Chapter 11

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Chapter 11
Social Behavior (Queens College CUNY)
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Chapter 11
Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help?
Total Assessment Guide (T.A.G.)
Question
Topic Factual Conceptual Applied
Type
Multiple Choice 1
Introduction
Essay
Basic Motives 2,6,8,9,11,15,17,

5,7,13,14,23,24,
3,4,10,12,16,19,22,32, 18,20,21,28,30,
Underlying 25,26,27,29,34,
Multiple Choice 41,43,48,51,52,54, 31,32,37,38,40,
Prosocial 56,57
35,36,39,46,47,
42,44,45,49,50,55,
Behavior: Why 53,58
59
Do People
Help? Essay 175,176 174
Personal 62,70,72,73,76, 60,61,63,65,66,

64,67,71,74,75,84,
Qualities and Multiple Choice
89,95
79,80,81,86,88, 68,69,77,78,82,
Prosocial 90,91,92 83,85,87,93,94
Behavior: Why
Do Some
People Help Essay 177,178,180 179,181
More Than
Others?
98,100,101,103,105,107,
Situational 96,102,106,108,114,117,
109,112,113,118,119,122,124, 97,99,104,110,111,115,
Determinants of 126,128,130,131, 116,120,127,134,136,
Multiple Choice 121,123,125,129,132,140,
133,135,137,142, 138,139,145,148,149,
Prosocial 141,143,146,151
144,147,153,154, 150,152
Behavior: When 155,156,157
Will People
Help? Essay 182,183,184,186 185,187
159,160,161,162,163,
Multiple Choice 166,167,168 158,169,170
How Can 164,165,171,172,173
Helping Be
Increased?
Essay 189 188
1
Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2007 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

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CHAPTER 11: PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR:

WHY DO PEOPLE HELP?
_______________________________________________________________________________
Multiple Choice
Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. Recall that the introduction to Chapter 11 (Prosocial Behavior) began with a description of several of the citizen-
heroes of September 11, 2001—for example William Wik, who refused to flee to personal safety because there
were still people to be rescued. He died when the tower collapsed. Wik was willing to sacrifice his own life to
save others, and his behavior could thus best be described as
a. altruistic.
b. prosocial.
c. evolutionarily adaptive.
d. an example of kin selection.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page(s) in Text: 301-302
Topic: Introduction; Basic Motives Underlying Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help?
Question Type. FACTUAL
2. Julianna likes to contribute to worthy charities because she can help others and, at the same time, get a tax
deduction. Julianna is engaging in
a. altruism.
b. dissonance reduction.
c. hypocrisy.
d. prosocial behavior.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page(s) in Text: 301
Topic: Basic Motives Underlying Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help?
Question Type: APPLIED
3. ________ refers to any act that someone performs in order to benefit another person.
a. Prosocial behavior
b. Altruism
c. Kin selection
d. Empathy
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Question Type: FACTUAL
4. Whereas ________ is any act performed to benefit another, ________ is such an act performed with no regard for
one’s safety or interests.
a. altruism; prosocial behavior
b. prosocial behavior; self-help
c. prosocial behavior; altruism
d. altruism; self-sacrifice
Answer: C
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Difficulty: 1
Topic. Basic Motives Underlying Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help?
5. Prosocial behavior is to ________ as altruism is to ________.

a. selflessness; pure motive
b. rewards; good mood
c. rewards; selflessness
d. feeling good; avoiding feeling bad
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Question Type: CONCEPTUAL
6. Allen volunteers to visit the homes of AIDS patients because those visits help him forget about his own problems.
This is an example of ________ behavior.
a. altruistic
b. self-sacrificing
c. prosocial
d. reciprocal
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
7. Prosocial behavior is
a. performed with the goal of benefiting another person.
b. appreciated by everyone we help.
c. performed without regard to a person’s self-interest.
d. all of the above.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
8. Marla has revised her will to ensure that upon her death, all of her functioning organs (corneas, liver, kidneys,
heart, and so on) will be used to help transplant patients. She’s told no one about her actions, and expects nothing
in return. This is an example of a(n) ________ behavior.
a. altruistic
b. evolutionarily adaptive
c. self-sacrificing
d. normative
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
9. Reuben has three cats at home and doesn’t want another one. Still, on the way home from work, he stops to rescue
a kitten from the highway. This is an example of ________ behavior.
a. prosocial
b. altruistic
c. sociobiological
d. self-interested
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Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
10. ________ refers to the desire to help another person, even if such help involves cost to the helper.
a. Prosocial behavior
b. Altruism
c. Empathy
d. Reciprocity
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
11. Which of the following is the best example of altruistic behavior?

a. Julie puts a dollar in the church collection basket because everyone else donates.
b. Lexy volunteers at her son’s school to help out his class.
c. Robert anonymously donates a kidney to a twenty-year-old accident victim he will never meet.
d. Lou helps his wife with the dishes in the hopes that she’ll cook dinner more often.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
12. Evolutionary psychology is the study of

a. how our environment modifies inherited characteristics.
b. the immediate influence our biology has on how we react to social situations.
c. social behaviors as a result of genetic factors and natural selection.
d. application of social psychology to the study of biological processes.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
13. According to evolutionary theory (Darwin, 1859), natural selection favors genes that promote individual survival.
This tenet is most troublesome in explaining
a. aggression.
b. altruism.
c. prosocial behavior.
d. the protection of the young.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
14. Charles Darwin, an evolutionary theorist, found it difficult to explain altruism. From an evolutionary perspective,
it would initially seem that over centuries and generations, altruistic behaviors would ________ because
________.
a. increase; more unfit offspring might survive
b. disappear; self-sacrifice would produce fewer offspring
c. disappear; only the fittest, most selfless offspring would survive
d. remain unchanged; the gene pool would become more variable
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Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
15. Evolutionary psychology would have the most trouble explaining which of the following incidents?
a. Samuel risks his life to save his nephew in a car accident.
b. Jane runs in to save her adopted daughter from a fire.
c. When Alphonso was put in the unfortunate situation of saving his wife or his son in a boating accident, he
chose to save his son first, and his wife died.
d. When Larry was on a ship going down at sea, he let everyone else be saved ahead of him, even though
everyone on the ship was a complete stranger to him.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page(s) in Text: 324–325
16. The idea that natural selection favors behaviors that help a genetic relative is known as
a. kin selection.
b. familial selection.
c. kinship bias.
d. familial reciprocity.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
17. According to the evolutionary psychology notion of kin selection, Bob is most likely to help his
a. cousin Herbert.
b. step-sister Sally.
c. brother Ralph.
d. best friend Randall.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
18. According to evolutionary psychologists, why would Doris be more likely to save her children than her parents in
a life-threatening emergency? Doris’s children
a. are more likely to pass on her genes.
b. are less likely to be able to save themselves.
c. share more genes in common with Doris than do her parents.
d. are more likely to seek Doris out than are her parents.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
19. Researchers (Burnstein, Crandall, & Kitayama, 1994) found that when participants imagined a house fire, they
were more likely to help some people than other people. Based on these researchers’ findings, it seems that in life-
and-death situations,
a. norms are more important than is genetic similarity.
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b. culture is more important than biology.

