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    Aerodynamics Formula Part

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    blue2badhar

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Aerodynamics Formula Part

    Uploaded by

    blue2badhar
    5 views2 pages

    Original Title

    Aerodynamics Formula Part (2)

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    5 views2 pages

    Aerodynamics Formula Part

    Uploaded by

    blue2badhar

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    2 Continuity equation and Bernoulli’s equation

    2.1 Definitions
    ṁ = Mass flow (kg/s)
    ρ = Air density (kg/m3 )
    A = Area (m2 )
    V = Speed (m/s)
    p = Pressure (P a = N/m2 )
    h = Height (m)
    S = Surface (m2 )
    r = Radius of the curvature (m)
    v = Volume (m3 )
    Va = Velocity difference (m/s)
    Sd = Actuator disk surface area (m2 )
    T = Thrust (N )
    P = Power (W = J/s)
    η = Efficiency (dimensionless)

    2.2 Continuity equation


    The continuity equation states that in a tube, the following must be true:

    ṁin = ṁout

    This equation can be rewritten to:

    ρ1 A1 V1 = ρ2 A2 V2 (2.2.1)

    Or for incompressible flows (where ρ1 = ρ2 ):

    A1 V1 = A2 V2 (2.2.2)

    2.3 Bernoulli’s equation


    The Euler equation, when gravity forces and viscosity are neglected, is:

    dp = −ρV dV (2.3.1)

    This formula is also valid for compressible flows. Integration for 2 points along a streamline gives:
     
    1 2 1 2
    (p2 − p1 ) + ρ V2 − V1 = 0
    2 2

    3
    This can be easily transformed to the Bernoulli equation, which says that the total pressure is constant
    along a streamline:
    1 1
    p1 + ρV12 = p2 + ρV22 (2.3.2)
    2 2
    However, if gravity forces are included, the following variant of the Bernoulli equation can be derived:
    1 1
    p1 + ρV12 + ρgh1 = p2 + ρV22 + ρgh2 (2.3.3)
    2 2
    But do remember that the Bernoulli equation is only valid for inviscid (frictionless) incompressible flows.

    2.4 Bernoulli’s equation of curved flow


    When looking at an infinitely small part of air, there is a pressure p working on one side of it, and a
    pressure p + dp working on the other side. This pressure difference causes the flow to bend. If S is the
    surface and dr is the length of the part of air, then the resultant force on the part of air is:
    dp dp
    F = ((p + dp) − p) · S = dp · S = · S · dr = v
    dr dr
    Where v is the volume of the air. However, when performing a circular motion, the resultant force is:

    mV 2 ρV 2
    F = = v
    r r
    Combining these data, we find:

    dp ρV 2
    = (2.4.1)
    dr r
    And therefore the following formula remains constant along a curving flow:
    Z p2 Z r2
    ρV 2
    dp = dr (2.4.2)
    p1 r1 r

    And this is the exact reason why concave shapes have a lower pressure in flows, and convex areas have a
    higher pressure.

    2.5 Actuator disk thrust


    Suppose we have a propeller, blowing air from left to right. Let’s call point 0 a point infinitely far to the
    left (undisturbed flow), point 1 just to the left of the propeller (infinitely close to it), point 2 identical
    to point 1, but then on the right, and point 3 identical to point 0, but also on the right. In every point
    n, the airflow has a pressure pn , a velocity Vn and an area Sn . Since point 1 and 2 are infinitely close
    to each other, the air velocity in both points is equal, so V1 = V2 . Since point 0 and point 3 are both
    in the undisturbed flow, the pressure in those points is equal, so p0 = p3 . Let’s define Va1 = V1 − V0 ,
    Va2 = V3 −V2 and Vat = V3 −V0 , so Vat = Va1 +Va2 . From the Bernoulli equation, the following equations
    can be derived:
    1 1
    p0 + ρV02 = p1 + ρ(V0 + Va1 )2
    2 2
    1 1
    p2 + ρ(V0 + Va1 )2 = p0 + ρ(V0 + Vat )2
    2 2

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