Substations and Electrical Installations: Impact On Engineering and Lifetime Management of Outdoor HV GIS

B3 Substations
and electrical installations
Impact on Engineering and

Lifetime Management of
Outdoor HV GIS
TECHNICAL BROCHURES
March 2023 - Reference 895
TECHNICAL BROCHURE
Impact on Engineering and

Lifetime Management of
Outdoor HV GIS
WG B3.57
Members
T. SAIDA, Convenor JP N. UPPAL, Secretary GB

G. BECKER US K. NAKAMURA JP
H. KÖRNER DE M. LEE KR
H. MISHRA IN M. NAEF CH
J. BESTEIRO ES S. ANNADURAI IN
J. KALLWEIT DE S. MICHAUD FR
K. ITO JP T. ZIESEMER DE
Corresponding Members
I. JOHNSTON GB
D. SCHIFFBAUER US
N. OTAKA JP
Copyright © 2023
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ISBN : 978-2-85873-600-3
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TB 895 - Impact on Engineering and Lifetime Management of Outdoor HV GIS
Executive summary
Background
Gas insulated switchgear (GIS) has been used as an effective solution for the design and operation of
substations since the 1960s due to its excellent features such as compactness, encapsulated
components, resistance to environmental pollution and increased personnel safety due to minimal
exposed high voltage components. GIS has a high level of safety as it is arc resistant by design. GIS
is designed to be protected against extreme environmental conditions, has high seismic resistance
and continuous monitoring of the gas insulation system.
The majority of recent GIS installations are indoor, particularly in Europe and North America. However,
GIS applications using an outdoor design are numerous throughout the world, especially in Asia and
the Pacific Rim. The exposure of the outdoor GIS to the natural external and extreme environmental
conditions, both natural and human caused, leads operational and maintenance challenges.
Extreme environmental conditions related to the location of the outdoor GIS and its exposure to
constant moisture, acid rain, snow, ice, ultraviolet radiation, salt contamination, pollution, etc.
contribute to its corrosion and the accelerated deterioration as compared to an indoor GIS. For
example, salt contamination and long-term corrosion of GIS flanges, fittings, bushings, connectors and
terminations can lead to the need for restoration and repair of the equipment and can interrupt critical
power flows resulting in security risks and public safety risks. These types of events and
environmental conditions have a more pronounced effect on outdoor GIS compared to indoor. Robust
engineering and design processes coupled with an appropriate maintenance strategy are key pillars to
reliable long-term operation of outdoor GIS.
One of the purposes of this technical brochure is to define engineering requirements and strategies for
maintenance of outdoor GIS. This brochure also describes how the health of the GIS should be
monitored such that the right capital and operational investment decisions can be made, at the
appropriate times, to sustain the optimal performance and operational capability of the GIS.
Scope of work
This technical brochure covers the analysis of HV outdoor GIS including Mixed Technology
Switchgear (MTS) and gas insulated dead tank circuit breakers and will consider the lifetime
considerations as compared with HV indoor GIS. The technical brochure provides an understanding of
the market needs and the standards requirements for outdoor GIS and its application. The impact that
outdoor application of GIS has on the design of the switchgear, the high voltage interfaces and
connections, the layout of the switchgear, the overall substation design and specific civil engineering
issues are addressed. The impact on the long-term reliability of the GIS because of its location
outdoors is explored. Specific operational impacts such as gas system tightness, corrosion onset
behaviour and other degradation impacts due to external environmental conditions such as ultraviolet
(solar) radiation, acid rains, snow, ice, industrial pollution and chemical reactions with sealing systems
are addressed.
This technical brochure also investigates the required operation and maintenance strategies
necessary to effectively ensure the reliable service life of the outdoor GIS. Economic comparisons
related to the operational and maintenance strategies of outdoor GIS versus indoor GIS are explored,
these include the initial cost of the GIS and facility, the life cycle cost of the GIS and facility including
operation and maintenance activities, refurbishment activities to extend the useful life of the GIS and
the cost to replace and/or fully decommission the GIS.
This technical brochure includes case studies to validate findings. The technical brochure also
includes considerations for gas insulated dead tank circuit breakers installed in AIS substations.
The specific topics and study areas of this technical brochure includes:
1. Standards, Guidelines and Relevant Technical Documents
2. Market Requirements for Outdoor GIS
3. Impact on Outdoor GIS Design Including HV Connection, Layout, Foundations and Overall
Substation Design
4. Impact on Operation and Maintenance Policy to Ensure the Outdoor Performance
5. Impact on Long-term Reliability - Lifetime Management
3
6. Economic Evaluation of Outdoor versus Indoor GIS

7. Conclusions and Recommendations
This technical brochure provides recommendations to manufacturers and users taking into
consideration the engineering, design, procurement, fabrication, civil/structural works, construction,
erection & commissioning, testing, and maintenance, of outdoor GIS and MTS with gas insulated
buses, local control cabinets and all accessories. These recommendations facilitate both
manufacturers and users to make appropriate capital and operational investment decisions on lifetime
management of outdoor GIS.
4
CONTENTS
Executive summary ............................................................................................................. 3
Background............................................................................................................................................................ 3
Scope of work ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
Figures and Illustrations ..................................................................................................... 9
1. Introduction.............................................................................................................. 12
2. Standards, Guidelines and relevant technical documents ................................... 14

2.1. Service conditions relevant to outdoor GIS .......................................................................................... 14
2.2. Technical information to be exchanged between user and supplier .................................................. 15
2.3. Site pollution severity ............................................................................................................................. 16
2.3.1. Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in IEC ....................................................................................... 16
2.3.2. Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in IEEE ..................................................................................... 18
2.3.3. Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in GOST (National standard in Russia) .................................... 20
2.3.4. Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in GB/T (National standard in China) ....................................... 20
2.3.5. Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in JEC (National standard in Japan) ........................................ 20
2.3.6. Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in KS (National standard in Korea) .......................................... 22
2.4. Corrosivity of the environment............................................................................................................... 22
2.4.1. Corrosivity category according to ISO standards ............................................................................... 22
2.4.2. Other standards ................................................................................................................................. 23
3. Market requirements for outdoor GIS .................................................................... 24

3.1. Business Drivers ..................................................................................................................................... 24
3.1.1. Business environment surrounding utilities ........................................................................................ 24
3.2. Technology Drivers ................................................................................................................................. 25
3.2.1. Concepts for service continuity from design and maintenance activities ........................................... 25
3.2.2. Higher utilization of the electrical energy grids ................................................................................... 25
3.2.3. Expanding application of digital technology to GIS ............................................................................ 25
3.3. Environmental Driver .............................................................................................................................. 25
3.3.1. Limited land areas for substations ..................................................................................................... 25
3.3.2. Global warming potential ................................................................................................................... 26
3.3.3. Other environmental drivers ............................................................................................................... 26
3.4. Local market requirements ..................................................................................................................... 27
3.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 27
4. Impact on outdoor GIS design including HV connection, layout, foundation and

overall substation design ................................................................................................. 28
4.1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 28
4.1.1. Statistical data on the contribution of environmental stress to GIS failure ......................................... 28
4.1.2. Environmental factors to be considered in design aspects ................................................................ 30
4.2. Key considerations for outdoor GIS design engineering .................................................................... 31
4.2.1. Low temperature ................................................................................................................................ 31
4.2.1.1. Changes of properties........................................................................................................................ 31
4.2.1.2. Ductility of materials ........................................................................................................................... 31
4.2.1.3. Liquefaction of SF6 gas ...................................................................................................................... 32
4.2.2. High temperature ............................................................................................................................... 34
4.2.1.1. Thermal degradation .......................................................................................................................... 35
4.2.1.2. Thermal stress ................................................................................................................................... 37
4.2.1.3. Thermal displacement (Thermal expansion and contraction) ............................................................ 38
4.2.3. Humidity and condensation ................................................................................................................ 38
4.2.3.1. The effects of humidity on GIS ........................................................................................................... 38
5
4.2.3.2. Degradation of insulation performance in low voltage circuits ........................................................... 39

4.2.3.3. Metal corrosion .................................................................................................................................. 40
4.2.3.4. Painted aluminum housings ............................................................................................................... 41
4.2.4. Solar radiation .................................................................................................................................... 41
4.2.4.1. Local temperature rise due to solar radiation ..................................................................................... 42
4.2.4.2. Hydraulic operation mechanism and Gas pressure switches / Gauges ............................................. 43
4.2.4.3. Degradation of polymer materials ...................................................................................................... 43
4.2.4.3.1. Degradation of polymer materials .............................................................................................. 44
4.2.4.3.2. Deterioration of GIS topcoat ...................................................................................................... 44
4.2.5. Rainwater ........................................................................................................................................... 44
4.2.5.1. The effects of rainwater on GIS ......................................................................................................... 44
4.2.5.2. GIS flange corrosion .......................................................................................................................... 45
4.2.5.3. Mechanism of GIS flange corrosion ................................................................................................... 47
4.2.5.4. Measures for GIS flange corrosion .................................................................................................... 47
4.2.5.5. Other water-related impacts ............................................................................................................... 48
4.2.6. Snow and ice ..................................................................................................................................... 49
4.2.6.1. The effects of snow and ice on GIS ................................................................................................... 49
4.2.6.2. Snow load and freezing ..................................................................................................................... 51
4.2.6.3. Poor insulation performance in HV circuit .......................................................................................... 53
4.2.6.4. Poor insulation performance in LV circuit ........................................................................................... 53
4.2.6.5. Combination with other factors .......................................................................................................... 53
4.2.6.6. Others ................................................................................................................................................ 53
4.2.7. Industrial/salt pollution, corrosive gas ................................................................................................ 54
4.2.7.1. Corrosive gas including industrial pollution ........................................................................................ 54
4.2.7.2. Impacts of corrosive gases on GIS .................................................................................................... 55
4.2.7.2.1. Insulation degradation in Low Voltage circuits ........................................................................... 57
4.2.7.2.2. Corrosion of conductor contact parts ......................................................................................... 57
4.2.7.2.3. Corrosion of metal structures ..................................................................................................... 58
4.2.8. Noise.................................................................................................................................................. 58
4.2.9. Vermin / Insects ................................................................................................................................. 58
4.2.10. Strong wind ........................................................................................................................................ 60
4.2.11. Sand / dust ......................................................................................................................................... 60
4.2.11.1. The effects of sand / dust on GIS....................................................................................................... 60
4.2.12. Electromagnetic Field (EMF) ............................................................................................................. 62
4.3. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 62
5. Impact on operations and maintenance policy to ensure the outdoor GIS

performance ...................................................................................................................... 64
5.1. Impact on operation and maintenance policy to ensure the outdoor performance .......................... 64
5.2. Strategic relevance of operation and maintenance policy for utilities and users.............................. 64
5.2.1. Targets of utilities ............................................................................................................................... 65
5.2.2. Targets of users or industrial customers ............................................................................................ 66
5.2.3. Develop strategic goals...................................................................................................................... 66
5.2.4. Regular reporting on SF6 losses and fines as main driver for users to minimize leaks ...................... 67
5.3. Experiences during Operation stage - Inspection ................................................................................ 67
5.3.1. Visual inspection / condition assessments ......................................................................................... 67
5.3.2. Intrusive Inspection - conventional ..................................................................................................... 68
5.3.3. Condition assessment and immediate removal of SF6 gas leaks....................................................... 68
5.3.4. Monitoring devices allowing permanent asset surveillance from remote locations ............................ 68
5.4. Experiences during Maintenance stage - Repair techniques and best practice experiences for
outdoor GIS and MTS .......................................................................................................................................... 69
5.4.1. Repair techniques and best practice experiences for outdoor GIS and MTS ..................................... 69
5.4.2. Drive systems .................................................................................................................................... 71
5.4.3. Gas works .......................................................................................................................................... 71
5.4.4. Identify SF6 leaks ............................................................................................................................... 71
5.4.5. Repair techniques for SF6 leaks......................................................................................................... 72
5.4.6. Bushings repairs or exchange ........................................................................................................... 74
5.4.7. In-gas system repairs......................................................................................................................... 74
5.4.8. Corrosion repair ................................................................................................................................. 74
5.4.9. Cleaning of the outdoor GIS or MTS system ..................................................................................... 75
5.4.10. Replacement of plastics and other organic material .......................................................................... 75
5.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 75
6
6. Impact on Long-term reliability - Lifetime Management ....................................... 76

6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 76
6.2 Key pillars of Long-term Reliability........................................................................................................ 76
6.2.1. Design Countermeasures to ensure long-term reliability Outdoor GIS .............................................. 76
6.2.2. Manufacturing & Installation (Including Transportation & storage) Countermeasures to ensure long-
term reliability outdoor GIS ............................................................................................................................ 77
6.2.3. Operation & maintenance countermeasures to ensure long-term reliability outdoor GIS................... 77
6.3 Lifetime Management .............................................................................................................................. 78
6.3.1. Design / Maintenance records review ................................................................................................ 79
6.3.2. Preliminary checks ............................................................................................................................. 80
6.3.3. Detailed investigation ......................................................................................................................... 81
6.3.4. Special tests (If needed) .................................................................................................................... 81
6.3.5. Residual life assessment ................................................................................................................... 81
6.3.6. Life extension / replacement strategy ................................................................................................ 82
6.3.6.1. Prepare an assessment report ........................................................................................................... 82
6.3.6.2. Special maintenance measures for outdoor GIS (by user) ................................................................ 82
6.4 PDCA cycle quality assurance in GIS .................................................................................................... 83
6.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 84
7. Economic Evaluation (outdoor vs indoor) ............................................................. 86

7.1. Project Life cycle Cost ............................................................................................................................ 86
7.2. Life cycle - acquisition cost .................................................................................................................... 86
7.2.1. Elements related to acquisition cost of GIS substation ...................................................................... 86
7.2.2. Economic evaluation related to acquisition cost of GIS substation .................................................... 88
7.3. Life cycle - ownership cost ..................................................................................................................... 88
7.3.1. Elements related to ownership cost of GIS substation ....................................................................... 88
7.3.2. Economic evaluation related to ownership cost of GIS substation ..................................................... 89
7.4. Life cycle - retirement cost ..................................................................................................................... 91
7.4.1. Elements related to retirement cost of GIS substation ....................................................................... 91
7.4.2. Economic evaluation related to retirement cost of GIS substation ..................................................... 91
7.5. Recommendations/countermeasures to reduce life cycle cost of outdoor GIS vs. indoor GIS ....... 91
8. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 93
Appendix A. Definitions, abbreviations and symbols ..................................................... 95

A.1. Specific terms and definitions ................................................................................................................ 95
A.2. Acronyms ................................................................................................................................................. 97
A.3. Indoor and outdoor installations of GIS and MTS ................................................................................ 98
A.4. Mixed Technology Switchgears (MTS) .................................................................................................. 98
Appendix B. Links and references ................................................................................. 101
Appendix C. Case studies............................................................................................... 103

C.1. An up-rating project from 275kV AIS to GIS with up-rating from 50kA to 63 kA .............................. 103
C.2. A refurbishment project of 500/275kV AIS substation [B36] ............................................................. 105
C.3. Establishing new outdoor substation with limited land area [B35] ................................................... 106
C.4. Interviews regarding local requirements of outdoor and indoor GIS ............................................... 108
The reasons for the spread of outdoor GIS in Japan ..................................................................................... 108
The reasons for the spread of indoor GIS in Spain ........................................................................................ 108
Market requirements in Korea ........................................................................................................................ 109
The reasons for the spread of indoor GIS in France ...................................................................................... 109
7
Appendix D. GIS Inspection and Maintenance Intervals............................................... 110

D.1. Typical minimum manufacturer required inspection and maintenance services and intervals ..... 110
Routine inspection and maintenance services and intervals for all components based on time .................... 110
Routine inspection and maintenance services and intervals for switching components based on time and wear
111
Major maintenance services and intervals for switching components based on time and wear ..................... 111
D.2. Typical minimum manufacturer required routine inspection menu and intervals in each region from
manufacturer perspective ................................................................................................................................. 112
Japan case: Indoor/ outdoor common ............................................................................................................ 112
US case for outdoor GIS ................................................................................................................................ 116
Europe case for indoor/ outdoor GIS common ............................................................................................... 120
MTS case for outdoor .................................................................................................................................... 125
Appendix E. Survey results ............................................................................................ 129

E.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 129
E.2. Analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 129
E.3. Questionnaire – MARKET REQUIREMENTS GIS ................................................................................ 133
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Figures and Illustrations

Figure 1-1 An example of indoor GIS with outdoor components outside of a building ........................ 12
Figure 3-1 Example of MTS.................................................................................................................. 26
Figure 3-2 Distribution of GIS service experience for indoor and outdoor GIS .................................... 27
Figure 4-1 Failure primary cause in category division - Refer CIGRE TB 513 .................................... 29
Figure 4-2 Summary of environmental stresses contribution to MiF & MaF - Refer CIGRE TB 513 ... 29
Figure 4-3 Pure SF6 and SF6 mixture saturation curves ...................................................................... 32
Figure 4-4 Water precipitate in SF6 ...................................................................................................... 32
Figure 4-5 245kV dead tank circuit breaker with blanket heater for low temperature applications ...... 33
Figure 4-6 Damage of blanket heater caused by improper treatment of cast joints ............................ 33
Figure 4-7 Heater installation in a dead tank circuit breaker ................................................................ 34
Figure 4-8 Temperature simulation in circuit breaker ........................................................................... 34
Figure 4-9 Compression set determination .......................................................................................... 36
Figure 4-10 Cumulative distribution of compression set of EPDM O-rings (30-year conversion value)
............................................................................................................................................................... 36
Figure 4-11 Application of 550 kV bellows with long GIB ..................................................................... 38
Figure 4-12 Heater and insulation medium installed in local control cubicle ....................................... 40
Figure 4-13 Ventilation duct for local control cubicle ............................................................................ 40
Figure 4-14 Additional caulking at cable entry in low voltage control cubicle ...................................... 40
Figure 4-15 Application of sunshade to the 380 kV GIB ...................................................................... 43
Figure 4-16 Sun cover to reduce UV degradation of density switch polycarbonate gauge (10 - 12
years degrade) ...................................................................................................................................... 43
Figure 4-17 The remote gas density monitoring system without indicators ......................................... 44
Figure 4-18 Plastic cover of operation counter ..................................................................................... 44
Figure 4-19 Flange and O-ring channel corrosion................................................................................ 45
Figure 4-20 Corrosions on GIS flange surfaces for single & double sealing systems ......................... 47
Figure 4-21 Example of double sealing systems (Metal flange - metal flange) ................................... 48
Figure 4-22 Example of double sealing systems (including insulation partition) .................................. 48
Figure 4-23 168 kV GIS installed on a frame support .......................................................................... 49
Figure 4-24 Result of seismic analysis with the actual seismic design force ....................................... 49
Figure 4-25 Example of 300kV GIS installed in snowy areas in Japan ............................................... 51
Figure 4-26 The special top covers/ asymmetrical roof in snowy areas to allow the snow to fall easily
............................................................................................................................................................... 52
Figure 4-27 Snow cover for mechanical link between phases ............................................................. 52
Figure 4-28 Snow cover for bellows ..................................................................................................... 52
Figure 4-29 Snow cover for gas pipe ................................................................................................... 52
Figure 4-30 Shield comparison in bushings ......................................................................................... 53
Figure 4-31 Test setup for performing Ingress Protection (IP) testing ................................................. 53
Figure 4-32 Water sprayer for removing snow from roads ................................................................... 54
Figure 4-33 72 kV outdoor GIS in geothermal power plant .................................................................. 54
Figure 4-34 168 kV outdoor GIS in geothermal power plant ................................................................ 54
Figure 4-35 300 kV outdoor GIS in metropolitan industrial area .......................................................... 55
Figure 4-36 Example of gasket for low voltage compartment .............................................................. 57
Figure 4-37 Pressure relief device (PRD) damaged by bee ................................................................ 60
Figure 5-1 Micro-leak detection system ............................................................................................... 72
Figure 5-2 Gas leakage detection system on outdoor equipment ........................................................ 72
Figure 5-3 SF6 leak detection user interface in control room ............................................................... 72
Figure 5-4 Temporary bracket for SF6 leakage reduction .................................................................... 73
Figure 5-5 Temporary SF6 leak repair method ..................................................................................... 73
Figure 6-1 3 key stages / pillars to ensure product reliability ............................................................... 76
Figure 6-2 Lifetime management strategy flowchart ............................................................................ 79
Figure 6-3 Life extension / replacement decision making process ...................................................... 83
Figure 6-4 PDCA cycle quality assurance in GIS operation & maintenance ....................................... 84
Figure 7-1 Basic concepts of substation acquisition cost breakdown .................................................. 88
App Figure 1 Examples of compact switchgear assemblies ................................................................ 99

App Figure 2 Explanation of mixed technology switchgear (MTS) ....................................................... 99
App Figure 3 Up-rating project of existing 300 kV - 50 kA AIS substation ......................................... 103
App Figure 4 Non-standard vertical arrangement of the busbars ...................................................... 104
9
App Figure 5 New designed GIS ........................................................................................................ 104

App Figure 6 New-designed GIS (cross sectional view) .................................................................... 105
App Figure 7 A refurbishment project of 500/275 kV AIS substation - before refurbishment ............ 105
App Figure 8 An uprating project of 500/275 kV AIS substation - after refurbishment ...................... 106
App Figure 9 GIS under construction ................................................................................................. 106
App Figure 10 Construction of an outdoor GIS substation installed within limited area .................... 107
App Figure 11 275 kV - 300 MVA gas insulated substation in an urban area ................................... 107
App Figure 12 Origin of the participants (Q2) ..................................................................................... 129
App Figure 13 Experience over the decades classified according to the rated voltage level (Q1) .... 130
App Figure 14 Experience for the rated voltage classes .................................................................... 130
App Figure 15 Preferred technology in indoor and outdoor dominated market (Q7) ......................... 131
App Figure 16 Policy for decision between indoor and outdoor GIS (Q3) ......................................... 132
App Figure 17 What is your utility's approach to maintenance strategy? (Q10) ................................ 132
App Figure 18 Do your maintenance guideline follow the OEM's instruction manual ? ..................... 133
Tables
Table 2-1 Service conditions relevant to outdoor GIS .......................................................................... 14
Table 2-2 Query service conditions ...................................................................................................... 15
Table 2-3 Main general parameters for insulator/bushing selection and dimensioning ....................... 16
Table 2-4 Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in IEC ......................................................................... 17
Table 2-5 IEC/TS 60815-1: Table J.1 - Correspondence between specific creepage distance and
unified specific creepage distance (USCD) ........................................................................................... 17
Table 2-6 Example of typical environments ......................................................................................... 17
Table 2-7 Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in IEEE ...................................................................... 18
Table 2-8 Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in GOST .................................................................... 20
Table 2-9 Site pollution severity classes in GB/T ................................................................................. 20
Table 2-10 Site pollution severity classes in JEC................................................................................. 20
Table 2-11 Minimum nominal specific distance for ceramic insulator (in Japan) ................................. 21
Table 2-12 Pollution test voltage .......................................................................................................... 21
Table 2-13 Corrosivity categories C1 - CX ........................................................................................... 22
Table 2-14 Corrosivity categories according to ISO 12944-2:2017 (E) ............................................... 22
Table 2-15 Other standards relevant to outdoor GIS ........................................................................... 23
Table 4-1 Categories of failure primary cause - Refer CIGRE TB 513 ................................................ 28
Table 4-2 Contribution of environmental stress to MiF & MaF - Refer CIGRE TB 513....................... 30
Table 4-3 Environmental factors affecting GIS performance ............................................................... 30
Table 4-4 Impact of environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (low temperature) .. 34
Table 4-5 Impact of environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (high temperature) 35
Table 4-6 Estimated lifetime of O-ring materials .................................................................................. 36
Table 4-7 Impact of environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (humidity) .............. 38
Table 4-8 Impact of environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (solar radiation) ..... 41
Table 4-9 Impact of environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (Rainwater) ........... 44
Table 4-10 Summary of reported leaks ................................................................................................ 46
Table 4-11 Mapping to failure modes for deterioration (corrosion) of flanges and O-rings ................. 46
Table 4-12 Impact on environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (snow and ice) ... 50
Table 4-13 Impact of environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (industrial/ salt
pollution, corrosive gas) ......................................................................................................................... 55
Table 4-14 Impact of environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (vermin/ insect) ... 59
Table 4-15 Impact of environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (strong wind) ....... 60
Table 4-16 Impact of environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (sand/ dust) ......... 61
Table 4-17 Actual magnetic field measured at 440 substations ........................................................... 62
Table 6-1 Design countermeasures to endure long term reliability of outdoor GIS ............................. 76
Table 6-2 Manufacturing & installation countermeasures to ensure long term reliability of outdoor GIS
............................................................................................................................................................... 77
Table 6-3 Operation & maintenance countermeasures to ensure long term reliability of outdoor GIS 78
Table 7-1 Elements related to acquisition cost of GIS substation ........................................................ 87
Table 7-2 Elements related to ownership cost of GIS substation ........................................................ 90
Table 7-3 Elements related to retirement cost of GIS substation ......................................................... 91
App Table 1 Specific terms and definitions ......................................................................................... 95
10
App Table 2 Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... 97

App Table 3 Indoor and outdoor installations of GIS and MTS ............................................................ 98
App Table 4 Comparison of layout and features of GIT and OIT ....................................................... 108
App Table 5 Minimum manufacturer required routine inspection and maintenance services and
intervals for all components (based on time) ....................................................................................... 110
App Table 6 Minimum manufacturer required routine inspection and maintenance services and
intervals for switching components (based on time and wear) ........................................................... 111
App Table 7 Minimum manufacturer required major maintenance services and intervals for switching
components (based on time and wear) ............................................................................................... 111
App Table 8 Minimum manufacturer required routine inspection menu and intervals for all
components from manufacturer perspective (Japan case: Indoor/ outdoor common)........................ 112
components from manufacture perspective (US case for outdoor GIS) ............................................. 116
App Table 10 Minimum manufacture required routine inspection menu and intervals for all
components from manufacturer perspective (Europe case for indoor/ outdoor GIS common) .......... 120
components from manufacturer perspective (MTS case for outdoor) ................................................. 125
Equations
Equation 7-1 .......................................................................................................................................... 86
11
1. Introduction
Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) is applied throughout the world since the late 1960s because of its
excellent features such as compactness, encapsulated electrical components and to avoid
environmental pollution and personnel safety with less exposed high-voltage components. Because of
its compactness, GIS with higher ratings can be used for the replacement of Air Insulated Switchgear
(AIS) in the event of growing power demand or for the application of a higher transmission voltage
without additional space requirements.
Statistically, most of the GIS installations operated in the world are indoor (Refer to CIGRE TB 513
[B9] etc.), consequently information on the substation design, construction, operation and
maintenance experience of indoor GIS might be more readily available than for outdoor GIS. An
outdoor GIS is exposed to environmental conditions (rain, snow, sunshine, salt contamination etc.),
and its corrosion and deterioration is accelerated when compared to indoor GIS. An appropriate
maintenance regime is therefore the key to success for long-term operation of outdoor GIS with high
reliability.
Until today, there are less publications available in which a comparison is made between indoor and
outdoor GIS use based on facts and proven experience. In addition, it is noted that indoor GIS also
has Gas Insulated Bus (GIB) and bushings for overhead transmission lines (OHL) which are generally
located in exposed outdoor environmental conditions. In this regard, those who operate indoor GIS
may be interested in this topic. (Figure 1-1).
GIS Building
Bushing
Outdoor GIS Indoor GIS
Outdoor Indoor
GIS Building
Sectional View of 400kV GIS
Figure 1-1 An example of indoor GIS with outdoor components outside of a building
The work is to cover ‘Outdoor HV GIS including Mixed Technology Switchgear (MTS)’ and will
consider the following issues compared with indoor use:
 Market and standard requirements for outdoor GIS;
 Impact on GIS design including HV connection, layout, foundation and overall substation design;
 Impact on long-term reliability such as tightness/corrosion behaviour, impact on environmental
conditions such as solar radiation effect, rain, snow, industrial pollution, etc.;
 Impact on operation and maintenance strategy to ensure the outdoor resistance; and
 Economic evaluation (outdoor vs indoor) - initial and life cycle cost during installation,
maintenance, refurbishment and replacement.
Benefits of this work include the following:
 Recommendations for manufacturers and users to increase reliability of outdoor GIS and give
guidance in case of feasible Standard and Regulation optimization;
12
 Optimization of outdoor GIS design and their maintenance strategy in order to reduce failure rate
and maintenance cost of equipment;
 Reduction of the risk of power system outages, and improvement of grid availability and business
opportunity of TSO.
In the Technical Brochure the following is included:

Chapter 2 surveys IEC international standards and national standards worldwide and describes the
results of the survey regarding technical requirement differences for standards between indoor GIS
and outdoor GIS.
Chapter 3 describes the results of a survey of market requirements for outdoor GIS in terms of
business, technology, and environmental drivers and local market requirements. The results of the
survey are described.
Chapter 4 describes the various environmental factors that have a significant impact on the
performance of outdoor GIS and gives many examples of their adverse effects and design measures.
As outdoor environmental conditions are more severe than indoor conditions, users are encouraged to
consider the specification of their outdoor GIS to avoid problems. This chapter may also assist
manufacturers to optimise the design of outdoor GIS to ensure the same long-term reliability as indoor
GIS. Experience in several countries where outdoor GISs are predominantly used has demonstrated
that proper design can ensure the long-term operation of outdoor GIS equipment.
Chapter 5 summarises the implications for operations and maintenance policies to ensure outdoor
resilience. This chapter also summarises the expected impact on operation and maintenance policy to
ensure the performance of outdoor GIS and MTS devices.
Chapter 6 describes GIS management from the long-time reliability point of view. It is important to
perform thorough and comprehensive assessments of the GIS at regular intervals throughout the life
cycle of the equipment. This determination is highly dependent on many factors, including severity of
the outdoor environment, maintenance proficiency, exposure to severe temperature changes,
exposure to pollutants or corrosive air, physical security requirements for the facility and other factors.
Chapter 7 describes the economic evaluation between outdoor and indoor GIS based on their Life
cycle Cost. To maintain high levels of power quality and reliability, appropriate GIS performance and
maintenance activities are critical and there are cost implications in each stage of product life cycle.
Notes:
It is considered that there are many examples of service experience of outdoor HV GIS with rated
voltage >52 kV. In this Working group, the scope will be focused on outdoor HV GIS, but the study
result should be useful to all voltage class outdoor GIS.
The preparation of this technical brochure is a result of the voluntary contribution of the Working group
Members listed earlier in this document and their various national and corporate supporters and
reviewers.
13
2. Standards, Guidelines and relevant technical

documents
This chapter summarizes the essential requirements for the application of outdoor GIS (and MTS)
based on national and international standards. It reflects the main environmental parameters, which
need to be considered and is therefore essential for the engineering and design of the equipment
suitable for a typical outdoor substation.
2.1. Service conditions relevant to outdoor GIS
Table 2-1 Service conditions relevant to outdoor GIS
Standard: IEC IEEE JEC GOST ES GB/T

