Cairo University \ ' c-) Huid Mechanics

h'aculty of Engineering
/ 2d Year Mech.
Shea#2

Theory of Manometers

'r.U" the figure, pipe.4 contains gasoline

(SG : 0.7), pipe I contains oil (SG : -r-
I

0.9), and the manometer fluid is 1.4 m

I

mercury. Determine the new I

I
t
differential reading if the pressure in o.i
I
_-_l_
pipe A is decreased 25 kPa, and the
pressure in pipe B remains constant-
The initial differential reading is 0.30
m as shown.

2.2) Determine the new differential reading

along the inclined leg of the mercury
manometer. If the pressure in pipe .{ is
decreased 12 kPa and the pressure in
pipe I remains unchanged. The fluidtn
I has a specific gravity of 0.9 and the
fluid in B is water.

2.3 A piston having a cross-sectional area of

0.07 mZ is located in a cylinder
containing water as shown. An open U-
tube manometer is connected to the
cylinder as shown. For lz1 = 60 mm and
, : 100 mm, what is the value of the
applied force, P, acting on the piston?
The weight of the piston is negligible.

2,4 the differential mercury manometer ts

connect€d to pipe A containing
gasoline (SG : 0.65), and to PiPe B _T
containing water. Determine the
differential reading, ft, corresponding to
a pressure inl of20 kPaandavacuum
of 150 mm Hg in B.

tI
2.5 The mercury manometer ind.icates a
differental reading of 0.i0 m when the i.50 n

pressure in pipe A is 25-mm Hg O.l5 n

-.1-
vacuum. Determine the pressure in pipe I
.Ia
B. t_

7y A tank is constructed of a series of

cylinders having diameters of 0.30.
0.25, and 0.15 m as shown. The tank
contains oil, water, and glycerin and a
mercury manometer is attached to the
bottom as illustrated. Calculate the
manometer reading, h

,2/ In the figure pipe .4 contains carbon

tetrachioride (SG 1.60) and the
closed storage tank B contains a salt
brine /SG : l.l5). Determine the air
pressure in tank B if the pressure in
pipe I is 20 psi

2.8 ln Fig. P2.l l, pressure gage A reads 1.5 /t.

kPa (gage). The flurds are at 20"C.
Determine the elevation; inm, of the
liquid level in the open piezometer -t--
tubes B and C
-t-

2) At 20"C gage A reads 350 kpa absolute. : .rrc I E{l th at ,

What is the height i of the water in
cm? What should gage B read in kpa
absolute?

2.10 An 8 --cm- diameter piston compresses

maflorflet€r oil into an inclined 7-mr+.
diameter tube, as shown. When a ' l0cn

weight I/ is added to the rop of the

piston, the oil rises and additional
distance of 10 cm up the tube, as
shown. How large is the weight, in N
 f.airo Universifv Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2"d Year Mech.

Shea # 3

Hvdrostatic Forces

.>3.1,;.The gate shown in the figure is 3

,,
m wide and for the purposes of
analysis can be considered mass
less. For what depth of water will
this rectangular gate be in
equilibrium at an angle of 60o as
shown?

.- 3r2-Gate ,,IBC in the figure has a

,,/fixed hinge line at B and is 2 m wide
into the paper. The gate will open at
,1 to release rvater if the water depth
is high enough. Compute the depth h
tbr which the gate will begin to
open.

.3f.The rectangular gate CD is 1.8 rn

wide and 2.0 m long. Assuming the
matenal of the gate to be
homogeneous and neglecting
frrction at the hinge, determine the
weight of the gate necessary to keep
it shut until the water level rises to
2.0 m above the hinge.

--->tr*e rectangular gate that is 2 m

wide is located in the vertical wall of
a tank containing water as shown. It
is desired to have the gate open
automatically when the depth of
water above the top of the gate
reaches l0 m. (a) At what distance,
r/, should the frictionless horizontal
shaft be located? (b) Whar is the
magnifude of the force on the gate
when it opens?
 ir

?,$a tank containing_water has

.a
homogeneous rectangular gate ln
one side as shown. The gate,
weighing 50 kg. Pivots about a
horizontal axis located t0 ft below
the surf;ace. tfthe gate can only open
inwardly, what will be the reaction
of the gate (in a direction
perpendicular to gate) against the
bottom edge of the tank oPening?
The width of the gate is 2 ft, and
friction at the axis is negligble.

;61;" hydrometer shown in the

figure has a mass of 0.045 kg and the
cross-sectional area of its stem is 20

,*J Determine the distance between

graduations (on the stem) for speclfic
qravities of 1.00 and 0.90.

3.7-A conicai plug is iocated in the

i'
side of a tank as shown. (a) Show
that the honzontal component of the
tbrce of the water on the Plug does
not depend on h. (b)ForthedePth
indicate4 what is the magnitude of
this component'7

3-,E.-A plug in the bottom of a

pressurized tank is conical in shape

'2o,".
as shown. The air pressure is 50 kPa
and the liquid in the tank has a
specific weight of 27 kN/m3.
Determine the magnitude, direction,
and line of action of the force
exerted onthe curved surlace ofthe
cone within the tank due to the 50-
kPa pressure and the liquid.
 *3*Ttre 2-m-diameter cylinder in
the figure is 4 m long into the paper
and rests in static equilibnum
a'gainst the smooth wall at point B.
Compute (a) The weight and (b) T\e
specific gravity of the cylinder.
Assume zero wall friction at point B.

