ENGLISH

SECTION A – READING SKILLS

Q.1 Read the following passage and answer the questions given below:
BURNING PLASTICS IS NO SOLUTION
When plastic waste is burnt, a complex eave of toxic chemicals is released. Breaking down
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) – used for packaging, toys and coating electrical wires – produces
dioxin, an organochloride which belongs to the family of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).
A recent Dioxin Assessment Report brought out byu the United States Environment Protection
Agency (USEPA) says the risk of getting cancer from dioxin is ten times higher than reported
by the agency in 1994.
Yet the Delhi Government is giving the green signal to a gasification project which will convert
garbage into energy without removing plastic waste. Former transport minister Rajender Gupta,
the promoter of this project, says this is not necessary.
He claims no air pollution will be caused and that the ash produced can bre used as manure.
An earlier waste-to-energy project set up in Timarpur failed. The new one, built with Australian
assistance, will cost Rs. 200 crore. It will generate 25 megawatts of power and gobble 1,000
tonnes of garbage everyday.
“Technologies like gasification are a form of incineration,” says Madhumita Dutta, central
coordinator with Toxics Link, New Delhi. Incineration merely transfers hazardous waste from a
solid form to air, water and ash, she points out.
Toxins produced during incineration include acidic gases, heavy metals as well as dioxins and
furans. “The
'manure' will be hazardous and a problem to dispose,” says Dutta.
Municipal solid waste contains a mix of plastics. Breaking down this waste emits hydrochloric
acid which attacks the respiratory system, skin and eyes, resulting in coughing, vomiting and
nausea.
Polyethylene generates volatile compounds like formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, both
suspected carcinigenic. Breaking styrene from polystyrene can cause leukemia. Polyurethane
is associated with asthma. Dioxin released by PVC is a powerful hormone disrupter and
causes birth defects and reproductive problems. There is no threshold dose to prevent it and
our bodies have no defence against it.
“Even the best run incinerators in the world have to deal with stringent norms, apart from
contaminated filters and ash, making them hugely expensive to operate,” says Dutta. In
Germany, air pollution devices accounted for two-thirds the cost of incineration. Despite such
efforts, the European Dioxin Inventory noted that the input of dioxin into the atmosphere was
the highest from incineration.
“India does not have the facility to test dioxin and the cost of setting one up is prohibitively
expensive,” says Dutta.
Besides, Indian garbage has a low calorific content of about 800cal/kg, since it has high
moisture and requires additional fuel to burn. Toxics Link calculates that the electricity
generated from such technology will cost between Rs. 5-7 per unit, which is six times higher
than conventional energy. India has chosen a dioxin preventive route and burning of
chlorinated plastics is prohibited under Municipal Solid Waste and Biomedical Rules.
Nearly 80 percent of Indian garbage is recyclable or compostable. Resident associations, the
informal sector and the municipal corporation can make Delhi's garbage disappear in a
sustainable manner. “Instead, the government promotes end of pipeline solutions,” says Dutta.
 sustainable manner. “Instead, the government promotes end of pipeline solutions,” says Dutta.
Questions:
A. Choose the most appropriate option:
a. Dioxin causes ...................... .
i. cancer (ii) heart attack
(iii) sickness (iv) hypertension
b. The gasification process transforms .......................... .
i.energy into garbage (ii) garbage into energy
(iii) water into energy (iv) none of the above
c. Garbage can be converted into energy by ...................... .
i.gasification (ii) gratification
(iii) a chemical process (iv) incinators

B. Answer the following questions briefly:

(a) Which toxic chemical is released on burning plastic waste? How is it harmful?

(b) What is the aim of waste-to-energy project? What is likely to happen during incineration?

c. How will burning plastic adversely impact the health of citizens?

d. What two arguments are advanced against the use of incinerators?

e. Why would gasification of waste prove a wasteful luxury in India?

f. What facts are revealed in the passage pertaining to Indian garbage?