Normal Normal National National National National
Standard Standard Standard Standard
(Special) (Special)
In Japan in Russia in Korea in China
Parameter
Altitude (m) 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000

special: special: special:
>1 000 >1 000 >1 000
Ambient air -25 or -30 -20 -45 or -60 -25 -10, -25, -30
temperature: -40 or -40
special: -40 or -50 special: acc GOST
special:-50
special: -50 <-20 15150-69
Minimum (°C) Mild
application: +40 +40
+40 +40 +40
+40, -45
Special: Separately special: +50
Maximum (°C) special: +50 special: +50 or special:
Mild/Cold specify for each
+55 >40
application: case
+40, -60
+40
Solar radiation 1 000 1 044 1 000 NA NA 1 000

(W/m2)
special: special: special: special:
>1 000 >1 044 >1 000 >1 000
Site pollution c level II A,B,C,D,E I,II,III,IV No specific value, II

severity a and but described as
special: special: acc GOST special: III and
Special "Not highly
d or e level III or IV 9920 IV
polluted area"
See I: 1,5/1,6
See See (To be checked See
Table 2-10 cm/kV
Table 2-4 Table 2-7 again) Table 2-9
II: 2.0/2.25
cm/kV But there are
III: 2.5 cm/kV complicated
IV: 3.1 cm/kV painting
requirements.
See
Table 2-8
Ice coating 1, 10 or 20 1, 10 or 20 Not 20mm and NA 10 or 20

(mm) specified wind up to
special: >20 special: >20 special: >20
15m/s
14
Standard: IEC IEEE JEC GOST ES GB/T

Normal Normal National National National National
Standard Standard Standard Standard
(Special) (Special)
In Japan in Russia in Korea in China
Parameter
Wind (m/s) 34 40 40 40 40 34
special: >34 special: >40 special: special:
>40 >34
Humidity (%) 100 100 100 100 NA 100

(External
parts)
Condensation Yes Yes Yes Yes NA yes

or (External
precipitation parts)
Seismic 2,3,5 None 5 0,2g to 0,5g 0.154g to 0.253g 2, 3, 5 (ZPA=2,

(AF Acc IEC/TR 3, 5 m/s2)
Acc IEC/ TR (IEEE Std not generally Acc. to internal
qualification 62271-
62271- 693TM:2018 Low, regulated in design criteria Acc GB/T
level) 300:2006
300:2006/ IEC Moderate or High the GOST. depending on soil 13540:2009
62271- seismic condition and
Depending on
207:2012 qualification earthquake zone.
the region
level)
(The requirement
was updated at
2022.06)
a
(IEC) Site pollution severity c, d or e according to IEC/TS 60815-1, 8.3.
a
(IEEE) Site pollution severity according to IEEE Std C37.100.1TM, Table C.1
2.2. Technical information to be exchanged between user and supplier

According to IEC 62271-1:2021 and IEC 62271-203:2022, technical information on the service
conditions should be exchanged.
Table 2-2 Query service conditions
User requirements Supplier proposals

Service condition Unit
* *
Ambient air temperature:

Minimum °C
Maximum °C
Solar radiation W/m2
Altitude m
Pollution Class
Ice coating mm
Wind m/s
Humidity %
Condensation or precipitation
15
User requirements Supplier proposals

Service condition Unit
* *
Vibration Class
Induced electromagnetic disturbance in

kV
secondary system
Remark: *) Content to be filled during project
GIS mainly consists of metallic materials (steel, aluminum), which are subjected to corrosion
depending on the severity of the environment. Corrosion must be avoided as it has a negative impact
on the proper functioning of the GIS, for example corrosion on sealing surfaces eventually results in
gas leakage, or corrosion on contact surfaces reduces the current carrying capacity.
The table contains no information on the corrosivity of the environment where the substation is
installed. For the proper engineering and design of the substation, it is recommended to additionally
provide information on the corrosivity of the environment (e.g., corrosivity category according to ISO
9223:2012).
Table 2-3 Main general parameters for insulator/bushing selection and dimensioning
System requirements Environmental conditions Insulator parameters
Type of system: Pollution types and levels: Overall length:
Maximum operating voltage

Rain, fog, dew, snow and ice a) Type
across the insulation
Wind, storms Material

Insulation co-ordination parameters
Temperature, humidity Profile
Imposed performance requirements Altitude Creepage distance
Clearances, imposed geometry, Lightning, earthquakes Diameters

dimensions Vandalism, animals Arcing distance
Live line working and maintenance Mechanical and electrical

Biological growths
practice design
a) Non pollution related parameters are given in italics and are not dealt with in this technical
specification; however, they may influence or limit the choice of the type of insulator to be used.
IEC/TS 60815-1 Edition 1.0 2008: Table 2 - Input parameters for insulator selection and dimensioning
2.3. Site pollution severity

2.3.1. Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in IEC
For the purposes of standardization, the IEC standards define five classes of pollution, from very light
to very heavy. They are directly linked to the site pollution severity (SPS).
16
Table 2-4 Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in IEC
Minimum Nominal Specific

Site pollution Site pollution Examples of typical Creepage Distance
severity (SPS) severity class environments 1)
(mm/kV)
a Very light E1 <16
b Light E2 16
c Medium E3, E4 20
d Heavy E5, E6 25
e Very heavy E7 31 a)
Note 1: The letters a to e are referred to as Site pollution severity (SPS), whereas the classes Very
light to Very heavy are referred to as Site pollution (SPS) classes.
1) Examples of typical environments where the GIS can be installed are given in IEC 62271-1 and
IEC TS 60815-1, referred to as E1 to E7
a) In the case of exceptional pollution severity, a nominal specific creepage distance of 31 mm/kV
line-to-line may not be adequate. Depending on service experience and/or on laboratory test
results, a higher value of nominal specific creepage distance can be used, but in some instances
the practicability of washing or greasing may have to be considered.
Table 2-5 IEC/TS 60815-1: Table J.1 - Correspondence between specific creepage distance
and unified specific creepage distance (USCD)
Specific creepage distance for three-phase a.c. systems USCD

(mm/kV) (mm/kV)
12,7 22,0
16 27,8
20 34,7
25 43,3
31 53,7
The site pollution severity (SPS) classes are relevant for selecting and design of the insulators. It
should be specified with enquiries, tenders and orders.
Table 2-6 Example of typical environments
Example Description of typical environments
> 50 km a) from any sea, desert, or open dry land

> 10 km from man-made pollution sources. b)
E1 Within a shorter distance than mentioned above of pollution sources, but:
• prevailing wind not directly from these pollution sources
• and/or with regular monthly rain washing
E2 10-50 km a) from the sea, a desert, or open dry land

5-10 km from man-made pollution sources. b)
17
Example Description of typical environments
Within a shorter distance than E1 from pollution sources, but:

3-10 km c) from the sea, a desert, or open dry land

1-5 km from man-made pollution sources. b)
E3 Within a shorter distance than mentioned above of pollution sources, but:
Further away from pollution sources than mentioned in E3, but:

• dense fog (or drizzle) often occurs after a long (several weeks or months) dry
E4 pollution accumulation season
• and/or heavy, high conductivity rain occurs
• and/or there is a high NSDD level, between 5 and 10 times the ESDD
Within 3 km c) of the sea, a desert, or open dry land

E5
Within 1 km of man-made pollution sources. b)
With a greater distance from pollution sources than mentioned in E5, but:
• dense fog (or drizzle) often occurs after a long (several weeks or months) dry
E6 pollution accumulation season
• and/or there is a high NSDD level, between 5 and 10 times the ESDD
Within the same distance of pollution sources as specified for “heavy” areas and:
• directly subjected to sea-spray or dense saline fog
E7 • or directly subjected to contaminants with high conductivity, or cement type
dust with high density, and with frequent wetting by fog or drizzle
• desert areas with fast accumulation of sand and salt, and regular condensation
a) During a storm, the ESDD level at such a distance from the sea may reach a much higher
level.
b) The presence of a major city will have an influence over a longer distance, i.e., the distance
specified for sea, desert and dry land.
c) Depending on the topography of the coastal area and the wind intensity
2.3.2. Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in IEEE

IEEE Std C37.100.1TM-2018 defines common requirements for high-voltage power switchgear rated
above 1000 V. IEEE Std C37.122TM-2021 is the standard for high-voltage gas-insulated substations
rated above 52 kV and refers to IEEE Std C37.100.1TM-2018 for matters related to normal (usual) and
special (unusual) service conditions. Table 2-7 is a consolidation of Table C.1 and Table C.2 from
IEEE Std C37.100.1TM-2018 describing the pollution level designation, typical environmental attributes
and corresponding specific creepage distance.
Table 2-7 Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in IEEE

Pollution Creepage Distance
Examples of Typical Environments
Level (mm/kV of line-to-line
voltage) See NOTE 1
Areas without industries and with low density of houses

I (Light) 16
equipped with heating plants.
18

Pollution Creepage Distance
Examples of Typical Environments
Level (mm/kV of line-to-line
voltage) See NOTE 1
Areas with low density of industries or houses but subjected to

frequent winds and/or rainfall.
Agricultural areasa.
Mountainous areas.
All these areas shall be situated at least 10 km to 20 km from the
sea and shall not be exposed to winds directly from the seab.
Areas with industries not producing particularly polluting smoke

and/or with average density of houses equipped with heating
plants.
II
Areas with high density of houses and/or industries but subjected 20
(Medium)
to frequent winds and/or rainfall.
Areas exposed to wind from the sea but not too close to the
coast (at least several kilometers distant)b.
Areas with high density of industries and/or suburbs of large

cities with high density of heating plants producing pollution.
III (Heavy) 25
Areas close to the sea or in any case exposed to relatively strong
winds from the seab.
Areas generally of moderate extent, subjected to conductive

dusts and to industrial smoke producing particularly thick
conductive deposits.
Areas generally of moderate extent, very close to the coast and
IV (Very
exposed to sea-spray or to very strong and polluting winds from 31
Heavy)
the sea.
Desert areas, characterized by no rain for long periods, exposed
to strong winds carrying sand and salt, and subjected to regular
condensation.
NOTE 1 - In very lightly polluted areas, nominal specific creepage distances lower than 16 mm/kV line-to-
line can be used depending upon the service experience. A specific creepage distance below 12
mm/kV line-to-line is not recommended.
NOTE 2 - In the case of exceptional pollution severity, a nominal specific creepage distance of 31 mm/kV
line-to-line may not be adequate. Depending on service experience and/or on laboratory test
results, a higher value of nominal specific creepage distance can be used, but in some instances
the practicability of washing or greasing may have to be considered.
NOTE 3 - The specific creepage distance values given in this table are for insulators between phase and
ground; they are the same as those given in Table 1 of IEC 60071-2:1996.
NOTE 4 - The specific creepage distance values given in this table apply to glass and ceramic insulators.
Values for other materials are under consideration.
a
The use of fertilizers by spraying or the burning of crop residues can lead to a higher pollution level due to
dispersal by wind.
b
Distances from seacoast depend on the topography of the coastal area and on the extreme wind conditions.
19
2.3.3. Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in GOST (National standard in Russia)
Table 2-8 Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in GOST
Minimum Nominal Specific Creepage Distance

Site pollution severity (SPS)
(cm/kV)
I 1,5/1,6
II 2.0/2.25
III 2.5
IV 3.1
2.3.4. Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in GB/T (National standard in China)
Table 2-9 Site pollution severity classes in GB/T

Site pollution Site pollution Examples of typical Creepage Distance2)
severity (SPS) severity class environments1)
(mm/kV)
a Very light E1 <16
b Light E2 16
c Medium E3, E4 20
d Heavy E5, E6 25
e Very heavy E7 31
Note 1: Examples of typical environments where the GIS can be installed are given in GB/T 26218.1-2010
referred to as E1 to E7
Note 2: The value of Creepage Distance is suitable for a three-phase AC Systems
2.3.5. Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in JEC (National standard in Japan)
In Japan, the degree of pollution is classified according to the salt deposition density (Refer Table
2-10). The minimum nominal specific creepage distance of insulators required for each salt deposition
density is calculated in Table 2-11, where the pollution test voltage (E) shown in Table 2-11 uses the
values shown in Table 2-12.
Table 2-10 Site pollution severity classes in JEC
Assumed salt deposition density

Category
(mg/cm2)
A (Very Low) Under 0.01
B (Low) 0.01 ~ 0.03
C (Medium) 0.03 ~ 0.06
D (Heavy) 0.06 ~ 0.12
20
Assumed salt deposition density

Category
(mg/cm2)
E (Very Heavy) 0.12 ~ 0.35
Special Over 0.35
Table 2-11 Minimum nominal specific distance for ceramic insulator (in Japan)
System voltage and Minimum Nominal Specific Creepage Distance

mean diameter of Assumed salt deposition
density (mg/cm2) (㎜/kV)
insulator D (㎜)
0.005 L／E≧-0.0000168D2+0.0421D+11.18
1) 195.5～1 100 kV 0.03 L／E≧(-0.0000173D2+0.0547D+18.04)×(0.5+6.93D-0.5522)0.2

and D＞250 mm
0.06 L／E≧(-0.0000363D2+0.0801D+18.82) ×(0.5+6.93D-0.5522)0.2
2) <161 kV
and all diameter 0.12 L／E≧(-0.000037D2+0.0864D+23.23) ×(0.5+6.93D-0.5522)0.2
0.35 L／E≧(-0.0000504D2+0.1119D+27.46) ×(0.5+6.93D-0.5522)0.2
0.005 L／E≧-0.0000184D2+0.0467D+12.39
0.03 L／E≧(-0.0000192D2+0.0607D+20) ×(0.5+6.93D-0.5522)0.2

195.5～1 100 kV
0.06 L／E≧(-0.0000403D2+0.0888D+20.87) ×(0.5+6.93D-0.5522)0.2
and D≦250 mm
0.12 L／E≧(-0.000041D2+0.0958D+25.76) ×(0.5+6.93D-0.5522)0.2
0.35 L／E≧(-0.000056D2+0.1243D+30.51) ×(0.5+6.93D-0.5522)0.2
Note: E: Pollution test Voltage shown in Table 2-12, L: Creepage distance, D: Mean diameter of insulator
Table 2-12 Pollution test voltage
Rated Voltage of switchgear Pollution test voltage

(kV) (kV)
72 69
84 80.5
120 115
168 161
204 141
240 166
300 208
550 381
1 100 762
21
2.3.6. Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in KS (National standard in Korea)

The site pollution severity classes mentioned in the KS standard containing the same values as
described by the IEC standard (reference to Table 2-4 and Table 2-5).
2.4. Corrosivity of the environment

2.4.1. Corrosivity category according to ISO standards
The international standard ISO 9223 specifies the key factors in the atmospheric corrosion of metals
and alloys, which are the temperature-humidity complex, pollution by Sulphur dioxide and airborne
salinity. Table 2-13 defines corrosivity categories C1 - CX.
Table 2-13 Corrosivity categories C1 - CX
Category Corrosivity
C1 Very low
C2 Low
C3 Medium
C4 High
C5 Very high
CX Extreme
Table 2-14 Corrosivity categories according to ISO 12944-2:2017 (E)
Mass loss per unit surface/thickness loss Examples of typical environments

(after first year of exposure) (informative only)
Corrosivity
category Low-carbon steel Zinc
Mass loss Thickness Mass loss Thickness Exterior Interior

g/m2 loss µm g/m2 loss µm
C1 heated buildings with clean

≤ 10 ≤ 1,3 ≤ 0,7 ≤ 0,1 - atmospheres, e.g., offices,
very low shops, schools, hotels
C2 Atmospheres with low Unheated buildings where

> 10 to > 1,3 to
> 0,7 to 5 > 0,1 to 0,7 level of pollution: mostly condensation can occur, e.g.,
low 200 25
rural areas depots, sport halls
Urban and industrial Production rooms with high

C3 atmospheres, moderate humidity and some air
> 200 to
> 25 to 50 > 5 to 15 > 0,7 to 2,1 sulfur dioxide pollution; pollution, e.g., food-processing
Medium 400
coastal areas with lower plants, laundries, breweries,
salinity diaries
C4 Industrial areas and Chemical plants, swimming

> 400 to
> 50 to 80 > 15 to 30 > 2,1 to 4,2 coastal areas with pools, coastal ship and
high 650
moderate salinity boatyards
C5 > 650 to Industrial areas with Buildings or areas with almost

> 80 to
> 30 to 60 > 4,2 to 8,4 high humidity and permanent condensation and
very high 1 500 200
aggressive atmosphere with high pollution
22
Mass loss per unit surface/thickness loss Examples of typical environments

(after first year of exposure) (informative only)
Corrosivity
category Low-carbon steel Zinc
Mass loss Thickness Mass loss Thickness Exterior Interior

g/m2 loss µm g/m2 loss µm
and coastal areas with

high salinity
Offshore areas with high

CX salinity and industrial
> 1 500 to areas with extreme Industrial areas with extreme
extreme > 200 to > 60 to
> 8,4 to 25 humidity and aggressive humidity and aggressive
5 500 700 180
this category atmosphere and atmosphere
added in 2018 subtropical and tropical
atmospheres
NOTE: The loss values used for the corrosivity categories are identical to those given in the ISO 9223
Remark: Site pollution severity class is defined by the amount of solid and gaseous pollution whereas the
corrosivity classes are defined by the rate of material loss of specific metals. There is no direct link between the
two concepts.
We can assume that environments that have a high site pollution severity typically also have a high corrosivity
category but there is no direct correlation. Both information is required separately for the engineering and design
of a substation.
2.4.2. Other standards
Table 2-15 Other standards relevant to outdoor GIS
# Standard Title
ASTM -American Society for Testing and Metals described in B, C and G

1
(US, Latin America) categories
NACE Corrosion Standards -National Association of Corrosion

2
Engineers (US)
AMPP Standards -the Association for Materials Protection and

3
Performance (US)
23
3. Market requirements for outdoor GIS

Market requirements are requirements or needs of the customer or system operator, which are
referred to collectively as utilities in the following. The business relevant needs of the utilities, which
are valid for indoor GIS, are also valid for outdoor GIS. They can be described as follows:
• High availability, reliability and operational flexibility

• Environmental requirements, for instance regarding health and safety or the ecological
footprint
• Minimum life cycle costs: Incorporating acquisition, ownership and retirement costs
• Compact solutions for existing areas
Beyond these general requirements, there are developments which lead to a change in the market
requirements of outdoor GIS. The worldwide energy sector is undergoing major structural changes.
There is a need for highly resilient switchgear. There is a desire to eliminate harmful 'greenhouse
gases and there is a need to connect a diverse set of alternative sources of generation, such as wind,
solar, scalable nuclear etc. This leads to changing market requirements, which can be divided into the
categories business, technology, and environmental drivers. Therefore, relevant drivers will be
described in the following subchapters.
Furthermore, the analysis of the market requirements for GIS reveals a remarkable phenomenon. The
relative distribution of indoor and outdoor GIS is essentially dependent on the region of the installation
site. In many regions, indoor GIS dominates the market. However, there are regions, especially Japan,
where outdoor GIS dominates the market. Different environmental conditions cannot sufficiently
explain this phenomenon. To understand the existing differences of the local market requirements, a
survey was performed.
3.1. Business Drivers

3.1.1. Business environment surrounding utilities
The energy sector has been undergoing major structural changes in the past.
 The transmission system operators (TSO) and distribution system operators (DSO) are facing
many challenges due to the expansion of renewable energy such as higher utilization of
electrical networks and an overall more complex operation of power grids.
 The system operators are required to improve business value and ensure a stable supply of
electricity. In recent years, the digitalization of power equipment operations has progressed
rapidly. The concept of digitalizing the overall substation works such as planning, design,
construction, operation, and maintenance (O&M) will transform substation works and create
new value, improving the value of companies.
 There is a growing need for highly resilient networks that can recover quickly from natural, and
human caused physical and cyber threats.
 Reduced lead times are required in planning, design, manufacturing and commissioning and
improvement on service continuity for the maintenance, repair and extension of HV GIS
 Utilities are often moving towards increased outsourcing to specialized companies for design,
maintenance, recycling, and other services, many of which would have been considered as
core within previous organizations
 Electrification of developing countries
 The economic view is becoming more and more the major selection criteria for the TSOs and
DSOs. Therefore, the Life cycle Costs (LCC), which include the acquisition, ownership and
retirement costs become more important. Most important factors are the reliability of the
equipment, which has a significant influence on the ownership costs (e.g., cost of outage and
restoration), and the cost of operating and maintenance. A detailed comparison between the
LCC of indoor GIS and outdoor GIS is shown in Chapter 7.
Green Bonds can be used by TSO and DSO to finance assets. These Green Bonds must comply with
certain principles. Therefore, independent evaluations of the Green Bonds are carried out by second
24
partner opinion providers. In this context environmental aspects and life cycle assessments may
become more important in the future [B2].
3.2. Technology Drivers

It should be noted, that the evolution of outdoor GIS was and will be strongly connected to the overall
development of GIS. However, technology drivers which have a special meaning for outdoor GIS are
described in this chapter.
3.2.1. Concepts for service continuity from design and maintenance activities
The undergoing major structural changes in the energy sector industry leads in many regions to an
overall increasing utilization of the electrical energy grids. Consequentially, the reliability of equipment
needs to be ensured to keep the failure rate low. The difficulties of system operators to allow
shutdown times for maintenance- and service activities will oftentimes increase. This leads to rising
requirements regarding the service continuity of outdoor GIS described in CIGRE TB 870 [B3]. Limited
shutdown times can be specially challenging for maintenance- and service activities at outdoor GIS,
not to mention unplanned shutdown due to the abnormalities or failures of equipment. This is because
the duration of these activities depends on suitable environmental conditions, which may be
depending on weather conditions. Therefore, concepts for outdoor design, repair and maintenance
under difficult weather conditions become more important. Repair techniques and best practice
experiences for outdoor GIS and MTS are shown and described in subchapter 5.4.
3.2.2. Higher utilization of the electrical energy grids
Outdoor GIS technology has played an important role for the extension of existing substations with
limited land area, especially in the combination with Air Insulated Switchgear (AIS) in conventional
substations. The overall higher utilization of energy grids will. in many cases, require the
implementation of "new technologies", for instance FACTS, in the electrical grids and thereby into the
substations. References about the integration of new technologies into substations can be found in the
CIGRE TB 380 - The impact of new functionalities on substation design [B1]. These developments
lead to a growing importance for the application of outdoor GIS technology.
The following examples for renovation and refurbishment projects are also shown in the Appendix C -
case study:
 An up-rating project from 275kV AIS to GIS with up-rating from 50kA to 63 kA
 A refurbishment project of 500/275kV AIS substation [B36]
3.2.3. Expanding application of digital technology to GIS
To improve equipment reliability, availability and save maintenance cost of substation equipment, it
might be necessary to change from conventional time-based preventive maintenance to preventive
actions based on condition monitoring. For this purpose, technology that detects equipment
abnormalities in the early indication stage is a prerequisite. The following overview is an example of
some selected activities of working groups referring to Monitoring & Diagnostics on GIS and AIS
equipment. Example reports are available on e-cigré.org and are:
 Advanced on-site monitoring and diagnostics techniques for gas insulated switchgears (D1-
203_2008) [B4]
 Development of IoT Sensor System for Monitoring/Diagnosis of the Power Distribution System
(D2-312_2020) [B5]
 Development and implementation of Partial discharges on-line monitoring module in GIS 110
KV switchgears (D1-102_2020) [B6]
the following topics were particularly considered and discussed by the working group:
 Micro Gas Leakage Monitoring Technology (Refer subchapter 5.4.4)
3.3. Environmental Driver

3.3.1. Limited land areas for substations
Existing substations may often be located within or adjacent to cities. As the consolidation of areas in
and around highly populated cities is ongoing, the extension or rebuild of existing substations may
often be restricted by the extremely difficult land acquisition and limited areas around the existing
25
substations. Under such conditions compact solutions for existing substations are required. GIS
technology offers general advantages, as the required land area for a GIS substation will be only 10 -
20 % of the required equivalent AIS substation, considering only the switchgear [B7]. This advantage
is also valid for the outdoor GIS technology. Furthermore, outdoor GIS can be used instead for AIS
application within AIS substations. This is called mixed technology switchgear (MTS) and allows to
benefit from the advantages of the GIS technology, especially in case of substation rebuild or
extension. An example of MTS is shown in Figure 3-1. Indoor GIS and outdoor GIS may also be a
favorable solution for the establishment of new substations in areas with limited land area.
Figure 3-1 Example of MTS
In urban areas, it is very difficult to acquire new space for a large-capacity substation. The
compactness is one of the most important factors. Selected project examples are described in
Appendix C. (Refer C.3 Establishing new outdoor substation with limited land area [B35])
3.3.2. Global warming potential
SF6 gas is essential for transmission and distribution equipment and switchgear design, because of its
excellent dielectric, arc quenching, heat transfer and chemical recombination properties. SF6
significantly contributes to the reduction of the size of equipment and switchgear. In spite of these
technical advantages, SF6 has a high global warming potential. Therefore, SF6 gas leakage needs to
be minimized, especially for outdoor GIS which is more likely to degrade and cause gas leak due to
environmental factors as time passes. Appropriate measures must be taken to prevent unacceptable
gas leaks during the lifecycle of the outdoor GIS. Good practices are described in chapter 5. Due to
the mentioned disadvantage the development of alternatives to SF6 is ongoing. Detailed information
about the state of the art can be found in the CIGRE TB 802 [B8], which describes the needs for
adaptations or new requirements for the safe, reliable and sustainable application of non-SF6 gas
technologies and gas mixtures in gas-insulated switchgear. With the introduction of SF6 alternative gas
technologies, the composition of the total GWP of switchgear will change in the future. Outdoor GIS
can offer advantages in this respect as it is designed to withstand environmental conditions and
therefore air conditioning unit is not necessary. Furthermore, outdoor GIS does not require the
construction of a GIS building, which eliminates the GWP associated with the building. To better
understand the interrelationships at this point, life cycle assessments are required.
3.3.3. Other environmental drivers
Further environmental drivers, that may influence the decision for outdoor GIS are listed below:
 As outdoor GIS does not require a building, it has an overall improved ability to withstand
seismic conditions, if designed appropriately. The structure of the switchgear panels and the
associated distribution of the weights play an important role here. Depending on the seismic
conditions, the impact on design, engineering and testing should be considered according to
the specific local applicable standards, as shown in Table 2-1.This may be an important
selection criteria for utilities in areas with increased risk of earthquake hazards.
 The visual impact of outdoor GIS is reduced, in compared to indoor GIS, as the building
required for indoor GIS has usually an increased effect on the landscape. Outdoor GIS has a
reduced impact on the landscape compared to outdoor AIS due to the reduced space
requirements and the lower overall height.
26
 Outdoor GIS must be protected from naturally occurring environmental threats such as severe
storms and flooding.
 It should be taken into consideration that outdoor GIS is potentially exposed to human caused
threats such as vandalism and projectiles, as it is not protected within a building.
There are many other environmental factors, which can influence the performance of outdoor GIS. For
example low or high temperatures, humidity and condensation, solar radiation, rainwater, snow,
pollution or gases, etc. (see Table 2-1). Adequate measures for these environmental factors are
described in Chapter 4.
3.4. Local market requirements

An important aspect is that the market requirements for outdoor GIS vary widely throughout the world.
The statistical analysis in CIGRE TB 513 [B9] shows the relative distribution of GIS service experience
for indoor and outdoor GIS in different countries. In most countries indoor GIS dominates the service
experience, as approximately 89 % of the service experience was made with indoor GIS. This
indicates a high market share of indoor GIS in these countries. However, there are two countries #14
and country #23 where outdoor GIS dominates the market. In these countries, approximately 69 % of
the service experience was outdoor GIS. The aforementioned relationships are shown in Figure 3-2
below.
Figure 3-2 Distribution of GIS service experience for indoor and outdoor GIS
To better understand the reasons for the different market conditions, a non-representative survey was
performed. Detailed information about the survey can be found in Appendix E. In addition to the
questionnaire, you will also find the feedback and an evaluation of the results.
3.5. Conclusion
The market requirements for outdoor GIS are in a constant state of change. GIS offers general
advantages over AIS such as compact design, low centre of gravity (seismic), encapsulation offers
protection against direct environmental impact, and so on.
However, the basic requirements of customers for switchgear remain the same. Other technological
drivers are based on economic advantages, such as optimized maintenance based on digital condition
assessments, which may become increasingly possible in the future. For many technical challenges of
the future, outdoor GIS represents a probable solution. It enables both the expansion and the new
construction of switchgear where spaces is limited. In a world characterized by urbanization, one can
expect that the importance of outdoor GIS will increase in the future. The local market conditions, as
well as the conducted survey, show that there is a need for clarification among potential customers
regarding the suitability of outdoor GIS in special environmental conditions. The expectations on the
reliability of the equipment are the main decision criterion.
27
4. Impact on outdoor GIS design including HV

connection, layout, foundation and overall
substation design
4.1. Introduction
Outdoor GIS is exposed to various environmental factors which greatly impact its performance. Indoor
GIS experiences these factors less often. However, other factors affecting outdoor or Indoor GIS
performance are common. Therefore, we discuss in detail mainly the environmental factors that cause
accelerated deterioration of performance of outdoor rather than indoor GIS.
This chapter defines the environmental factors and their design countermeasures for outdoor GIS
which helps manufacturers adapt optimum designs to improve long-term, healthy operation and
reliability equivalent to that of indoor GIS.
4.1.1. Statistical data on the contribution of environmental stress to GIS failure
CIGRE TB 513 - International Enquiry on Reliability of High Voltage Equipment [B9] - has carried out
extensive statistical analysis on various factors causing major failures (MaF) and minor failures (MiF)
in GIS. TB 513 summarizes the distribution of GIS MaF and MiF in their subchapter 5.7.6. Table 4-1
shows the primary cause of failures summarized into 4 categories such as:
 Category -1: Cause introduced during a period before putting into service
 Category -2: Cause other than wear introduced during service
 Category -3: Wear / Ageing + corrosion
 Category -4: Unknown or other causes
Table 4-1 Categories of failure primary cause - Refer CIGRE TB 513
No. Category Failure primary cause

1 Design fault
2 Category -1: Engineering fault (utilities responsibility)
3 Cause introduced during a period before putting Manufacturing fault (poor quality control)
4 into service Incorrect transport or erection
5 Other
6 Voltage at power frequency
7 Switching overvoltage
8 Lightning overvoltage
9 Mechanical stress
10 Environmental stresses
11 Incorrect operation
Category -2:
12 Incorrect monitoring
Cause other than wear introduced during service
13 Electrical failure of adjacent equipment
14 Mechanical failure of adjacent equipment
15 Human error
16 Incorrect maintenance
17 External damage caused by animals, humans etc.
18 Other abnormal service conditions
28
No. Category Failure primary cause