c. biological relatives are more likely to be helped than are nonrelatives.
d. women are more sensitive to norms, and men more sensitive to biology.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
20. A giant tornado is bearing down on Dorothy’s farmhouse. She only has time to help one other resident. Based on
research regarding kin selection, whom will Dorothy take with her to the storm cellar?
a. her sister, Glenda
b. her grandmother, Margaret
c. her beloved dog, Toto
d. her favorite farm hand, Ray
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
21. Based on evidence from studies presented in the chapter on evolutionary explanations of helping behavior, whom
would you be the most likely to help if she had just spilled the contents of her purse?
a. your friend
b. your cousin
c. your sister
d. You would be equally likely to help anyone.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
22. Although evidence from studies presented in the chapter suggests that people are more likely to help family than
strangers or friends in some situations, they also note that people are equally likely to help a friend or family
member under which of the following circumstances?
a. a life-threatening emergency
b. a life-threatening nonemergency
c. any life-threatening situation
d. a non-life-threatening situation
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
23. In explaining the process by which kin selection works to encourage altruism, evolutionary psychologists would
argue that
a. helpers consciously consider “biological importance” before helping.
b. norms have arisen to replace ingrained human behavior.
c. over millennia, genes of those who follow the “biological importance” rule will survive.
d. the “biological importance” rule is used only in life-and-death situations.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
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24. One consequence of living by the Golden Rule, “Do unto others as you would have them do unto you,” is that if
you help those in need, they might return the favor someday. This idea is best represented by
a. the norm of obedience.
b. the norm of reciprocity.
c. informational social influence.
d. normative social influence.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
25. Some evolutionary psychologists argue that in our distant past, those who selfishly pursued their own individual
interests would be less likely to survive to pass on their genes. This argument lies at the heart of ________ as a
source of altruistic behavior.
a. kin selection
b. social exchange
c. the reciprocity norm
d. the ability to learn social norms
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
26. In a group setting, one member could take advantage of the help that he/she receives from the other group
members, thereby exploiting the reciprocity norm to his/her advantage. Some researchers believe that instead
________ evolved.
a. gratitude
b. diffusion of responsibility
c. bystander effect
d. volunteering
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
27. Why would gratitude evolve in a social group?

a. to motivate us to return help we have received from others
b. to increase the costs of helping
c. to make people feel empathy
d. to facilitate group selection
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
28. Helga stops and helps Bjorn change a flat tire along the road because she figures that one day she’ll need help and
someone will return the favor. This best illustrates the idea of
a. paying it forward.
b. reciprocity.
c. karmic law.
d. evolution.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
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29. Why are many biologists skeptical about the concept of group selection?
a. Classic evolutionary theory proposes that the processes of natural selection operate only at the individual, not
the group level.
b. Humans have not lived in groups for very long in their evolutionary history.
c. Evolutionary theory does not have any interesting in examining the concept of altruism.
d. Evolutionary theory believes it does an adequate job of explaining altruism with concepts such as rewards
and costs.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
30. The groups of people who live among those who are ________ may be more likely to survive than those people
who live among groups of people who are ________. This idea is referred to as ________.
a. selfless; selfish; altruism
b. selfish; selfless; natural selection
c. selfless; selfish; group selection
d. selfish; selfless; altruism
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
31. Your text offers several challenges that evolutionary psychology has not been able to address. Which of the
following would also challenge evolutionary rationales for helping behavior?
a. Mario calls an ambulance to help his elderly mother, who is dying.
b. Susan runs out into a busy freeway to save a wounded animal.
c. Henry saves his daughter before he saves his sister from a flooded basement.
d. Sarah helps her biological daughter before helping her step-son escape a fire.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
32. A principal theory in social psychology is social exchange theory. According to this theory, we will be most likely
to help others
a. when the benefits outweigh the costs.
b. who are closely related to us.
c. who have already helped us.
d. for whom we feel empathy.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
33. Social exchange theory would have the most trouble explaining which of the following helping situations?
a. Anna visits people with AIDS as a requirement of her health psychology course.
b. Theo calmly walks into heavy traffic to rescue a stranger who collapsed in the crosswalk.
c. On the way home from work, David drops off some notes for a classmate.
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d. A wealthy businesswoman makes a hefty donation to her congressman.

Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
34. The main tenet of social exchange theory is that we will help others when
a. the rewards outweigh the costs.
b. the rewards are high.
c. the costs are low.
d. they have already helped us.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
35. ________ theory would be most likely to mention such factors as social approval and increased self-worth as
motivations for prosocial behavior.
a. Evolutionary
b. Social exchange
c. Norm activation
d. Empathy-altruism
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
36. Complete the following analogy. Reward of helping: ________ :: cost of helping: ________.
a. relieves distress; embarrassment
b. pain; time
c. danger; relieve distress
d. embarrassment; pain
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
37. You ask your brother if you can borrow his car for a date on Saturday night. Before handing over the keys, he asks
in jest, “What’s in it for me?” His question best reflects ________ as applied to prosocial behavior.
a. the empathy-altruism hypothesis
b. social exchange theory
d. an egocentric perspective
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
38. Elaine explains that she donates money to charity because, “It makes me feel like I’m investing in the future. It
just feels good!” Her motive for helping is best described by which theory?
a. evolutionary
b. social exchange
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c. kin selection
d. empathy-altruism
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
39. The authors provide the text of a UPI story describing the discovery of the bones of a disabled dwarf in a cave in
northern Italy. The reporters speculate that over 12,000 years ago, early hominids would take care of the disabled
members of their group. ________ would argue that the bones belonged to a dwarf who was related to the other
cave inhabitants, whereas ________ would argue that the other inhabitants relied on the dwarf for some unknown
purpose.
a. Social exchange theorists; evolutionary theorists
b. Evolutionary theorists; social exchange theorists
c. Social psychologists; evolutionary theorists
d. Social exchange theorists; social psychologists
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
40. Although George wants to help a stranded motorist he passed on the freeway, he passes by because he knows it
would take too much time out of his busy schedule. What theory offers the best explanation as to why George did
not help?
a. evolutionary
b. negative-state relief
c. empathy-altruism
d. social exchange
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
41. ________ refers to the ability to experience events or emotions from another person’s perspective.
a. Empathy
b. Identification
c. Altruism
d. Transference
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
42. A child starts to cry after she sees her best friend trip and scrape her knee. The child’s behavior is most likely an
example of
a. fear.
b. confusion.
c. empathy.
d. shame.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
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43. The basic tenet of ________ is that when we feel empathy for another person’s plight, we will help that person
regardless of what we may stand to gain.
a. kin selection
b. evolutionary psychology
d. the empathy-altruism hypothesis
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
44. Every morning at the bus stop, Carlos encounters an old woman begging for change. She is clearly hungry and
alone. Because Carlos feels very bad for this woman and can “feel her pain,” he makes a point of giving her some
change each morning that he sees her. Which theoretical approach best explains Carlos’s behavior?
a. social-exchange theory
b. kin selection
c. the empathy-altruism hypothesis
d. the norm of reciprocity
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
45. “Put yourself in my position,” Janice whines. “Can’t you spare an hour to help me out?” Janice is attempting to
evoke ________ when trying to persuade you to help her.
a. empathy
b. the reciprocity norm
c. kin selection
d. social exchange pressures
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
46. Which of the following statements is most closely related to the empathy-altruism hypothesis (Batson, 1991)?
a. “You scratch my back, and I’ll scratch yours.”
b. “Before you accuse me, take a look at yourself.”
c. “Walk a mile in my shoes.”
d. “I’ll gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today.”
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
47. One of the major problems with the empathy-altruism hypothesis, which Batson himself admits, is that
a. people rarely experience empathy.
b. people are motivated strongly by rewards.
c. it can be difficult to know people’s true motives when helping.
d. helping is difficult to do because of the costs involved.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
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48. According to Batson (1991), when people experience empathy with another in need, ________ motivates helping.
a. maximizing rewards and minimizing costs
b. passing their genes to the next generation
c. making a difference in the world
d. helping others independent of self-interest
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
49. Suppose Dan is late for a very important meeting. As he runs toward his car, he sees a woman using crutches who
has dropped a large stack of papers onto a busy sidewalk. Dan feels a great deal of empathy for this woman
because he remembers how tough it was when he had to use crutches a couple years before. According to the
empathy-altruism hypothesis, Dan will
a. help her pick up the papers because knows that she and other people around them will think he’s a nice
person.
b. help her pick up the papers because he wants to reduce his own and her distress.
c. help her pick up the papers because he wants to feel good about himself.
d. not help her pick up the papers because he knows how long it takes to pick up papers.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
50. The authors of your text tell a story about Abraham Lincoln in which Lincoln ordered a coach to stop so he could
save some piglets from drowning. Lincoln claimed that he helped because “I should have had no peace of mind all
day had I gone on and left that suffering old sow worrying over those pigs.” Lincoln argued that he was helping
because of
a. altruism.
b. self-interest.
c. social exchange concerns.
d. the reciprocity norm.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
51. In support for the empathy-altruism hypothesis, researchers (Toi & Batson, 1982) found that participants were
most likely to help a student named Carol who was injured in an automobile accident when they were told
a. to try to imagine how Carol felt about what happened to her and how it changed her life.
b. to be objective, and not to focus on how Carol felt.
c. that they would see Carol every week in class.
d. that they would never come face to face with Carol.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
52. According to research by Batson and his colleagues, when empathy is ________, people ________.
a. low; will help when the costs of not helping are high
b. high; will help no matter what the costs
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c. high; will pay attention to social exchange factors