(g) Find words in the passage similar in meaning as:
(i) Waste material (ii) Swallow

Q II. Read the passage given below:

1. A survey was conducted on student preferences with respect to the most popular means of
communication among them. Surprisingly, the students didn’t seem much interested in traditional
means of communication. Only 7% were interested in writing letters to their friends or kins as compared
to those who preferred e-mails.
2. However, the chief competition is between users of Instant Messenger and those of telephone lines.
The users of fax line as a medium of communication are only marginal. There are supporters of text
messaging also. Overall, the survey had a mixed response from the students.

3. The students have indicated that they out of the choices given in the survey questionnaire, they have
indicated the most preferred option. But, most of the students are of the view that video calling needs to
be mentioned in the questionnaire as it is the most effective and most popular means of
communication. Further, voice messages are the second most preferred means of communication.
Based on your understanding of the above passage, answer ANY SIX out of the seven questions
given below by choosing the most appropriate option:
1. Which means of communication is liked by more than one-fourth of the students?
2.. Which means of communication is liked by exactly one-tenth of the students?
3. How much of the students prefer either of telephones or text messages as medium of
communication?
4. What is the overall response of the students to the survey?
5. What is the correct order of the medium of communication in decreasing order of preference?
6. Pick out the word or phrase from the passage which means the same as ‘study’ (used in para 1).
7. Pick out the word or phrase from the passage which means opposite to ‘gradual’ (used in para 2).

Flamingo - Literature
The last lesson

Answer the following questions in 40-50 words

1. What did Franz notice that was unusual about the school that day?
2 What changes did the order from Berlin cause in school that day?
3. How did Franz’s feelings about M Hamel and school change?
4. The people in this story suddenly realize how precious their language is to them. What shows
you this? Why does this happen?
5. Franz thinks,” will they make them sing in German, even the pigeons?” what could this mean?
6. How were the parents and M. Hamel responsible for the children’s neglect of the French
language?
7. What three things in school surprised Franz that day?
8. What a thunder clap these words were to me, which were the words that shocked and surprised
the narrator?
9. What tempted Franz to stay away from school?
10. How did M. Hamel behave as the last lesson came to an end?
LOST SPRING
– ANEEZ JUNG
1. What is the meaning of Saheb’s full name? Does he know it, how does he conduct himself?
2. Who is Mukesh? What is his dream? Why does it look like a mirage?
3. What contrast do you notice between the colors of the bangles and the atmosphere of the place
where the bangles are kept?
4. Give a thumbnail sketch of the frail young women in the chapter lost spring
5. “Savita is a symbol of innocence and efficiency.” Comment
6. “The young men echo the lament of their elders.” What do you think is the common complaint?
How has it affected their lives?
7. How is Mukesh different from the other bangle makers of Firozabad?
8. Which two distinct worlds does the author notice among the bangle making industry?
DEEP WATERS
-WILLIAM DOUGLAS
1. What is the misadventure that Douglas speaks about?
2. What happened to Douglas at the Y.M.C.A pool?
3. How did the instructor build a swimmer out of Douglas?
4. How did Douglas overcome his fear of water?
5. What sort of terror did Douglas experience as he went down the water?
6. Why does Douglas say,” the instructor was finished, but I was not.” How did he overpower tiny
vestiges of the old terror?
7. Mention the different lakes and water ways that Douglas swam after he had mustered the
courage to swim?
Poem- Keeping Quiet
Questions: (Reference to context 1 X 4 = 4 marks)
1) What is the lesson to be learnt from the earth ?
2) How is this lesson relevant to the poet’s message ?
3) How does everything prove to be alive again ?
4) Name the poem and the poet.
Short answer type questions : (40 - 50 words) (2 marks each)
1) What will counting up to 12 and keeping still help us achieve?
2) What is the exotic moment, Pablo Neruda, the poet, wishes for?
3) Why is Pablo Neruda against total inactivity?
4)What does the poet mean by “Green Wars” ? What will be the consequences of such a war?
5)What does ‘’putting on clean clothes’’ signify?
Poem- My Mother at Sixty Six
Questions: (Reference to context 1 x 4 = 4 marks)
1) Who is ‘I’ and ‘Her’?
2) What does the poetess compare her mother to and why?
3) What has been her childhood fear?
4) Identify and explain the literary device used in the above lines .