19 Corrosion
Category -3: Wear / Ageing + corrosion
20 Wear / Ageing
21 Category -4: Unknown or other causes Unknown or other causes
Figure 4-1 Failure primary cause in category division - Refer CIGRE TB 513
Figure 4-1 shows the distribution of each primary failure cause in outdoor GIS. It can be seen that as a
factor of MaF and MiF, wear, corrosion and ageing account for 40 % - 50 % of the total primary
causes of failure.
Furthermore, in CIGRE TB 513, there is additional statistical data on the contribution of environmental
stress to GIS failure. Figure 4-2 summarizes the results, each number of whose elements is shown in
Table 4-2. ‘Flood and earthquake', ‘Lightning' in MaF, and 'Lightning' in MiF ranks in higher position,
and they are causes of overstress initiated by natural phenomena and mitigation techniques are
addressed in CIGRE TB 816 [B19]. Hence there is no differentiation in mitigation techniques between
indoor and outdoor GIS for these causes. Therefore, ‘Flood and earthquake' and ‘Lightning ' are
excluded from WG B3.57 study.
Figure 4-2 Summary of environmental stresses contribution to MiF & MaF - Refer CIGRE TB 513
29
Table 4-2 Contribution of environmental stress to MiF & MaF - Refer CIGRE TB 513
Type of environment contribution (all data) No. of MaF No. of MiF
Temperature too low 1 5
Temperature Temperature too high 2 8
Sudden variation in temperature 4 8
Snow, ice or hoarfrost 2 10
Water in the air Fog or high humidity 3 13
Rain 4 18
Corrosive atmosphere 3 0
Atmosphere
Pollution including dust 4 7
Wind Strong wind 1 4
Lightning Lightning 21 49
Flood and Earthquake 0 1

earthquake Flood 28 0
Other Other 6 28
Total 79 151
Summary of environmental stress contributions to MiF,

1. Contribution of environmental stresses such as 'water in the air', 'temperature' and
'atmosphere' are key contributors to MiF in Figure 4-2.
2. Environmental factors belonging to ‘Water in the air’ have a prominent representation in MiF,
i.e., the contribution of water, snow, ice or hoarfrost, fog or high humidity, rain, etc. (See Table
4-2)
Summary of environmental stress contributions to MaF,
1. From Table 4-2 we can see that the contribution of sudden variation in temperature, rain,
pollution including dust etc., are key contributors to MaF.
The work scope of WG B3.57 covers studies on the environmental factors and key design
consideration for outdoor GIS.
4.1.2. Environmental factors to be considered in design aspects
Outdoor GIS has been in operation for many years under various environmental conditions and must
be specially designed to withstand environmental stresses over time. In addition, accidents and failure
may occur if environmental considerations and measures are not sufficient.
This chapter addresses 12 environmental factors listed in Table 4-3 with classifications and their
countermeasures. Natural phenomena such as earthquakes and lightning strikes are not included in
Table 4-3 because their effects and countermeasures have been thoroughly studied individually and
are considered to have no difference between an outdoor and an indoor application.
Table 4-3 Environmental factors affecting GIS performance
No. Environmental factor Classification Considerations
1 Low Temperature Natural Effect on material properties
30
Temperature
2 High Temperature Natural
(excluding geothermal and fire)
Humidity and
3 Natural Atmospheric humidity
condensation
4 Solar radiation Natural Sunlight
Rain
5 Rainwater Natural (excluding secondary effects such as inundation
and debris flow)
Including snow cover and the effect of snow

6 Snow and ice Natural
melting
Corrosive gas contained in the atmosphere

Industrial/Salt pollution,
7 Artificial Influence of attached salt
Corrosive gas
(effect on insulation performance is slow)
8 Noise Artificial Audible/Electromagnetic noise
9 Vermin/Insect Natural small animals and insects
10 Strong Wind Natural Wind pressure (excluding flying objects)
11 Sand/Dust Natural Dust floating in the atmosphere
Electromagnetic Field
12 Artificial Effect on human health
(EMF)
4.2. Key considerations for outdoor GIS design engineering

This sub-section presents analysis results and effects of each environmental factor based on
experience in GIS development, field operation and maintenance as well as past accidents and
failures. It also introduces the items to be considered in terms of outdoor GIS design and
manufacturing, substation design and operation with respect to environmental impacts.
4.2.1. Low temperature
Temperature influences both the physical properties and the phase of matter. Without careful
consideration during the design stage, problems in service could occur.
4.2.1.1. Changes of properties
Physical changes due to low temperature of insulating, sealing and lubricating materials have the
potential to cause problems in service.
Most liquid, grease and paste lubricants experience an increase in viscosity with decreased
temperature. Higher viscosity causes increased reaction time and reduced velocity of moving parts.
Proper selection of lubricants for low temperature application is necessary and must be balanced with
long-term ageing characteristics at elevated temperature. Also, ingress of water into small gaps, such
as the crevice in GIS flanges, may freeze and expand at low temperatures – leading to component
damage. Therefore, the intrusion of moisture into exposed GIS gaps should be prevented.
4.2.1.2. Ductility of materials
Many metals and polymers exhibit a transition from ductile to brittle behavior at lower temperatures.
Desirable ductile behavior is characterized by high impact energy and fracture toughness whereas
brittle behavior is the opposite. The influence of temperature on the transition from ductile to brittle
behavior of most structural metals is well-known and, as a first estimate, may be correlated to the
Charpy impact energy. In summary, High strength, highly stressed materials intended for low
temperature service should incorporate material selection considering the ductile-brittle transition
behavior.
31
4.2.1.3. Liquefaction of SF6 gas

SF6 gas-filled equipment is designed to operate with the SF6 in a gaseous state. The gas provides the
required insulation between live internal components and the earthed enclosure. The gas may also act
as the arc-quenching medium in a circuit breaker compartment. At relatively low temperatures, the gas
starts to liquefy since SF6 has a relatively high liquefaction temperature compared to other fluids. As a
countermeasure against liquefaction, the SF6 gas pressure should be selected so that liquefaction
does not occur at the lowest service temperature. Installation of external SF6 gas heaters at the GIS
enclosure is also performed. Finally, adoption of mixed gas technology is another countermeasure. An
example is described below.
Figure 4-3 [B10] shows saturation curves for pure SF6 and its common mixtures. These curves may be
interpreted as the maximum pressure and coincident temperature at which all gaseous components
remain in the vapor phase.
Figure 4-3 Pure SF6 and SF6 mixture saturation curves
Application of a suitable gas/mixture and pressure scheme will ensure passive operation in the vapor
phase. Alternatively, the temperature may be raised to the right of the saturation curve with the active
application of heat.
Low temperature also affects the precipitation of impurities such as water. Figure 4-4 [B10][B11][B12]
shows the relationship between water concentration and dew point temperature for a typical absolute
filling pressure. The boundary for solid precipitate formation as well as published limits are included.
An example of mixed gas application shows that in specific low temperature areas during winter
season, MTS breakers may be filled with a gas mixture.
Figure 4-4 Water precipitate in SF6
32
Some MTS breakers are equipped by manufacturers with electric blanket heaters. These heaters
cover a portion of the circuit breaker vessel to prevent liquefaction of SF6. Figure 4-5 shows a 245 kV
SF6 dead tank circuit breaker with blanket heater for extremely low temperature applications.
Figure 4-5 245kV dead tank circuit breaker with blanket heater for low temperature applications
An experience shows that improper treatment of the cast joints may damage the electrical blankets
(Figure 4-6). Heater replacement is required for continued operation in service. Such damage may be
avoided by specifying and inspecting the condition (shape, roughness) of cast surfaces in contact with
blanket heaters.
Figure 4-6 Damage of blanket heater caused by improper treatment of cast joints
A thermal analysis may be performed to determine the blanket heater location and capacity
considering the design ambient temperature, SF6 gas pressure and interference with any mechanical
structure. For example, Figure 4-7 and Figure 4-8 illustrate that average the temperature of the circuit
breaker vessel under consideration is -19.5 ℃ with the blanket heater in operation. This value is
higher than the SF6 gas liquefaction temperature (rated gas pressure 0.7 MPa) and enables the
equipment to operate in extremely low temperature service conditions. If power supply to the heater
were to fail, an alarm should be provided to the remote system.
33
Figure 4-7 Heater installation in a dead tank circuit breaker
High temperature
Low temperature
Figure 4-8 Temperature simulation in circuit breaker
Various impacts of low temperature and its countermeasures are summarized in Table 4-4.
Table 4-4 Impact of environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (low temperature)
Effects of environmental factors on GIS (Low temperature) Countermeasures
Cause / Equipment design and Substation

Details Failure example
Impact design
 Change of phase or  Solidification of  Application of lubricants

physical characteristics lubricants which have excellent
of insulating materials characteristics in low
 Liquefaction of
temperature
Low  Damage by freezing of SF6 gas
temperature water  Installation of external
blanket heater
 Application of mixed gas
technology
4.2.2. High temperature

The impact of high temperature on outdoor GIS and its countermeasures are summarized in Table
4-5.
34
Table 4-5 Impact of environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (high temperature)
Effects of environmental factors on GIS (High temperature) Countermeasures
Cause / Equipment design and

Impact Substation design
 Thermal
Thermal degradation of
degradation components due to
temperature
 Thermal stress due  Stress concentration  Material selection for

to daily and between the metal thermal compatibility
Thermal seasonal changes in and cast insulator due
 Prevention of thermal
stress temperature to differences in the
stress by permitting
coefficient of thermal
displacement with
expansion
bellows
 Degradation of  Expansion and  Material selection

sealing and current contraction of sealing
 Implementation of
carrying material
thermal expansion
performance due to
 Occurrence of cracks Joints, which
Thermal thermal expansion
in cast insulators due compensate for
expansion and contraction
to the difference in changes in the length of
and
 Changes in the the coefficient of the housings
contraction
length of the thermal expansion.
 Introducing a low
housings due to
modulus material layer
thermal expansion
at the solid boundary
and contraction
for stress relaxation
4.2.1.1. Thermal degradation

One of the remarkable impacts of high temperature on GIS is the thermal deterioration of sealing
material. Outdoor GIS is exposed to solar radiation, which tends to increase the surface temperature
of the GIS; high GIS operating temperatures affect the life of the gas seals. If the temperature rise due
to continuous current is superimposed upon the ambient temperature, total temperature rise may
become critical and may affect the lifetime of GIS. For this reason, considering maximum service
temperature in GIS, O-ring materials should be selected to have sufficient margin against the
expected lifetime. To understand the thermal deterioration characteristics of those materials,
accelerated ageing tests may be performed during the GIS development stage.
When selecting the sealing material, O-ring deformation, oil separate/bleed, bolt tightness, waterproof
capability and oil loss rate should be checked. O-rings are very important for ensuring long-term
reliability of GIS. O-rings are used under compression in a groove to ensure gas tightness. In this
case, gasket materials are subject to physical, chemical and thermal ageing in addition to a constant
static compression load. The combination of all these stresses will lead to chain scission increasing
the molecular mobility already accentuated by the static load and then further cross-linking leading to
a plastic deformation of the gasket. By the end, all these phenomena result in a loss of the function
since gas tightness is achieved by the elastic properties of the rubber and is characterized by the
compression set. Elastomer compression set is the measurement of the ratio of elastic to viscous
components of an elastomer’s response to a static compression. Longer polymer chains tend to give
better “set resistance” because of the improved ability to store energy (elasticity). Compression set
can be summarized by the formula in Figure 4-9. Without ageing and creep, the rubber will be totally
elastic and hf will be equal to h0 and C will be equal to 0 %. In case of harsh ageing and creep, the
rubber will be totally plastic and hf will be equal hc and C will reach 100 %. By extension, the
compression set of the rubber gasket must be as low as possible to ensure tightness.
35
Figure 4-9 Compression set determination
Figure 4-10 [B25] shows the distribution of O-ring seal compression set sampled from operating GIS
and classified according to indoor or outdoor installation. As the age of the O-rings varies considerably
from one individual sample to another, the permanent compressive strain values are based on the
results of accelerated ageing tests of the O-ring material conducted separately in the laboratory and
converted to an age of 30 years. The O-ring material is an Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer
(EPDM). O-rings generally start to lose their sealing properties when the permanent compressive
strain reaches 80 %. The distribution of permanent compressive strain is clearly on the higher side for
outdoor compared to indoor applications, and the O-rings are more likely to exhibit reduced sealing
performance. However, the permanent compressive strain of EPDM sampled from the outdoor GIS
was evaluated to be 70 % even for a -3 (: statistical variance) 30-year equivalent life. Therefore, the
sealing performance is expected to be well maintained.
Figure 4-10 Cumulative distribution of compression set of EPDM O-rings (30-year conversion value)
Similar investigations were also carried out for Chloroprene Rubber (CR) and Nitrile Butadiene Rubber
(NBR) O-ring materials to determine the age at which permanent compression strain reaches 80 %
using the Arrhenius relation. Table 4-6 shows that EPDM requires the most time to reach 80 %
permanent compressive strain and is therefore more resistant to thermal degradation. The use of
EPDM as an O-ring in outdoor GIS, where tank temperatures are higher, extends the service life of the
O-ring and reduce the risk of gas leaks.
Table 4-6 Estimated lifetime of O-ring materials
Material Average lifetime (μ‐2σ) Average lifetime (μ‐3σ)
CR 45 years 29 years
NBR 56 years 35 years
36
Material Average lifetime (μ‐2σ) Average lifetime (μ‐3σ)
EPDM more than 100 years more than 91 years
The permanent compressive strain of the O-ring seals was also investigated. It was found that the
permanent compressive strain of the O-rings used in the upper part of the GIS tended to be higher.
This is thought to be because the upper part of the GIS is more affected by solar radiation, resulting in
a higher temperature.
4.2.1.2. Thermal stress
Thermal stresses arise from adjacent materials with different thermal expansion characteristics or
significant temperature gradients. In addition, the modulus (stiffness) of the materials plays a role in
the development of thermal stresses. A common area of study is the insulator-flange assembly which
may consist of porcelain, cement and a metallic flange.
There can be mechanical effects due to thermal stress generated in each part of the GIS as
temperatures rise and fall. These stresses go through both daily and seasonal cycles, causing the
accumulation of damage over time. To counter these stresses, materials are chosen to have adequate
margin based on thermal stress analysis, and consideration is given in the structural design of GIS to
mitigate thermal stress.
One of the problems arising from thermal stress is the occurrence of cracks in cast insulators. Due to
the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the metal and the resin embedded in a
cast insulator, stress concentration and repeated fatigue occurs at the solid boundary, leading to crack
formation within the solid insulator. One countermeasure introduces a low modulus material layer at
the solid boundary for stress relaxation followed by structural considerations that are quantified by
thermal stress analysis.
For example, in case of a bushing flange, the coefficient of Aluminum thermal expansion is
approximately twice that of the cement and porcelain, leading to a thermal stress between the
porcelain, cement and flange. The stress is typically relieved by a thin shear layer of low modulus
material applied at the interfaces.
Another countermeasure is applying bellows which absorb the displacement caused by expansion and
contraction of enclosures. Figure 4-11 shows an example of applying bellows for a 550 kV GIS in
Japan with long GIB’s, where ‘red’ parts show the locations of thermal expansion bellows. The length
of the GIB is more than 100 m for each phase, then the displacement caused by the thermal
expansion and contraction is approximately 90 mm in maximum (refer derivation as follows). This will
cause deformation or damage to the enclosure or structures therefore bellows are applied to absorb
the displacement.
For 100 m length Aluminum Alloy GIS with 40 K temperature rise,
Coefficient of thermal expansion of Aluminum Alloy: 22 x 10-6 / K
Displacement due to thermal expansion = 22 x 10-6 x 100 m x 40 K ≈ 0.09 m = 90 mm
37
Figure 4-11 Application of 550 kV bellows with long GIB
4.2.1.3. Thermal displacement (Thermal expansion and contraction)

Due to thermal expansion when the temperature increases or thermal contraction when the
temperature decreases, deformation of the joint portion or a change in the pressure of the sealed
portion of GIS might occur. As a result, sealing performance may degrade. As a countermeasure,
materials are chosen which will not cause excessive thermal displacement and it is common that GIS
will be designed to be able to absorb or release the stress by thermal displacement. Applying bellows
would also be a countermeasure for this.
4.2.3. Humidity and condensation
4.2.3.1. The effects of humidity on GIS
The effects of humidity on GIS can be categorized as follows.
 Degradation of insulation performance in low voltage circuit (auxiliary and control circuit
equipment, external sensors, etc.,)
 Metal corrosion
With regard to insulation deterioration, there is a possibility of progressing to short circuits and ground
faults in the main circuit and control circuit, and various measures are taken for each GIS in particular.
Various impacts of Humidity & condensation and its countermeasures are summarized inTable 4-7.
Table 4-7 Impact of environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (humidity)
Effects of environmental factors on GIS (Humidity) Countermeasures
Equipment design and

Cause / Impact Details Failure example
Substation design
 Deterioration of  Malfunctions such as  Space heater in

Insulation
insulation false alarms caused by cubicles
deterioration in
performance due to short-circuiting of the
low voltage  Dehumidifier in
humid air or alarm circuit
circuits cubicles
condensation
38
Effects of environmental factors on GIS (Humidity) Countermeasures

Substation design
 Condensation and  Ventilation ducts

leading to ground for cubicles
faults along insulators
 Caulking to LV
due to sudden
cable entry
temperature drop
 Sealed operation
box
 Corrosion of metals  Corrosion on metal  Protective coating

exposed to humid surface
 Upgrade of coating
air for long periods
material
Metal corrosion  Design of
absorbent
considering ingress
of moisture
through seals
4.2.3.2. Degradation of insulation performance in low voltage circuits

The insulation performance in operation mechanism boxes, control cubicles, terminal boxes, etc. is
designed based on the dielectric strength of air. However, if the air is humid or dew condensation
occurs, the dielectric strength of air decreases, and insulation failure may occur.
There are examples of malfunctions such as false alarms caused by short-circuiting of the alarm
circuit and sudden temperature drop after passing through the cold front, causing condensation, and
leading to ground faults along insulators.
Another concern is that moisture penetrates through O-rings over time into an SF6 gas compartment
until the absorbent the absorbent is saturated. The moisture concentration in the SF6 gas
compartment can then increase and lead to condensation. If the amount of water in the SF6 gas
compartment is high, the decomposed gas generated by the interruption arc and moisture react to
form an active gas which can adversely affect the solid insulation in the gas compartment.
Condensation on the surface of insulating parts in the SF6 gas compartment will decrease the
dielectric strength.
The most general measure to prevent humidity or dew condensation is to install a space heater. An
example is shown in Figure 4-12. This is a method of preventing dew condensation by reducing the
relative humidity and is a low-temperature countermeasure. The space heater includes a manual
control method and an automatic control method using a temperature / humidity / insulation resistance
sensor. Additionally, adequate ventilation is required and can be achieved by implementation of
ventilation ducts (an example of ventilation ducts for the local control cubicle (LCC) is shown in Figure
4-13. The effectiveness of the ventilation will depend upon the size and position of the ventilation
ducts since they influence the achievable air stream. However, the GIS design may include the
installation of multiple enclosures, e.g., drive enclosures at different locations and orientations
throughout the GIS. This must be considered by GIS manufacturers when placing the ventilation ducts
during the design phase.
39
Figure 4-12 Heater and insulation medium installed in local control cubicle
Figure 4-13 Ventilation duct for local control cubicle
Other measures to prevent humidity and condensation include caulking of the cable entry, complete
sealing of the operation enclosure and installation of a dehumidifier. An example of caulking the cable
entry into an enclosure is shown in Figure 4-14.
Outdoor LV cable connections are typically field-made and may be susceptible to water, snow and ice
ingress. Location on the bottom of the enclosure is best while side and top location offer progressively
higher probability of water ingress problems.
Figure 4-14 Additional caulking at cable entry in low voltage control cubicle
The quantity of absorbent in the SF6 gas compartment should be sufficient to absorb moisture
penetrating through O-rings for long-term operation.
4.2.3.3. Metal corrosion
The GIS mainly consists of metallic materials (steel, aluminum) which are subjected to corrosion
depending on the severity of the environment. Corrosion must be avoided as it has a negative impact
40
on the proper functioning of the GIS, for example corrosion on sealing surfaces eventually results in
gas leakage, or corrosion on contact surfaces reduces the current carrying capacity.
Depending on the severity of the environment (e.g., vicinity to the sea and heavy industry) and the
required durability of the substation, suitable countermeasures should be chosen (for example
protective coatings such as paint or galvanization and selection of materials such as carbon steel or
stainless steel).
Corrosion can occur when GIS is exposed to humid air for extended periods of time. External
corrosion does not directly cause serious accidents such as a shorting of the main circuit but the
mechanical function may be lost due to metal corrosion of components and may cause a serious
accident.
Corrosion is closely related to relative humidity, and the relationship between temperature and
corrosion generally increases as the temperature increases.
4.2.3.4. Painted aluminum housings
Enclosures of the GIS modules are often made of aluminum. Aluminum naturally forms a passivation
layer of alumina (Al2O3) that protects the surface and therefore has good resistance against corrosion.
GIS enclosures made of aluminum are sometimes painted for thermal and visual reasons.
Remark: ISO 12944-1 defines paint as corrosion protection of steel and thus is not applicable for
aluminum enclosures.
4.2.4. Solar radiation
Outdoor GIS can be thermally, mechanically, and electrically affected by solar radiation. GIS is
designed, operated and maintained with due consideration of these points.
Various impacts of Solar Radiation and its countermeasures are summarized in Table 4-8.
Table 4-8 Impact of environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (solar radiation)
Effects of environmental factors on GIS (Solar radiation) Countermeasures

 Temperature rise of  Deformation of  Proper design of

GIS enclosure due to enclosures due to the busbar fixing,
solar radiation thermal expansion conductor connections
and contraction and bellows
considering thermal
expansion and
 Local heating of GIS contraction.
enclosure
 Ensure insulation parts
(Spacer) is within
criteria temperature
Temperature  It is not necessary to
rise consider superposition
of the maximum
temperature rise due
to current carrying and
the maximum
temperature rise due
to solar radiation.
 Temperature rise in  Characteristic change  Double cover

local control and failure of configuration in the
cubicle/operation electronic box
components in local
 Additional ventilation
41
Effects of environmental factors on GIS (Solar radiation) Countermeasures

box due to solar control  Attach heat insulation

radiation cubicle/operation box to the inside of the
panel
 Installation of
ventilation fan
 Adoption of low-e glass
for monitoring window
 Temperature rise at  The fast temperature  Protection of Gas

Gas pressure rise of the reverence pressure switches
switches due to gas volume leads to against solar radiation
solar radiation false reports of the with sun covers
gas pressure switches
 Changes in gauge  Temperature rise of  Mount sunshade cover

characteristics due hydraulic pressure to accumulator of
to solar radiation gauge hydraulic mechanism
 Malfunction of  Gauges mounted in
Change in hydraulic pressure locations not affected
characteristics gauge by solar radiation
 Malfunction of gas
pressure switch
(Operation lock of CB)
Deterioration of polymer  Aesthetic degradation  Select a paint suitable

materials (rubber, resin, etc.) of paint on GIS for the service
component condition
Degradation  Fading of gauge scale  Avoid rubber or resin
for exposed parts
 Select a paint suitable
for gauge scale
Sunlight reflection  Check the indicator  Additional

Others
light cover/sunshade
4.2.4.1. Local temperature rise due to solar radiation

GIS may be already operating at rated continuous current and steady state temperature, then the sun
reaches maximum solar radiation. Depending upon the geographic location and time of year, near
maximum solar radiation can persist for hours or several thermal time constants.
Therefore, in specific high temperature geographic regions, sunshades are sometimes applied to GIS
to reduce the temperature rise of enclosures. An example is shown in Figure 4-15.
42
Figure 4-15 Application of sunshade to the 380 kV GIB
4.2.4.2. Hydraulic operation mechanism and Gas pressure switches / Gauges

Excessive temperature rise of a hydraulic accumulator due to direct sunlight should be avoided.
Otherwise, the N2 gas pressure in the accumulator may abnormally increase due to the temperature
rise, leading to malfunction of the hydraulic operating mechanism. Also, gas pressure switches and
gauges with temperature compensation functions should be mounted in a location that is not affected
by solar radiation.
4.2.4.3. Degradation of polymer materials
Ultraviolet rays from sunlight and very small amount of ozone in the atmosphere can discolor and
deteriorate some electric parts and rubber products for electric wires. The combined effects of solar
radiation, atmospheric gases, changes in temperature and humidity, etc. are often referred to
collectively as "Weather deterioration” (or Weathering)" and degradation of polymeric materials (e.g.,
plastics, rubber, paints, etc.). Outdoor equipment with plastic viewports may experience increased
opacity over time due to solar ultraviolet (UV) exposure.
Therefore, it is recommended to avoid using polymer materials for exposed parts under direct sunlight.
It is known that the electrical deterioration of polymer materials can progress to tracking due to the
superposition of the deterioration by a weather factor such as ultraviolet rays and deterioration by
discharges in rainy weather. The use of non-degradable polymeric material parts may be challenging.
It is instead recommended to balance service life with a design that is inexpensive and easy to replace
in service. In addition, ultraviolet rays may enter the enclosure through a standard window. UV
transmittance may be reduced by material selection (UV reduction sheet, UV filter and UV protection
glass). Figure 4-16 is a gas density switch with installed UV cover. After 10 - 12 years, its window
glass has poor visibility. The remote monitoring system without indicators as shown in Figure 4-17 is
one solution. Figure 4-18 is an example of deterioration of the plastic cover for a CB’s operation
counter located in an operating mechanism box. Approximately 30 years had passed since it started
operation. In the left figure, the plastic cover is degraded so badly that the number of operations is
impossible to read.
Figure 4-16 Sun cover to reduce UV degradation of density switch polycarbonate gauge
(10 - 12 years degrade)
43
Figure 4-17 The remote gas density monitoring system without indicators
Figure 4-18 Plastic cover of operation counter
4.2.4.3.1. Degradation of polymer materials

Aesthetic degradation such as chalking or a decrease in color or in gloss can be observed in the
polymer materials due to ultraviolet rays. It is necessary to select a polymer that is suitable for the
environmental condition.
4.2.4.3.2. Deterioration of GIS topcoat
Aesthetic degradation such as chalking or a decrease in color or in gloss can be observed in the
topcoat of outdoor GIS due to ultraviolet rays. It is necessary to select a paint suitable for the
environmental condition.
4.2.5. Rainwater
4.2.5.1. The effects of rainwater on GIS
Water along with sea salt particles and corrosive industrial gases may cause metal corrosion of each
part of the GIS due to its infiltration and stagnation between flanges and accessories. The various
impacts of rainwater and its countermeasures are summarized in Table 4-9.
Table 4-9 Impact of environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (Rainwater)
Effects of environmental factors on GIS (rainwater) Countermeasures

 Corrosion due to  Corrosion by rainwater  Selection of appropriate

rainwater infiltration in combination with metal materials and
and water stagnation corrosive gases or sea painting / coating
salt particles system.
 Corrosion promoted in
Metal combination with  Insulation degradation  Use of non-ferrous
corrosion corrosive gases of GIS due to the material wherever
progress of SF6 gas possible.
leakage
 Appropriate painting /
coating material &
thickness
44
Effects of environmental factors on GIS (rainwater) Countermeasures

 Appropriate sealing
system of flange
connection considering
rainfall conditions.
 Provision of rainwater
outflow slopes / gutters
on GIS foundation to
avoid water stagnation.
 Crevice corrosion on  SF6 gas leakage due to  Filling sealing materials

Crevice flange connection due the progress of crevice in the crevice of flange
corrosion to the differential corrosion on flange
aeration cell effect
4.2.5.2. GIS flange corrosion

GIS is sealed with high pressure gas by O-rings. If the waterproofing of the flange joint is inadequate,
rainwater can gradually penetrate through the joint, and a crevice corrosion may occur in flange
connection gaps due to water. The sealing performance can be reduced and when crevice corrosion
progresses, SF6 gas leakage may occur which can cause insulation degradation.
SF6 gas provides electrical insulation in GIS, while SF6 is used to extinguish arcs in GIS
circuit breakers. The insulating and extinguishing capabilities depend upon the SF6 gas density and
purity. The pressure of gas is usually quoted instead of density because gas pressure is
straightforward to measure, but the significant parameter is gas density. Deterioration can occur at the
flange connections of GIS and GIL modules and tubes. Design tolerances are small, gas tightness of
the enclosure needs to be very high and sealing of the flanges requires a highly precise surface
treatment. Also, the dimensional tolerances and machining of the O-ring channels used to provide a
sealing structure for the SF6 gas must be precise and the surfaces must be clean and smooth.
When deterioration or corrosion occurs at the flange joints as in Figure 4-19, the machining tolerances
of the flanges are compromised, and O-rings are damaged and deteriorate. This leads to leakage of
SF6 gas and the infiltration of moisture and impurities into the gas system of the GIS or GIL
equipment.
Figure 4-19 Flange and O-ring channel corrosion
Table 4-10 is one summary of reported leak locations found in electrical equipment, which data was
collected from a questionnaire developed by National Grid UK as part of a 2001 EPRI report [B14].
The 150 leaks from disconnect view ports were reported by just one utility. The highest number of
leaks were found at flange seals. It was also reported that the predominant cause of leaks was from
45
corrosion or long-term degradation and older equipment tended to leak more. More details on the
locations, causes and equipment type can be found in the report.
Table 4-10 Summary of reported leaks
Number of leaks reported

Leak source Percent of total
(sum of utility responses)
Flange seals (gasket and O-ring) > 346 30.6
Filling valves (conventional) >218 19.2
Pipe couplings >170 15.0
Disconnect view ports 150 13.2
Unknown locations >100 8.8
Pressure gauges/ switches >54 4.7
Porcelain/ flange cement joints 23 2.0
Rupture discs 22 1.9
Porous castings or welds 16 1.4
Compressor shaft seals 16 1.4
Filling valves (self-sealing) 12 1.1
Gas carts 8 0.7
Storage bottles 2 0.2
There are multiple links between the failure of a gas system and the deterioration and corrosion of
flanges and O-rings with respect to the various degradation mechanisms or combinations thereof.
Table 4-11 maps the identified degradation mechanism along with a short description of the
characteristics of the degradation and the potential failure mode(s) linked to the degradation. Each
potential failure mode can be the result of multiple degradation mechanisms, but the focus is on the
identified degradation mechanism.
Table 4-11 Mapping to failure modes for deterioration (corrosion) of flanges and O-rings
Degradation mechanism Degradation characteristics & potential failure modes
 Prelude to O-ring failures may result in subsequent loss of SF6 gas from a
compartment - incorrect operation of switching devices and / or dielectric
Flange corrosion or rust failure.
due to moisture ingress  Increased resistance of the flange connection - enclosure grounding can
from exterior environment be compromised increasing the probability of flashovers due to very fast
transient over-voltages (VFTO) resulting in damage or failure of the
insulating flange.
 O-ring seal is compromised resulting in loss of SF6 gas from a