--_5 3.lGThe hemispherical dome in the

firgure weighs 30 kN and is filled
with water and attached to the floor
by six equally spaced bolts. What is
the fbrce in each bolt required to
hold down the dome?

- 3.ll.fiessunzed water tjlls the tank

as.' sho*n. Compute ihe net
h-r"drostatic force on the conical
suriace l8(--. .i) \P:l

ril:
.l
-* / 3*.A l-m-diameter cylindrical
mass, M is connected to a 2-m-wide
rectangular gate as shown in Fig.
P2.94. The gate is to open when the
,ffater level, h, drops below 2.5 m.
Determine the required value for M.
Neglect friction at the gate hinge and
the pulley.

Best rvishes

Prof. lvlahmoud Fotud

Dt. Mostafa Rizk Dr. Mohamed Abo-Elfadl
Eng. Ashraf Ibrahim Eng. Kanm Aunv
 v
.'cCairo Universit-v Fluid Mechanics
Faculty of Engineering 2d Year Mech.

Shea # 4

Continuitv Equation Applications

'3yl'Water at 20"C flows steadilyat40

1.1
kg/s through the nozzle. If D1 : l8 cm ,1-----------:-\
'\
and D2 : 5 cm, compute the average
lt
\r
:

t- _
velocity, in m/s, at (a) section I and (b)
section 2.

3/1411 (SG :0.91) enters at section 1 at

i'weight flow of 250 N/h to lubricate a
thrust bearing. The steady oil flow exits
radially through the narrow clearance
betreen thrust plates. Compute (a)the
outlet volume flux in mL/s and (b) the
average outlet velocitv in cmls.

t). fu, hypodermic needle in the figure

contains some sort of serum (SG : 1.02).
If the serum is to be injected steadily at 6
cm3,s, how t'ast, in cm/s, should the
plunger be advanced? Neglect leakage in
the plunger clearance.

3,*"The V-shaoed tank has width 6 into

L/
the paper and is hlled from the inlet pipe
at volume flow Q Derive expressions
for (a) the rate of change dlvdtand(b)
the time required for the surface to rise
from ll7 to h2.

3,5 An ooen tank contains water at 20"C r.ll------

- i,l'' ""' ^"'
=

anO ls being filled through section t at

V1 :3 m/s and through section 3 at
Q3:0.01 m/s. If the water level h is
constant, determine the exit velocity Vr.

I
 3.6 An incompressible fluid flows past
an impermeable flat plate, with a
uniform inlet profile u = (Jo and a cubic
polynomial exit profile
,!,'''
Solid plare, widrh b inro paper
u=(J"(
'[ ', 2^r' )I *"r"n=L
v'rrvrw''
6
compute the volume flow p across the
top surface of the controlvolume.

3.7. 'Incompressible steady tlow in the

i6let between parallel plates is uniform,
u := Uo:8 cmrs, while downstream the
flow develops into the parabolic laminar
protile
u az(zo - z\,
Where a is aconstant. Ifzo =4cm
and the flud is SAE 30 oii at 20"C
iv : -1.5x104 m2ls. p : 900 kg*3),
rvhat is the value of
hn* in cm/s?
,/
3f"fh, shown tank admits water at
20oC and 75 N/s weight flow while
ejecting gasoline at 60 Nis. If all fluids
iue approxrmately incompressible, how
much air in N/h is passing through the
vent? tn which direction?

The converging-diverging nozzle

3,9-
dhown expands and accelerates dry
air to supersonic speeds at the exit,
where P2: 8kpaandT2 =240K.
At the tlroat, p 1 :284 kpa, T1 :
665 K, and V1:517 m/s. For steady
compressible flow of an ideal gas,
estimate (a) the mass flow in kg/tr,
O) the velocity V2, and (c) the
Mach numberMa2.
 3.19 In
some wind tunnels the test
section is perforated to suck out fluid 'Fest
icclton
l), = ().ll rn
and provide a thin viscous boundary Unrform suctron I

layer. The test section wall contains On=l'5m

. 1200 holes of 5-mm diameter each per vt- vq

square meter of wall area The suction

velocity through each hole is I/s : 8
lr
llt--L-4rn--i
mls, and the test-section enmnce
velocity is V1 : 35 m/s. Assuming
incomprcssible steady flow of air at
20"C, compute (a) Vo @ VZ and(c) Vy
in m/s.

3.1/The ja pump in the figure injects

Urr rng Fully
water at U1 = 40 m/sthrougha3 inch reSron mixed

pipe and entrains a secondary flow of

water U2 = 3 mis in the annular region
around the small pipe. The two flows
become fully mixed downstream, where
L3 is approximately constant. For steady

incompressible flow, compute U3 in mis.