Short answer type questions : (40 - 50 words) (2 marks each)

1) Comment on the relevance of the title ‘My Mother At Sixty Six’?
2) What do the parting words of the poet and her smile signify’?
3) In what way does the poet put her thoughts away?
4) Difference between childhood and aged as described in the poem?
12th NDA – General Studies HOLIDAY HOME WORK
 Revise complete GS syllabus for July AITS (Indian History, Indian and World Geography, Indian
Polity and World organizations and Indian Economy).
 Revise 2022 and 2023 Current Affairs
Topics - Sports events (Olympic, Asian and Indian National Games), Indian and International
Summits or events. Indian and International awards and prizes. Indian Central forces exercises
with other countries forces.
 Write down 200 current affair questions from 2022 and 2023 current affairs.
 PACE IIT & MEDICAL JHAJJAR CLASS-12TH NDA PHYSICS HOLIDAY HOME-WORK
1. Solve NCERT All questions of Electrosatics & Capacitor. (five times solve it)
2. Solve all assignment given till now upto electrostatics (five times solve it)
12th. Chemistry NDA Holyday Home Work (Summer Vacations) 2024

Class 12th NDA Chemistry Holyday Home Work:

1. Prepare a Project Report on any One of the following topics:

(i) Henry’s Law.
(ii) Reverse Osmosis.
(iii) Galvanic Cell/Denial Cell.
(iv) Standred Hydrogen Electrod (SHE).

2. Write and Learn All NCERT, Intext, Examples and Exercise Questions of Chapter-I and up to Nernst Equation of Chapter-II
in Holyday Home Work Note Book.

Page 1
PACE IIT & MEDICAL JHAJJAR 12TH NDA MATH HOLIDAY HOME WORK
RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 11

Example 34 Let N be the set of natural numbers. Then, the binary operation * in N
defined as a * b = a + b, ∀ a, b ∈ N has identity element.
Solution False.
1.3 EXERCISE
Short Answer (S.A.)
1. Let A = {a, b, c} and the relation R be defined on A as follows:
R = {(a, a), (b, c), (a, b)}.
Then, write minimum number of ordered pairs to be added in R to make R
reflexive and transitive.
2. Let D be the domain of the real valued function f defined by f (x) = 25 − x 2 .
Then, write D.
3. Let f , g : R → R be defined by f (x) = 2x + 1 and g (x) = x2 – 2, ∀ x ∈ R,
respectively. Then, find g o f.
4. Let f : R → R be the function defined by f (x) = 2x – 3 ∀ x ∈ R. write f –1.
5. If A = {a, b, c, d} and the function f = {(a, b), (b, d), (c, a), (d, c)}, write f –1.
6. If f : R → R is defined by f (x) = x2 – 3x + 2, write f (f (x)).
7. Is g = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 5), (4, 7)} a function? If g is described by
g (x) = αx + β, then what value should be assigned to α and β.
8. Are the following set of ordered pairs functions? If so, examine whether the
mapping is injective or surjective.
(i) {(x, y): x is a person, y is the mother of x}.
(ii){(a, b): a is a person, b is an ancestor of a}.
9. If the mappings f and g are given by
f = {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 1)} and g = {(2, 3), (5, 1), (1, 3)}, write f o g.
10. Let C be the set of complex numbers. Prove that the mapping f : C → R given by
f (z) = |z|, ∀ z ∈ C, is neither one-one nor onto.
11. Let the function f : R → R be defined by f (x) = cosx, ∀ x ∈ R. Show that f is
neither one-one nor onto.
12. Let X = {1, 2, 3}and Y = {4, 5}. Find whether the following subsets of X ×Y are
functions from X to Y or not.
(i) f = {(1, 4), (1, 5), (2, 4), (3, 5)} (ii) g = {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}
(iii) h = {(1,4), (2, 5), (3, 5)} (iv) k = {(1,4), (2, 5)}.
13. If functions f : A → B and g : B → A satisfy g o f = IA, then show that f is one-
one and g is onto.
 12 MATHEMATICS

1
14. Let f : R → R be the function defined by f (x) = 2 – cos x ∀ x ∈ R.Then, find
the range of f.
15. Let n be a fixed positive integer. Define a relation R in Z as follows: ∀ a, b ∈ Z,
aRb if and only if a – b is divisible by n . Show that R is an equivalance relation.