O-ring corrosion due to compartment - incorrect operation of switching devices and / or dielectric
moisture ingress from failure.
exterior environment
 O-ring seal is compromised resulting in moisture and impurities entering
the sealed gas system - tracking on insulating spacers and corona may
46
result in flashover and dielectric failure of switching devices or busbar

supports.
 O-ring seal is compromised resulting in the formation of corrosive SF6 by-

O-ring deterioration due to
products such as SO2 and HF along with moisture - internal corrosion and
moisture mixing with
tracking on insulator spacers and switching devices may result in
arcing in SF6 by-products
flashover and dielectric failure of switching devices or bus bar supports.
 O-ring seal is compromised resulting in loss of SF6 gas from a

compartment - incorrect operation of switching devices and / or dielectric
failure.
Pinched O-ring or cut in
the O-ring  O-ring seal is compromised resulting in moisture and impurities entering
the sealed gas system - Tracking on insulating spacers and corona may
result in flashover and dielectric failure of switching devices or bus bar
supports.
4.2.5.3. Mechanism of GIS flange corrosion

The mechanism of GIS flange corrosion is explained in CIGRE TB 765 [B13] - Understanding and
mitigating corrosion - in 4.3 Crevice corrosion.
When rainwater or snowmelt water intrudes into the crevices in the flange connection gap or under
bolt heads, the passivating film is destroyed and the flange will be corroded by the generation of a
differential aeration cell. The cell is generated by the lack of oxygen inside the crevice and its
abundance in the outside and it will cause crevice corrosion within the GIS flange. Intense localized
corrosive attack often occurs within confined spaces or crevices formed by certain mechanical
configurations, such as holes, gasket surfaces, lap joints, surface deposits and crevices under bolt
and rivet heads. In GIS and Gas Insulated lines (GIL) crevice corrosion can occur on the flange
surfaces (Figure 4-19), increasing the risk of gas leakage in the gasket area and in the worst cases
lead to internal arcing faults (flashover).
4.2.5.4. Measures for GIS flange corrosion
It is necessary to avoid moisture intrusion into the crevice in flange connections by sealing materials to
prevent flange corrosion. Best practice in flange connections is the sue of a double sealing system;
i.e., double concentric O-rings which seal high pressure SF6 gas and sealing materials which prevent
water from air side.
Even if non-corrosive materials such as stainless steel or aluminum alloy are used, sealing materials
such as liquid sealing material or caulking material etc. should be filled in the air-side crevice of the O-
ring for the purpose of waterproofing the flange, which will ensure long-term reliability. In addition,
some methods of injecting liquid sealing materials into the gap between the insulating spacer and the
flange or the bolt attachment have been adopted to prevent rainwater infiltration and breakage of the
spacer due to icing.
These measures should be applied to prevent corrosion of the switchgear flange connections and
parts throughout its service life. Figure 4-20(b) is an example of a flange connection where silicone
grease is applied in flange connections of GIS providing protection against flange and sealing O-ring
corrosion and subsequent SF6 gas leakage.
Figure 4-20 Corrosions on GIS flange surfaces for single & double sealing systems
47
Figure 4-21(a) shows a flange-bolt cross section and the location of the anticorrosive coating. Figure
4-21 (b) applies silicone sealant in the flange connection and applies seal washers which have
packing inside. The packing deforms when tightened and prevent water intrusion from the air side
without putting sealing materials outside washers. A flat, smooth bearing surface is required.
Gas side Air side
(a) O-ring & grease (b) O-ring ,grease and seal washer
Figure 4-21 Example of double sealing systems (Metal flange - metal flange)
Figure 4-22 shows example cross-sections of single and double O-ring type flange connections
including insulating spacers. A sealing material is filled in the gap between the bolt and bolt hole to
prevent breakage of the insulating spacer due to icing.
(a) O-ring and liquid silicone sealant (b) Double O-ring & 2 types grease
Figure 4-22 Example of double sealing systems (including insulation partition)
During GIS operation, a grease bleeding phenomenon was frequently observed, which not only
produces a poor appearance of the flange surface but also a potential SF 6 leakage in long-term
application. The possible reasons for this phenomenon include an unbalance between base oil and
thickener system of the silicone grease as well as storage or transport conditions such as high
temperature, high moisture, long duration and vibration. If silicone grease is well chosen by the
manufacturer, bleeding effects could be minimized and the outdoor components are more suitable to
withstand high temperature.
4.2.5.5. Other water-related impacts
Metal materials can corrode in the presence of water in combination with other contamination such as
corrosive gas or sea salt particles. Figure 4-23 shows a 168 kV GIS is installed on a frame support
which is 2.0 m above ground level to prevent damage by sea water from a tsunami. [B22]
48
Figure 4-23 168 kV GIS installed on a frame support
A 168 kV GIS project was conducted by Tohoku Electric Power Network Co. after the experience of
the Great East Japan Earthquake which caused a large tsunami in 2011. The site is located in a
coastal area where after a large earthquake, a tsunami may follow. To prevent immersion of the GIS
under seawater, a 2.0 m-high frame support was built below the GIS based on the estimated tsunami
height, which is 7 m above sea level. The frame support has a hot-dip galvanized surface considering
the contamination of sea salt particles and the immersion of seawater. A seismic analysis was carried
out to envelope the seismic waveform observed during the Great East Japan Earthquake along with
the waveform conforming to the Japanese seismic guideline. Figure 4-24 shows displacement results
of the seismic analysis. The maximum stress generated in the support was within the allowable level
and the maximum displacement of the platform was not more than 3 mm.
Figure 4-24 Result of seismic analysis with the actual seismic design force
4.2.6. Snow and ice

4.2.6.1. The effects of snow and ice on GIS
Water in the form of rain and condensation that penetrates the GIS does not only cause the corrosion
problems discussed above but may also freeze and form ice which may induce cracks in components,
cemented parts, bolt holes and bursting discs. Considerations and countermeasures are described in
the previous sections. It is therefore important to design the GIS in a way to prevent the infiltration of
water into such locations.
The possibility of heavy loads on gas pipes, conduits and similarly exposed metal parts due to snow
accumulation should be considered and routes / arrangements chosen, for example, to minimize
exposure.
The influence on GIS depends on the amount of snow, type of snow, outside temperature, etc., and
the effects are classified as follows.
 Snow load and freezing
49
 Degradation of insulation performance

 Combination with other factors
 Other
Various impacts of snow & ice and its countermeasures are summarized in Table 4-12.
Table 4-12 Impact on environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (snow and ice)
Effects of environmental factors on GIS (snow and ice) Countermeasures
Equipment design and Substation

design
 Deflection and  Deflection and  Designed for mechanical

distortion due to distortion of strength to withstand snow
load equipment body, loads. Figure 4-26 shows an
operation box, example of several types of
terminal box, special roof shape to shed
accessories, piping. snow.
 Installing a snow cover
Figure 4-27, Figure 4-28 and
 Disconnection of
Figure 4-29.
wiring
 Raising the OHL gantry
Snow Load and
 Devise mounting positions
freezing
for accessories, piping, and
wiring
 Ice on the air bushing
(maybe horizontal) and
adjacent conductor causes
significant cantilever force.
Vertical orientation of the
bushing may be possible.
Design with adequate
cantilever strength is
mandatory.
 Deterioration of  External  Increase clearances

insulation breakdown of between phases
performance of exposed live part
 Special care should be
live part in HV
 External insulation taken when using gas
circuit.
breakdown of bushings with variable
Poor insulation
insulators and potential distribution in
performance in
insulator tubes snowy areas
HV circuit
 Use of inner shield type
bushing in place of outer
shield type bushings to
avoid snow accumulation.
Figure 4-30
 Deterioration of  Insulation  Design considerations such

Poor insulation
insulation breakdown / as installation of a space
performance in
performance of internal short- heater in addition to
LV and auxiliary
live part in LV circuits. sealing, to prevent intrusion
circuits
circuit. of snow melt water.
50
Effects of environmental factors on GIS (snow and ice) Countermeasures
Equipment design and Substation

design
 Proper evaluation of
cabinets / sealing through
applicable IP classification.
Figure 4-31
 Attachment of  Deflection or  Design considerations such

sea salt particles distortion of as installation of a space
in snow equipment boxes heater in addition to
Combination accumulation. with accelerated sealing, to prevent intrusion
with other corrosion. of snow melt water.
factors
 Additional caution on
paints, sealants and
fasteners.
 Difficulty to  Non-performance  Installation of water

access the of planned spraying equipment on the
Other
inspection aisle inspection. ground to melt the snow
due to snow (thin layers) on surface.
4.2.6.2. Snow load and freezing

Figure 4-25 shows the 300kV GIS installed in a snowy area of Japan. The snow load (settling
pressure) causes deflection and distortion of the equipment body, operation mechanism box, terminal
box, piping, etc. Cracking of equipment may occur due to re-freezing of the snow melt water.
At very cold condition, a maximum ice coating of up to 20 mm thick on outdoor equipment is specified
in IEC standards (Refer Chapter 2), which may impose significant mechanical stress on exposed lines
and bushing insulators. The mechanical design of such components must have sufficient strength to
avoid mechanical failure and provide adequate stiffness to preserve electrical clearances. Exposed
moving parts of outdoor equipment are susceptible to the accumulation of ice. Increased moving mass
may reduce the velocity of moving parts leading to decreased making and breaking performance. Ice
build-up on joints with relative movement may cause significant delay or, in extreme cases, failure to
operate.
Figure 4-25 Example of 300kV GIS installed in snowy areas in Japan
Design considerations such as increasing the mechanical strength or installing a snow cover are taken
into consideration. Figure 4-26 shows examples of several types of special shape top covers/ roof of
equipment to allow the snow to fall easily.
51
a) For 300 kV bushings b) For MTS c) For local control cubicle
Figure 4-26 The special top covers/ asymmetrical roof in snowy areas to allow the snow to fall easily
Covers and enclosures are often applied to shield the accumulation of ice from moving parts and
therefore mitigate any negative effects. Figure 4-27 is an example of a snow cover for mechanical
links.
Figure 4-27 Snow cover for mechanical link between phases
Covers are also applied to prevent snow and ice from damaging thin wall bellows or gas pipes.
Otherwise, SF6 gas could be released – leading to an internal fault. Examples are shown in Figure
4-28 and Figure 4-29
Figure 4-28 Snow cover for bellows
Figure 4-29 Snow cover for gas pipe
52
4.2.6.3. Poor insulation performance in HV circuit

Due to the accumulation of snow on solid-core or hollow insulators, the electric potential distribution
may change, causing a decrease in insulation or a flashover. In general, the insulation strength
decrease due to snow varies depending on various parameters such as the specific gravity of snow,
salt and dust adhesion density and snow temperature.
Figure 4-30 shows the comparison between gas bushing with an outer shield ring and with an inner
gas shield. The bushing with inner shield overcame the problems associated with external snow and
ice accumulation.
Outer Shield Inner Shield

Inner Shield
Inner structure
Figure 4-30 Shield comparison in bushings
4.2.6.4. Poor insulation performance in LV circuit

Water ingress due to failure of sealants or due to condensation are common reasons for poor
insulation performance in LV circuits. Hence, we can validate the cabinet design against water ingress
through applicable IP tests. Figure 4-31 shows the test setup for performing Ingress protection (IP) on
cabinets. For condensation, a space heater can be applied during the design stage to raise the
temperature and lower the relative humidity below the dew point.
Figure 4-31 Test setup for performing Ingress Protection (IP) testing
4.2.6.5. Combination with other factors

In low temperature regions near the sea, it is common to find dust and salt particles in snow
accumulation. This could lead to both deformation and accelerated corrosion of the cubicle. Therefore,
both sealing and installation of a space heater are recommended to prevent ingress of snow melt
water. Furthermore, additional attention should be given to the selection of paints, sealants and
fasteners.
4.2.6.6. Others
At a substation in a snowy area, a snow melting pipe (pipe buried under a road with nozzles that spray
liquid to melt snow) and a road heater may be installed. These measures help to secure a passage
53
through the snow for both inspection and maintenance work. Figure 4-32 shows a typical water
sprayer used to remove snow from roads.
Figure 4-32 Water sprayer for removing snow from roads
4.2.7. Industrial/salt pollution, corrosive gas

4.2.7.1. Corrosive gas including industrial pollution
Typical corrosive gases in the atmospheric environment are sulphur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides
(NOx). Depending on the surroundings, there can be hydrogen sulphide (H 2S), chlorine gas (Cl2),
ammonia (NH3), etc. These corrosive gases lead to metal corrosion and have various other harmful
impacts on GIS. When operating GIS in geothermal stations near volcanoes or in heavily polluted
industrial areas where corrosive gases are generated, it is especially important to take adequate
countermeasures. Examples of GIS installed in such corrosive atmospheres are shown in Figure
4-33,Figure 4-34 and Figure 4-35.
Figure 4-33 72 kV outdoor GIS in geothermal power plant
Figure 4-34 168 kV outdoor GIS in geothermal power plant
54
Figure 4-35 300 kV outdoor GIS in metropolitan industrial area
4.2.7.2. Impacts of corrosive gases on GIS

Table 4-13 summarizes the impacts of corrosive gases on GIS and countermeasures.
Table 4-13 Impact of environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures

(industrial/ salt pollution, corrosive gas)
Effects of environmental factors on GIS

Countermeasures
(industrial / salt pollution, corrosive gases)

Substation design
 Insulation  Short circuit of  Change plating

degradation of relay and printed materials or insulating
electric parts by circuit terminals materials
corrosion
 Short circuit of  Change packing
relay contacts materials
 Increase of plating
thickness
Insulation  Varnish treatment

degradation in  Elimination of
low voltage corrosive gas with
circuit chemical filters
 Sealed structure
 Inspection or
maintenance
according to the
operational conditions
 Elimination of water
from cable trench
 Increase of contact  Poor contact of  Change plating

resistance with printed circuit or materials of contacts
corrosion of contacts relay contact (e.g., applying
Corrosion of connectors precious metals)
conductor
 Local heating of  Elimination of
contact parts
contacts corrosive gas with
chemical filters
 Sealed structure
55
Effects of environmental factors on GIS

Countermeasures
(industrial / salt pollution, corrosive gases)

Substation design
 Inspection or
maintenance
according to the
from cable trench
 Corrosion of various  Stress corrosion  Applying adequate

metals cracking of brass materials
 Corrosion due to  Elimination of
paint peeling ammonia gas
 Increase of painting
thickness
 Corrosion-resistant
paint (epoxy or
urethane)
 hot-dip galvanizing
 Inspection or
maintenance
according to the
from cable trench
Corrosion of  Corrosion due to salt  Corrosion on  Corrosion-resistant

metal structures pollution in exterior parts of paint (epoxy or
combination with GIS urethane)
moisture
 Corrosion on  hot-dip galvanizing
exterior of local
 packing between door
panels
gaps
 filling caulking
material in the cable
inlet
 installing chemical
filters to the
ventilation holes of
boxes
 Inspection or
maintenance
according to the
from cable trench
56
4.2.7.2.1. Insulation degradation in Low Voltage circuits

he expected causes of insulation degradation of low voltage circuits in control cabinets by corrosive
gases are described as follows:
・Silver migration
・Whisker-like metallic crystal growth

In a corrosive gas atmosphere such as SO2 or H2S, silver migration may occur in silver-plated
terminals of relays and printed circuits, causing short circuit failures. Silver migration occurs mostly
when the insulating material is phenolic resin and further, the corrosive gases, atmospheric humidity
and DC Voltage act together as a catalyst. Countermeasures against silver migration include applying
varnish, a chemical filter to remove corrosive gases and using sealed cabinets to prevent contact with
corrosive gases. Electroplating and change of insulating materials may also inhibit silver migration.
Whisker-like conductive metal crystal growth on contact parts of relays in an H2S environment may
occur and cause a short circuit. Metals such as Sn, Cd, Cu and Ag are prone to such metal crystal
growth. In addition, these whiskers may be generated due to the sulfur content in the packing material
of the relay device cover. Countermeasures against whisker growth include change of the plating
material, increase of plating thickness, application of packing materials such as urethane rubber that
does not contain sulfur, installation of chemical filters and applying a sealed cabinet. If whiskers are
generated, it is necessary to remove them.
4.2.7.2.2. Corrosion of conductor contact parts

The contacts of various connectors and relays can be susceptible to corrosive gases, causing an
increase in contact resistance and possibly a malfunction. As countermeasures against poor contact,
non-corrosive materials may be applied to contact plating such as Au, Pd and Sn. Also, installing
chemical filters to eliminate corrosive gases and using sealed cabinets is effective.
Possible countermeasures against a combination of sea salt and corrosive gas would be improving
air-tightness by using rubber gaskets between the door gaps in Figure 4-36, applying caulking material
in the cable inlet Figure 4-14, and installing filters in the ventilation system to prevent sea salt particle
intrusion.
Rain Gutter
Gaskets Gasket
Rain Gutter
Inside
Gasket Rain gutter Outside
Construction of rain gutter with gasket
Figure 4-36 Example of gasket for low voltage compartment
57
4.2.7.2.3. Corrosion of metal structures

Phenolic resins are widely used as insulating materials in low voltage circuits. Its corrosion can
generate ammonia gas, which in turn can cause corrosion of brass parts and lead to stress corrosion
cracking. Countermeasures include changing the insulating material, install chemical filters and use of
sealed cabinets.
In addition, the exterior of the GIS components can corrode due to peeling of the paint film. A coating
of corrosion-resistant paint (epoxy or urethane paint), increase of coating thickness, applying hot-dip
galvanizing and paint over the plating are recommended countermeasures.
Furthermore, corrosion due to salt pollution in combination with moisture is most common in coastal
and humid areas. Sea salt particles adhere to electrical components, causing corroded metals and
lowering insulation resistance. The components of sea salt particles are salts contained in seawater
such as sodium chloride (NaCl), magnesium chloride (MgCl2), potassium sulphate (K2SO4) and
calcium chloride (CaCl2). Adhesion of such sea salt particles can cause extremely strong
corrosiveness. The degree of corrosion by corrosive gases depends on the combination of gas and
metal involved. It is necessary to select the material to be applied after sufficiently considering the
corrosivity of various metals in the specific environmental conditions. Environmental factors such as
concentration of salt particles, dust, temperature and humidity act as a catalyst to metal corrosion. The
combination of high humidity and salt has a significant effect on corrosion in particular. Adhesion of
sea salt particles can corrode the exterior surfaces of GIS components and control panels. As a
Countermeasure it is recommended to use thicker paint coatings, apply high environmental resistance
painting materials and applying hot-dip galvanization to steel parts (with or without additional painting)
according to the environment.
4.2.8. Noise
Two types of noise merit consideration: external atmospheric noise and noise generated by the GIS.
There is no effect of external atmospheric noise on GIS, however, the personnel working in and
around GIS substations should wear the prescribed Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).
Noise generation from GIS is instantaneous in nature (intermittent noise such as breaker operation)
and doesn't need any special countermeasures other than regular PPE.
High-frequency electromagnetic transients generated by operation of circuit-breakers, disconnectors
and earthing switches or by fault conditions, are generally confined to the inside of GIS enclosures.
However, all GIS includes “discontinuities” in impedance which allow the high-frequency effects to be
transferred to the exterior of the GIS. This can impose demanding requirements on the secondary
equipment associated with GIS. For example, immunity test conditions are specified in IEC 61869-6;
Additional general requirements for may be required for low-power instrument transformers (LPIT) to
secure electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of the equipment. Also, the electromagnetic field (EMF)
generated by the live parts of GIS, e.g., the top of the bushings, can affect human health. This is
described in Subchapter 4.2.12.
4.2.9. Vermin / Insects
The influence of vermin / insects on GIS can be categorized as follows.
(i) Direct damage
Damage of low voltage cable insulation (termites, rodents etc.,)
Penetration into GIS auxiliary components such as pressure relief device (PRD), and can degrade
its function, resulting in failure (bees, insects, etc.,)
(ii) Indirect damage
Affecting energized parts causing a short circuit or ground fault (cats, weasels, snakes, birds, etc.)
Various impacts of living things and its countermeasures are summarized in Table 4-14.
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Table 4-14 Impact of environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (vermin/ insect)
Effects of environmental factors on GIS (vermin / insects) Countermeasures
Cause / Equipment design and Substation

Impact design
 Damage of low voltage  Cable  Apply a termite-proof or

cable insulation (Termites, insulation rodent-proof agent to the
rodents etc.,) breakdown cable surface
 Use a nylon coating or
metallic protective tape on an
original anticorrosive layer or
sheath
 Preliminary investigation to
check the habitat of termite.
Direct  Periodic measurement of

damage insulation resistance of
anticorrosion layer and
sheath (Damage detection at
earlier stage)
 Block entrances to auxiliary
components.
 Penetration into GIS  PRD corrosion  Use polyurethane coating on

auxiliary components such PRD
 SF6 leakage
as PRD can degrade its
 Use cover on PRD outlet
function, resulting in
failure (Bees, insects, etc.,)
 Affecting energized parts  Accidental  Increase the clearance

that cause a short circuit or short circuit / between lines and grounds
ground fault (cats, weasels, ground fault
 Enclose the energized parts of
snakes, birds, etc.,)
GIS
Indirect
damage  Avoid exposure of energized
parts of equipment
 Block the entrance of small
animals by installing
appropriate filters
Insects and even animals may form nests / anthills in outdoor control cubicles. Elimination of gaps and
proper selection of vents with filters could minimize the possibility for entry.
PRDs can be damaged due to bee nest and excreta as shown in Figure 4-37. A PRD made of
stainless steel can be corroded by the chemical components in bee honey. Such corrosion could
cause leakage of SF6 or premature failure of the PRD.
59
Bee Excreta
Beehive
Figure 4-37 Pressure relief device (PRD) damaged by bee
4.2.10. Strong wind

The impact of the wind on GIS depends on the wind speed. Generally, there is almost no risk in the
normal service condition of ≤ 40 m/s (Refer subchapter 2.1). For wind speeds > 40 m/s, there is no
possible damage to the GIS main body which has sufficient strength. However, other parts such as
cabinets, boxes and doors of auxiliary parts can be damaged by these extremely strong winds.
Various impacts of strong winds and its countermeasures are summarized in Table 4-15.
Table 4-15 Impact of environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (strong wind)
Effects of environmental factors on GIS (strong wind) Countermeasures
Cause / Equipment design and substation

Impact design
 Deformation or  Deformation or  Increase of mechanical

breakage of the doors breakage of the strength of cabinets and
of cabinet due to wind cabinet doors. fasteners of cabinets or
pressure improvement of fixation
 Earth fault due to
 Breakage or collapse rainwater or dust  Adding stoppers to
of hollow insulators or penetration through cabinet doors
steel structures due parts deformed due to
Strong  Increase of foundation
to wind pressure wind.
wind strength for hollow
pressure  Breakage of  Breakage or collapse insulators, steel
connection lead of hollow insulators or structures or cabinets
conductors at steel structures
 Increasing the frequency
terminal
 Breakage of of conductor fixation
connection lead
 Consideration of
conductors
appropriate location for
cabinets
4.2.11. Sand / dust

4.2.11.1. The effects of sand / dust on GIS
Outdoor GIS is affected in various ways by adhesion or intrusion of sand / dust. Its effects are
classified as follows:
 Poor contact
 Poor insulation performance
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 Malfunction
 Combination with other factors
Various impacts of Sand / dust and its countermeasures are summarized in Table 4-16.
Table 4-16 Impact of environmental factors on GIS and environmental measures (sand/ dust)
Effects of environmental factors on GIS (sand / dust) Countermeasures

impact Details Failure example
substation design
 Dust adheres to the contact  Relay malfunction  Sealing of cabinet

surface and causes due to poor contact door gaps.
increasing contact
 Appropriate filter
resistance, resulting in poor
selection of
Poor contact contact.
ventilation
system.
 Inspection and
cleaning
 Conductive dust on the  Dielectric  Placing the

insulator surface lowers the breakdown due to insulation
insulation resistance, adhesion of vertically.
resulting in dielectric conductive dust to
In case of extremely dusty
breakdown insulators
environment
Poor insulation
performance  Increased
insulator
creepage
distance
 Insulator
cleaning
 Malfunction due to dust  GIS malfunction  Inspection and

adherence to sliding parts cleaning
and bearings in GIS.
 Adding sealing
 Grease solidification etc. cover to the
sliding and
bearing parts
Malfunction  Sealings in
cabinet door
gaps.
 Appropriate filter
selection on
ventilation
system.
 Absorption of dust attached  Rust / corrosion In case of extremely dusty

Combination to acid, alkali, environment
 Paint peeling
with other electrochemical corrosion
 Epoxy and
factors under high humidity and
urethane resin
rainwater.
paint
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Effects of environmental factors on GIS (sand / dust) Countermeasures

impact substation design
 Thick paint
coating.
 Corrosion-
resistant
materials
4.2.12. Electromagnetic Field (EMF)

EMF consists of electric and magnetic components. Considering the fact that 50 / 60 Hz electric and
magnetic fields have been extensively studied worldwide [B15][B20],and that no adverse health effect
has been clearly identified, it is reasonable to conclude that no causal relationship exists with any
particular disease.
The knowledge gained from research is very reassuring. Based on currently available scientific
evidence and considering the fact that the levels at which people are expose are very low, there is no
need to apply preventive measures regarding daily exposure to power frequency electric and magnetic
fields. Present exposure limits recommended by international organizations offer adequate protection.
The ICNIRP recommends a limit of 200 µT (= 2*10-4 T) for the public and 1 000 µT (= 1*10-3 T) for the
workers in the commercial frequency range.
Table 4-17 gives the actual magnetic field value measured for each type of substation [B37] and it is
much lower than limits set by ICNIRP guidelines. The maximum magnetic field strength is not
correlated with high voltage switchgear, but is usually located near the transformer, reactor or
transmission line termination point.
Therefore, 50 Hz / 60 Hz magnetic fields of these magnitudes produce no adverse health effects
according to the present guidelines. Experimental studies are more focused on very high magnetic
field levels that are known to produce harmful effects on the central nervous system.
Table 4-17 Actual magnetic field measured at 440 substations
Magnetic Field (µT)

Voltage Type of Substation
Average Maximum
765 kV Outdoor GIS 1.097 7.86
Outdoor GIS 1.047 12.25
345 kV Outdoor GIS 0.918 13.16
Indoor GIS 0.414 2.3

154 kV
Indoor GIS 0.25 8.02
Underground GIS 0.17 0.97
4.3. Conclusion
This Chapter describes various environmental factors which can impact the performance of outdoor
GIS and illustrates many examples of unfavourable consequences and design countermeasures.
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Since outdoor environmental conditions are harsher than indoor, users are strongly recommended to
study their environmental conditions for outdoor GIS, and consequently it is effective to specify the
appropriate requirements in the purchase specification, such as what environmental conditions should
be taken care of and what countermeasures are required.
Chapter 4 also helps manufacturers to optimize the design of outdoor GIS, to ensure the same long-
term reliability as indoor GIS, which contributes to ensure long-term reliability of outdoor GIS
equivalent to that of indoor GIS.
Experience in several countries where outdoor GISs are predominantly used has demonstrated that
proper specification and design can ensure the long-term operation of outdoor GIS. B3.57 gathered a
lot of know-how on these issues and hopes that the information can be shared with a lot of interested
readers through CIGRE’s global community.
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5. Impact on operations and maintenance policy to

ensure the outdoor GIS performance
5.1. Impact on operation and maintenance policy to ensure the outdoor
performance
Standards, guidelines, market requirements and the impact of design measures have been
introduced. Another essential component for the lifetime management of outdoor GIS and MTS is the
operations and maintenance policy. This chapter reviews the strategic relevance and highlights targets
for utilities and industrial customers. A guide for the development of strategic goals follows. Next, the
importance of SF6 gas leak management is emphasized as main driver for climate protection as well
as securing the availability of the switching equipment.
Experiences during operation and maintenance follows. Different repair scenarios are presented and
evaluated for their suitability in the outdoor environment.
5.2. Strategic relevance of operation and maintenance policy for utilities

and users
Choosing the right operations and maintenance policy for utilities and users when having outdoor GIS
and MTS in the network can lead to a significant contribution to the overall target achievement of a
company. It is therefore crucial for companies to balance the pros and cons of an outdoor installation
and take the right measures.
A successful lifetime management of outdoor GIS and MTS contains the following elements:
 Transparency of condition by examination of all maintenance records, testing records, single
line diagrams, three-line diagrams, station layout plans, equipment elevation drawings and
vendor information.
 Performance of site inspections to confirm and supplement the provided documentation and to
identify equipment that requires field tests.
 Performance of visual inspections and a battery of in-service and out-of-service tests to
confirm the operational integrity of the outdoor GIS.
 Recommendation of life extension options, retrofit options or replacement options.
 Preparation of a complete and thorough assessment report based on the provided
documentation, site inspections and field test results covering all recommendations.
To achieve these elements, performance of a Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) should be
included in the strategic policy of the company. An FMEA validates during the operational phase of
switchgear, and especially for outdoor GIS and MTS, on a regular basis its outdoor suitability.
The FMEA indicates how maintenance triggers may be affected, based on the specific plant functional
location such as the plant environment, usage and health. An aging analysis indicates intended design
life, plant aging mechanisms, specific plant health indices and calculations to determine useful
remnant life, which also serve as primary input to the technical and economic end-of-life assessments.
Performance, reliability, availability and statutory compliance are also drivers of the strategy. Usually,
the first major inspection and maintenance of any gas compartment is recommended by the
manufacturer. For example, when the desiccant filter material is replaced in the gas compartments
since these compartments need to be evacuated and refilled with gas.
It is recommended that GIS manufacturers include recommendations on outdoor topics in their
operating instructions, and that GIS maintenance should be carried out according to the
manufacturer's instructions. Details on the maintenance schedules typically recommended by various
manufacturers can be found in Appendix D.
The first date for major inspection and maintenance of any gas compartment should be recorded in
writing. The number of mechanical and fault current operations of switching devices is monitored to
determine if inspection and maintenance should be carried out as a function of time or wear.
The FMEA starts with identification of the components of the system that are essential to each major
function. After the essential components are identified, an analysis is conducted to determine the most
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effective maintenance tasks that should be applied in order to prevent failure of these critical
components. A typical general FMEA for substations is described below. This framework is for any
substation asset and can be used effectively for outdoor GIS as well as MTS.
Step 1 - Study system, divide into sub-components.
 System identification
 This section describes the identified sub-components of a substation as part of the FMEA
process.
Step 2 - Study system, determine design intent of sub-components.
 Design intent
This section describes the design intent of the substation sub-components. By linking the substation
sub-components to their intended design, the sub-components can be evaluated against fulfilment of
its intended function.
Step 3 - Determine potential failure mode of each sub-component.
 Condition monitoring
 Use Table 1 to determine FMEA code for failure mode.
Step 4 - Determine the effect of each failure mode.
 Use Table 1 to determine FMEA code for effect analysis.
Step 5 - Determine maintenance time intervals
 Use Table 2 to determine maintenance time intervals for the substation
Step 6 - Determine Asset classification
 Asset classification questionnaire
 Use questionnaire to determine state classification of substation as an input to Table 2
Step 6 - Determine asset health
 Health index
 Use questionnaire to determine health of substation line an input to Table 2
Step 7 - Record plant, maintenance and test data
 Plant, Maintenance and test data to be recorded
 Use section as directive to record substation data
Step 8 - Update and re-evaluate FMEA process
5.2.1. Targets of utilities
Whereas overall targets are mainly the same in both GIS types, minimizing costs, maximizing profit,
ensuring health & safety; many utilities are specifically planning major new investments in network
expansion due to the integration of renewables. More switching operations are foreseen which will be
in contrast to the historic behaviour of operating just once per month. Consequently, these assets
must have high operational availability at any time.
Pressure from regulators, governments and authorities might also increase the need for transparent
reporting as provided by an FMEA. This might also include reporting of any environmental aspects.
The power transmission and distribution business operators are also facing many challenges due to
the expansion of renewable energy such as higher utilization of electrical networks and an overall
increased complexity of power system operation. Economic performance is increasingly becoming the
major selection criteria for TSOs and DSOs. Along with the routine cost of operation and maintenance,
the reliability of equipment is essential to minimize lifecycle costs, especially in consideration of outage
and restoration (unrealized risk costs) if a major failure were to occur. In this context, environmental
aspects and life cycle assessments may become more important in the future.
65
5.2.2. Targets of users or industrial customers