d. low; only help when the costs of not helping are high
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
53. Recall that participants in an experiment described in the text (Toi & Batson, 1982) listened to an (alleged) radio
interview in which a student in their introductory psychology class described an accident that caused her to fall
behind in the course. Some participants were told that Carol would soon be returning to their class. According to
the research, why is this referred to as a “high cost” condition?
a. Carol was still in a wheelchair, and it would be hard for her to get to class.
b. Every time participants saw her, they would feel guilty if they didn’t help her.
c. Participants would have to go out of their way to copy their notes for Carol.
d. Every time participants saw her, they would be able to empathize with her.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
54. Recall that participants in an experiment described in the text (Toi & Batson, 1982) listened to an (alleged) radio
interview in which a student in their introductory psychology class described an accident that caused her to fall
behind in the course. Some participants were encouraged to empathize with “Carol,” whereas others were
encouraged to listen objectively to the interview. Some participants in each of these two groups were led to
believe that Carol would be returning to their psychology course; others were led to believe that she would finish
out the term at home, and that they would never see her again. These researchers found that when participants
________, their decision to help was guided by ________.
a. empathized with Carol; social exchange concerns
b. listened objectively; their own personal experiences
c. empathized with Carol; their own personal experiences
d. did not empathize with Carol; social exchange concerns
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
55. Justin sees a blind person in need of help crossing a busy intersection. If Justin does not feel empathy for the blind
person, under what circumstances (according to Batson’s empathy-altruism hypothesis) would Justin help?
a. if he is running late for a meeting
b. if the rewards would outweigh the costs
c. if the costs are very high
d. if Justin is angry
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
56. The authors of your text offer three main motives as to why people help others. These motives include all of the
following except
a. evolutionary explanations.
b. social exchange theory.
c. the empathy-altruism hypothesis.
d. cognitive dissonance.
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Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
57. The authors of your text explain that there are three main motives for helping others. They are
a. evolutionary, kinship selection, and cognitive dissonance.
b. evolutionary, cognitive dissonance, and empathy-altruism.
c. evolutionary, empathy-altruism, and social exchange.
d. empathy-altruism, social exchange, and cognitive dissonance.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
58. Complete the following analogy about helping behavior. Rewards outweigh costs: social exchange theory ::
________: ________.
a. helping those in need: evolutionary theory.
b. evolutionary theory: empathy-altruism hypothesis.
c. helping others: helping yourself.
d. feeling empathy: empathy-altruism hypothesis.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
59. Jim dives into the water to help his drowning sister; Ivan dives into the water to help a total stranger because he
wanted to impress his new girlfriend and is a trained lifeguard. Jim’s motive to help is best explained by
________, while Ivan’s motive to help is best explained by ________.
a. evolutionary theory; kin selection
b. evolutionary theory; social exchange theory
c. social exchange theory; empathy-altruism hypothesis
d. kin selection; empathy-altruism hypothesis
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
60. Raphael volunteers as a Big Brother. He donates money to charity, and he helps his elderly next-door neighbor
with weekly shopping and home repairs. Raphael’s personality is
a. altruistic.
b. egoistic.
c. controlling.
d. prosocial.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Personal Qualities and Prosocial Behavior: Why Do Some People Help More Than Others?
61. You know that Susan is a very helpful person. She spends many hours each week volunteering at a local homeless
shelter, she donates a lot of money to charities, and she is always the first person to volunteer to organize
something when your group of friends wants to get together. According to the research on the altruistic
personality, you ________ that Susan would help carry a neighbor’s groceries if the situation arose because
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________.
a. can be very sure; individual differences in personality are the most reliable predictors of prosocial behavior
b. can be very sure; anyone would help in this situation
c. cannot be sure; personality is not necessarily the most reliable predictor of prosocial behavior
d. cannot be sure; very few people help others in today’s society
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
62. In order to best predict whether people will help another person, it is best to know something about ________ and
________.
a. their personality; the particular situation in question
b. their parents’ disciplinary practices; their personality
c. their relationship with the other person; their personality
d. the costs and rewards of helping; the particulars of the situation in question
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
63. Which of the following is the best example of someone with an altruistic personality?
a. Cassie, who helped her sister learn to read
b. Jack, who donated a kidney to his son
c. Lori, who volunteers her time running a women’s shelter and regularly gives to charities
d. Scott, who helps his landlord wash her car so that she will let him have a cat in his apartment
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
64. When it comes to helping behavior,

a. men are more helpful than women.
b. women are more helpful than men.
c. there is no difference between men and women.
d. either gender might be more helpful, depending on the help needed.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Question Type: FACTUAL.
65. A woman has just been in a car accident and needs someone to get her out of her car. A man has AIDS and needs
someone to take him to the hospital for ongoing treatments. According to the research on gender differences in
prosocial behavior, which of the following is most likely to be true?
a. John is more likely to help the woman; Karen is more likely to help the man.
b. John is more likely to help the man; Karen is more likely to help the woman.
c. John is more likely to help both the man and the woman.
d. John and Karen are equally likely to help both the woman and the man.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
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66. A woman’s car is stuck in the snow and she needs a push to get free. ________ is more likely to stop to help her
out because ________.
a. A man; the situation calls for sustained helping
b. A woman; the situation calls for sustained helping
c. A man; the situation calls for an act of chivalry
d. A woman; women in general are more altruistic than men
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
67. Men are more likely to help in ________, whereas women are likely to help in ________.
a. heroic ways; altruistic ways
b. ways that involve a long-term commitment; heroic ways
c. communal ways; exchange ways
d. heroic ways; ways that involve a long-term commitment
Answer: D
Difficult: 1
68. Andrew would be more likely to help than Carol in which of the following situations, based purely on the gender
differences discussed by the authors of your text?
a. volunteering at a soup kitchen
b. helping a terminally ill relative with daily tasks for several years
c. diving in and saving a child who appears to be drowning
d. donating money to a charity
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
69. According to the gender differences presented by the authors of your text, generally speaking, ________ would be
more likely to help an aging relative with daily tasks than ________.
a. a man; a woman
b. a woman; a man
c. neither gender; the other
d. Caucasian women; Asian men
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
70. Based on information presented by the authors of your text, complete the analogy about gender differences in
helping behaviors. Men: ________ :: women: ________.
a. chivalry; long-term nurturing
b. volunteering; long-term nurturing
c. long-term nurturing; chivalry
d. volunteering; chivalry
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
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71. A(n) ________ is a group with which individuals identify and of which they feel they are members.
a. peer group
b. out-group
c. reference grou
d. in-group
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
72. Research has demonstrated that people will help in-group members because
a. helping will earn them a reward.
b. they can make a good impression on others.
c. they have feelings of empathy.
d. it is an instinct.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
73. Research has found an answer to the question of whether people will help out-group and in-group members.
People help their in-group members because of _______ and out-group members because of _____.
a. rewards, instinct
b. instinct, empathy
c. empathy, rewards
d. empathy, instinct
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
74. The text discusses a cultural value, simpatía, prominent in Spanish-speaking countries. Although simpatía has no
direct English translation, it generally refers to
a. being sympathetic.
b. being friendly, polite, and helpful.
c. acting in a paternalistic fashion.
d. being similar in temperament to others around you.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
75. Researchers tested the hypothesis that rates of helping strangers would be higher in countries that valued simpatía.
They staged helping incidents in twenty-three large cities and observed whether or not people helped. These
researchers found
a. helping was dramatically higher in those countries that valued simpatía.
b. helping tended to be higher in those countries that valued simpatía, but was also high in some countries
where this was not a value.
c. no difference in this study, because the helping examined was of strangers rather than of in-group members.
d. no differences in this study, because they examined helping in an urban rather than in a rural setting.
Answer: B
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Difficulty: 2
76. According to research presented by the authors of your text, in which of the following cities would you be the
most likely to be helped if you needed help crossing a busy street?
a. New York City, USA
b. Taipei, Taiwan
c. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
d. Cairo, Egypt
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
77. According to research on the impact of religion on helping behavior, if Dr. Hinford, a devoutly religious man,
makes a donation to a children’s charity, he is most likely to do it
a. by leaving cash at the charity office.
b. in a meeting with charity officers
c. at a press conference.
d. to get his name on a plaque at the hospital.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
78. Amberly’s house has burned down, and local news channels announce that Amberly will need household items to
replace those lost in the fire. Which of the following is most likely?
a. Jael, who is very religious, will feel more empathy and therefore drop off some items for Amberly
anonymously.
b. Robert, who is an atheist, will feel more empathy and therefore drop off some items for Amberly
anonymously.
c. Jennifer, who is a devout Baptist, and Mark, an atheist, will feel similar levels of empathy, but Jennifer is
more likely than Mark to help if she can be seen making the donation.
d. Jennifer, who is a devout Baptist, and Mark, an atheist, will feel similar levels of empathy, but Mark is more
likely than Jennifer to help if he can be seen making the donation.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
79. The “feel good, do good” effect in studies of prosocial behavior refers to the idea that
a. helping puts people in a good mood.
b. people in a good mood are more likely to help.
c. in adults, helping is self-reinforcing.
d. helping in emergencies relieves distress.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
80. Researchers (Isen & Levin, 1972) found that mall shoppers who found dimes were more likely to help a stranger
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pick up papers he had dropped. These results suggest that

