Drilling Practice 2021

▪ Drilling is a metal cutting process
carried out by a rotating cutting tool

to make circular holes in solid
materials.
▪ Hole is generated by the rotating

cutting tool known as drill bit which
exerts a large force on the work,
clamped on the table or support.
Depending on application, different

types of drill bits are available. The most
commonly used drill bit is the twist drill.
▪ Drilling machines are manufactured in different types and sizes
according to the type of operation, amount of feed, depth of cut,
spindle speeds, method of spindle movement and the required
accuracy.
▪ There are mainly seven types of Drilling Machine. They are:
1. Portable Drilling Machine
2. Sensitive Drilling Machine/Pillar Drill/Bench Drill
3. Upright Drilling Machine
4. Radial Drilling Machine
5. Gang Drilling Machine
6. Multiple Spindle Drilling Machine
7. Deep Hole Drilling Machine
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▪ Drill bits are cutting tools used to remove material
to create holes, almost always of circular cross-
section. Land
Margin Margin
Width
Flutes
– Helps to form the geometry of the tip.
– Allows oil and coolant to reach to the cutting edges.
– Allows chips to come out from the drilled hole.
Heel Chisel Edge
Cutting
Lip
TWIST DRILL
▪ The most common drill bits are twist drills in case of
working with wood, steel and other non ferrous
materials
▪ Twist drills have three parts
▪ Body: consisting of two or more spiral grooves called
flutes. Flutes serve as channels through which chips
are withdrawn from hole and coolant gets to cutting
edges.
▪ Point: a wide variety of geometry are used, but
typically have a point angel of 118°.
▪ Shank: a straight or tapered section where the drill is
clamped.
Point Angle:
What would happen if drill bits do not have point angle?

Depending on Helix/rake angle,
twist drill generally fall into
three categories:
– Regular/Standard Spiral Drill
– Slow Spiral Drill
– Fast Spiral Drill
Regular Spiral Drills
– 28° to 32° helix angle, together with
a point angle of ~118°,
– Regular spiral is found on most
general purpose drills and cobalt
drills.
– Used in a wide variety of drilling
applications. Suitable for drilling
steel and cast iron.
Slow Spiral Drills Fast Spiral Drills
– 12° to 22° helix angle — are available with a – 34° to 38° helix angle — are available with a
point angle of 118° for cutting brass and point angle of ~100°
bronze and with a point angle of 90° for – For softer ferrous and non-ferrous (such as
cutting plastics materials. Aluminum alloys, Copper etc.) materials
– Used in materials producing broken chips producing stringy (wiry) chips.
such as brass or bronze, or cast iron. – Provides greater lifting power for chips, but are
– Are stronger, but have less lifting power for weaker.
chips. – Generally used in deep holes.
– Generally limited to shallow holes.
13
▪ The two most common types are:
1. HSS (High Speed Steel) drill
2. Carbide- tipped drills
▪ Other types are:

Solid Carbide drill, TiN coated drills, carbide coated masonry
drills, parabolic drills, split point drill
▪ Drills and similar tools with
parallel shanks are held in a
drill chuck
▪ By rotating the outer sleeve,

the jaws can be opened and
closed.
▪ To ensure maximum grip, the

chuck should be tightened
using the correct size of chuck
key. This prevents the drill from
spinning during use
Drill bit is only gripped in place of the shank

▪ The different methods used for holding drill in a drill
spindle are:
▪ By directly fitting in the spindle hole.
▪ By using drill sleeve
▪ By using drill socket
▪ By using drill chuck

▪ To remove a shank from the spindle, a taper key known
as a drill drift is used
▪ The drift is inserted through a slot in the spindle
Strike here
to remove
Most modern machines

have a built-in drift
▪ Common operations performed in a drilling machine
are:
▪ Drilling
▪ Reaming
▪ Boring
▪ Counter boring
▪ Countersinking
▪ Tapping
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Through-holes: drill exits the opposite side of work
Blind-holes: drill does not exit on opposite side of work
Figure: Two hole types: (a) through-hole, and (b) blind hole
Used to improve surface
finish while slightly
enlarging the hole
▪ It is a process of smoothing the surface of drilled holes with a
tool.
▪ Tool is called as reamer.
▪ Initially a hole is drilled slightly smaller in size.
▪ Drill is replaced by reamer.
▪ A reamer enters the workpiece axially and enlarges an
existing hole to the diameter of the tool.
▪ A reamer is a multi-point tool that has many flutes, which may
be straight or in a helix.
▪ Reaming removes a minimal amount of material and is often
performed after drilling to obtain both a more accurate
diameter and a smoother internal finish.
▪ It is a process carried on a
drilling machine to increase
the size of an already
drilled hole
▪ Initially a hole is drilled to

the nearest size and using a
boring tool the size of the
hole is increased.
▪ This process involves increasing
the size of a hole at only one end.
▪ Cutting tool will have a small
cylindrical portion called pilot to
guide it straight into the existing
hole.
▪ Counter boring is often performed
after drilling to provide space for
the head of a fastener, such as a
bolt, to sit flush with the workpiece
surface.
▪ This is an operation of making
the end of a hole into a conical
shape.
▪ Countersinking is performed
after drilling to provide space
for the head of a fastener, such
as a screw, to sit flush with the
workpiece surface.
▪ Process of cutting internal
threads with a thread tool
called as tap.
▪ Tap is a fluted threaded tool

used for cutting internal
thread
Used to provide
internal screw
threads on an
existing hole
The tool is
called a tap
Figure: Tapping
IENG 475: Computer-Controlled
36 10/28/2021
Manufacturing Systems
Clamping set
used when drilling round bar
Cutting Speed (v)
▪ The peripheral speed of the drill
v = *D*N where
D = diameter of the drill
N = rotational speed of the drill in rpm
Feed Rate (f)

▪ The movement of drill along the axis
Depth of Cut (d)

▪ The distance from the machined surface to the drill axis
d=D/2
Material Removal Rate (MRR)
It’s the volume of material removed by the drill per unit time
MRR = ( D2 / 4) * f * N mm3 / min
Machining Time (t)
It depends upon the length (l) of the hole to be drilled , to the Speed (N) and
feed (f) of the drill
t = L / f N min
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▪ Drilling is a metal cutting process

carried out by a rotating cutting tool

▪ Hole is generated by the rotating

Depending on application, different

What would happen if drill bits do not have point angle?

▪ Other types are:

▪ By rotating the outer sleeve,

▪ To ensure maximum grip, the

Drill bit is only gripped in place of the shank

▪ By directly fitting in the spindle hole.

▪ By using drill sleeve

▪ By using drill socket

▪ By using drill chuck

Most modern machines

▪ Initially a hole is drilled to

▪ Tap is a fluted threaded tool

Feed Rate (f)

Depth of Cut (d)

Machining Time (t)

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