Long Answer (L.A.)

16. If A = {1, 2, 3, 4 }, define relations on A which have properties of being:
(a) reflexive, transitive but not symmetric
(b) symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive
(c) reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
17. Let R be relation defined on the set of natural number N as follows:
R = {(x, y): x ∈ N, y ∈ N, 2x + y = 41}. Find the domain and range of the
relation R. Also verify whether R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
18. Given A = {2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 5, 6, 7}. Construct an example of each of the
following:
(a) an injective mapping from A to B
(b) a mapping from A to B which is not injective
(c) a mapping from B to A.
19. Give an example of a map
(i) which is one-one but not onto
(ii) which is not one-one but onto
(iii) which is neither one-one nor onto.
x–2
20. Let A = R – {3}, B = R – {1}. Let f : A → B be defined by f (x) = x – 3

∀ x ∈ A . Then show that f is bijective.

21. Let A = [–1, 1]. Then, discuss whether the following functions defined on A are
one-one, onto or bijective:
x
(i) f ( x) = (ii) g(x) = x
2
(iii) h( x) = x x (iv) k(x) = x2.
22. Each of the following defines a relation on N:
(i) x is greater than y, x, y ∈ N
(ii) x + y = 10, x, y ∈ N
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 13

(iii) x y is square of an integer x, y ∈ N

(iv) x + 4y = 10 x, y ∈ N.
Determine which of the above relations are reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
23. Let A = {1, 2, 3, ... 9} and R be the relation in A ×A defined by (a, b) R (c, d) if
a + d = b + c for (a, b), (c, d) in A ×A. Prove that R is an equivalence relation
and also obtain the equivalent class [(2, 5)].
24. Using the definition, prove that the function f : A → B is invertible if and only if
f is both one-one and onto.
25. Functions f , g : R → R are defined, respectively, by f (x) = x2 + 3x + 1,
g (x) = 2x – 3, find
(i) f o g (ii) g o f (iii) f o f (iv) g o g
26. Let * be the binary operation defined on Q. Find which of the following binary
operations are commutative
(i) a * b = a – b ∀ a, b ∈Q (ii) a * b = a2 + b2 ∀ a, b ∈ Q
(iii) a * b = a + ab ∀ a, b ∈ Q (iv) a * b = (a – b)2 ∀ a, b ∈ Q
27. Let * be binary operation defined on R by a * b = 1 + ab, ∀ a, b ∈ R. Then the
operation * is
(i) commutative but not associative
(ii) associative but not commutative
(iii) neither commutative nor associative
(iv) both commutative and associative
Objective Type Questions
Choose the correct answer out of the given four options in each of the Exercises from
28 to 47 (M.C.Q.).
28. Let T be the set of all triangles in the Euclidean plane, and let a relation R on T
be defined as aRb if a is congruent to b ∀ a, b ∈ T. Then R is
(A) reflexive but not transitive (B) transitive but not symmetric
(C) equivalence (D) none of these
29. Consider the non-empty set consisting of children in a family and a relation R
defined as aRb if a is brother of b. Then R is
(A) symmetric but not transitive (B) transitive but not symmetric
(C) neither symmetric nor transitive (D) both symmetric and transitive
14 MATHEMATICS