Users and industrial customers are required to improve business value by ensuring the stable supply
of electricity. Their main aim is to produce output goods with minimal time spent on maintenance
planning. Therefore, many users and industrial customers are increasingly outsourcing to specialized
companies for maintenance, repair, recycling and other services.
5.2.3. Develop strategic goals
It is necessary for a company to have a clear plan for the achievement of strategic goals.
Understanding the company’s growth strategy can help to enable efficient and productive operation.
The definition of strategic goals is a primary task that must precede all others.
Strategy development is a company’s plan to achieve consistent growth. The following technique
gives detailed data and objectives that describe how a company plans to accomplish each goal. A
common company vision and mission statement ensures that each part of the company works toward
the same goals. Developing these goals may take several months.
The following steps are recommended:
1. Create a vision statement.
2. Examine past experiences.
3. Define your mission.
4. Research the competition.
5. Define employee roles.
Create a vision statement
One of the first steps a company should execute is to create a vision statement that defines the
company’s values and objectives. The vision statement should state the ultimate goal and clearly
communicate it to all entities of a company. For example, the vision statement could set a goal for the
company to emit less SF6 in their country / region in four years.
Examine past experiences
One of the best ways to improve the company is by looking at previous projects. A dedicated team
(mixed staffing with experts and generalists) of the company could make a list of the most successful
projects and what made them so effective. Noting that these factors can help plan future projects.
Projects that did not have the desired outcome should also be reviewed to determine what can be
improved next time.
Define the mission
A company’s mission statement defines its primary purpose, usually in more detail than a vision
statement. Creating both short-term and long-term goals to work toward the main objectives. For
example, the company could describe what values will be provided, who are the target customers and
which steps are needed to achieve the company goals. Consider making these as detailed as possible
to understand precisely in which direction the company is evolving.
Research the competition
Another way to define a business strategy is to look at the competition. Create a list of top competitors
and document the attributes that lead to their success. Base your strategy on this to ensure you stay
competitive. Adding value to a company can be done by creating. If you work in a competitive field,
you could add value to your brand by introducing a new product or service that no one else currently
offers.
Define employee roles
Each employee should contribute to reaching company goals. Assignment of specific tasks to
departments or persons ensures that everyone knows the expectations for their performance linked to
company goals. For example, one department should develop a monthly report due the first of every
month which includes the amount of SF6 gas lost due to lack of maintenance. This report can be then
evaluated by the management team to ensure consistent improvement toward the overall strategy.
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5.2.4. Regular reporting on SF6 losses and fines as main driver for users to minimize
leaks
SF6 is one of the most powerful insulating gases but has the disadvantage to contribute to the
greenhouse effect, once exposed to the air. Consequently, there are laws, regulations, and voluntary
management plans for regular reporting on SF6 losses. Users, utilities, and manufacturers strictly
follow these regulations. In outdoor GIS and MTS, SF6 emissions are difficult to localize due to rapid
dilution in air.
"Standards for the Handling of SF6 Gas for Electric Power Use for HV GIS" [B31] were formulated in
1998 in Japan during the Third Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change, which is better known as the Kyoto Conference on Climate Change or
COP3 in 1997. Since then, the entire industry, including electric power companies and equipment
manufacturers, have been making efforts to voluntarily reduce SF6 emissions to the atmosphere. A
joint study to establish a technical standard for recycling and handling of SF6 gas in switchgear was
conducted from 1996 to 1998 by the representatives of academia, utilities, equipment manufacturers
and gas producers. [B32][B33] In 1998, two industry associations responsible for the T&D sector in
Japan, i.e., the Federation of Electric Power Companies (FEPC) and Japan Electric Manufacturers’
Association (JEMA), announced the voluntary action plan to reduce the reduction of SF6 gas
emissions from electric equipment. This voluntary action plan was issued based on the understanding
that electric power companies and electric equipment manufacturers must make every effort to
minimize SF6 gas emissions to enable continued use of SF6 gas insulated equipment.
The actions to be addressed are as follows:
1. Reduction of SF6 gas emission during maintenance work on site
2. Reduction of SF6 gas emission during the removal of gas insulated equipment
3. Establishment of an SF6 gas recycling system
4. Improve the current SF6 gas Inventory system
5. Development of new technologies to minimize the use of SF6 gas in equipment
At a same time, gas recovery guidelines (i.e., target values for SF6 gas emission) were presented and
the required actions have since been taken. Twenty-two business organizations in eight different fields
have created and effectively implemented voluntary action plans. The quantity of SF6 emissions is
reported annually from each entity to the administrative organizations (Environment Agency (EA) and
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI)) and the data is disclosed on the METI website for
public access.
In Europe the EU regulation No 842/2006 was introduced requiring European users to monitor SF6 gas
emissions. This regulation has been replaced with EU regulation 517/2014. Consequently, European
users were required to monitor and track SF6 gas emissions. European users are complying with the
regulations. However, the regulations do not set a time limit to repair an SF6 leak. Some of the users
therefore allocate a dedicated budget to the reduction of SF6 emissions. These actions are driven by
environmental and operations criteria. Voluntary action plans exist in other countries that require a
reduction of the installed SF6 base. This is typically done by creating a phase out plan for obsolete
outdoor GIS and MTS which are reported as the main contributors to SF6 emissions. The industrial
strategy is to replace ageing SF6 installations with technology using either less SF6 or with alternative
gases if technical feasible. Moreover, preventive actions are implemented to avoid future SF6
emissions that are based on age and/or specific architecture. The majority of outdoor GIS and MTS
users reported minor failures which derive from SF6 gas emissions (>80 % of all reported minor
failures). Since SF6 has the highest global warming potential of any greenhouse gas, it may be
important to establish an SF6 emissions management strategy in the company and act as soon as
possible.
5.3. Experiences during Operation stage - Inspection

Regular inspection methods allow the user of outdoor GIS and MTS to identify irregularities quickly
and take corrective measures. In the following subchapter, three methods are described in greater
detail.
5.3.1. Visual inspection / condition assessments
Like indoor GIS systems, outdoor GIS and MTS can be visually checked and condition assessment of
the systems can be done on a regular basis. Degradation caused by specific outdoor influence factors
67
can be detected early and proactive measures taken to avoid subsequent problems. In this regard,
special attention should be given to corrosion effects or SF6 leaks (see subclause 5.3.3).
5.3.2. Intrusive Inspection - conventional
Conventional intrusive inspection standard elements such as routine maintenance or refurbishment.
Usually, these inspections are part of a planned maintenance service recommended after 18-25 years
depending upon the type of equipment and manufacturer. A shutdown of the respective bay or circuit
breaker is necessary to perform the maintenance.
Details on plans from different manufacturers are available in Appendix D.
5.3.3. Condition assessment and immediate removal of SF6 gas leaks
Degradation caused by outdoor influence factors, e.g., SF6 gas leaks can be avoided by using visual
checks or other condition assessment.
With the following method it is possible to track SF6 gas losses.
 The first step to monitor SF6 leaks is to document the number of first failure alarms of the
density monitors.
 In the second step, the mass of gas used during refill actions is reported. This can be done by
using a spreadsheet or database tool. For some equipment, an online monitoring system can
be used to track and report SF6 losses in a more convenient way.
 In addition, the analysis of the data can be automated when using appropriate reporting
systems.
The following example criteria can be applied to manage SF6 leaks and priorities the sequence of
interventions:
The environmental criteria trigger in this case is assumed to be 5 kg per rolling year of SF6 losses. In
terms of operational criteria, two alarms per two rolling months are reported as a trigger. If either the
first or second trigger met the limit, a leak localisation is carried out in a maximum two weeks' time.
Within 4 weeks after localisation, a temporary solution should be established. Permanent resolution of
any issues is based on the ability to de-energize the bay and should be coordinated by a larger group
of stakeholders. By giving such internal "guidelines" to the maintenance crew it is possible to reduce
the time required for localisation and sealing from the viewpoint of the user. Also, the maintenance
teams are encouraged to anticipate temporary solutions for the leak repair to minimize emissions as
quickly as possible.
First results indicate that pending leaks have been reduced and, consequently, SF6 emissions have
been reduced.
These types of condition assessments can be performed on a regular basis with a starting interval
from 6 months to 2 years depending on the degree of outdoor pollution.
5.3.4. Monitoring devices allowing permanent asset surveillance from remote
locations
In addition to visual inspection, condition assessments and intrusive inspections, more digital tools are
available to allow autonomous monitoring or surveillance of the equipment.
The advantage of those systems is that they run 24/7 within a given set of parameters and can detect
abnormalities much earlier than conventional methods.
For outdoor GIS and MTS, following systems are noteworthy:
 SF6 gas leakage monitoring technologies
 Optical diagnostic systems partially using artificial intelligence algorithms to detect oil leaks,
animals, moisture, etc.
 Robotics application in the substation
System a) was developed by many manufacturers and an early warning of SF6 leakage can speed up
the repair time.
System b) uses a network camera installed in a location where the status of the electrical equipment in
the substation can be ascertained. A facility diagnosis using AI is performed on the still images and
68
videos taken. Remote monitoring of substations using AI technology enables automatic detection of oil
leaks and motor abnormalities.
System c) is the application of robotics in substations and has the possibility to reduce human work
and avoid safety problems. Various autonomous robots for inspection and patrol, maintenance and
operation have been introduced due to advancements in sensor, computer, AI and other technologies.
CIGRE TB 807 [B21] describes such applications in detail. The use case is a wheeled patrol robot
which can move within a substation autonomously to assist with and replace human tasks. Their main
specifications are for the detection of real-time audio and video monitoring including storage of visible
images and infrared images, bi-directional communication of sound, the detection of infrared thermal
defects and automatic identification of equipment status based on visual image analysis such as meter
reading, ON/OFF status recognition, etc.
5.4. Experiences during Maintenance stage - Repair techniques and best

practice experiences for outdoor GIS and MTS
Every manufacturer issues a specific manual where the typical maintenance schedules and the
content of the maintenance is given. The working group recommends following these guidelines
especially since every outdoor GIS and MTS has different strengths and weaknesses. Appendix D
shows details of different OEM plans.
European as well as Japanese manufactures distinguish between scheduled, unscheduled, and
condition-based maintenance for both outdoor and indoor GIS. In practice, Japanese manufacturers
do not distinguish maintenance between outdoor or indoor GIS since most of the substation are
delivered outdoor. In severe outdoor conditions, special designs may lead to improved performance in
service.
Time-based maintenance starts with a visual check for the existence of dirt, moss, detached paint or
corrosion. Checks include visual checks of all external parts, treatment of outdoor flanges, checking of
anti-condensation heaters in the control cubicle and operating mechanisms. This is typically done for
all manufacturers on a frequency between one and twelve years.
It is advisable to remove any sign of dirt, moss, blocked ventilation vents, detached paint or corrosion
in a careful manner and to repair the parts with the original protective surface.
After eighteen to twenty-five years, manufacturers typically prescribe the second interval which is
major maintenance. Here the gas compartments are opened and inspected. Appropriate measures
should be taken to avoid introduction contamination into the gas compartments while exposed to the
atmosphere. A temporary tent can be a viable solution for this concern. The tent can be heated and
cooled to control both temperature and humidity. Filtered outdoor air supplies positive pressure to the
workspace and minimizes the possibility of contamination.
European suppliers indicate that the specified inspection and maintenance intervals apply to normal
service conditions. Extreme service conditions include the following:
 Continuously high ambient temperatures,
 Heavy dust accumulation,
 Continuously high humidity,
 Severe air pollution by aggressive gases or vapours
 Service in coastal areas
Outdoor equipment operating in these conditions may require shorter inspection and maintenance
intervals.
A range of time to first inspection in highly polluted areas is from one-half to two years. These intervals
originate from OEM operating manuals for outdoor GIS.
5.4.1. Repair techniques and best practice experiences for outdoor GIS and MTS
When repairing parts, modules, components or complete substations of outdoor GIS or MTS
equipment, several risks should be taken into consideration upfront and mitigation measures defined
for the repair. In general, the same procedures and precautions used during the initial installation
should be applied. However, unpredictable changes in weather conditions can influence the
cleanliness on-site. Consequently, a temporary tent with either a heating system or air conditioning
can be installed which allows a stable working environment. This maintains temperature, humidity,
69
dust and cleanliness during the repair work and within OEM defined ranges. Measured values of the
atmospheric working conditions should be recorded for later use.
The following repairs may be conducted on-site:
 Removal of corrosion on metal parts
 Repair of SF6 leaks
 Repair of flange corrosion
 Repair of corrosion protection
 Replacement of heavily corroded parts
The requirements for the building site and its equipment for the switchgear erection area are defined
so that all construction work in the repair area should be completed. No construction work may be
carried out during repair of the switchgear.
Special care should be taken to exclude swarf (fine metallic particles) from entry into the GIS
equipment. Swarf can originate from welding and/or machining and grinding operations. Also, a tool
impact can lead to a visible defect in the coating that produces superficial corrosion but does not affect
the underlying material. Therefore, any coating impact should be addressed by the responsible
technician.
Moreover, the area must be prepared for the load stated in the load indications and must have the
required foundations. It must be possible (with the help of tents and tarpaulins) to protect the assembly
area against the elements until the assembly work has been completed and anti-corrosion agents
have been applied.
If repair of anti-corrosion agents or paint is required after the repair job, the procedures, working
temperatures and humidity level specified by the manufacturer of the cleaning agents and primer
lubricants should be followed.
Choice of both the protective coating system as offered by the OEM and the maintenance strategy are
essential to realize the required IP classification in service. In addition, a proper workspace should be
provided around the GIS so that internal parts can be accessed and replaced from access ports
without complete removal and disassembly.
To support on-site maintenance for outdoor GIS and MTS the OEM can incorporate design features
that improve maintainability and repair such as:
 The CB is designed so that arc contacts can be replaced from an access port or flange in the
CB enclosure without disassembling the complete circuit breaker.
 A proper space around the GIS is provided for inspection or maintenance work to be safely
conducted. Such work includes observation of the external condition, reading indicators,
manual operation of mechanisms, replenishment of lubrication for mechanical parts, etc.
 Provide bellows with a detachable device inside to disassemble main components such as the
CB, main buses, etc. with a small dismantling area to minimise the power outage duration if a
failure were to occur.
Especially for Maintenance, Repair and Extension (MRE) processes, CIGRE TB 870 [B24] lists all
relevant topics related to MRE and on-site dielectric testing for GIS above 52 kV. It enhances the
effective cooperation of users and manufacturers through 1) Definition and selection of MRE Codes,
2) Clear responsibilities, 3) Description of the main technical aspects including safety issues, 4)
Recommendations for users and manufacturers and 5) Provision of use cases. It supports the use of
IEC 62271-203:2022 Annex F [B34].
If preconditions have been considered and a repair is to be executed, then use of experienced
technicians should be taken into consideration. Since every switchgear manufacturer has a unique
design, it may be advisable to use the in-house experience of the OEM for a repair job. This promotes
efficient execution with factory-trained people and often a warranty of the executed services. The user
should plan for OEM repair crews by taking advantage of the reduced repair duration and the
opportunity for user maintenance crew training.
Availability of correct spare parts is essential before the execution of an on-site repair. For example,
the opening of cabinets often requires a new set of sealing rings. If the new sealing rings are not on-
site, the existing rings are likely to be used and can lead to water ingress and the subsequent damage
70
of other components. Moreover, part, module, component or a complete substation should be

replaced with new versions supplied by the OEM of the outdoor GIS / MTS. Only this can guarantee
the same quality of the components.
During the repair job the bay should be inspected carefully. Any signs of water entry or even corrosion
in adjacent compartments / modules should be observed, assessed carefully and removed as soon as
possible to prevent further corrosion. Such corrosion can lead to damage of the metal flanges that
compromises gas seals and causes SF6 leaks.
Repairs of deviations can either be carried out by certified technicians of the OEM or by the user's own
service personnel. Smaller abnormalities such as sediments on top of the outdoor GIS / MTS, moss
and localized corrosion at moving parts will be removed during regular inspection intervals between
one-half and one year maximum. Anti-corrosion agents can be re-applied regularly during these
intervals.
5.4.2. Drive systems
As with indoor GIS, drive systems for outdoor GIS and MTS can be also repaired on-site. Special
attention of repairing drive systems should be given to the sealing of the cabinets. Depending on the
type of seal, replacement rather than reuse is often recommended. This can prevent water ingress
and subsequent damage. Depending on recommendations from the OEM, attention should be given to
the rehabilitation of the paint surface with adequate thickness.
Users with equipment which is located within approximately 100 km of saltwater often describe
corrosion of steel shafts that are part of the kinematic chain. This type of corrosion is mainly aesthetic
and can be removed with a non-metallic abrasive. To protect against future corrosion, the parts can be
treated with an OEM-approved Tectyl® coating after the cleaning process.
5.4.3. Gas works
Gas work for outdoor GIS and MTS can be carried out by checking the temperature-pressure filling
curve carefully. Direct sunlight onto density gauges or other gas-filled compartments may lead to an
incorrect final SF6 filling pressure. Therefore, filling in direct sunlight of certain gas-filled compartments
should be avoided since a stable temperature during filling is necessary.
A re-check of the gas pressure after 24 hours is recommended to ensure the correct fill pressure.
Additional measurements of SF6 gas quality (pressure, humidity, SO2 content) are carried out by some
utilities after one month to re-establish the quality of the insulating gas.
5.4.4. Identify SF6 leaks
Gas tightness is one of the most important elements to ensure the performance and reliability of
outdoor GIS and MTS. Online monitoring technology can accurately detect micro gas leaks caused by
functional deterioration of the sealing ring, thereby issuing an alert to the user before the seal reaches
its end of life. This works even in harsh outdoor environments.
In traditional gas pressure monitoring, an alarm is not issued until the gas pressure falls below the
alarm setpoint. However, by applying online monitoring technology, it is possible to recognize the
signs of seal degradation or any other leak in advance of an alarm. This gives users advanced notice
and time to consider repair measures for the seal material so that well-planned repairs can be made
(Figure 5-1).
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Figure 5-1 Micro-leak detection system
When a gas leak of SF6 occurs due to a device abnormality, only the slow leak abnormality must be
identified with high accuracy by distinguishing it from normal gas pressure fluctuation. Figure 5-2
shows a typical example of gas density monitoring of an outdoor gas compartment.
Identifying and repairing SF6 leaks in outdoor equipment without online monitoring equipment can be
more challenging as described in subchapter 5.4.5.
Figure 5-2 Gas leakage detection system on outdoor equipment
The interface in the control room of the substation can be used to easily recognize abnormalities as
shown in Figure 5-3.
Figure 5-3 SF6 leak detection user interface in control room
5.4.5. Repair techniques for SF6 leaks

SF6 leak repair of outdoor GIS /MTS can be complex and require special tools. The reason is that SF6
leak cameras and sniffer tools might be defeated by weather conditions such as wind and sun or are
not in a position to properly detect the leak. There are camera systems on the market based on
infrared imaging or full waveform-based Laser Imaging Detection and Ranging system (LIDAR
72
systems). Those devices can detect aerosols and can also be used to detect outdoor leaks. The
advantage of fixed systems is that they can monitor for leaks continuously. However, the present cost
of LIDAR technology is a constraint for adoption of such a fixed system. Some detectors are able to
detect fixed wavelengths using an optical filter. For SF6, the optical filters can detect wavelengths
between 10.6 and 10.8 micrometres. The disadvantage of those detectors is their inability to detect
leaks obscured by reflected sunlight and their reliability depends on the precision of a CO2 laser
pointed at the source of the leak.
A standard method to localize SF6 leaks is the water/soap combination which produces soap bubbles
at the defective location. This is a universally common method for locating relatively large leaks. In
some cases, users report that an outage for SF6 leak repair is not immediately possible and interim
measures are instead applied. For example, several solutions exist which permit temporary repair of
an SF6 leak by a temporary bracket around the affected location.
One solution is a metal bracket design filled with nitrogen to prevent further SF6 from leaving the gas
compartment. The bracket has been type-tested for twenty-five years and is designed specifically for
each manufacturer.
Figure 5-4 Temporary bracket for SF6 leakage reduction
The second method is a solution that originated from the oil pipeline industries. A synthetic tape
surrounds the affected location and by gluing it with a special resin to stop the SF6 leak.
Especially in tropical climates, it is important to choose an epoxy/acrylic resin that is effective in
humidity levels greater than 85 %. Suggested humidity levels are below 85% and ideally between 50
to 60 % throughout the entire cure cycle of the resin (cure cycle is the time required for the resin to
reach full strength) The suggested temperature range for curing epoxy is between 70 to 80 ˚F (21 to
26 ˚C). When temperatures are low (below 50 ˚F or 10 ˚C) and humidity is high (above 70 %) the
conditions are prime for blushing. Blushing occurs when moisture and carbon dioxide are present in
sufficient amounts to react with the amine curative in an epoxy coating formulation. Blush and bloom
are surface defects that should be avoided in an epoxy coating. They affect the coating performance,
as they can result in a hazy white or spotty white appearance, poor gloss retention, discoloration over
time (yellowing), poor substrate adhesion and poor inter-coat adhesion. Proper storage and handling
of epoxy resin can help prevent blushing issues. Limiting atmospheric exposure during handling is
critical.
Figure 5-5 Temporary SF6 leak repair method
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The second method has been tested by contributing members of this brochure and its suitability for
the T&D business is questionable.
In addition, both solutions have the disadvantage that the user cannot see whether the SF6 leak is
extending to other locations since the temporary solution is also an optical barrier (e.g., corrosion
spread). Consequently, intensive SF6 gas monitoring is required by the user to quantify the actual
condition.
5.4.6. Bushings repairs or exchange
In general, the same rules apply for bushing repairs or exchange as described in chapter 5.4.1. That
means appropriate ambient conditions such as humidity, temperature and dust should be provided
during the entire repair job.
An exchange of a bushing can only be performed if weather conditions permit. It is not possible to
build a temporary tent around the switchgear since it must be accessible via a mobile crane. Since the
gas compartments will be opened during this service intervention, special consideration has to be
taken into account for the weather conditions.
Porcelain repairs can be made by using a moulding mask which dries within several hours under
standard environmental conditions. This mask is available in different colours (mainly brown and
white) to fulfil some aesthetic requirements. Small areas up to one square centimetre can be repaired
by a moulding mask. If the damage is larger, an exchange of the porcelain is necessary.
Repair of silicone type bushings is also possible by a special repair agent. First, the damaged silicone
area is cut with a sharp knife to have a clean and plain surface. Then the repair process is carried out
in accordance with the recommendations of the bushing supplier.
5.4.7. In-gas system repairs
In general, the same rules apply for in gas system repairs as interrupter units described in subchapter
5.4.1. This means that appropriate ambient conditions such as humidity, temperature and dust should
be maintained during the entire repair job.
In addition, opening of SF6 gas compartments often requires the same tools which are required for the
production process. It is necessary to agree with the manufacturer on a specific repair process since
not all tools and auxiliary processes might be available during on-site repair, especially for the
interrupter unit.
Due to the nature of an on-site repair, advance planning is necessary to avoid delays and other
unintended consequences. Consider that an overhead crane may be unavailable to erect a temporary
tent. Consequently, other heavy lift means such as small mobile cranes and forklifts may be used.
When exchanging spare parts on-site the transport packaging should be removed in an appropriate
area to avoid contamination of the new spare parts. Specifically, solid insulation made from cast epoxy
resin absorbs water when stored without protection. This may cause partial discharges and eventually
dielectric failure in service.
5.4.8. Corrosion repair
Corrosion of carbon steel components is a well-known consequence of outdoor GIS / MTC operation
in humid air. Therefore, some metallic parts can show signs of corrosion after years in use. A repair
on-site is both possible and standard for most users and manufacturers.
First, the corrosion needs to be detected and documented to plan the appropriate measures.
Corrosion is then removed by sandblasting, brushing with sandpaper or bristle the parts carefully. A
cleaning agent against rust can be used to remove the last spots of corrosion.
Then it is recommended to clean the part with hydrocarbon-based cold application cleaning solvents
(free of halogenated hydrocarbons with a flash point < 55 ˚C such as ShellsolTM D60, Esso VarsolTM
60 and Haku 1025/920) and rags to remove the last spots. A part which will not be painted afterwards
should be treated by a thin film of Tectyl® to protect against humidity.
Parts which have been painted originally will be treated with a priming agent and after the drying and
hardening phase have been completed, the original colour will be applied with a brush. Drying and
hardening of the paint should occur within the specified temperature range. Repainting with the
original colour is specified by some manufacturers to withstand future corrosion. It is therefore
necessary to ensure proper repainting after any type of repair. All touched parts should be repainted
such as bolts and screws which are touched by a wrench and the paint has been chipped.
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5.4.9. Cleaning of the outdoor GIS or MTS system

In general, cleaning is allowed with substances or cleaning agents approved by the manufacturer and
listed in the instruction manual. The same cold-application cleaning solvents described in 5.4.8. are
permitted. Heavily polluted elements of the MTS or outdoor GIS might be cleaned by a high-pressure
water cleaner. The advantage of these cleaning systems is the fast removal of moss, dust, industry
deposits, salt, etc. The equipment must be out of service, control voltage switched off and the five
safety rules must be ensured. Water cleaning of live insulators in outdoor installations may be
considered when, due to surface fouling, the withstand voltage of the insulator might be reduced,
leading to a flashover.
It is appropriate to construct a temporary scaffold next the equipment so that the cleaning process can
be performed without safety risks. A mild soap can be used as an additive to accelerate the cleaning
process. Clean water should be used for cleaning and the water pressure as well as the proximity of
the water exit should be chosen to avoid removal of paint from the housings. Special attention should
be given to the flange connections. Cleaning the small gap between two compartments should be
avoided. Penetrating water can defeat the sealing ring and lead to more problems after cleaning. High
pressure cleaning of secondary or monitoring elements should be avoided due to uncertainty of the
ingress protection level and the potential for water damage.
Since the flanges should not be high pressure cleaned, a brush can be used manually to clean the
sensitive parts. This allows also a second opportunity to identify corrosion and take corrective action.
The cleaning cycle and the number of cleaning sections should be determined so that a single
cleaning of all the equipment can be completed within the time it takes for the insulators to reach the
limit value of salt adhesion density when they are in a nearly clean state. For polymer bars and
insulator pipes, consideration should be given to prevent damage to the outer coating caused by the
water injection.
After the cleaning process, the MTS or outdoor GIS must be dry before energizing the system again.
5.4.10. Replacement of plastics and other organic material
There is no specific recommendation for the replacement of plastics and / or other organic materials
during the repair process other than what is described in subchapter 4.4.1. Special attention should be
given to the replacement of transparent plastic windows and the avoidance of damage by impact.
Such items are easily scratched by dropping or mishandling.
5.5. Conclusion
This chapter describes the implications for operations and maintenance policies on the performance of
outdoor GIS and MTS devices to ensure the outdoor resilience of GIS. The strategic relevance of
policies for users and necessary targets for an organization are reviewed. Out of this exercise
strategic goals can be derived which allows the maintenance team of the user to plan their activities
and efforts. The chapter gives an overview of FMEA concepts, how they enable the user to detect
possible failure modes and evaluate their effect on the system. FMEA output becomes the input for
planning condition assessments to evaluate performance of existing devices. When specific repair
jobs are scheduled, all circumstances should be planned to deliver a failure-free repair in the first
attempt. Specific repair jobs are reviewed throughout the chapter so that the user can benefit from the
experiences of this working group.
Chapter 6 explains in detail how such repairs combined with strategic planning can support lifetime
management and long-term reliability of outdoor GIS and MTS systems.
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6. Impact on Long-term reliability - Lifetime

Management
6.1 Introduction
Reliability of outdoor Gas Insulated Substation equipment and electrical installations is defined as the
ability to perform as required, without failure, for a given time interval and under given conditions.
Long-term Reliability depends on lifecycle events such as design, quality of manufacturing, handling &
Transportation, Installation & Commissioning, Operation & Maintenance strategy, etc.
Impact on long-term reliability and lifetime management of each equipment and electrical installations
must be evaluated on individual basis. Results of these evaluation are used to select best course of
action for extending lifetime and ensuring long-term reliability of outdoor GIS. This chapter also gives
an overview of lifetime extension and management strategies.
6.2 Key pillars of Long-term Reliability

Reliability of outdoor GIS is mainly determined by three key pillars (as shown in Figure 6-1) during its
lifetime such as:
 Design
 Manufacturing & Installation (including transportation & storage)
 Operation & Maintenance
Figure 6-1 3 key stages / pillars to ensure product reliability
6.2.1. Design Countermeasures to ensure long-term reliability Outdoor GIS

In view of the design considerations for outdoor GIS, the following measures listed in Table 6-1 are
considered effective in ensuring the long-term reliability of outdoor GIS.
Table 6-1 Design countermeasures to endure long term reliability of outdoor GIS
Details of
# Design countermeasures to ensure long-term reliability
Countermeasure
1 Selection of suitable sealing design applied in flange connections Subchapter 4.2.5
Selection of suitable gas monitoring device (gauge / sensor) for outdoor

2 Subchapter 4.2.4
conditions
3 Selection of suitable equipment considering solar de-rating impact of GIS Subchapter 4.2.4
4 Implementation of suitable sunshade considering solar radiation Subchapter 4.2.4
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Details of
# Design countermeasures to ensure long-term reliability
Countermeasure
Proper design and selection of snow cover

5 Subchapter 4.2.6
(mechanical strength analysis)
Selection / design of suitable space heater and sealing in cubicles to prevent

6 Subchapter 4.2.3
ingress of water
7 Proper design and selection of cubicles (mechanical strength analysis) Subchapter 4.2.10
8 Selection of suitable design, material and painting system for required IP class Subchapter 4.2.7
9 Proper design of sealings at all bi-metal connections to avoid electrical corrosion. Subchapter 4.2.7
10 Selection and implementation of seal washers at critical connection points Subchapter 4.2.5
11 Selection of suitable cable installation suitable for outdoor conditions Subchapter 4.2.3
Subchapter 4.2.5
12 Selection of Appropriate cover for exposed earth switch mechanism
& 4.2.6
6.2.2. Manufacturing & Installation (Including Transportation & storage)

Countermeasures to ensure long-term reliability outdoor GIS
In view of the manufacturing & Installation considerations for outdoor GIS, the following measures
listed in Table 6-2 are considered effective in ensuring the long-term reliability of outdoor GIS.
Table 6-2 Manufacturing & installation countermeasures to ensure long term reliability of outdoor GIS
Manufacturing & Installation

# Details of Countermeasure
countermeasures
 Ensure proper quality of flange surface (dimension and

tolerances as per design without damage or scratches)
Implementation of appropriate during manufacturing to installation stage.
1 manufacturing & installation process
 Ensure proper quality sealing system during complete
of flange connections
installation process.
 Testing the gas sealing performance as required.
Implementing quality processes  Ensure proper handling and application of sealant as per
2 during installation of sealants for design.
cubicles etc.,
Ensuring the painting / coating system  Ensure proper handling and application of painting /
3
as per design for required IP class coating as per design without damage or scratches.
 Installation of temporary tent or shed.

