circuitry to display the gas concentration and to give 4-20 mA dc
output for remote indicator or to connect to DCS.
The Electro chemical sensors are small, rugged, fast response and highly sensitive and
also Simple to calibrate and maintain.

The CL2 detector is suitable for filed mounting in Hazardous area.

INSTALLATION
The system is designed for mounting in filed with suitable fixtures either on wall
or pipe in desired location and suitable for Hazardous area.

The detector's sensor head should be located where concentration of CL2 gas is likely
to occur bearing in mind the following conditions.

a) Mounting Position The heads should be mounted in vertical

position with the sensing element pointing
towards floor for ambient detection. Otherwise
as per site condition.
b) Pref ered area The sensor head should be close to any
area where likely chances of CL2 gas
concentration

c) Contaminents At all times, Transmitter should be positioned in

such a way so that rain water cannot enter the
Transmitter/ sensor.
Special attention should be paid so that
contaminents such as oil,Mist, dust and
condensation do not enter sensor and
transmitter housing.
POWER SUPPLY
24V DC either from any external source or from Endee's Control unit, if
supplied.

SENSOR CONNECTION
Sensor fitted in the sensor holder is connected internally to the circuit in the
transmitter housing.

Terminals for external connections are provided in the transmitter housing is identified
by labels .

FUNCTIONAL CONTROLS
Each system is provided with multi turn potentiometer for
A) Zero adjustment .used to balance measuring circuit to zero calibration

B) Span adjustment .used to set circuit to span calibration.

C) Output :4-20 mA dc

SYSTEM CALIBRATION.
• CONNECT REGULATED 24 Volts DC SUPPLY TO transmitter.

• ADJUST ZERO Display WITH HELP OF PRESET pot PR1 at ambient air and
check the current O/P for 4 mA dc and display as 000.

• EXPOSE SENSOR TO SAMPLE GAS OF KNOWN CONCENTRATION

(10 ppm) ADJUST THE PRESET POT PR2 to get display of 10 ppm
and check the current O/P for 20 mA dc.

FOR EXAMPLE:-
GAS Display Reading Output
CONCETRATION current
Oppm 0 ppm 4 mA dc
10 ppm 10 ppm 20 mA dc
START UP
Connect the power source to the transmitter. Allow the system to warm up and stabilize
for some time. Display should read zero in fresh ambient air if not then set zero display
with the help of zero potentiometer. Now the CL2 gas detector transmitter is ready for
use. When there is CL2 gas concentration detected then the display will show the gas
concentration and the transmitter will give corresponding current output.

MAINTENANCE
t^a'mter\ar\ce consists primarily of periodic checks to ensure the system
remains on Zero in ambient air and is responsive to the change in gas concentration.

• Check the power supply .

• Verify that display is ON and it should read zero for ambient air.
• Quarterly or at least once in six months check the calibration with sample gas of
known concentration.

SENSOR REPLACEMENT
Sensor replacement procedure is as follows:
a) Disconnect detector wire in junction box.
b) Unscrew ABS Plastic Sensor holder from box from the threaded connections
c) Put new sensor in same position and connect wire in the same way. Make Sure
the connections are proper as per colour code. Close the junction box.
d) Recalibrate the transmitter with the new sensor.