a. participants thought the money belonged to the man and wanted to return it.
b. finding a dime put people in a good mood and increased their helping.
c. finding a dime instead of a quarter disappointed people, and this negative mood increased helping.
d. thinking happy thoughts enhances both mood and helping.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
81. A number of studies have revealed that doing well on a test, receiving a gift, and listening to pleasant music can
increase helping. These consistent findings across investigations suggest that there is a ________ relation between
________ and helping.
a. negative; self-attention
b. positive; rewards
c. negative; positive mood
d. positive; positive mood
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
82. Amos has just received a good grade on his calculus exam. He’s in a great mood, and thinks to himself, “School’s
going well; my relationship with Carrie is going great. It’s a wonderful world!” On the way out of the building, he
finds that a bicyclist has hit a pedestrian, so he hurries over to help the fallen person. This example best illustrates
which of the three reasons why positive mood enhances helping?
a. Good moods make us look on the brighter side of life, so we make more dispositional attributions of others.
b. We are motivated to prolong our good moods, and helping does that.
c. Good moods enhance self-esteem, which leads to helping.
d. Good moods decrease self-attention, increasing the odds that we will notice another’s distress.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
83. James has just received notice that he’s been admitted to the law school of his choice. As he walks along, he’s in a
good mood. He sees a worker fall off a ladder, and rushes over to assist. Why did James help in this case? Good
moods
a. change our interpretations of social rewards and costs.
b. make our ability to empathize unimportant.
c. tend to focus our attention inward, on our attitudes and values.
d. increase our tendency to process information systematically.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
84. Which of the following is not one of the three reasons why being in a good mood would make someone more
likely to help another person?
a. Good moods help us look on the bright side of life.
b. Being in a good mood increases empathy.
c. Helping others can prolong a good mood.
d. Good moods increase self-attention.
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Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
85. Malika and Alicia are out shopping when they are asked to contribute to AIDS research. Malika has just received
an A- on her psychology exam; Alicia has just received a D. According to your text, who is most likely to
contribute?
a. Malika, because she’s in a good mood
b. Alicia, because she’s in a bad mood
c. Malika and Alicia are both likely to help, but for different reasons.
d. Neither Malika nor Alicia is likely to help.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
86. According to research on the effects of mood on helping, good moods are likely to ________ the odds that we
will spontaneously help another, and bad moods are likely to ________ the odds that we will spontaneously help.
a. increase; decrease
b. decrease; increase
c. decrease; decrease
d. increase; increase
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
87. In the grocery store one evening, Yolanda is in a good mood after earning a promotion at work, but Trudy is
feeling quite guilty for stealing office supplies from work. When another shopper collapses on the ground
unconscious, Yolanda would be likely to help according to the ________, while Trudy would be likely to help
according to the ________.
a. kinship effect; feel bad, do good effect
b. feel good, do good effect; evolutionary explanation
c. feel good, do good effect; feel bad, do good effect
d. kinship effect; evolutionary explanation
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
88. Complete the following analogy about the effects of mood on helping behavior. ________: feel bad, do good ::
happiness: ________.
a. Guilt; evolutionary theory
b. Anger; empathy-altruism hypothesis
c. Sadness; kinship selection effect
d. Guilt; feel good, do good effect
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
89. Julia, who forgot to return her best friend’s library books for her, may feel guilty. When someone is a nickel short
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of bus fare, Julia

a. will be too self-absorbed to help.
b. will give the stranger a nickel to alleviate her guilt.
c. will give the person a nickel, but only if she knows them.
d. doesn’t even notice that the person needs a nickel.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
90. Research on mood and helping found that people were ________ likely to help ________ they attended
confession.
a. more; after
b. more; before
c. less; before
d. equally; before and after
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
91. Researchers found that churchgoers were more likely to donate to charity before they attended confession than
after, presumably because the act of confession
a. reduced their guilt.
b. enhanced their self-esteem.
c. reduced their self-esteem.
d. made them feel guilty.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
92. According to research in the text, churchgoers were more likely to contribute to charity before they attended
confession than after confession. These findings are most compatible with
a. feel good; do good.
b. feel bad; do good.
c. feel bad; do bad.
d. do bad; feel good.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
93. Timothy just got into a big fight with his girlfriend, and as a result, he is in a bad mood. When Kate asks him to
contribute to her charity organization, Timothy readily agrees, which makes him feel better. Timothy’s behavior
can best be explained by
a. feel bad; do good.
b. feel good; do good.
c. feel bad; do bad.
d. do bad; feel good.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
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94. You are trying to convince your friend Alexandria to donate her time and money to your favorite charitable cause.
If you wanted to use the “feel bad; do good” idea to persuade her to help, you would
a. point out all the rewards associated with such charity work.
b. remind her of the last time she let you down, then ask her to help.
c. put her in a good mood before you asked her to help.
d. point out all the things you will do to minimize inconvenience to her.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
95. Which of the following emotions is not associated with promoting helping behavior, according to research on
feeling bad and doing good?
a. sadness
b. distress
c. anger
d. guilt
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
96. Researchers staged an incident in which a man fell down with a cry of pain and raised his pant leg to reveal a
bloody injury. The staged scene was repeated in both rural and urban areas. When Amato counted the number of
passersby who stopped to help the man, he found that
a. no matter where the staged incident occurred, people from small towns helped more.
b. people in small towns helped more than people in urban areas.
c. because the man was a stranger, people in rural areas helped less.
d. women in rural areas helped more than men, but in urban areas there was no gender difference.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Situational Determinants of Prosocial Behavior: When Will People Help?
97. Some have speculated that people in rural areas are more likely to help than are people in urban areas because
“trust” and “being neighborly” are more valued in rural than in urban settings. Were this true, who would be most
likely to help a stranger who needed assistance?
a. Carla, who has lived her whole life in Chicago
b. Jeanie, who moved from New York to a small town in Iowa
c. Tammie, who is visiting Chicago from a small town in Vermont
d. Connie, who never spent more than two years in any one place
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
98. According to the urban overload hypothesis, people in cities should be less likely to help than people in small
towns because
a. people in small towns have grown up with more trusting attitudes.
b. people who live in cities are more likely to experience diffusion of responsibility.
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c. people in small towns tend to be more religious.