Ensuring proper climatic conditions as
4  Halting / stopping installation during adverse climatic
per OEM's guideline
conditions such as strong wind, heavy rains etc.,
6.2.3. Operation & maintenance countermeasures to ensure long-term reliability

outdoor GIS
In view of the Operation & Maintenance considerations for outdoor GIS, the following measures listed
in Table 6-3 are considered effective in ensuring the long-term reliability of outdoor GIS.
77
Table 6-3 Operation & maintenance countermeasures to ensure long term reliability of outdoor GIS
Operation & Maintenance countermeasures

# Details of Countermeasure
to ensure long-term reliability
1 Appropriate maintenance strategy of flange connections Subchapter 5.4.5
Appropriate maintenance strategy of painting / coating system and

2 Subchapter 5.4.1
sealants
Appropriate maintenance strategy considering environmental / Subchapters 5.4.1, 5.4.8, 5.4.9

3
climatic conditions and 5.4.10
6.3 Lifetime Management

An important part of successful lifetime management of outdoor GIS is assessing each switchgear bay
and associated equipment and assigning experienced and qualified engineers to perform each
assessment.
A thorough assessment of the outdoor GIS begins with the following steps: (Refer Figure 6-2)
 Design / Maintenance records review: Review of all design, maintenance and repair records
such as: one-line diagrams, three-line diagrams, station layout plans, equipment elevation
drawings, vendor information, factory & Site commissioning test records etc.,
 Preliminary check: Perform visual inspection & some simple tests to confirm the operational
integrity of the GIS.
 Detailed investigation: Performing detailed tests to further zero-in into the issue / condition of
asset / GIS.
 Special tests (If needed): Perform expert based tests to confirm the health / issue / condition
of asset. e.g., X-Ray, Thermography, Partial Discharge (PD) tests etc.,
 Residual life assessment: Based on all the test results Asset management Experts (OEM /
Utilities / Consultancy) derive the residual life estimation of the asset / GIS.
 Life extension / replacement strategy: Recommend life extension options, retrofit options or
replacement options based on economic & technical aspects.
78
Figure 6-2 Lifetime management strategy flowchart
6.3.1. Design / Maintenance records review

To assess the health condition a GIS in operation at site, we start with detailed review of all design,
maintenance, and repair records such as: one-line diagrams, three-line diagrams, station layout plans,
equipment elevation drawings, vendor information, factory & site commissioning test records etc., This
gives the assessor a clear view of any issues arising since / due to design and maintenance of GIS.
Some of the examples of design & maintenance records collected for analysis are as follows:
 System switching studies during design stage
 GIS manufacturer drawings
 Factory & site commissioning test records
 Photographs of the GIS installations and sites
 Operations history (loading and fault operation data)
 Preventive maintenance (PM) and inspection records
 GIS leak history records
 GIS gas analysis reports
 Detailed failure and repair reports
 Quality control procedure (QCP)
 Technical details about critical parts (sealing system etc.,).
Further, we need to collect data regarding operation of GIS / asset such as:
 Identification of critical parts
 Ageing of components
 Spare parts availability
 Circuit breaker drive details
 GIS health index
79
 Probability of failure
 Known issues with equipment from the manufacturer
 History of mechanical stresses
 History of environmental stresses
 Information on the sister GIS from same lot / order / batch.
6.3.2. Preliminary checks
Perform visual inspection & some simple tests to confirm the operational integrity of the GIS. These
simple tests are to be conducted in service condition without any special tool / kit required.
Visual inspections may include:
 Mechanical integrity of the GIS and to identify visible stress locations.
 Identify instances of corrosion of flanges, bolts, fittings, housings, enclosures, gas filling
valves, density gauges/sensors etc.
 Identify and verify gas zone configuration/ coordination and inspect each assembly module for
integrity, corrosion and operability.
 Grounding and bonding connections, verify the integrity of cross bonding.
 Check if pressure relief devices operated.
 Check of cable sealing ends (where applicable sheath voltage limiters, MOV’s for insulating
flanges, etc.)
 Transformer connection modules (where applicable flange insulating spacers, vibration
dampers, bellows/expansion modules etc.)
 Local control cabinets for circuit breakers, disconnector switches and grounding switches
a. Relays
b. Gaskets
c. General condition
d. Control & power cables
e. Heaters
 Circuit breaker operating mechanisms (counter reading, status and condition)
Preliminary In-service testing for GIS and circuit breaker may include:
2. SF6 gas system verification
o Gas moisture measurement; each gas zone
o Gas purity verification
o Decomposed gas quality test
o Verify operation of alarms and trips for gas monitoring system
o Operating points of gas density monitors; Check of operating points compare with the
“Gas Schematic Diagram “
o Test operation of gas density monitor first stage alarm and second stage
alarm/trip/block close
3. Abnormal sound / vibration check during operation.
4. Analysis of alarm history and sequence of events
5. Analysis of on-line gas density monitoring system-trending data (if available)
6. Analysis of any other online monitoring system-trending data (if available).
7. Other tests as required
80
6.3.3. Detailed investigation

Perform in-service and out-of-service tests for the outdoor GIS as a second step in confirming the
operational integrity of the GIS:
 Gas tightness / leakage test using handheld leak detector
 Bus contact/connection resistance test
 Primary circuit DC-resistance measurements
 Circuit breaker tests:
o Contact resistance test
o Primary current injection for testing of circuit breaker tripping and CT/relay
performance
o Insulation resistance test
o Insulation power factor test
o Contact timing and travel test
o Operating mechanism alarm testing
 Surge arrester leakage current (if meter is not installed)
 Instrument transformer tests:
o Insulation resistance test (CT & VT)
o Polarity and ratio measurement (CT &VT)
o Primary DC Resistance
 PD measurement (PD levels at operating voltage)
 Other tests as required
6.3.4. Special tests (If needed)
Mostly, we are able to zero-in or identify the issue in GIS / Asset. However, in some specific cases
such as multiple symptoms noticed in multiple tests, where it becomes indecisive / inconclusive on the
issue in asset / GIS. In such cases we need to conduct specific sophisticated expertise based tests to
identify the issue. These special tests involve specialized kit, tools and expertise to perform it on
outdoor GIS. Some of specialized tests are as follows but not limited to:
 Thermal imaging
 Dynamic contact resistance measurements (DCRM) (if applicable)
 Partial discharge (PD) test complete switchgear; PD measurements to be performed using
UHF measurement and external source (at elevated voltage levels)
6.3.5. Residual life assessment
The evaluation and process of residual life assessment of HV GIS is detailed in CIGRE TB 499 [B26].
Further, the detailed refurbishment strategy based on economic risks and calculation is elaborated in
CIGRE TB 448 [B27].
Residual life assessment involves mainly to identify and analyze:
 Possibility of extension of lifetime for deteriorating parts
 Availability of supply parts and dispatch of engineers
 Impact to operation
Following factors are considered to assess the residual life of outdoor GIS:
 Equipment factors (assessment of equipment condition and required maintenance) Refer
6.3.1 to 6.3.4
o Design/ maintenance records review
81
o Preliminary checks
o Detailed investigation
o Special tests (if needed)
 External factors (environmental, legal etc.,)
o Changing regulations
o Changing legal requirements
o Any other change
 Changing system requirements (refer chapter 3)
o Changing system rating of substation [rated voltage (V), rated current (I), rated short-
circuit current (Isc) etc.,]
o Modifications in power system configuration (additional feeders, banks, main bus
configuration etc.,)
o Any other change
6.3.6. Life extension / replacement strategy
Develop an assessment and engineering set of recommendations for life extension options, retrofit
options or replacement options, based on the analysis of the inspections, historical records, in-service
and out-of-service testing, current observed condition of the outdoor GIS and based on the results of
the field data collection.
6.3.6.1. Prepare an assessment report
Consolidate the results of all the material and equipment assessments and combine into one overall
assessment report. This assessment report should include the following:
 Comprehensive recommendations with detailed listings of proposed upgrades, replacements,
and/or enhancements
 Associated costs
 Proposed implementation plans and schedules for their installation along with identification of
required outages.
 Recommendations on a phased approach; namely, short, medium, and long term, based on
the age of the asset, its current condition and its remaining life expectancy.
6.3.6.2. Special maintenance measures for outdoor GIS (by user)
The key decision-making objective / aim is to assess if life extension of asset is needed or not. There
is a thorough study of the asset and we arrive at this decision. Based on this objective the further
actions are aligned / planned under following 3 scenarios shown in Figure 6-3.
Scenario 1 (Blue Arrow): Life extension of asset is possible & advisable, Economic efficiency is good
This scenario will lead to "Extension of lifetime" with following decision options:
 No action with regular maintenance: This option involves no additional / special maintenance
cost.
 Enhanced maintenance: This option involves some additional / special maintenance cost to
maintain the performance of equipment.
Scenario 2 (Red arrow): Life extension of asset is possible & advisable, but economic efficiency is not
good
Scenario 3 (Red arrow): Life extension of asset is not possible & not advisable (No need for economic
evaluation)
Scenarios 2 & 3 will lead to the following decision / action / steps options:
 Priority assessment
o Equipment condition assessment
82
o Assessment of the impact on the grid

o Economic evaluation from a managerial perspective
 Decision for residual life options
o Refurbishment
o Retrofit
o Replacement
 Determination of renewal details
o Site conditions
o System reliability during refurbishment work
o System reliability after refurbishment work
 Management decision and renewal workload
o Availability of competent / skilled workforce
o Leveling of investment in equipment renewal
Detailed lifetime extension / replacement decision making process is shown in Figure 6-3.
Figure 6-3 Life extension / replacement decision making process
6.4 PDCA cycle quality assurance in GIS

PDCA is an acronym for Plan-Do-Check-Act, a well-known method of improving the quality
management cycle. improving GIS quality is achieved through the PDCA cycle shown in Figure 6-4.
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PDCA is continuous improvement of a system actions based on the data analysis of results and
corresponding corrective actions implementation in continuous cycle. Over a period of time we can
find that these data are useful in making many changes in O&M process to strategy locally to globally.
The actions that arise out of such continuous data analysis is categorized based on the impact level
such as:
 Operation & Maintenance strategy / planning: Daily O&M work, offline / online monitoring
data from equipment impacts the O&M strategy and planning activities of local unit or site or
utility.
 Substation planning & project implementation: Return of O&M Experience of a specific
utility impacts the product specification and product requirement for current and future
projects.
 Standardization (National / International): Return of O&M experience from specific region
impacts the National or International standards.
Recently, smart / digital GIS has been implemented in many countries which gives much more
operational data continuously. Such technological advancements may help us to shorten the PDCA
cycle time.
Figure 6-4 PDCA cycle quality assurance in GIS operation & maintenance
6.5 Conclusion
The long-term reliability of outdoor GIS depends on design, manufacturing quality, handling &
transportation, installation & commissioning, operation & maintenance strategy in its lifetime. Chapter
6 catalogues the reliability issues and suggests probable countermeasures specifically in terms of
design, manufacturing & installation and operation & maintenance; that could be implemented to
enhance the long-term reliability of outdoor GIS.
As part of lifetime management of outdoor GIS a step-by-step action flowchart has been formulated;
that could be followed by utilities along with support of OEMs to assess the current condition and
determine a suitable life-extension or replacement decision. An extensive list of actions in each step
and its source, outcome, and relevance in each stage of lifetime management has also been listed. It
is understood that the decision to extend the life of, refurbish or replace a long-standing GIS is
influenced not only by an assessment of the GIS itself and the availability of repair parts, but also by
external factors such as the user's asset management strategy, legislation and regulations, new
requirements for the power system and a review of rating requirements. In addition, management
decisions such as economic evaluation and prioritization are ultimately required, and these decisions
need to take full account of various factors such as the balance of capital investment and construction
capacity (resources) on the part of both users and manufacturers.
84
Further, with the exponential technological growth in the field of online asset monitoring techniques
and data analysis tools the importance of life data of outdoor GIS was emphasized. The data-driven
results obtained from operation/maintenance may not only improve the local PDCA cycle of operation
& maintenance strategy but may also lead to a review and rationalization of product specifications and
product requirements, as well as standards and norms for current and future projects.
85
7. Economic Evaluation (outdoor vs indoor)

7.1. Project Life cycle Cost
In the past the economic evaluation or costing of T&D assets was based on the initial procurement or
investment cost. This method was found to be reasonable due to the previous time-based
maintenance and replacement policies for assets. However, with the growing awareness of asset
health indices and economic pressure / crisis in power utilities, the overall cost of product life cycle is
relevant. This involves the cost of planning, initiation, procurement, preparation, installation,
commissioning, online & offline monitoring and maintenance, time & condition-based maintenance /
refurbishment till asset scrapping or reuse or disposal.
Due to the wide range of GIS technologies available, a number of approaches have been adopted to
assess the benefits to utilities. Nowadays the economic evaluation by project life cycle cost is
becoming more important. The main reasons for this are the rapid change in ownership of power
companies and the greater emphasis on asset management in the liberalized T&D market. The criteria
for asset valuation and optimization need to be taken into account when choosing the most
appropriate solution for an individual substation.
With ageing assets and increased external stresses (CIGRE TB 816 [B28] and chapter 4 in this TB),
electric utilities are focused on condition-based asset management to ensure product reliability and
availability. To maintain high levels of power quality and reliability, appropriate GIS performance and
maintenance activities are critical and there is cost involved in each stage of product life cycle.
In this chapter, therefore, we will examine the economic evaluation based on life cycle cost. The life
cycle cost describes the whole life costs during the lifetime of an asset. The basis of any life cycle cost
evaluation is to select an appropriate cost break down structure, such as:
𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒𝐶𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝐴𝑐𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑂𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Equation 7-1
The cost breakdown structure is based on the recommendations of IEC 60300-3-3 [B30] which is
proposing a generic cost breakdown structure for high voltage applications. From the utility
perspective, the following cost breakdown structure appears to be useful:
 Acquisition cost: This cost includes all initial cost of developing and realizing an asset to
utilize it and place it into service. For GIS the main acquisition costs are cost of installation,
acquiring of land, building, primary equipment as well as the cost of test & commissioning,
secondary control, protection and monitoring equipment.
 Ownership cost: These are the total cost of utilizing the GIS until the end of its life cycle. The
ownership costs, which are often a major component of life cycle cost, in many cases exceed
acquisition costs and are not readily visible. These costs are difficult to predict. This includes
all maintenance cost (planned preventive maintenance + corrective maintenance), operating
and unexpected risk costs. Furthermore, the possible enhancement of GIS at a later time
should be considered.
 Retirement cost: This includes all costs of removing the GIS and the disposal of the system
at the end of its life cycle. It typically includes costs for disassembly, transport, recycling and
disposal.
7.2. Life cycle - acquisition cost

7.2.1. Elements related to acquisition cost of GIS substation
Firstly, we list the components of a GIS substation that are required to build a new GIS substation,
with its indicative cost and necessity to cost evaluation as shown in Table 7-1.
Note: Replacement, rehabilitation, extension and conversion of old / existing substations are not
considered in this evaluation.
86
Table 7-1 Elements related to acquisition cost of GIS substation
Indoor outdoor
# Acquisition components Remarks
GIS GIS
Necessary for
1 GIS including local control cabinet $ $$
evaluation
Unnecessary for
2 Power Transformer $ $
evaluation
Unnecessary for
3 Aux transformer, LVAC and DC system $ $
evaluation
Unnecessary for
4 Substation control and monitoring system $ $
evaluation
Unnecessary for
5 Protection system $ $
evaluation
Unnecessary for
6 Telecommunication system $ $
evaluation
Necessary for
7 Fire protection and detection (For GIS building) $ -
evaluation
Unnecessary for
8 Fire protection and detection (For control building) $ $
evaluation
Unnecessary for
9 Fire protection and detection (For Transformer) $ $
evaluation
Unnecessary for
10 Control (LV) & Power (HV) cables $ $
evaluation
GIS building with air conditioner or ventilation Necessary for

11 $ -
systems or HVAC and Overhead cranes evaluation
Necessary for
12 Civil & foundation work $$ $
evaluation
Unnecessary for
13 Earthing and lightning protection $ $
evaluation
Unnecessary for
14 Control building with air conditioner $ $
evaluation
Unnecessary for
15 Steel structure (Gantry, supports etc.) $ $
evaluation
Unnecessary for
16 Land for substation (For new substation) $ $
evaluation
Unnecessary for
17 Site installation & commissioning $ $
evaluation
Following elements are different for outdoor & indoor acquisition costing.
1. GIS including local control cabinet
7. Fire protection and detection (For GIS building)
11. GIS building with air conditioner or ventilation systems or HVAC and overhead cranes
87
12. Civil & foundation work
If the site of the substation is already available, such as rehabilitation of an aged substation, extension
of lines, or conversion of an AIS substation to GIS, no new land acquisition is required.
Other factors that affect the initial cost of a GIS substation include requirements, applicable standards,
specifications, ratings, bus bar configuration, feeder connection method, etc., but these are not
covered here because they do not depend on whether the GIS is installed outdoors or indoors
Note: Engineering, production and validation cost of each element are included in Table 7-1.
7.2.2. Economic evaluation related to acquisition cost of GIS substation
As described in Table 7-1, acquisition costs mainly consists of substation construction cost, mainly
consists of (A) land of substation (for new substation) , (B) GIS building with air conditioning, lighting,
fire extinguishing, and (C) GIS equipment. In general, the unit price of land is lower in rural areas and
higher in urban areas. In Figure 7-1, as basic concepts of cost breakdown, X axis shows unit price of
land acquisition and Y axis shows acquisition cost of substation. The higher the unit price of land, the
greater the cost required to acquire the land; thus, these relationships show an upward slope to the
right. Also, the larger the land area required for substation, the larger this slope is. On the other hand,
the larger the equipment and/or building acquisition cost, the larger the intercept in this figure.
Substation acquisition costs for indoor GIS is more expensive than that of outdoor due to the GIS
building related cost. However, this cost difference may be smaller if special design considerations are
required for outdoor GIS to operate in outdoor conditions.
Figure 7-1 Basic concepts of substation acquisition cost breakdown
Chapter 4 contains examples from various countries of the issues that need to be considered when
designing an outdoor GIS and how they can be addressed. However, in this case, the basic elements
of the GIS itself do not change significantly between outdoor GIS and indoor GIS, and in many cases,
additional measures are taken to make the GIS usable outdoors as an option. This additional cost is
the difference between the initial cost of an outdoor GIS and an indoor GIS may be due to other
conditions such as geography, raw material availability, utility specification and manpower cost etc.,
(Composed with reference to the questionnaire results)
For proper evaluation of acquisition cost between outdoor and indoor GIS, following aspects may be
considered:
 During the design stage, the access and the location for mobility for planned maintenance.
 For outdoor GIS installation, requirements of temporary protection (tent/cover) to maintain
clean and dry work condition.
7.3. Life cycle - ownership cost

7.3.1. Elements related to ownership cost of GIS substation
This includes the costs associated with the operation, maintenance and repair of GIS.
88
 Planned maintenance cost

o Repair / replacement cost
o Prevention cost
o Refurbishment and retrofit
o Preparatory actions and planning
 Operating cost
o Inspection cost - visual inspection
o Inspection cost - detailed inspection
o Online & offline condition checks at site
 Unexpected Cost
o Unplanned maintenance costs
o Failure costs
o Repair / replacement cost
o Penalty cost / unavailability cost
 Environment cost
o Waste / debris handling
o Waste / debris disposal
o Waste / debris & hazard minimizing techniques implemented
o Environmental requirements and levels maintained
Note:
The following costs are included in each action items:
 Personnel costs involved such as wages, travel and PPEs.
 Electricity / fuel.
 Logistics (material movement).
 Spares in stock
In these, operating costs are not likely to vary depending on whether the GIS is installed outdoors or
indoors. On the other hand, maintenance and repair costs may depend on the environment in which
the GIS is installed in general. This means that GIS's operating in harsh environmental conditions may
cause major or minor failures more frequently, which may result in greater expenses for repair unless
appropriate measures are taken in the design as the outdoor GIS. Design, manufacturing and
validation measures to be taken for outdoor GIS are described in Chapter 4.
In addition, there is likely to be a significant difference in repair costs depending on the maintenance
strategy, i.e., whether to act after an equipment failure has occurred (corrective maintenance) or to
monitor the condition of the equipment regularly and take action before a failure occurs (condition-
based maintenance).
7.3.2. Economic evaluation related to ownership cost of GIS substation
There have been reports in various countries of gas leaks in outdoor GIS that have been very costly to
deal with and repair. Some power companies with such experiences may subsequently forego building
outdoor GIS. On the other hand, some utilities have a large number of outdoor GIS and operate them
reliably.
Table 7-2 gives the economic comparison of each component of ownership cost for GIS Substation
and its inclusion / exclusion in economic evaluation.
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Table 7-2 Elements related to ownership cost of GIS substation
Ownership cost components Indoor GIS Outdoor GIS Remarks
Due to environment conditions, repairs &

replacements are expected to be higher in case
Planned maintenance cost $ $$
of outdoor GIS in difficult geographical
conditions.
Repair / replacement cost - - Necessary for evaluation
Prevention cost - - Necessary for evaluation
Refurbishment and retrofit - - Necessary for evaluation
Preparatory actions and

- - Necessary for evaluation
planning
Mostly, this cost is same for both types of

Operating Cost $ $
substations.
Inspection cost - visual

inspection
Inspection cost - detailed

inspection
Online & offline condition

checks at site
Probability of failure and its associated repair

and replacement cost are varying in nature,
Unexpected cost NA NA
subject to environment, design, material and
quality of GIS
Unplanned maintenance
costs
Failure costs - - Necessary for evaluation
Repair / replacement cost - - Necessary for evaluation
Penalty cost / unavailability

cost
It is governed by local environment policy on

Environment Cost $ $
waste handling and disposal.
Waste / debris handling - - Necessary for evaluation
Waste / debris disposal - - Necessary for evaluation
Waste / Debris & hazard

minimizing techniques - - Necessary for evaluation
implemented
Environmental requirements
and levels maintained
90
7.4. Life cycle - retirement cost

7.4.1. Elements related to retirement cost of GIS substation
This category includes the costs of removing older or redundant versions of systems from service and
their eventual disposal.
These costs typically include:
 Isolation and storage management.
 Disassembly and preparation for transport.
 Recycling and/or stabilization actions.
 Passivation and permanent storage/dispersion.
The cost of retirement GIS substation is likely to be tied to the initial construction costs. The cost of
usage of SF6 also influences the overall cost of the ownership and indirectly hints towards the
retirement of the GIS substation.
7.4.2. Economic evaluation related to retirement cost of GIS substation
Table 7-3 gives the economic evaluation of each component of retirement cost for a GIS substation.
Table 7-3 Elements related to retirement cost of GIS substation
# Retirement components Indoor GIS outdoor GIS Remarks
Due to additional structures,

components and connectors
1 Isolation and storage management $$ $ it is expected that indoor
GIS may be costlier than
outdoor GIS.
Similarly, due to additional

structures, components and
2 Disassembly and preparation for transport $$ $ connectors it is expected
that indoor GIS is costlier
than outdoor GIS.
Post disassembly, the

activities for both the
3 Recycling and/or stabilization actions $ $
substations remain almost
similar.
Post disassembly, the

Passivation and permanent activities for both the
4 $ $
storage/dispersion substations remain almost
similar.
7.5. Recommendations/countermeasures to reduce life cycle cost of

outdoor GIS vs. indoor GIS
In general, the cost components in each of phase such as acquisition, ownership and retirement are
similar except for:
1. GIS including local control cabinet (acquisition)
2. Fire protection and detection (for GIS building)
3. Civil & foundation work and building with ancillary services (acquisition)
4. GIS building with air conditioner or ventilation systems or HVAC and overhead cranes
(acquisition)
91
5. Planned maintenance (ownership)

6. Isolation (retirement)
7. Disassembly (retirement)
These variations and imbalances can be mitigated by proper design and maintenance strategy in
advance. In addition to the basic economic evaluation, utilities are also likely to be interested in a
business evaluation of indoor and outdoor GIS. However, the economic evaluation is highly dependent
on the different environments in which utilities operate. In the case of regulated companies, as is the
case for many transmission system operators or distribution system operators, for example, the
regulatory environment. In this respect, a business analysis must be carried out by the individual
utilities. The above information on life cycle cost can provide an initial basis for this.
92
8. Conclusion
The working group believes that there are limited publications available in which a comparison is
made between indoor and outdoor GIS use based on facts and proven experience. The working group
also believes that GIS is as an effective solution for substation design because of its excellent
insulating properties, compact modular design, minimum space requirements and the use of pre-
assembled and tested units. GIS has a high degree of safety because it is inherently arc proof by
design. GIS is designed to be protected against extreme environmental conditions, have a high
seismic resistance and continuous monitoring of the gas insulation system. That is why this technical
brochure has examined the optimal design and lifetime management strategy of outdoor GIS including
the optimization of maintenance and manufacturer guidelines to ensure increased reliability and
availability.
The specific topics and study areas of this technical brochure addressed are:
1. Chapter 2 - Standards, Guidelines and relevant technical documents
2. Chapter 3 - Market requirements for outdoor GIS
3. Chapter 4 - Impact on Outdoor GIS design Including HV connection, layout, foundations and
overall substation design
4. Chapter 5 - Impact on operations and maintenance policy to ensure the outdoor GIS
performance
5. Chapter 6 - Impact on Long-term reliability - Lifetime Management
6. Chapter 7 - Economic Evaluation of outdoor versus indoor GIS
Chapter 2 highlights IEC international standards and national standards worldwide. It described the
results of a survey on what technical requirement differences there are in terms of standards between
indoor GIS and outdoor GIS. Chapter 2 summarizes the essential requirements for an outdoor
switchgear (GIS and MTS) application based on national and international standards.
Chapter 3 described the results of a survey of market requirements for outdoor GIS in terms of
business drivers, technology drivers, environmental drivers. The main market requirements are similar
for indoor and outdoor GIS including business, technology and environmental drivers. Local market
requirements are very different, and the Working group analyzed deeply those reasons by surveys
and expert interviews. The survey results are included in the Appendix E. Other technological market
drivers are based in particular on economic advantages, such as optimized maintenance based on
digital condition assessments, which may become more prevalent in the future.
Chapter 4 describes the various environmental factors that have a significant impact on the
performance of outdoor GIS and gives many examples of their adverse effects and relevant design
countermeasures. As outdoor environmental conditions are more severe than indoor conditions, users
are encouraged to consider enhancing the specifications of their outdoor GIS to avoid problems.
Chapter 4 also helps manufacturers to optimize the design of outdoor GIS, to ensure the same long-
term reliability as indoor GIS. Experience in several countries where outdoor GISs are predominantly
used has demonstrated that proper specification design can ensure the long-term operation of outdoor
GIS.
Chapter 5 describes the implications for operations and maintenance policies to ensure outdoor
resilience of GIS. Chapter 5 also summarizes what the impact on operation and maintenance policy is
to ensure the outdoor performance of GIS and MTS devices. The identification and development of
strategic goals related to GIS equipment by GIS users is essential in highlighting the performance
targets for GIS owners. It is important to provide focus on the aspect of SF6 gas leakage management.
Chapter 5 shows different repair scenarios and best practices. The aspects of wisely planning
operation & maintenance policies and determining the right corrective maintenance measures to
improve the reliability of the equipment is highlighted.
Chapter 6 describes outdoor GIS management from the long-term reliability standpoint. It is important
to perform thorough and comprehensive assessments on the GIS at regular intervals throughout the
life cycle of the equipment. This determination is highly dependent on many factors some including
severity of the outdoor environment, maintenance proficiency, exposure to severe temperature
changes, exposure to pollutants or corrosive air, physical security requirements for the facility and
other factors. Chapter 6 includes a lifetime management strategy flowchart to define the condition of
outdoor GIS by performing cost evaluation, product capability assessment and developing lifetime
extension strategy. Also developed in chapter 6, is a PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) cycle incorporating
93
analysis of operational data which, leads to continuous improvement of not only local operations and
maintenance strategy, but also National & International specifications and standards.
Chapter 7 describes the economic evaluation difference between outdoor and indoor GIS based on
their life cycle cost. In order to maintain high levels of power quality and reliability, appropriate outdoor
GIS performance and maintenance activities are critical and there is cost involved in each stage of
product life cycle. In general, the cost components for indoor or outdoor GIS in each life cycle phase
such as acquisition, ownership and retirement are similar. When designing an outdoor GIS or indoor
GIS, the basic elements of the GIS itself do not change significantly, and in many cases, additional
measures are taken to make the GIS usable outdoors as an option. These additional costs are the
difference between the acquisition cost of an outdoor GIS and an indoor GIS due to other conditions
such as geography, raw material availability, utility specification and manpower cost etc. GIS operating
in harsh environmental conditions may cause major or minor failures more frequently, which may
result in greater expenses for repair unless appropriate measures are taken in the design as the
outdoor GIS. In addition, there is likely to be a significant difference in repair costs depending on the
maintenance strategy. The cost of retirement of a GIS substation is likely to be tied to the initial
planning and construction costs. The cost of usage of SF6 also influences the overall cost of the
ownership and indirectly hints towards the retirement of the GIS substation.
This technical brochure provides recommendations to manufacturers and users taking into
consideration the engineering, design, procurement, fabrication, civil/structural works, construction,
erection & commissioning, testing, and maintenance, of outdoor GIS and MTS with gas insulated
buses, local control cabinets and all accessories. These recommendations facilitate both
manufacturers and users to make appropriate capital and operational investment decisions on lifetime
management of outdoor GIS.
It reflects the main environmental parameters, which need to be considered and is therefore essential
for the engineering and design of the equipment suitable for a typical outdoor substation. Regarding
outdoor suitability of the switchgear (GIS and MTS), clear specification that includes the description of
the environment is an important basis for the planning and design of the substation and its switchgear.
For many technical challenges in the future, outdoor GIS represents a solution. It enables both the
expansion and the new construction of switchgear in limited spatial conditions. In a world
characterized by urbanization, one can expect that the importance of outdoor GIS will increase in the
future. The local market conditions, as well as the conducted survey, show that there is a need for
clarification among potential customers regarding the suitability of outdoor GIS in special
environmental conditions. The expectations on the reliability and availability of the equipment are the
main decision criteria.
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Appendix A. Definitions, abbreviations and symbols

A.1. Specific terms and definitions
General electrical terms are based on the IEC 60050 series known as the International
Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) which can be referenced here: https://www.electropedia.org/
(specific selections provided below)
App Table 1 Specific terms and definitions
Phrase Definition
Busbar (busbar component) is that part of the switchgear which serves for
interconnection between CB-bays. Based on single line diagram, in the switchgear there
may be one to several main busbars, transfer busbar or a ring busbar.
Busbar/Busduct
Busduct (busduct component) is that part of the switchgear which serves for
interconnection of individual apparatus and for connection to outer interface (overhead
line bushings, cable boxes, transformer bushings, etc.) within one CB-bay.
A three-phase assembly consisting of one circuit breaker or switch, its associated

Circuit breaker bay
disconnectors, instrument transformers, interconnecting busducts up to and including
(CB-bay)
the line disconnect switch (if applicable), and the section of main busbar (if applicable).
IEC 60517 (IEC 62271-203)
Component Essential part of the main or earthing circuits of GIS which serves a specific function
(e.g., circuit breakers, disconnector, earthing switch, instrument transformer, bushings,
busbar, bushing, termination, etc.).
IEC 60694
Investigative tests of the characteristic parameters of switchgear and control gear to
verify that it performs its functions, by measuring one or more of these parameters.
Diagnostic
Note: The result from diagnostic tests can lead to the decision to carry out overhaul.
Note: The measurement is performed on purpose (periodically or condition based) and
can be performed ON/LINE or OFF/LINE.
The addition or change of power system function by the construction of, e.g., new exits
Extension
after the substation has entered service.
Lack of performance by an item of its required function or functions.