1.O,Ai incompressible fluid is being

squeezed outward between two large
circular disks by the uniform downward
motion Vo of the upper disk Assr.rming
onedimensional radial outflow, use the
control volume shown to drive an
expression for V(r) Fircd crrculat dlsh

4.il}-eonsider a cylindncal waler tank of diameter D and water depth h According to ele,nentary
//
theory, the flow rate from a small hole of area,4 in the bottom of the tank would be Q =CA,,{2gh ,

where C -=0.6. If the initial water level is ho andthe hole is opened, derive an expression for the trme
reguired for the water level to dropto % ho.

Best wisbcs

Prof. Mahmoud Furad Dr. McuhRizk Dr. Mobamed Abo-ElEdl

Eog. tutEaf ltrshrm Eog. KarinAwy .
 Cairo Lfniversil-v FIdd Mmhanict
Faculty of Engineering 2d Year Mech.

Sheet# 5
Momentum Equation Applications

tl The water j* in the figure strikes

normal to a fixed plate. Neglect gravity
and friction, and compute the force.Fin
Newton required to hold the plate fixed.

5.2 When a jet strikes an inclined fixed

plate, as shown, it breaks into two jets at
2 and 3 of equal velocityV=Vietbut
unequal fluxes a Q at2 and (l -a)Qat
section 3, a being a fraction. The reason
is that for kictionless flow the fluid can
exert no tangential force Fl on the plate.
The condition Fr = 0 enables w to solve
for a Perform this analysis, and find a
l
as a function of the plate angle 0 Wh
doesn't the answer depend upon tlre
properties of the jet?

53. The 6-cmdiameter 20"C water jet

stiikes a plue containing a hole of 4-cm '), i \.nt

diameter. Part of thejetpass€s through ]5 ttvr

the hole, and part is deflected- Determine
the horizontal force required to hold the
plate.

514 For the pipe-flow-reducing section

shown in the figure, Dt : 8 cm. D2 :5
-P..lol kh
cm, and P2 = | atn. AII fluids are at
20"C. II Vt : 5 m./s and the manometer

reading is l :58 cm, estimate the total

force resisted by the flange bolts.
5.9 In the figure, the jet strikes a vane
which moves to the right at constant
velocity Vc on a frictionless cart
(\P' Y;'i'
Compute (a) the force Fx required to
restain the cart and O) the power P V
delivered to the carl Also find the cart
velocity for which (c) the force Fx is a
maximrmr and (d) the power P is a
ma:rimum.

5.10 Water al 20oC flows through a 5-

cm-diameter pipe, which has a 180o
vertical bend- The total length ofpipe
between flanges 1 and 2 is75 cm. When
the weight flow rate is 230 N/s, P1 : 165
kPa and PZ : 134 kPa. Neglecting pipe

weight, determine the total force, which

the flanges must withstand for this flow.

5.ll Water at 20oC flows throughthe

-(t.
elbow and exits to the atnnosphere. The
pipe diameer is D1 : l0 cm, while Dr :
3 cm. At a weight flow rate of 150 N/s,
the P1 = 2.3 aEn (gage).
prressure
Neglecting the weight of water and
elbow, estimate the force on the flange
bolts at section l.

5.12 The small boat in the figure is

driven at a steady specd Vo by aja of
compressed air issuing from a 3-cm-
diarneter hole at Ve :343 m/s. Jet exit
conditions are Pe : I atn and Ts :
30"C. Air drag is negligible, and the hull
drag isKvj, where k= 19 N.s2lm2.
Estimate the boat speed Vs, in n/s.
Faculty of Engineering Ff:id l"Term Luant Year Mechanical Eng.
2"d
Cairo University Dec. 2001 Duration: One Hour

Part I:

(l) Mercury at 0'C flows upward through a vertical pipe with an inside diameter of
0.5 cm and a length of 1.0 m. The flow is fully developed, with axial velocity
profile given bY

I rrt'-l
, = rrnl ,-[^)
-j

Where R is the pipe radius and ug = I 0 m/s. For the control volume shown in

the tigure below. tind the net tbrces acting on the fluid.

(Hint: For Mercury, density p = 13600 kd rn'and viscosity F: 1 68x10-r

Ns/m:)

td
I Cont rol
volu me

Figure shows florv of

mercury upward
through a verticll
pipc
Col{t. /Flurd Mcch./2ndYMcclr/Mid l" tcnn/2(X) l-2(X)2

Part lI:

(2) The water tank shown in the tigure below is pressurized, as shown by the
mercury-manometer reading. Determine the hydrostatic force per unit depth
on gate AB.

Note

--:- A=,5c
ln
tl
_tI - t," = i, a,,
"

)'I
?-, iu
iz /-1,. = fl- o63
t

lr)c = A

t\ ?.

(3) Pressurized water fills the tank in the tigure below. compute the net
hydrostatic force on the conical surface ABC.

t lrn r

.4t lc

i\
o,t
\
I

,fiaori Luak