d. people living in cities tend to keep to themselves.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
99. If the urban overload hypothesis (Milgram, 1970) is true, ________ to help a fallen pedestrian on the streets of
New York City because ________.
a. Harold would be likely; he was born and reared in a small town
b. Alicia would be likely; urban areas are stressful and put people in bad moods
c. Roberto would not be likely; he was socialized with urban values
d. Ellen would not be likely; she tries to keep to herself amid all the stimulation
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
100. According to Milgram’s (1970) ________ hypothesis, compared to rural dwellers, people in large cities are
bombarded with stimulation and work to reduce it by keeping to themselves.
a. stimulus overload
c. evaluation apprehension
d. urban overload
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
101. Which of the following best describes the urban-overload hypothesis (Milgram, 1970)?
People who
a. live in cities feel out of touch with others, so use helping as a way to “reach out.”
b. live in cities often feel overwhelmed, so simplify things by keeping to themselves.
c. visit cities from rural areas feel overwhelmed, so avoid the urban dwellers.
d. visit cities from rural areas feel isolated, so use helping as way to “reach out” to others.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
102. Researchers have found support for the urban overload hypothesis. More specifically, they have found that it is
more important to know ________ than to know ________.
a. population density (number of people per square mile); rural versus urban settings
b. where helpers are currently; population size
c. population size; where helpers grew up
d. where helpers are currently; where helpers grew up
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
103. Based on information about the urban overload hypothesis, where would you be more likely to receive help
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finding a lost child?

a. a major city
b. a moderately sized city
c. any sized city during the day
d. rural or small towns
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
104. Stemming from the urban overload hypothesis, consider what you would do in the following situation. You have
just run over a nail with your car during a long road trip, but luckily you have run-flat tires and can drive up to
fifty miles before your tire will deflate. Based on what you know from the urban overload hypothesis, where
should you drive to if you were going to seek help from strangers for your tire?
a. the nearest major city
b. the nearest moderately sized city
c. a completely deserted road
d. a small, rural town
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
105. Underlying the urban overload hypothesis is the idea that people become overwhelmed in areas which
a. have few other people and provide minimal stimulation.
b. are densely populated.
c. are full of media images.
d. there is nothing to think about except themselves.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
106. According to the authors of your text, people who have lived in the same place for a longer time tend to feel
a. guilty when they don’t volunteer locally.
b. greater disdain for the areas in town that are run-down.
c. a greater attachment to the community.
d. isolated from their neighbors.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
107. According to research, people who lived in the same area for a longer period of time are more likely to feel all of
the following except
a. a greater sense of attachment to the community.
b. embarrassment and dislike for “rough” areas of town.
c. more interdependence with their neighbors.
d. greater concern for their reputation in the community.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
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108. According to a research study presented in the text, participants played a trivia game against four other students.
Participants were allowed to help the other players, even though it could cause them to lose the game. Under what
conditions were participants more likely to help other players? When they
a. were new to the group.
b. had been in the group longer.
c. had a clear lead in the game.
d. were the only female.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
109. According to information presented by the authors of your text, people who have lived in the same place longer
tend to be more likely to help: why?
a. They feel more interdependent with their neighbors and attached to the community.
b. People who stay in the same place are usually altruistic.
c. They feel empathy more easily.
d. Because everyone around them is an in-group member.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
110. Based on information from your text on residential mobility, which of the following people would be more likely
to volunteer in their community?
a. Marla, who just moved from New York City
b. Frank, who just moved from a rural town
c. Layla, who has lived in her community for her whole life
d. Steve, who moved to the community about a year ago
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
111. When viewing a commercial for a local charity, who would be the most likely to later contribute to the charity?
a. Joe, who is a wealthy traveler passing through
b. Harry, who just moved to the community
c. Laura, who has lived in the community for two years
d. Sarah, who has lived in the community for her entire life
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
112. There is a(n) ________ correlation between the length of time a person has lived in the same place and the
likelihood that he or she will help in the community.
a. zero
b. negative
c. positive
d. unreliable
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
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113. Pluralistic ignorance is to ________ as diffusion of responsibility is to ________.

a. perceptions of competence; social exchange
b. evaluation apprehension; personal obligation
c. interpretation; personal obligation
d. incompetence; competence
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
114. The bystander effect refers to the finding that

a. bystanders will be more likely to help when they feel they are competent to do so.
b. the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely individuals are to help.
c. people in crowds are distracted, so they don’t interpret emergencies correctly.
d. witnesses to an emergency are more likely to help victims similar to them.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
115. According to the bystander effect (Latané & Darley, 1970), if you just witnessed a mugging, you will be most
likely to call for help if you
a. are the sole witness.
b. are one of seven witnesses.
c. are in a good mood prior to the mugging.
d. perceive yourself as similar to the victim.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
116. Given empirical support for the bystander effect (Latané & Darley, 1970), all things being equal, you would be
more likely to get needed assistance were you to have a heart attack
a. at a large convention of ministers.
b. when having a conversation with one other person.
c. in a busy restaurant.
d. at a crowded shopping mall.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
117. When Darley and Latané exposed participants to a faked seizure in one of three experimental conditions
(participants were lone witnesses, one of three witnesses, or one of five witnesses), they found that
a. although participants who believed they were lone witnesses took longer to help, more of them did eventually
help than in the other conditions.
b. when lone participants thought the experimenter also overheard the seizure, they took longer to help.
c. participants who thought they were lone witnesses helped more and helped faster.
d. helping is not substantially reduced when the number of witnesses increases from two to five.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
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118. According to the bystander effect, the number of people who are around when an emergency occurs is ________
correlated with the time it takes someone to provide help in an emergency.
a. positively
b. negatively
c. not
d. inversely
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
119. Recall that Darley and Batson (1973) conducted a study in which participants were provided the opportunity to
help when they were on their way to deliver a brief speech on the Good Samaritan or on another topic. These
researchers found that ________ because ________.
a. seminary students were more likely to help a man slumped in a doorway; they remembered the Golden Rule
b. participants in a hurry were less likely to help; they didn’t notice the man slumped in the doorway
c. participants who scored higher on empathy were more likely to help; they could take the suffering man’s
perspective
d. participants who were to discuss the Good Samaritan were more likely to help; the norm of charity was more
accessible
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
120. Based on results of Darley’ s and Batson’ s (1973) “Good Samaritan” experiment, who is most likely to help an
elderly women who has slipped on the ice?
a. August, who is killing time before an appointment
b. John, who is a seminary student
c. Norman, who has just won first prize in a speech contest
d. Clifford, who has just read the New Testament
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
121. According to the authors of your text, the first step in deciding to help in an emergency is
a. pluralistic ignorance.
b. noticing the event.
c. knowing what to do.
d. taking responsibility.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
122. According to Latané and Darley (1970), a number of things must occur before witnesses decide to intervene in an
emergency situation. According to this stage model, when witnesses ________, costs of helping will be most
relevant to their behavior.
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a. decide whether to implement their decision to help

b. attempt to determine whether the event is actually an emergency
c. decide whether they are personally responsible to intervene
d. decide whether they have the necessary skills to intervene
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
123. Using the stage model of the decisions bystanders make before helping (or not helping) in an emergency, which of
the following is not one of the stages in the model?
a. noticing the event
b. altruism
c. assuming responsibility
d. implementing the decision to help or not help
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
124. Pluralistic ignorance results when ________ backfires.

a. social exchange concern
b. normative influence
c. urban overload
d. informational influence
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
125. The concept of ________ refers to the idea that when no bystanders to a possible emergency appear to be
concerned, other bystanders assume that nothing is wrong.
a. the bystander effect
c. pluralistic ignorance
d. evaluation apprehension
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
126. Gillian is sitting in a crowded coffee shop when she hears the squeal of brakes and the crash of metal-on-metal.
She looks around and notices that all the other customers remain engrossed in their conversations. Because these
cool and calm responses ________, Gillian will be ________.
a. provide normative cues; more likely to go outside to help
b. increase pluralistic ignorance; less likely to assume it’s an emergency situation
c. decrease evaluation apprehension; more likely to go outside to help
d. reduce Gillian’s sense of personal responsibility; less likely to go outside to help
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
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127. Joseph was on the subway when he noticed a man lying slumped over on the seat. Joseph looked around at the
other passengers, who seemed calm and unconcerned. Joseph concluded that the man was probably okay.
However, the other passengers may have been looking around at Joseph, to see how he reacted. This would be an
example of
a. social reciprocity.
b. pluralistic ignorance.
c. false uniqueness.
d. conformity.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
128. When other bystanders are present, people are less likely to interpret an event as an emergency. ________ best
explains why this is so.
a. Normative social influence
b. Informational social influence
c. The norm of obedience
d. The overload hypothesis
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
129. Pluralistic ignorance is an example of the power of ________ to inhibit helping.