Failure NOTE: The occurrence of a failure does not necessarily imply the presence of a defect if
the stress or the stresses are beyond those specified.
GIS designed solely for installation within a building or other housing, where the GIS is
protected against wind, rain, snow, abnormal dirt deposits, abnormal condensation, ice
Indoor GIS and MTS and hoar frost
refer to section Indoor and outdoor installations of GIS and MTS
Interface chamber Interface chamber bushings are direct interconnections between GIS and power
bushings transformer or reactor.
IEC 60694 (IEC 62271-1)

Major failure Failure of a switchgear and control gear which causes the cessation of one or more of its
fundamental functions.
95
A major failure will result in an immediate change in the system operating conditions,
e.g., the backup protective equipment will be required to remove the fault, or will result
in mandatory removal from service within 30 minutes for unscheduled maintenance.
Note: or will result in unavailability for required service.
IEC 60694 (IEC 62271-1)

Failure of equipment other than a major failure or any failure, even complete, of a
constructional element or a sub-assembly which does not cause a major failure of the
equipment.
Minor failure
Note: Do not mix with "defect”:
Imperfection in the state of an item (or inherent weakness) which can result in one or
more failures of the item itself or of another item under the specific service or
environmental or maintenance conditions for a stated period of time.
Definition as per IEC 62271-205, Annex AA

Mixed Technology
Switchgear (MTS) Compact switchgear assemblies consist either of components of air-insulated switchgear
(AIS) or of a combination of air-insulated switchgear and gas-insulated switchgear (GIS)
Continuous service procedure on HV equipment in service which uses a permanently

installed device intended to observe automatically the state of an item, i.e., intended to
Monitoring
measure and evaluate of one or more characteristic parameter of switchgear and
control gear to verify that it performs its functions.
GIS suitable for installation in the open air, i.e., capable of withstanding wind, rain,
Outdoor GIS and snow, dirt deposits, condensation, ice and hoar frost
MTS
refer to section indoor and outdoor installations of GIS and MTS
IEC 60694
Work done with the objective of repairing or replacing parts which are found to be out
Overhaul (Major of tolerance by inspection, test, examination, or as required by the manufacturer's
Maintenance) maintenance manual, in order to restore the component and/or the switchgear to an
acceptable condition.
Note: For the purpose of this questionnaire the major maintenance = Overhaul.
Refurbishment of a substation aims to bring aging equipment to a level, that it fulfills the
Refurbishment requirements for the remaining lifetime of the substation. This can include some
upgrades like extension of the specifications.
direct action taken to effect restoration

Repair Note1 to entry: Repair includes fault localization (192-06-19), fault diagnosis (192-06-
20); fault correction (192-06-21); and function checkout (192-06-22).
Remove defective equipment and put new one in place, instead of repairing defective
Replace
equipment.
Retrofit Retrofitting is the addition of new technology or features to older systems.
Retrofit Work (activity) to equip a device with new parts or equipment not available previously.
Updating Work (activity) to bring equipment up to modern standards.
Upgrading Work (activity) to improve the quality of equipment.
96
A.2. Acronyms
App Table 2 Acronyms
Acronym Phrase
AIS Air-insulated switchgear
CAPEX Capital expenditure
CB Circuit breaker
CBM Condition Based Maintenance
DSO Distribution system operator
EHS Environment, health and safety
EN European standards
ESDD Equivalent salt deposit density
FACTS Flexible AC Transmission System
GB/T China national standard (T stands for "Recommended")
GIB Gas-insulated busduct
GIL Gas-insulated line
GIS Gas-insulated switchgear
GIT Gas-insulated transformer
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
JEC Japanese Electrotechnical Committee
JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
KS Korean Standard
LCA Life cycle assessment (ISO 55000, ISO 14025, ISO 14040, ISO 14044)
LCC Local control cabinet or Local control cubicle
MTS Mixed Technology Switchgear
NSDD Non soluble deposit density
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
OPEX Operating expenditure
PM Preventive Maintenance
PPE Personal Protective Equipment
PRD Pressure relief device
SF6 Sulphur hexafluoride
TBM Time Based Maintenance
97
Acronym Phrase
TSO Transmission system operator
UV Ultraviolet (rays)
A.3. Indoor and outdoor installations of GIS and MTS

Many substations are referred to an indoor installation, even though they have some sections outside
of the building, such as bus ducts and bushings. If there is a building or if the installation is
underground it is considered as indoor installation, otherwise it is outdoor. Underground GIS
substation can be considered as indoor substation, hence excluded from the Working group scope of
works. The GIS substation in severe climatic environment e.g., offshore GIS installation and GIS
installation in a cavern will also be excluded from the scope of B3.57 working group.
With these definitions many substations that are referred to as indoor installation will have some
outdoor sections. These sections outside of the building need to treat as outdoor with corresponding
protection measures (painting, flange treatment, and so on).
App Table 3 Indoor and outdoor installations of GIS and MTS
Type of installation Inside building Outside building
All GIS components of

the substation are
Fully indoor GIS inside the building -
including local control
cabinets.
Main part of substation

Some non-switching
Indoor GIS with outdoor non- including all switching
elements such as bus
Indoor switching components (no devices of the GIS
ducts, bushings and surge
installation moving parts) including local control
arrestors are outside.
cabinets.
Some switching devices

Indoor GIS with outdoor such as earthing switches
Main part of substation
switching components (with and disconnectors.
including local control
moving parts) and/or passive Some non-switching
cabinets.
components elements such as bus ducts
and bushings are outside.
All GIS components of the

Fully outdoor GIS - substation are outside the
Outdoor building.
installation All used components are
Fully outdoor MTS type 3 - installed outside of the
building.
A.4. Mixed Technology Switchgears (MTS)

The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) has issued a family of standards, IEC 62271, for
high-voltage switchgear. This specification determines specific and standardized requirements for
Hybrid Insulated Switchgear (Hybrid IS) also known as Mixed Technology Switchgears (MTS) for use
in three-phase 50 Hz or 60 Hz Alternating Current (AC) systems. The requirements for MTS are based
on IEC 62271-205 (Compact switchgear assemblies for rated voltages above 52 kV). The specification
covers switchgear assemblies in accordance with 3 types described in IEC 62271-205, containing a
combination of Air-Insulated Switchgears (AIS) and Gas-Insulated Switchgears (GIS).
98
General explanations of compact switchgear assemblies

Compact switchgear assemblies consist either of components of air-insulated switchgear (AIS) or of a
combination of air-insulated switchgear and gas-insulated switchgear (GIS), so called mixed
technology switchgear (MTS). Pure GIS is covered by IEC 62271-203 and not by the standard IEC
62271-205. All this is illustrated by the following examples. (Source IEC 62271-205)
App Figure 1 Examples of compact switchgear assemblies
The following examples illustrate some possible compact switchgear assemblies. Since there are
many possible solutions the types shown below are for indicative purposes only. Compact switchgear
assemblies may consist of air-insulated devices, gas-insulated devices or combination of both.
A compact switchgear assembly consists of at least one switching device directly connected to, or
sharing components with, one or more other devices such that there is an interaction between the
functions of the individual devices (Source IEC 62271-205).
Type 1: Assembly of independently operated switching devices and/or devices which are connected
by short connecting parts on a common base frame (similar to a conventional substation design).
Type 2: Assembly of independently operated switching devices and/or devices sharing parts of the
neighboring switching device or device.
Type 3: Assembly of independently operated switching devices and/or devices being integrated in
another switching device.
App Figure 2 Explanation of mixed technology switchgear (MTS)
99
This subchapter describes the mixed technologies switchgear namely using the following
characteristics:
Insulation considerations
• air insulated switchgear (AIS)
• gas insulated switchgear (GIS)
• hybrid insulated switchgear (Hybrid IS)
Mixed technology switchgear (MTS) can be described as follows:
Switchgear assemblies which incorporate a mixture of the insulating characteristics of both AIS and
GIS and/or which implements traditionally discrete functions (devices) in a compact and/or combined
design in such a way that they can no longer be considered for the purposes of design and testing, in
isolation (i.e., type 3) (Source IEC 62271-205).
100
Appendix B. Links and references
[B1] CIGRE TB 380 "The Impact of New Functionalities on Substation Design", Working group
B3.01, Year 2009
[B2] Press Release "Debut Green Bond of EUR 750 million successfully issued", 50Hertz
Transmission GmbH, Berlin, 07 May 2020
(https://www.50hertz.com/Portals/1/Dokumente/Medien/Pressemitteilungen/20200506_Gr
eenBond_EN.pdf?ver=2020-05-07-094646-890)
[B3] CIGRE TB 870 "Service Continuity Guide for HV GIS above 52 kV", Working group B3.51,
Year 2022
[B4] D1-203_2008 Session Materials "Advanced on-site monitoring and diagnostics techniques
for gas insulated switchgears", D1, Year 2008
[B5] D2-312_2020 Session Materials "Development of IoT Sensor System for
Monitoring/Diagnosis of the Power Distribution System", D2, Year 2020
[B6] D1-102_2020 Session Materials "Development and implementation of Partial discharges
on-line monitoring module in GIS 110KV switchgears", D1, Year 2020
[B7] CIGRE Green Books "Substations", CIGRE Study Committee B3, Year 2019, Chapter 15
"Why Choose GIS?"
[B8] CIGRE TB 802 "Application of non-SF6 gases or gas-mixtures in medium and high voltage
gas-insulated switchgear", Working group B3.45, Year 2020
[B9] CIGRE TB 513 "Final Report of the 2004 - 2007 International Enquiry on Reliability of High
Voltage Equipment - Part 5 - Gas Insulated Switchgear", Working group A3.06, Year 2012
[B10] E. W. Lemmon, I. H. Bell, M.L. Huber and M. O. McLinden, NIST Standard Reference
Database 23: Reference Fluid Thermodynamics and Transport Properties - REFPROP
Gaithersburg: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2018.
[B11] "IEC 60376:2018 Specification of Technical Grade Sulphur Hexafloride (SF 6) and
Complementary Gases to be used in its Mixtures for use in Electrical Equipment".
International Electrotechnical Commission, 2018.
[B12] "IEC 60480:2019 Specifications for the Re-use of Sulphur Hexafloride (SF6) and its
Mixtures in Electrical Equipment". International Electrotechnical Commission, 2019.
[B13] CIGRE TB 765 "Understanding and mitigating Corrosion", CIGRE 2019.
[B14] EPRI report “Management of Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) Leakage by Electrical Utility
Companies: Guidance for the Reduction of Emissions.”, EPRI 2001
[B15] "ICNIRP Guidelines For Limiting exposure to time-varying electric and magnetic fields",
HEALTH PHYSICS 99(6):818‐836; ICNIRP, 2010
[B16] "Survey on Magnetic Field around Substations and Proposals to Broaden Understanding
of the Magnetic Field Characteristics", KEPCO, 2009
[B17] Electra 292 "Living with Electric and Magnetic Field", CIGRE, 2017.
[B18] IEC 61869-6 Instrument transformers – Part 6: Additional general requirements for low-
power instrument transformers
[B19] CIGRE TB 816 "Substation equipment overstress management", CIGRE 2020.
[B20] CIGRE TB 806 "Responsible management of electric and magnetic fields (EMF)", CIGRE
2020.
[B21] CIGRE TB 807 "Application of Robotics in Substations", CIGRE 2020.
[B22] B3-326_CIGRE Nagoya Colloquium, Replacement Work of Air-insulated Switchgear to
168kV Gas-insulated Switchgear with Frame Support for Earthquake and Tsunami, B3,
Year 2015
101
[B23] "Standards for the Handling of SF6 Gas for Electric Power Use" in Japan ,1998
[B24] CIGRE TB 870 'Service Continuity Guide for HV GIS above 52 kV', 2022
[B25] Electrical Technology Research Association Vol.70 No.2, 2014 ‘Advanced maintenance
strategy for gas insulated switchgear’ (in Japanese)
[B26] CIGRE TB 499 ‘Residual Life Concepts Applied to HV GIS’
[B27] CIGRE TB 448 "Refurbishment strategies based on Life cycle Cost and Technical
Constraints"
[B28] CIGRE TB 816 'Substation equipment overstress management, 2020
[B29] CIGRE TB 390 "Evaluation of different switchgear technologies (AIS, MTS & GIS) for
rated voltages 52kV and above", 2009
[B30] IEC 60300-3-3 'Dependability management - Part 3-3: Application guide - Life cycle
costing', 2017
[B31] Prof. T.Takuma, et.al: SF6 Handling Guide for Electric Power Industry, Electric Technical
Research Association (ETRA) (In Japanese)
[B32] M.Meguro et.al; SF6 emission reduction from gas insulated electrical equipment in Japan;
USEPA conference at San Diego, November 2002
[B33] T.Kawamura, H.Hama, et.al; SF6 gas handling in Japan, focused on emission reduction
from gas insulated electrical equipment; 9th International symposium on Gaseous
Dielectrics, at Maryland, May 2001
[B34] IEC 62271-203 High-voltage switchgear and controlgear - Part 203: AC gas-insulated
metal-enclosed switchgear for rated voltages above 52 kV :2022 Annex F
[B35] CIGRE-IEC 2019 Conference on EHV and UHV (AC & DC), Challenges for compact gas
insulated substation considering reduction of environmental impact, fire prevention and
safety, Japan, April 2019
[B36] International workshop on power transformers, equipment, substations and materials,
Advanced refurbishment of a 500 kV substation to improve, Brazil, November 2016
[B37] Supplemental materials for electro-magnetic field standard, Transmission and substation
construction department in KEPCO, 2009 (in Korean language)
102
Appendix C. Case studies

C.1. An up-rating project from 275kV AIS to GIS with up-rating from 50kA
to 63 kA
Because of its compactness, GIS with higher ratings can be used for the replacement of Air Insulated
Substation (AIS) due to growing power demand or a higher transmission voltage without additional
space requirements.
App Figure 3 shows an example of an up-rating project in Higashi-Nagoya substation in Chubu
Electric Power Grid Co., Inc, in Japan. A former outdoor 14 bays AIS substation (300 kV - 50 kA) was
replaced by a 14 Bays GIS substation (300 kV - 63 kA).
App Figure 3 Up-rating project of existing 300 kV - 50 kA AIS substation
Aim of GIS
At the East Nagoya Substation (AIS), the continuous current rating of the existing 275 kV switchyard
needed to be increased, as it was foreseen that the rated current through the existing 275 kV AIS
main busbar would increase in the future.
In addition, the following problems were foreseen when attempting to upgrade the existing 275 kV
substation in its AIS configuration
 it was difficult to actually carry out the upgrade works for the rated capacity increase without
changing the AIS configuration. In other words, it was difficult due to the constraints of the
required number of outage days and total number of outages per line required for the construction
of the associated overhead lines and steel structures.
 the non-standard vertical arrangement of the busbars of the existing AIS made it difficult to
ensure the safety of future maintenance work (refer to App Figure 4)
 the age-related deterioration of the entire AIS equipment and the supporting steel structure of the
AIS was evident.
As a result of the complete replacement with a state-of-the-art GIS substation, it was possible to
remove all the aged and deteriorated 275 kV AIS structures, including the air main bus bar, without
causing any major power supply disruptions.
103
App Figure 4 Non-standard vertical arrangement of the busbars
Advantages of the GIS.

 The elimination of vertically arranged AIS busbars, which is inferior in terms of future
maintainability and safety work around
 Improved landscaping.
Consideration on GIS construction project
 Safety work
 Ensuring a safe working environment and perform precise process control, since most of the
works are carried near the live parts in the substation.
 Holding safety study meetings at site on a regular basis to discuss various safety-related themes.
 Shortening the construction period

 The equipment was assembled in the manufacturer's factory as much as possible.
 On-site construction with foreign matter contamination and incomplete construction risk was
reduced as much as possible.
 Applying a ‘new design concept GIS’ (Chubu Electric Power Grid Co. original)
 Minimizing the downtime due to maintenance work after the new GIS starts operation and taking
into consideration future equipment updates so as not to interfere with the stable power supply.
 A new GIS design concept was applied to this project to improve availability during maintenance
and replacement work. In the new designed GIS, each device such as circuit breaker,
disconnecting switch, bus bar is deployed in one gas compartment as shown in App Figure 5. In
addition to that, disconnecting parts are installed between devices so that each device itself can
be removed in replacement work.
 App Figure 6 shows the structure of the devices and the gas compartments in the new GIS
design concept, which takes a replacement work for a disconnecting switch as an example.
App Figure 5 New designed GIS
104
App Figure 6 New-designed GIS (cross sectional view)
C.2. A refurbishment project of 500/275kV AIS substation [B36]

To modernize the existing 500 kV AIS substation, as shown in App Figure 7, and increase the short
circuit capacity from 50 kA to 63 kA, the aging 500 kV AIS and transformers installed in the 1970s
were refurbished. The 12-line bays of the 500 kV switchgear and the 12-line bays of the 275 kV
switchgear were all converted to GIS, and the 500/275 kV transformers. The two units were replaced
with a newly developed smaller type. The existing AIS was reused and connected to the 500 kV line
inlet and 550 kV GIS with a gas insulated bus (GIB).
App Figure 8 gives an overview about the substation after the refurbishment.
Outline of refurbishment
 500kV substation consisted of twelve 500 kV line bays (eight transmission lines and four
transformers), twelve 275 kV line bays (six transmission lines and six transformers), and four
500/275 kV transformers (1000 MVA).
 In this refurbishment, twelve 500 kV line bays and twelve 275 kV line bays were converted to full
GIS and two 500/275 kV transformers which have the possibility of the static electrification were
replaced with new transformers.
 Connection between 500 kV line entrance and GIS was made by combining AIS with gas
insulated bus (GIB). Existing 550 kV AIS busbar were reused as in the electrical circuit from 500
kV line entrance to GIB.
 550 kV GIS and 500/275 kV transformers were connected by 500 kV cross-linked polyethylene
cables (2,500mm2). 500/275 kV transformers and 300 kV GIS were connected by 300 kV GIB
(three-phase encapsulated type).
Challenges and requirements
 Improvement of availability and reliability of 500kV substation (AIS built in 1970s)
 Up-rating of short circuit current in 500kV breaker (50 kA to 63 kA)
 Improvement equipment seismic performance
 Increasing the tolerance for contamination and heavy snow by full GIS and GIB application
 Minimizing the construction and outage period
App Figure 7 A refurbishment project of 500/275 kV AIS substation - before refurbishment
105
App Figure 8 An uprating project of 500/275 kV AIS substation - after refurbishment
App Figure 9 GIS under construction
C.3. Establishing new outdoor substation with limited land area [B35]
When considering constructing substation in urban area or underground, compact substation
equipment represented by GIS has been very useful. In addition to its compactness, fire prevention,
safety, and reduction of environmental impact are considered as important factors. SF6 Gas Insulated
Transformer (GIT) has been applied to underground substation since the late 1980s because of its
features such as high level of safety, applicable to increase of short current, simple fire prevention
equipment, and reduction of floor height by conservator-less.
Aged transformers have risk of oil leakage and fire disaster. Replacing to GIT makes it more
environmentally friendly and safer substation, and various substations could apply them. Highly
economically efficient new type GIT could apply for underground substations, outdoor substations and
hydro power plants. In addition to its high gas sealing performance, due to its features GIT is applied
to bay areas and hydro power plant where oil leakage is prohibited, and outdoor substations with
limited installation area such as in urban areas.
App Figure 10 and App Figure 11 shows an example of an outdoor substation constructed within a
very limited space. In this substation, 3 of large transformers (275 kV-300 MVA) were newly installed
utilizing idle land inside the premises of a thermal power plant.
106
App Figure 10 Construction of an outdoor GIS substation installed within limited area
App Figure 11 275 kV - 300 MVA gas insulated substation in an urban area
App Table 4 shows comparison of equipment layout and features of GIT and oil immersed transformer
(OIT). Applying GIT, constraint conditions regarding disaster prevention is moderated, and therefore
distance between transformers can be brought closer. Also, GIT and GIS can be connected directly,
and consequently becomes possible to place the combination of GIT and GIS on one foundation and
minimize necessary electric cable. Due to non-flammability, the need for fire prevention measures can
be minimized, and installation area of main equipment can be reduced by 40% or more compared to
applying OIT. The whole substation is installed on an extremely narrow, underutilized area (50 m x 50
m) on a thermal power plant site. In result, acquisition of construction area can become easier, and
also make it possible to install in environmentally critical areas where oil leakage is prohibited.
Also, installations of GIT can shorten construction period, reduce installation area and omit oil
retaining wall, and therefore civil construction cost can be reduced.
107
App Table 4 Comparison of layout and features of GIT and OIT
C.4. Interviews regarding local requirements of outdoor and indoor GIS

The reasons for the spread of outdoor GIS in Japan
In Japan, outdoor GIS is the mainstream for all voltage ratings from 66 kV to 550 kV. Since OHLs are
usually drawn from overhead to the substation, the outdoor GIS bushing connection was
advantageous in terms of site area reduction and construction costs, as no additional gas insulated
busduct is required in case of outdoor GIS.
In the case of indoor GIS, not only the acquisition cost to build the GIS building (including cranes, fire
detection and detection equipment, and firefighting equipment), but also the ownership cost to
maintain the GIS building is relatively high. In Japan, legal inspections are required for cranes, fire
alarm systems, firefighting equipment, etc. In addition, indoor GIS requires to pay property taxes on
GIS buildings every year.
Since the GIS was originally developed for outdoor use in Japan, and maintenance of the GIS is
based on the premise of outdoor installation, there is no incentive to install the GIS indoors in order to
improve the reliability of the equipment. Indoor GIS requires more cost and time for installation than
outdoor GIS in case of trouble or bay expansion in the future.
The Japanese island chain runs from north (45th latitude, Hokkaido) to south (20th latitude,
Okinotorishima). The climate varies greatly from region to region, from subtropical to a cold temperate
climate zone with snowy winters. In the south of the country a large part of the annual precipitation
occurs as a monsoon-like rain front. In addition, a typhoon season begins in early summer. The
environmental conditions for outdoor GIS in Japan are therefore very diverse and often challenging for
outdoor equipment. This is why the actual reason for the high market share of outdoor GIS in Japan is
not to be found in especially suitable weather conditions.
The reasons for the spread of indoor GIS in Spain

In Spain in the 1970s and 1980s, the first GIS substations were installed using both indoor and
outdoor technology.
108
The indoor substations generally performed well, however some outdoor substations suffered constant
leaks which led to the complete replacement of the GIS substation before the end of its lifetime.
This led to a significant distrust of outdoor technology by utilities.
In the 2000s, due to improved urban planning in cities, many of the AIS substations were compacted
into indoor GIS substations, some of them underground.
This development of indoor GIS substations led to the development of prefabricated concrete
buildings, which were quick to erect (3-6 months) and not excessively expensive. This solution
became popular among all TSO/DSOs in Spain, becoming the standard.
Despite the cost of the buildings, their services: cranes, fire detection/protection, maintenance cost of
the building, etc., in general, an acceptable urban integration was achieved, which allowed the
existence of substations in the heart or in the vicinity of the cities. The same applies to substations
built for business or technology parks, where this solution was also adopted.
However, a more economic solution needs to be found for AIS substations at the end of their useful
life, which are not in an urban environment and which need a complete refurbishment. It is in these
cases where a potential growth of GIS outdoor substations is detected.
For the fast connection of renewable energy (Wind Farms, or Photovoltaic Plants), MTS solutions are
used because of their excellent balance between cost and speed of installation (in these cases, the
cost of the land is not a problem).
Market requirements in Korea
The outdoor GIS demand in the Korean electricity market is divided into the TSO (Utility), power
station and the private market (factory).
Although there is little demand for new 154 kV substation by the TSO, the modernization project to
GIS the aging AIS substation is underway. The substation located in the city center is changed to
indoor GIS due to land price and civil complaints, while the suburban area is changed to outdoor GIS.
In particular, outdoor substations are sensitive in Korea as they are divided into major factors that
affect the surrounding real estate prices. In the case of the private market, there are increasing needs
for indoor GIS providing low maintenance and complaints, but there are still many cases of applying
outdoor GIS, which has advantages to reduce overall cost. Recently, the demand for new 154 kV
substation for access to renewable energy has been increasing, but the number of bays is small and
civil complaints, requiring the government to make an ordinance to make it indoor GIS when this
project is initially developed.
The most of 345 kV substations, which are connected to TSO and large power plants, apply the
outdoor type unless there is anything unusual. However, in the case of private substations such as
factory for semi-conductors and steelwork, it is required to apply multi-layer building type substations
to secure maximum free space in their boundary line. The free space will be used to expand
production lines in the future.
The 765 kV substation has a large required area, the 100 % outdoor substation has been applied so
far. However, it is expected to be no demand for new 765 kV substations.
The reasons for the spread of indoor GIS in France
In France, during the late 1960s and early 1970s, GIS technology met a need of compactness for
urban substations. At that time, GIS were mainly installed indoor.
During the next decades, with the need of network development and the arrival of 400kV solutions,
GIS were installed either outdoor, in regions where the cost of land was high or for technical issues
related to the rationalization of command and control buildings with AIS stations, or indoor in regions
where the cost of land had a lesser impact.
From the 2000s, with the arrival of the new generation of GIS and the first studies highlighting the
impact of external conditions on gas leaks, all of GIS are preferably installed in indoor condition,
except in special cases: extension of outdoor switchgears for example. In addition and to increase the
reliability of existing outdoors switchgears, some projects of retrospective building operations are also
carried out.
109
Appendix D. GIS Inspection and Maintenance

Intervals
The fundamental reason for maintenance is to sustain design performance over the lifespan of the
asset.
The maintenance categories include the following:
1. Condition Monitoring: These are routine tasks performed manually or automated to determine
deterioration of the GIS condition and triggers condition-based maintenance.
2. Preventative maintenance based on time: Maintenance carried out at predetermined intervals
intended to reduce the probability of failure.
D.1. Typical minimum manufacturer required inspection and

maintenance services and intervals
The following are typical minimum manufacturer required inspection and maintenance services tables
for GIS (based on time and wear).
Remarks
 The actual intervals can vary depending on OEM and specific product
 Depending on TSO/DSO maintenance policy and experience, actual maintenance intervals may
differ from data given in the table
Routine inspection and maintenance services and intervals for all components based
on time
App Table 5 Minimum manufacturer required routine inspection and maintenance services and intervals
for all components (based on time)
Time Component(s) Activity
Visual Inspection
General visible check Report damage and initiate repair
(every 5-6 years)
Visual Inspection Nameplates Check for legibility and clean, or replace

(every 5-6 years) (especially with outdoor installations) if necessary
Static elements, bus/component

Visual Inspection enclosures, flanges, fittings and
Check for corrosion
(every 5-6 years) connections
(especially with outdoor installations)
Visual Inspection Check and if necessary, replenish SF6

Gas density, gas pressure
(every 5-6 years) gas
Visual Inspection
Gas humidity Perform dew point measurement
(every 5-6 years)
Visual Inspection Check switching points of micro switches

Density monitors
(every 5-6 years) with portable density monitor tester
Control cubicle and Check heaters for correct functioning, clean and
Visual Inspection
lubricate in accordance with manufacturer
(every 5-6 years) operating mechanisms instructions
110
Routine inspection and maintenance services and intervals for switching components
based on time and wear
App Table 6 Minimum manufacturer required routine inspection and maintenance services and intervals
for switching components (based on time and wear)
Switchgear remains in service; the bays must be

Visual Inspection isolated one after the other by operation of all
All switching devices.
(every 5-6 years)
The gas compartments need not be opened.
Visual Inspection
Gas density, gas pressure Check and if necessary, replenish SF6 gas
(every 5-6 years)
Visual Inspection
Gas humidity Perform dew point measurement
(every 5-6 years)
Visual Inspection
SF6 percentage Perform % SF6 measurement
(every 5-6 years)
Check switching times, oil level, carbon

Visual Inspection Operating mechanisms, circuit brushes, possible leaks, electrical connections. Check
(every 5-6 years) breakers operation functionality as per manufacturer
instructions
Check switching times. Check end positions, if