a. urban overload
c. negative-state relief effects
d. informational social influence
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
130. Recall that Latané and Darley (1970) had participants complete questionnaires alone, or in the presence of two
others. When the experimental room filled with “smoke,” participants who were alone reported the potential
emergency more quickly than did those who worked on the questionnaire in the company of others. These results
provide support for the concept of
a. diffusion of responsibility.
b. social exchange theory.
c. evaluation apprehension.
d. pluralistic ignorance.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
131. Pluralistic ignorance is most likely to discourage intervention in an emergency when

a. the situation is ambiguous.
b. victims are dissimilar to the witnesses.
c. experts show the appropriate form of assistance.
d. an emergency occurs in an urban setting.
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Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
132. The phenomenon in which each bystander’s sense of responsibility to help decreases as the number of witnesses
increases best defines
b. pluralistic ignorance.
c. failure to help.
d. inadequate preparation.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
133. According to reports (Rosenthal, 1964), many of Kitty Genovese’s unresponsive neighbors did hear her crying
out, “Oh my God, he stabbed me! Please help me! Please help me!” This suggests that the reason that her
neighbors failed to intervene followed from
a. pluralistic ignorance.
b. the excessive costs of helping.
c. diffusion of responsibility.
d. urban overload.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
134. Juanita sees a crowd of people gathered around a man lying on the ground. She thinks about whether to call an
ambulance, but then reasons that somebody else has probably already done so. This is an example of
b. the urban overload hypothesis.
c. the empathy-altruism hypothesis.
d. social exchange theory.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
135. According to Latané and Darley (1970), a number of things must occur before witnesses decide to intervene in an
emergency situation. According to this stage model, diffusion of responsibility is most likely to affect witnesses’
a. attention to their surroundings.
b. interpretation of an event as an emergency.
c. sense of obligation to intervene.
d. assessments of the costs and benefits of intervening.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
136. While waiting for a bus, witnesses hear a man growing increasingly frantic as he cries, “My nitro tablets. Where
are my nitro pills? I can’t find my nitro tablets, and I’m having a heart attack!” He collapses to the ground,
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clutching his chest. Everyone knows that it is a medical emergency. In this situation, who is most likely to help?
a. James, who has recently completed a CPR course
b. Anita, who hears a voice from the back of the crowd, “Let me through! I’m a doctor!” and follows the lead of
this model
c. Gene, who has been sued before for leaving the scene of an accident
d. Arthur, who notices that blood is streaming down the man’s chin and onto his shirt
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
137. Even if it is clear that a person needs help, that you are the person responsible to help, and that you know how to
help, you might still decide not to help. Reasons that people do not help in such cases include all of the following
except
a. the situation isn’t an emergency, and the Latané and Darley model isn’t applicable.
b. people fear that they might make fools of themselves if they help.
c. the cost of administering help might be too high.
d. people fear that they might make things worse if they try to help.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
138. If you are in an emergency situation and need help, which of the following statements to a bystander is most
likely to get you the help you need?
a. “Will someone please help me?”
b. “Help!!! This is an emergency!!”
c. “Hey! I’m in trouble here!”
d. “You in the red sweater—call 911!”
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
139. Recent research described in the textbook (Garcia et al., 2002) indicates that people can experience diffusion of
responsibility even if they are all by themselves. Which of the following situations is most likely to create such a
diffusion of responsibility effect and might reduce the probability of (for example) donating to a charity?
a. A person is sitting and looking at him- or herself in a mirror while deciding.
b. A person imagines going out to dinner with a friend before deciding.
c. A person imagines going out to dinner with ten friends before deciding.
d. A person imagines what his or her Sunday school teacher might say before deciding.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
140. In a study reported by the authors of your text, a participant in a chat group posed a question to the group asking
for help. The results of this study showed that the participant was more likely to receive help faster when he or she
a. was a first-time visitor to the chat group.
b. was the leader of the chat group.
c. asked one specific person.
d. posed the request to the group as a whole.
Answer: C
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Difficulty: 2
141. People who know one another well are less influenced by mood or other transient factors in their likelihood of
helping and more by
a. similarity to the victim.
b. the long-term rewards of helping.
c. the reciprocity norm.
d. the “Good Samaritan” effect.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
142. Complete the following analogy. Exchange relationship: communal relationship :: ________: welfare of other.
a. altruism
b. equity
c. long-term
d. interdependence
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
143. In ________ relationships, partners are less concerned with ________ and more concerned with the welfare of the
other partner.
a. communal; equity issues
b. exchange; costs
c. exchange; rewards
d. communal; empathy
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
144. A person in a communal relationship with another is more likely to be concerned with the ________ effects of
helping, whereas someone in an exchange relationship with another is more likely to be concerned with the
________ effects of helping that individual.
a. short-term; long-term
b. long-term; short-term
c. short-term; reciprocal
d. reciprocal; long-term
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
145. Sheryl often helps Jessica without any expectation that Jessica will return the favor soon.
Sheryl and Jessica probably have a(n) ________ relationship.
a. empathic
b. altruistic
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c. communal
d. exchange
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
146. Helping in exchange relationships is based on ________, whereas helping in communal relationships is based on
________.
a. reciprocity; need
b. friendship; kinship
c. empathy; equity
d. negative states; positive states
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
147. Some social psychologists have argued that social exchange forces operate in both exchange and communal
relationships, but that in communal relationships, relationship partners focus on long-term rather than short-term
rewards. Other researchers, such as Clark and Mills (2011), have argued, however, that
a. people in communal relationships are simply concerned with the other person’s well-being.
b. equity operates in communal relationships, and equality in exchange relationship.
c. relationship type is less important than specific situational pressures.
d. empathic ability is more important than relationship type.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
148. In which situation are you least likely to stop and think before helping out the other person?
a. A stranger asks you for a penny.
b. Your sister asks for help with her homework.
c. You witness a car accident.
d. A former high school sweetheart asks to borrow money.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
149. Jack and Robert have a communal relationship. When Jack asks for help or a favor, what is Robert most likely to
think?
a. “Will Jack be able to return the favor someday?”
b. “What has Jack done for me lately?”
c. “I know that Jack will be able to help me the next time I need it.”
d. “I probably care about Jack more than anyone else, so why not?”
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
150. Ben and Jerry are coworkers in an exchange relationship. What is most likely to determine whether Ben agrees to
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lend Jerry $20?