Visual Inspection Operating mechanisms, disconnect
necessary. Check operation functionality as per
(every 5-6 years) and earthing switches
manufacturer instructions
Check switching times. Check end positions, if

Visual Inspection Operating mechanisms, high-speed
necessary. Check operation functionality as per
(every 5-6 years) earthing switches
manufacturer instructions
Circuit-breakers: Switchgear remains in service; the bays must be

Visual Inspection After permissible number of isolated one after the other by operation of all
(every 5-6 years) switching operating cycles, switching devices.
according to OEM. The gas compartments need not be opened.
Major maintenance services and intervals for switching components based on time
and wear
App Table 7 Minimum manufacturer required major maintenance services and intervals
for switching components (based on time and wear)
Circuit-breakers:
After permissible number of
switching operating cycles, Switchgear is taken out of service, either completely
according to OEM. or in sections, depending on the amount of work involved.
Major Maintenance
Disconnect switches, earthing The gas compartments should be opened.
(after 25 years)
switches and high-speed
earthing switches: The switching component should be maintained in
After permissible number of accordance with manufacturer instructions.
switching operating cycles,
according to OEM.
111
Circuit-breakers: If the permissible number of interruptions is reached

when the max permissible before the due date of manufacturer recommended
number of switching periodic maintenance, then the specified maintenance
Switching Device operations is reached should be carried out earlier.
Contact System High-speed earthing The concerned module must be isolated.
Check switches:
The corresponding gas compartment is opened.
after every 2nd switching
connection into energized The switching component should be maintained in
high-voltage bus accordance with manufacturer instructions
Visual Inspection The maintenance schedule is

The maintenance schedule is repeated.
(after 34 years) repeated.
D.2. Typical minimum manufacturer required routine inspection menu

and intervals in each region from manufacturer perspective
Japan case: Indoor/ outdoor common

App Table 8 Minimum manufacturer required routine inspection menu and intervals for all components
from manufacturer perspective (Japan case: Indoor/ outdoor common)
Based on
Based on time
wear
Every 6 years
Every 12-18
Weekly or
Classifi Item & monthly
years
Activity
-cation Component(s)
1 Visual Overall external Report The equipment may X X

visual damage and remain in operation
Inspection
initiate repair during inspection.
2 Lumps and X X
Indicators
3 Nameplates Check for The equipment may X

(especially with legibility and remain in operation
outdoor clean, or during inspection.
installations) replace if
necessary
4 Static elements, Check for The equipment may X X

bus/component corrosion remain in operation
enclosures, during inspection.
flanges, fittings
and connections
(especially with
outdoor
installations)
5 Gas density, gas Check and if The equipment may X X

pressure necessary, remain in operation
during inspection.
112
Based on
Based on time
wear
Every 6 years
Every 12-18
Weekly or
monthly
Classifi Item &
years
Activity
replenish SF6
gas
6 Gas humidity Perform dew The equipment may X

point remain in operation
measurement during inspection.
7 SF6 percentage Perform % SF6 The equipment may

measurement remain in operation
during inspection.
8 Acidity (SO2) Perform ppm The equipment may

SO2 remain in operation
9 Density Check The equipment may X

monitors switching remain in operation
points of during inspection.
micro switches
with portable
density
monitor tester
10 Gas leak rate Track the gas The equipment may X

sealing parts remain in operation
with gas leak during inspection.
detector, and
check if no gas
leakage
11 Control cubicle Check heaters The equipment may X

and operating for correct remain in operation
mechanisms functioning, during inspection.
clean and
lubricate in
accordance
with
manufacturer
instructions
12 Circuit-breakers As extended The equipment may

visual check remain in operation
during inspection.
13 Disconnect As extended The equipment may

switches, visual check remain in operation
earthing during inspection.
switches and
high-speed
113
Based on
Based on time
wear
Every 6 years
Every 12-18
Weekly or
monthly
Classifi Item &
years
Activity
earthing
switches
14 Gaskets for door Elastic force X

& window Check
15 LV electrical Performance X
device check
16 Detail Operating Check The equipment may X X

mechanisms, switching remain in operation
inspection
circuit breakers times, oil level, during inspection.
carbon
brushes,
possible leaks,
electrical
connections.
17 Operating Check The equipment may X X

disconnect and times. during inspection.
earthing
switches

high-speed times. during inspection.
earthing
switches
19 Tightening Check the X

loosened bolts
and nuts,
broken or loss
washes, snap
pins and
stoppers
20 Operating Check Switchgear is taken out X

mechanisms, operation of service, either
circuit breakers functionality completely or in sections,
as per depending on the
manufacturer amount of work involved.
instructions
21 Operating Check end Switchgear is taken out X

mechanisms, positions, if of service, either
disconnect and necessary. completely or in sections,
earthing Check depending on the
switches operation amount of work involved.
functionality
114
Based on
Based on time
wear
Every 6 years
Every 12-18
Weekly or
monthly
Classifi Item &
years
Activity
as per
manufacturer
instructions

high-speed necessary. completely or in sections,
functionality
as per
manufacturer
instructions
23 Main circuit Check the Switchgear is taken out X

contact contact of service, either
resistance resistance completely or in sections,
depending on the
amount of work involved.
24 Insulation Check the X

resistance insulation
resistance
"control circuit
to earth" and
"Main circuit
to earth"
25 Circuit-breakers Switchgear is taken out X

of service, either
completely or in sections,
depending on the
26 Disconnect Switchgear is taken out X

switches, of service, either
earthing completely or in sections,
switches and depending on the
high-speed amount of work involved.
earthing
switches
27 Operation Wipe length X

mechanism for
Pole unit
(Vacuum
interrupting
type)
115
Based on
Based on time
wear
Every 6 years
Every 12-18
Weekly or
monthly
Classifi Item &
years
Activity
28 Special Circuit-breakers The specified Switchgear is taken out X

inspection for maintenance of service, either
after the
over should be completely or in sections,
permissibl
frequency of carried out depending on the
e number
criteria. earlier. amount of work involved.
of interrup
-tions is
reached.
29 High-speed The specified Switchgear is taken out NA NA NA NA

earthing maintenance of service, either
switches should be completely or in sections,
carried out depending on the
earlier. amount of work involved.
US case for outdoor GIS

from manufacture perspective (US case for outdoor GIS)
Based on
Based on wear
time
After 25 years
After 34 years
Every 5 years
Classifi Item &

Activity
1 Visual Overall external Report The equipment may X X X

Inspection visual damage and remain in operation
2 Lumps and
Indicators
3 Nameplates Check for The equipment may X X X

necessary
4 Static elements, Check for The equipment may X X X

flanges, fittings
and connections
(especially with
116
Based on
Based on wear
time
After 25 years
After 34 years
Every 5 years
Classifi Item &
Activity
outdoor
installations)
5 Gas density, gas Check and if The equipment may X X X

replenish SF6 during inspection.
gas
6 Gas humidity Perform The equipment may X X X

dew point remain in operation
7 SF6 percentage Perform % SF6 The equipment may X X X

during inspection.
8 Acidity (SO2) Perform The equipment may

ppm SO2 remain in operation
9 Density Check The equipment may X X X

micro switches
with portable
density
monitor tester
10 Gas leak rate Track the gas The equipment may

detector, and
check if no gas
leakage
11 Control cubicle Check heaters The equipment may X X X

clean and
lubricate in
accordance
with
manufacturer
instructions
117
Based on
Based on wear
time
After 25 years
After 34 years
Every 5 years
Classifi Item &
Activity
12 Circuit-breakers As extended The equipment may X

visual check remain in operation After
during inspection. permissible
number of
mechanical
operating cycle
13 Disconnect As extended The equipment may

switches, visual check remain in operation
earthing during inspection.
switches and
high-speed
earthing
switches
14 Gaskets for door Elastic force

& window Check
15 LV electrical Performance
device check
16 Detail Operating Check The equipment may X X X

inspection mechanisms, switching remain in operation
carbon
brushes,
possible leaks,
electrical
connections.
17 Operating Check The equipment may X X X

earthing
switches
18 Operating Check The equipment may X X X

earthing
switches
19 Tightening Check the

loosened bolts
and nuts,
broken or loss
washes, snap
pins and
stoppers
118
Based on
Based on wear
time
After 25 years
After 34 years
Every 5 years
Classifi Item &
Activity
20 Operating Check Switchgear is taken out

instructions
21 Operating Check end Switchgear is taken out

functionality
as per
manufacturer
instructions
22 Operating Check end Switchgear is taken out

functionality
as per
manufacturer
instructions
23 Main circuit Check the Switchgear is taken out

depending on the
24 Insulation Check the

resistance
"control circuit
to earth" and
"Main circuit
to earth"
25 Circuit-breakers Switchgear is taken out X X

of service, either After
completely or in sections, permissible
depending on the number of
amount of work involved. mechanical
operating cycle
26 Disconnect Switchgear is taken out X X

switches, of service, either After
119
Based on
Based on wear
time
After 25 years
After 34 years
Every 5 years
Classifi Item &
Activity
earthing completely or in sections, permissible

switches and depending on the number of
high-speed amount of work involved. mechanical
earthing operating cycle
switches
27 Operation Wipe length

mechanism for
Pole unit
(Vacuum
interrupting
type)

inspection for maintenance of service, either after the
over should be completely or in sections, permissible
frequency of carried out depending on the number of
criteria. earlier. amount of work involved. interruptions is
reached.
29 High-speed The specified Switchgear is taken out X

earthing maintenance of service, either after every 2nd
switches should be completely or in sections, switching
carried out depending on the connection into
earlier. amount of work involved. energized high-
voltage bus
Europe case for indoor/ outdoor GIS common

App Table 10 Minimum manufacture required routine inspection menu and intervals for all components
from manufacturer perspective (Europe case for indoor/ outdoor GIS common)
Based on
Based on time
wear
After 0.5 - 2years (1)
After 10-12 years
After 20-25 years

Every 5-6 years
Classifi Item &

Activity

2 Lumps and
Indicators
120
Based on
Based on time
wear
After 10-12 years
After 20-25 years

Every 5-6 years
Classifi Item &
Activity
3 Nameplates Check for The equipment may X X

necessary

flanges, fittings
and connections
(especially with
outdoor
installations)

gas

7 SF6 percentage Perform % SF6 The equipment may X

during inspection.
8 Acidity (SO2) Perform ppm The equipment may X


micro switches
with portable
density
monitor tester

detector, and
check if no gas
leakage
121
Based on
Based on time
wear
After 10-12 years
After 20-25 years

Every 5-6 years
Classifi Item &
Activity
11 Control cubicle Check heaters The equipment may X X

clean and
lubricate in
accordance
with
manufacturer
instructions
12 Circuit-breakers As extended The equipment may X X

visual check remain in operation After
during inspection. permissible
number of
mechanical
operating
cycle
13 Disconnect As extended The equipment may X X

switches, visual check remain in operation After
earthing during inspection. permissible
switches and number of
high-speed mechanical
earthing operating
switches cycle

& window Check
device check
16 Detail Operating Check The equipment may X X

inspection mechanisms, switching remain in operation
carbon
brushes,
possible leaks,
electrical
connections.

earthing
switches
122
Based on
Based on time
wear
After 10-12 years
After 20-25 years

Every 5-6 years
Classifi Item &
Activity

earthing
switches

loosened bolts
and nuts,
broken or loss
washes, snap
pins and
stoppers
20 Operating Check Switchgear is taken X

mechanisms, operation out of service, either
circuit breakers functionality completely or in
as per sections, depending
manufacturer on the amount of
instructions work involved.
21 Operating Check end Switchgear is taken X

mechanisms, positions, if out of service, either
disconnect and necessary. completely or in
earthing Check sections, depending
switches operation on the amount of
functionality work involved.
as per
manufacturer
instructions
22 Operating Check end Switchgear is taken X

mechanisms, positions, if out of service, either
high-speed necessary. completely or in
earthing Check sections, depending
switches operation on the amount of
functionality work involved.
as per
manufacturer
instructions
23 Main circuit Check the Switchgear is taken

contact contact out of service, either
resistance resistance completely or in
sections, depending
on the amount of
work involved.
123
Based on
Based on time
wear
After 10-12 years
After 20-25 years

Every 5-6 years
Classifi Item &
Activity

resistance
"control circuit
to earth" and
"Main circuit
to earth"
25 Circuit-breakers Switchgear is taken X X

out of service, either After
completely or in permissible
sections, depending number of
on the amount of mechanical
work involved. operating
cycle
26 Disconnect Switchgear is taken X X

switches, out of service, either After
earthing completely or in permissible
switches and sections, depending number of
high-speed on the amount of mechanical
earthing work involved. operating
switches cycle

mechanism for
Pole unit
(Vacuum
interrupting
type)
28 Special Circuit-breakers The specified Switchgear is taken X

inspection for maintenance out of service, either after the
over should be completely or in permissible
frequency of carried out sections, depending number of
criteria. earlier. on the amount of interruption
work involved. s is reached.
29 High-speed The specified Switchgear is taken X

earthing maintenance out of service, either after the
switches should be completely or in permissible
carried out sections, depending number of
earlier. on the amount of interruption
work involved. s is reached.
Note 1): A possible time for first inspection in heavy high polluted areas
124
MTS case for outdoor

from manufacturer perspective (MTS case for outdoor)
Based on
Based on wear
time
After 6/12 years

Occasionally
Item &
Classification Activity
Component(s)

2 Lumps and
Indicators
3 Nameplates Check for The equipment may X X

necessary

flanges, fittings
and connections
(especially with
outdoor
installations)

gas

7 SF6 percentage Perform % SF6 The equipment may X

during inspection.
8 Acidity (SO2) Perform ppm The equipment may


micro switches
with portable
density
monitor tester
125
Based on
Based on wear
time
After 6/12 years

Occasionally
Item &
Component(s)

detector, and
check if no gas
leakage
11 Control cubicle Check heaters The equipment may X X

clean and
lubricate in
accordance
with
manufacturer
instructions
12 Circuit-breakers As extended The equipment may X

visual check remain in operation After permissible
during inspection. number of
mechanical
operating cycle
13 Disconnect As extended The equipment may X

switches, visual check remain in operation After permissible
earthing during inspection. number of
switches and mechanical
high-speed operating cycle
earthing
switches

& window Check
device check
16 Detail Operating Check The equipment may X

inspection
carbon
brushes,
possible leaks,
electrical
connections.
17 Operating Check The equipment may X

126
Based on
Based on wear
time
After 6/12 years

Occasionally
Item &
Component(s)
earthing
switches
18 Operating Check The equipment may X

earthing
switches

loosened bolts
and nuts,
broken or loss
washes, snap
pins and
stoppers
20 Operating Check Switchgear is taken out X

instructions

functionality
as per
manufacturer
instructions

functionality
as per
manufacturer
instructions
23 Main circuit Check the Switchgear is taken out X

depending on the
127
Based on
Based on wear
time
After 6/12 years

Occasionally
Item &
Component(s)

resistance
"control circuit
to earth" and
"Main circuit
to earth"
25 Circuit-breakers Switchgear is taken out X

of service, either After permissible
completely or in sections, number of
depending on the mechanical
amount of work involved. operating cycle
26 Disconnect Switchgear is taken out X

switches, of service, either After permissible
earthing completely or in sections, number of
switches and depending on the mechanical
high-speed amount of work involved. operating cycle
earthing
switches

mechanism for
Pole unit
(Vacuum
interrupting
type)

inspection for maintenance of service, either after the
over should be completely or in sections, permissible
frequency of carried out depending on the number of
criteria. earlier. amount of work involved. interruptions is
reached.
29 High-speed The specified Switchgear is taken out X

earthing maintenance of service, either after the
switches should be completely or in sections, permissible
carried out depending on the number of
earlier. amount of work involved. interruptions is
reached.
128
Appendix E. Survey results

E.1. Introduction
An examination of the market requirements of outdoor GIS shows that local market requirements vary
greatly from region to region. As stated in Chapter 3, the market share of outdoor GIS is essentially
not due to environmental conditions. The working group therefore decided to conduct a non-
representative study to better understand the market requirements of outdoor GIS and to highlight the
differences in the various regional markets. The questionnaire used in the survey includes 10
questions and is addressed to utilities. It is listed in subchapter E.3.
The following procedure was used to implement the survey: The working group participants each
distributed the survey questionnaires to asse experts from utilities with whom they are in contact.
Subsequently, the answered and returned questionnaires were analyzed by the working group.
When analyzing the survey results, it was found that outdoor GIS has a dominant market position in
Japan compared to indoor GIS. In the survey results from all other regions, indoor GIS seems to play
a dominant role in the GIS market. This is also consistent with the knowledge of the working group
participants and the interviews conducted on this topic. The working group is particularly interested in
the reasons for these different markets. In order to identify differences in these markets, it was
subsequently decided to conduct the analysis based on the distinction between indoor and outdoor
dominated markets.
E.2. Analysis
This section is intended to give the reader an outline of the results of the survey.
Origin of participants
The participants were asked about the region of their asset fleet. Classified according to the
continental origin, the distribution was as follows in descending order: Asia, America, Europe, as
shown in App Figure 12. The participants from Asia, are divided as follows: India (15), Japan (9) and
Korea (1). It should also be noted that no utilities from the Arabian Peninsula participated in the study.
The latter region is characterized by a high growth of GIS installations.
App Figure 12 Origin of the participants (Q2)
Experience with outdoor and indoor GIS

The participants were asked about their experiences for indoor and outdoor GIS. The selection fields
specified the rated voltage category, and participants were also asked in which decades they had
gained experience with the respective GIS. At this point, it is important to note that the survey did not
ask about the number of switchgear or bays installed. Therefore, only the utilities basic experience
with indoor or outdoor GIS can be interpreted on the basis of the study. The results are shown in the
129
bar graphs App Figure 13. The bar graphs show the experience of the participants (Y-axis) with plants
of different rated voltage class over the decades. The following aspects can be derived:
 The experience of customers with outdoor GIS increased sharply from the 1970s onwards and
stagnated from the 1990s onwards. There seem to be a historically long supplier-customer
relationship in these markets
 A different picture emerged with regard to experience with indoor GIS. The results show a
steady growth over time. In new or growing or new markets utilities may often choose indoor
rather than outdoor GIS. This indicates that supplier-customer relationships in these markets
tend to be shorter in comparison. It is worth noting that no utilities from the Arabian Peninsula,
which are known to choose indoor GIS predominantly, participated in the survey.
App Figure 13 Experience over the decades classified according to the rated voltage level (Q1)
The bar chart App Figure 14 shows the distribution of experience for the different voltage rating
classes for indoor and outdoor GIS. The following aspects can be derived:
 The experience with outdoor GIS tends to be increased for rated voltages in the range
500<u<700 kV in comparison
 The experience with indoor GIS appears to be increased for rated voltages in the range u<60
kV in comparison
App Figure 14 Experience for the rated voltage classes
Indoor and outdoor dominated markets

The working group was particularly interested in differences in indoor and outdoor dominated markets.
Among the participants in the study, those from Japan were clearly assigned to the group of
participants from outdoor dominated markets. For further analysis, all other participants in the study
were assigned to the indoor dominated market group. This approach makes it possible to identify
differences in the markets in the further analysis.
The participants were asked, if they prefer indoor GIS in principle. It is not surprising that a majority of
customers from indoor dominated market gave a positive answer and that a majority of customers
from outdoor dominated markets declined a prefer outdoor GIS instead. The results are shown in App
Figure 15 .
130
App Figure 15 Preferred technology in indoor and outdoor dominated market (Q7)
Policy of choice between indoor and outdoor GIS

The participants were asked to state their reasons for choosing between indoor and outdoor GIS. We
provided a number of pre-selected answers. It also asked whether participants generally prefer indoor
GIS or outdoor GIS, or whether the decision is made on a case-by-case basis. To allow comparison
between indoor and outdoor dominated markets, the analysis did not consider the preferences of the
participants and summed up the motivations for the choice to allow comparison of the basic
motivations between indoor and outdoor GIS dominated markets. The percentage breakdown of the
reasons for the movements for the indoor and outdoor dominated market groups are shown the bar
chart in App Figure 16.
The following aspects can be derived from the data and comments received by the participants:
1. It appears that customers from indoor dominated markets consider expected reliability to be
the most important criterion. Comments from individual participants of the survey indicate that
the expected reliability is fundamentally higher for indoor GIS compared to outdoor GIS
systems. 3 out of 29 participants, who prefer indoor GIS, mentioned bad experiences as a
reason for their assessment. Outdoor GIS will therefore not play a role in future projects for
these participants. In one case, an outdoor GIS had to be replaced by an indoor GIS due to
various gas leaks. Furthermore, other participants doubted whether GIS are actually designed
for outdoor use. One participant feared that many manufacturers may only make adaptations
to GIS, which was originally designed for indoor usage, to meet the outdoor requirements.
2. Interestingly, the expected reliability is also the most important decision criterion for customers
from outdoor dominated markets.
3. In indoor dominated markets, civil complaints are the second most important criterion for
indoor GIS, followed by environmental impacts.
4. In outdoor-dominated markets, the second criterion is acquisition costs, followed by safety.
Here, the lack of an operating building may play a role, which can lead to lower acquisition
costs as well tend to an increased safety in regions with risk for earthquakes. However, it
could also be that the participants from the outdoor-dominated market consider the safety
factor to be important in principle, even if they do not consider it to be relevant for the decision
between indoor and outdoor GIS. The above conclusion is therefore subject to a certain
degree of uncertainty.
5. With regard to the motives concerning the costs, remarkable differences can be found. In
outdoor dominated countries, acquisition costs are seen as the main reason for choosing
outdoor GIS. Ownership costs and the overall cost LCC, on the other hand, are less often
cited as a reason for the choice. In indoor GIS markets, LCC is most often cited as a
motivating factor, followed by acquisition costs and ownership costs, which are on a par.
131
App Figure 16 Policy for decision between indoor and outdoor GIS (Q3)
Estimated Life cycle Costs

The working group was especially interested in the estimations of the participants regarding the Life
cycle Costs (LCC). The participants' assessment of this was therefore queried. During the evaluation,
we found that our question about the relative costs led to different interpretations among the
participants and not all entries were therefore made on the basis of comparable assumptions.
Therefore, the various results are difficult to interpret. However, the response behavior allows the
following conclusions:
 Only 50% of the participants had answered the questions.
 Estimates of the other participants regarding the initial, running and total costs were often very
different
It can therefore be concluded that the LCC of indoor and outdoor GIS are not transparent for many
participants.
Maintenance strategy
The participants were asked about their approach of maintenance strategy. The following categories
were given as possible answers: Time-based, condition based or reliability-based maintenance. The
results are shown in App Figure 17. It turned out that condition-based maintenance is more used in
the outdoor dominated market.
App Figure 17 What is your utility's approach to maintenance strategy? (Q10)
The participants were asked if they follow the maintenance guidelines of the OEMs. It was noticeable
at this point that in the outdoor dominated market the participants predominantly do not do this. The
132
comments indicated that the frequency of the inspection intervals, based on experience, is often
increased by the utilities. One reason could be the aforementioned longer customer-supplier
relationship in these markets. Customers have had experience with the manufacturers' equipment
over a longer period of time and seem to extend the maintenance inverter intervals based on their
experience. They perform condition-based maintenance and therefore often do not follow the OEM's
instruction manual, which is often time based. In the indoor dominated market, a majority of utilities
follow the maintenance guidelines. The results are shown in App Figure 18.
App Figure 18 Do your maintenance guideline follow the OEM's instruction manual ?
E.3. Questionnaire – MARKET REQUIREMENTS GIS
Q1 Experience of GIS Installations

(i) Outdoor
 Do you have outdoor GIS in service at the moment?
☐ yes, ☐ no
 Do you have experience with outdoor GIS? If yes, from which time periods? Please mark the
appropriate fields.
Rated voltage No exp. 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000 2000-2010 2010 until now
U < 60 kV ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
60 ≤ U < 100 kV ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
100 ≤ U < 200 kV ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
200 ≤ U < 300 kV ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
300 ≤ U < 500 kV ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
500 ≤ U < 700 kV ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
≥ 700 kV ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Comments: …
(ii) Indoor （Including underground）
 Do you have indoor GIS in service at the moment?

☐ yes, ☐ no
133
 Do you have experience with indoor GIS? If yes, from which time periods?
Rated voltage No exp. 1970-1980 1980-1990 1990-2000 2000-2010 2010 until now
U < 60 kV ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☒ ☒
60 ≤ U < 100 kV ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
100 ≤ U < 200 kV ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
200 ≤ U < 300 kV ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
300 ≤ U < 500 kV ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
500 ≤ U < 700 kV ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
≥ 700 kV ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐
Comments: …
Q2 Please name the location (country or region) of the responding asset fleet: …
Q3 What is your policy for the choice between indoor/outdoor and what are the reasons?
 (i) Indoor generally preferred, including underground. Please limit the number of checks to the
three main reasons.
o Reasons: ☐ acquisition costs, ☐ ownership costs, ☐ reduced overall cost up to
disposal of equipment (Life cycle cost), ☐building time restrictions, ☐ regulatory
environment, ☐ expected reliability, ☐ planning and building permissions, ☐
aesthetics, ☐ safety, ☐ environmental impacts (e.g., pollution, please explain in free
text), ☐ civil complaints (e.g., noise limitation, visible impact…please explain in free
text), ☐ …
 (ii) Outdoor generally preferred. Please limit the number of checks to the three main reasons.
o Reasons: ☐ acquisition costs, ☐ ownership costs, ☐ reduced overall cost up to
disposal of equipment (Life cycle cost), ☐building time restrictions, ☐ regulatory
environment, ☐ expected reliability, ☐ planning and building permissions, ☐
aesthetics, ☐ safety, ☐ environmental impacts (e.g., pollution, please explain in free
text), ☐ civil complaints (e.g., noise limitation, visible impact…please explain in free
text), ☐ …
 (iii) Selection Indoor or outdoor is made case by case based upon evaluation of the following
reasons or parameters. Please limit the number of checks to three reasons.
Reasons and/or Parameters – Policy: ☐ acquisition costs, ☐ ownership costs, ☐ reduced overall cost
up to disposal of equipment (Life cycle cost), ☐ building time restrictions, ☐ regulatory environment, ☐
expected reliability, ☐ planning and building permissions, ☐ aesthetics, ☐ safety, ☐ environmental
impacts (e.g., pollution, please explain in free text), ☐ civil complaints (e.g., noise limitation, visible
impact…please explain in free text), ☐ …
Q4 Will this policy remain unchanged in the future?

☐ Yes, ☐ No
If yes, what factors will affect your policy to change? (e.g., environmental - Please explain.)
134
Q5 Do you have any regulations for the construction of outdoor substations? Please specify and give
details here:
Q6
 (i) How do you evaluate initial, running and total costs in terms of the comparison between
indoor and outdoor?
 (ii) In percentage terms, how do the costs of outdoor GIS substations compare with those for
indoor GIS substations?
f. Relative (% terms) initial cost, including civil works and similar items: … %
i. Comments: …
 Relative (% terms) Operation and Maintenance cost: … %
o Comments: …
 Relative (% terms) Total cost: … %
o Comments: …
Q7 In general, without any qualification, do you prefer indoor GIS instead of outdoor?
☐ Yes, ☐ No, ☐ Can’t say
Q8 Do your maintenance guidelines follow the OEM's instruction manual?

☐ Yes, ☐ No
If no, what are the differences to the OEM's instruction manual?
…
If no, on what base do you determine the maintenance guidelines (e.g., track record or experience)?
…
Q9 Do you have different maintenance guidelines for outdoor GIS and indoor GIS?
☐ Yes, ☐ No
If yes, what are the differences between indoor and outdoor GIS?
…
Q10 What is your utility’s approach to maintenance strategy?

☐ Time based maintenance
☐ Condition based maintenance
☐ Reliability centered maintenance
135
ISBN : 978-2-85873-600-3
TECHNICAL BROCHURES
©2023 - CIGRE
Reference 895 - March 2023

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B3 Substations

and electrical installations

Impact on Engineering and

Impact on Engineering and

T. SAIDA, Convenor JP N. UPPAL, Secretary GB

6. Economic Evaluation of Outdoor versus Indoor GIS

Figures and Illustrations ..................................................................................................... 9

2. Standards, Guidelines and relevant technical documents ................................... 14

3. Market requirements for outdoor GIS .................................................................... 24

4. Impact on outdoor GIS design including HV connection, layout, foundation and

4.2.3.2. Degradation of insulation performance in low voltage circuits ........................................................... 39

5. Impact on operations and maintenance policy to ensure the outdoor GIS

6. Impact on Long-term reliability - Lifetime Management ....................................... 76

7. Economic Evaluation (outdoor vs indoor) ............................................................. 86

Appendix A. Definitions, abbreviations and symbols ..................................................... 95

Appendix B. Links and references ................................................................................. 101

Appendix C. Case studies............................................................................................... 103

Appendix D. GIS Inspection and Maintenance Intervals............................................... 110

Appendix E. Survey results ............................................................................................ 129

Figures and Illustrations

App Figure 1 Examples of compact switchgear assemblies ................................................................ 99

App Figure 5 New designed GIS ........................................................................................................ 104

App Table 1 Specific terms and definitions ......................................................................................... 95

App Table 2 Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... 97

Outdoor GIS Indoor GIS

Sectional View of 400kV GIS

In the Technical Brochure the following is included:

2. Standards, Guidelines and relevant technical

2.1. Service conditions relevant to outdoor GIS

Table 2-1 Service conditions relevant to outdoor GIS

Standard: IEC IEEE JEC GOST ES GB/T

Altitude (m) 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000 1 000

Solar radiation 1 000 1 044 1 000 NA NA 1 000

Site pollution c level II A,B,C,D,E I,II,III,IV No specific value, II

Ice coating 1, 10 or 20 1, 10 or 20 Not 20mm and NA 10 or 20

Standard: IEC IEEE JEC GOST ES GB/T

Humidity (%) 100 100 100 100 NA 100

Condensation Yes Yes Yes Yes NA yes

Seismic 2,3,5 None 5 0,2g to 0,5g 0.154g to 0.253g 2, 3, 5 (ZPA=2,

2.2. Technical information to be exchanged between user and supplier

User requirements Supplier proposals

Ambient air temperature:

Solar radiation W/m2

User requirements Supplier proposals

Induced electromagnetic disturbance in

System requirements Environmental conditions Insulator parameters

Type of system: Pollution types and levels: Overall length:

Maximum operating voltage

Wind, storms Material

Imposed performance requirements Altitude Creepage distance

Clearances, imposed geometry, Lightning, earthquakes Diameters

Live line working and maintenance Mechanical and electrical

2.3. Site pollution severity

Table 2-4 Site pollution severity (SPS) classes in IEC

Minimum Nominal Specific

a Very light E1 <16

Specific creepage distance for three-phase a.c. systems USCD

Table 2-6 Example of typical environments

Example Description of typical environments