a. how long it’s been since Jerry needed cash
b. how much Ben cares about Jerry’s welfare
c. whether Ben believes that Jerry will pay him back
d. how many other people have already turned Jerry down
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
151. ________ theory predicts when there are exceptions to the general rule that we will be more likely to help friends
than strangers.
a. Cognitive dissonance
b. Self-verification
c. Social learning
d. Self-esteem maintenance
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
152. Sarah is excellent at the backstroke, and she is preparing for an important swimming competition. She has just
been asked to help somebody improve on the backstroke. Based on the tenets of self-esteem maintenance theory,
she will be most likely to help
a. Sally, her best friend.
b. Amanda, her twin.
c. Katherine, a new team member.
d. Annie, who beat her last year in this same competition.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
153. According to self-esteem maintenance theory, you will be more inclined to help a stranger than to help a friend
when
a. your help might enable your friend to surpass you on an important dimension.
b. your friend has refused to help you in the past.
c. you are one of many witnessing the other person’s need.
d. the costs of helping are relatively low, and the rewards are high.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
154. Playing a prosocial video game makes schemas about helping more accessible. This is related to the process of
________.
a. reciprocity.
b. overjustification
c. altruism
d. priming
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
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155. Dima just finished listening to a charity album filled with songs about helping and caring for others who are
victims of war in Darfur, tornadoes in the American South, and famine in Somalia. Why would she be more likely
to help the lady parked near her whose car has a flat tire?
a. Thoughts of helping are cognitively accessible after listening to the album.
b. Listening to the album increased her desire to get rewards and credit for being helpful.
c. As it turns out, she is related to the lady whose car has a flat.
d. She has nothing better to do.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
156. Greitemeyer and his colleagues have conducted a number of studies to examine the effects of video games on
helping. They have some participants pay a prosocial video game and others play a neutral video game. The
independent variable of this research is the
a. degree of helping.
b. type of video game.
c. participants.
d. temperature of the room where they play the game.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
157. Greitemeyer and his colleagues have conducted a number of studies to examine the effects of video games on
helping. They have some participants pay a prosocial video game and others play a neutral video game. The
dependent variable of this research is the
a. degree of helping.
b. type of video game.
c. participants.
d. temperature of the room where they play the game.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
158. On her first day of work in a new job, Amy would be most likely to feel resentful were a coworker to say to her,
a. “Hey, I remember my first day. Let me help you with that.”
b. “You look a little stressed out. Can I help?”
c. “I thought you learned that in training. Let me help you out.”
d. “I wish I caught on to most things as quickly as you. Looks like there’s a problem here, though.”
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: How Can Helping Be Increased?
159. Receiving help can lower a person’s self-esteem when the

a. helper’s demonstration of superior skill leads the recipient to feel incompetent.
b. recipient is worried about repaying the favor in the future.
c. helper is of a different gender than the recipient.
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d. helper is supportive and concerned.

Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
160. Researchers exposed some students to a lecture on bystander intervention research and other students to a lecture
on an unrelated topic. Two weeks later
a. the students had forgotten what they learned, suggesting that education is not beneficial in increasing helping.
b. students exposed to the lecture on helping were more likely than others to help, even in the presence of an
unresponsive confederate.
c. students who did well on a test were more likely to help, independent of the lecture they heard.
d. students who did poorly on a test were more likely to help, independent of the lecture they heard.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
161. In research presented in the text, participants were exposed to a lecture on social-psychological factors which
inhibit helping. Later, these participants were put into a potential helping situation. The results suggest that
a. participants who learned about factors which inhibit helping were more likely to help.
b. participants who learned about factors which inhibit helping were less likely to help.
c. learning about factors which inhibit helping has no effect on helping behavior.
d. learning about factors which inhibit helping can increase helping behavior, depending
on the participant’s personality.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
162. A primary focus of the field of “positive psychology” is the study of

a. power and influence.
b. certainty and overconfidence.
c. strengths and virtues.
d. moods and physiological arousal.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
163. The positive psychology movement is a reaction to which of the following?

a. The attention paid to group research by social psychologists.
b. The emphasis on weakness and disease in psychology.
c. Political changes in the United States.
d. Advances in evolutionary theory.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
164. Which of the following is an example of a topic related to positive psychology in the field of social psychology?
a. prejudice
b. aggression
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c. prosocial behavior
d. obedience to authority
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
165. Based on information from your text about the rates of volunteerism, which of the following countries has the
highest rate of volunteerism in its population (47 percent)?
a. France
b. the United States
c. Canada
d. Germany
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
166. When community service work is required by a school or business, there is the downside risk that people will
infer that they are volunteering only because it is required and will be less likely to freely volunteer in the future.
This risk is known as the
a. self-fulfilling prophecy.
b. spotlight effect.
c. overjustification effect.
d. door-in-the-face effect.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
167. The overjustification effect suggests that providing _______for volunteering or community service can lead to
_______
a. excessive rewards: intrinsic motivation to help.
b. excessive rewards: an antisocial personality.
c. barely sufficient rewards: self-attributions as “kind” and “helpful.”
d. insufficient rewards: an antisocial personality.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
168. To ensure that community service participation for a school or job does not undermine people’s intrinsic
motivation for helping, an administrator should do which of the following?
a. Try to ensure that the venue for helping is in the venue of a person’s expertise.
b. Try to ensure that people are helping strangers rather than friends.
c. Try to ensure that people feel that their help is voluntary.
d. Try to ensure that people notice the need for help by clearly defining the situation.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
169. Annie works with AIDS patients to get an idea of whether she wants to pursue social work as a career. Bert
volunteers at a mental hospital to fulfill a class requirement. Stacey paints a mural for her old school because her
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sorority requires her to do a community service project. George helps the elderly prepare their income tax returns
because his accounting firm will not give him a Christmas bonus if he does not volunteer. Who is most likely to
engage in volunteer work again in the future?
a. Annie
b. Bert
c. Stacey
d. George
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
170. If you were an employer who wanted to increase volunteerism among your employees, what strategy would you
employ in order to increase the chances that the employees would continue to volunteer in the future?
a. Make volunteerism of some sort a requirement for promotion.
b. Make volunteerism to a specific organization required.
c. Encourage volunteerism while preserving employees’ free choice to volunteer or not.
d. Make no mention of the value of volunteerism whatsoever.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
171. At Cornell and Vassar, students intervened in emergencies. In both cases they
a. had learned about the barriers to helping in class.
b. had plenty of extrinsic motivation for helping in the form of cash rewards.
c. regretted getting involved.
d were not willing to help until someone else began helping.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
172. Which of the following is not a topic for positive psychology?

a. qualities that assist healthy human functioning
b. humans’ strengths
c. ways to improve people’s lives
d. treatments for depression
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
173. According to the “Use It” portion of the chapter, what should you do if you are in need of help?
a. Identify someone specifically in the crowd around you and make that person responsible for helping you.
b. Trust that because of the diffusion of responsibility, you will get help quickly.
c. Be unclear about what assistance that you need.
d. Try not to attract attention.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
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Essay
174. How do evolutionary psychologists use the concepts of kin selection and the reciprocity norm to explain human
prosocial behavior?
Answer: The notion of kin selection posits that people will be more likely to help a genetic relative than
someone who is not genetically related; because genetic relatives share our genes, their survival
ensures that some of our genes will be passed on. The norm of reciprocity enhances the odds of
helping another because this norm reflects the assumption that if we help someone else, the help will
be reciprocated sometime in the future, thus enhancing the odds that we will survive to pass on our
genes. This norm might have evolved in our species because of the adaptability of cooperation rather
than individual selfishness.
Difficulty: 2
175. Briefly summarize the social exchange perspective of helping behavior.
Answer: According to the social exchange theory, people help others in situations in which they expect that
helping will result in more rewards and fewer punishments. This theory suggests that people will not
be likely to help when there are high costs and/or low rewards.
Difficulty: 1
176. Some social psychologists, such as C. Daniel Batson (1991), believe that humans sometimes help for selfless
reasons. According to Batson, when does this happen?
Answer: According to Batson, when people experience empathy with another, they are more likely to help the
other for purely altruistic reasons, regardless of the helper’s personal gain (e.g., rewards, escaping his
or her own distress). This is referred to as the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Empathy in this case
refers to the ability to put oneself in the other’s position, to experience events and the other’s
emotions. Thus, when people can take the other’s perspective, they are more likely to help another
person, independent of any rewards the helper might accrue.
Difficulty: 2
177. Your text discusses the idea of the altruistic personality. Explain what an altruistic personality is, and what
research says about how this personality trait predicts behavior in helping situations.
Answer: The text explains that someone with an altruistic personality is someone who has the personality
qualities that make them more likely to help than other people. Although there is some evidence that
altruistic personality leads people to be somewhat more likely to help, it is not a very strong predictor
of behavior.
Difficulty: 2
178. Do men and women differ in their tendency to help? If so, how?
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Answer: Researchers have determined that men and women differ in helping depending on the situation. More
specifically, because the masculine sex role in Western cultures encourages heroism and chivalry, men
are more likely than women to help in situations that call for discrete heroic acts (e.g., diving into a
river to save a drowning person). Because the feminine sex role in Western cultures encourages
nurturing and a focus on commitment, women are more likely than men to help in long-term
relationships that demand ongoing commitment (e.g., volunteering in hospitals or nursing homes).
Difficulty: 2
179. It would seem reasonable to assume that people would be more likely to help others who are part of their in-
groups than their out-groups. It is not quite as simple and straightforward as that, however. Explain.
Answer: An in-group is a group with which one identifies and of which one feels he or she is a member (e.g.,
friends, fellow students, members of one’s own culture). An out-group is a group with which one does
not identify (e.g., strangers, members of another culture). If the person in need of help is a member of
one’s in-group, researchers have established that the helping results from feelings of empthay. If the
person in need of help is a member of one’s out-group, the helping results from the rewards that are
possible for helping. The good news is that people will help people in both their in- and out-groups,
but will help for different reasons.
Difficulty: 3
180. There is a stereotype that individuals who are described as religious will be more likely to help than others.
However, the research demonstrates that this is not universally true. Describe the research findings.
Answer: While some work has shown that those who are religious are more likely to give money to charity and
engage in volunteer work than those who do not attend religious services, there is also evidence that
this finding is limited. Specifically, when helping is to be done privately (rather than publicly),
religious individuals are not any more likely to help than those who are not religious. There is no
difference in how much empathy people feel based on their devotion to religion.
Difficulty: 2
181. Social psychologists have found that people in good moods are likely to help, as are people in bad moods. Of
course, the reasons for these relations differ, depending on the mood. Explain.
Answer: Good moods encourage helping because (1) people in good moods tend to look on the “brighter” side
of life, and are less likely to make negative attributions about people who need help; (2) people savor
good moods, and helping can help prolong them; and (3) good moods increase self-attention, and
people are more likely to be aware of their values and ideals. Bad moods encourage helping for
different reasons. People in bad moods are more likely to help because helping can serve to relieve
negative moods such as sadness or distress; this is referred to as the negative state relief hypothesis.
Difficulty: 3
182. Several researchers have found that people are more likely to receive help in a rural environment than in an urban
environment. Are urban dwellers simply more callous?
Answer: Perhaps rural dwellers are more likely to be socialized to be trusting and altruistic. A more likely
explanation for these differences is that people who live in urban environments are more likely to be
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bombarded with stimulation, and thus tend to keep to themselves to prevent becoming overwhelmed
by that stimulation; this is the substance of the urban-overload hypothesis (Milgram, 1970).
Difficulty: 1
183. In today’s world, people are more and more likely to relocate during their lifetime. Explain the implications this
has for helping behavior.
Answer: Evidence presented in the text suggests that people who have lived in an area longer tend to feel more
connected to their neighbors and the community, and are more likely to donate money and/or volunteer
within the community. Thus, since many people move in their lifetime, it is likely that in general,
people are not contributing as much time or money to charities in their local communities.
Difficulty: 2
184. In a series of studies, Latané and Darley discovered that the greater the number of bystanders, the less likely it is
that any individual will help. Why is that?
Answer: First, given the norm to remain “cool” and keep one’s wits about one, other bystanders may
inadvertently signal to others that the situation is more innocuous than it really is; this pluralistic
ignorance might discourage an individual from helping because he or she erroneously assumes
nothing is wrong. Second, diffusion of responsibility often results when there are many bystanders; the
more bystanders, the less likely it is that any individual will feel personally responsible to help.
Difficulty: 1
185. The crowded sidewalk is coated with ice. You feel a sharp pain and hear a cracking sound when you fall. You
know that you’ve broken your leg. How might you overcome the bystander effect to ensure that you get help from
passersby?
Answer: First, make sure that people notice you; you might call out loudly so that they will see and hear you.
Second, you need to make sure that they interpret the event as an emergency; instead of simply calling
for help, you might shout that you have broken your leg and cannot get up. Third, you need to make
individuals feel personally responsible for helping; you might try to single out someone (a man would
be better in this situation calling for heroic assistance) who looks capable of helping you, try to make
eye contact and say, “Sir, will you please help me? I’ve broken my leg.” Fourth, you might make it
clear what kind of assistance is called for; tell people specifically to call 911.
Difficulty: 2
186. Not all helping occurs between strangers, of course. What factors determine whether and why help is provided in
long-term relationships?
Answer: Relationship types might determine whether and why help is provided. In communal relationships, our
primary concern is the welfare of the other person; in exchange relationships, our behaviors are
governed more by equity issues. Perhaps equity concerns operate in both relationship types, but in
equity relationships, we expect pay-backs over the short-term, whereas in communal relationships, we
exchange long-term rather than short-term benefits. Alternatively, perhaps in communal relationships
equity concerns are less important; people in communal relationships value the welfare of the other
and simply pay less attention to equity issues.
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Difficulty: 2
187. Ruth has an acquaintance, Jack, and an old friend, Ted. Considering what you know about the nature of helping in
communal and exchange relationships, describe how Ruth might respond if both Jack and Ted asked her to help
each of them move.
Answer: Ruth is most likely to help Jack (her acquaintance) based on equity concerns. Since he is an
acquaintance, she will be most likely to help him if he has recently helped her in a similar way. Ruth is
most likely to help Ted regardless of whether he has helped her recently or not because there is a
greater focus on the long-term equity in the relationship.
Difficulty: 2
188. Folk wisdom might lead us to believe that recipients of help would (or should) be appreciative of assistance. This
is not always the case, however. You see a fellow student struggling to send an e-mail message, without success.
He looks frustrated, and you want to help him out. What can you do to ensure that he will be a grateful recipient
of your help?
Answer: People who receive assistance might feel resentful when the help comes with a message that suggests
that they are incompetent or somehow deserving of their problems. In this situation, the thwarted e-
mail user would probably be more receptive to your help were you to offer help not by acting
overconfident and saying, “Here, let me show you how to do it,” but instead by saying something
more like, “It took me forever to get the hang of it. Is there anything I can do?”
Difficulty: 2
189. Describe what “positive psychology” is, and discuss its relationship to the field of social psychology.
Answer: The newly emerging field of “positive psychology,” spearheaded by psychologist Martin Seligman,
focuses on the study of strengths and virtues, including topics such as the nature of healthy human
functioning, how to define and categorize human strengths, and how to improve people’s lives. While
this focus is a necessary corrective to some areas of psychology (such as clinical psychology, which
has tended to focus on disease and negative behaviors), social psychology has a long history of
focusing on the positive as well as the negative aspects of behavior. For example, while social
psychology has examined factors that lead to unreasoning and harmful obedience to authority, the
failure to help when a person is in need, and the existence of prejudice, it has also examined factors
that lead to resistance to unjust authority, to increased helping, and to decreased expressions of
prejudice.
Difficulty: 2
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Total Assessment Guide (T.A.G.)

Basic Motives 2,6,8,9,11,15,17,

Personal 62,70,72,73,76, 60,61,63,65,66,

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CHAPTER 11: PROSOCIAL BEHAVIOR:

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5. Prosocial behavior is to ________ as altruism is to ________.

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11. Which of the following is the best example of altruistic behavior?

12. Evolutionary psychology is the study of

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b. culture is more important than biology.

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27. Why would gratitude evolve in a social group?

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Page(s) in Text: 303

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d. A wealthy businesswoman makes a hefty donation to her congressman.

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Question Type: APPLIED

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Topic: Basic Motives Underlying Prosocial Behavior: Why Do People Help?

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c. high; will pay attention to social exchange factors

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64. When it comes to helping behavior,

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Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

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pick up papers he had dropped. These results suggest that

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of bus fare, Julia

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c. people in small towns tend to be more religious.

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finding a lost child?

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Question Type: CONCEPTUAL

113. Pluralistic ignorance is to ________ as diffusion of responsibility is to ________.

114. The bystander effect refers to the finding that

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Page(s) in Text: 314-315

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a. decide whether to implement their decision to help

124. Pluralistic ignorance results when ________ backfires.

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129. Pluralistic ignorance is an example of the power of ________ to inhibit helping.

5. Prosocial behavior is to as altruism is to .

113. Pluralistic ignorance is to as diffusion of responsibility is to .