30. The maximum number of equivalence relations on the set A = {1, 2, 3} are
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 5
31. If a relation R on the set {1, 2, 3} be defined by R = {(1, 2)}, then R is
(A) reflexive (B) transitive
(C) symmetric (D) none of these
32. Let us define a relation R in R as aRb if a ≥ b. Then R is
(A) an equivalence relation (B) reflexive, transitive but not
symmetric
(C) symmetric, transitive but (D) neither transitive nor reflexive
not reflexive but symmetric.
33. Let A = {1, 2, 3} and consider the relation
R = {1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1,3)}.
Then R is
(A) reflexive but not symmetric (B) reflexive but not transitive
(C) symmetric and transitive (D) neither symmetric, nor
transitive
34. The identity element for the binary operation * defined on Q ~ {0} as
ab
a, b ∈ Q ~ {0} is
2 ∀
a*b=

(A) 1 (B) 0
(C) 2 (D) none of these
35. If the set A contains 5 elements and the set B contains 6 elements, then the
number of one-one and onto mappings from A to B is
(A) 720 (B) 120
(C) 0 (D) none of these
36. Let A = {1, 2, 3, ...n} and B = {a, b}. Then the number of surjections from A into
B is
n
(A) P2 (B) 2n – 2
(C) 2n – 1 (D) None of these
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 15

1
37. Let f : R → R be defined by f (x) = x ∈ R. Then f is
x ∀
(A) one-one (B) onto
(C) bijective (D) f is not defined
x
38. Let f : R → R be defined by f (x) = 3x2 – 5 and g : R → R by g (x) = .
x +1
2

Then g o f is

3 x 2 −5 3 x 2 −5
(A) (B)
9 x 4 − 30 x 2 + 26 9 x 4 − 6 x 2 + 26

3x 2 3x 2
(C) (D)
x4 + 2x2 − 4 9 x 4 + 30 x 2 − 2
39. Which of the following functions from Z into Z are bijections?
(A) f (x) = x3 (B) f (x) = x + 2
(C) f (x) = 2x + 1 (D) f (x) = x2 + 1
40. Let f : R → R be the functions defined by f (x) = x3 + 5. Then f –1 (x) is
1 1
(A) ( x + 5) 3 (B) ( x − 5) 3

1
(C) (5 − x) 3 (D) 5 – x

41. Let f : A → B and g : B → C be the bijective functions. Then (g o f)–1 is

(A) f –1 o g–1 (B) f o g
–1 –1
(C) g of (D) g o f
3 3x + 2
42. Let f : R −   → R be defined by f (x) = 5 x − 3 . Then
5 
–1
(A) f (x) = f (x) (B) f –1 (x) = – f (x)

–1
1
(C) (fof)x=–x (D) f (x) = f (x)
19
 x ,if x is rational
43. Let f : [0, 1] → [0, 1] be defined by f (x) = 
1 − x, if x isirrational
 16 MATHEMATICS

Then (f o f) x is
(A) constant (B) 1 + x
(C) x (D) none of these
44. Let f : [2, ∞) → R be the function defined by f (x) = x2 – 4x + 5, then the range
of f is
(A) R (B) [1, ∞)
(C) [4, ∞) (B) [5, ∞)
2 x −1
45. Let f : N → R be the function defined by f (x) = and g : Q → R be
2
3
another function defined by g (x) = x + 2. Then (g o f) is
2
(A) 1 (B) 1
7
(C) (B) none of these
2
46. Let f : R → R be defined by

 2x: x > 3
 2
f ( x) =  x :1< x ≤ 3

 3 x : x ≤1
Then f (– 1) + f (2) + f (4) is
(A) 9 (B) 14
(C) 5 (D) none of these
47. Let f : R → R be given by f (x) = tan x. Then f –1 (1) is
 
(A) (B) {n π + : n ∈ Z}
4 4
(C) does not exist (D) none of these

Fill in the blanks in each of the Exercises 48 to 52.

48. Let the relation R be defined in N by aRb if 2a + 3b = 30. Then R = ______.
49. Let the relation R be defined on the set
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} by R = {(a, b) : |a2 – b2| < 8. Then R is given by _______.
50. Let f = {(1, 2), (3, 5), (4, 1) and g = {(2, 3), (5, 1), (1, 3)}. Then g o f = ______
and f o g = ______.
 RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 17

x
51. Let f : R → R be defined by f ( x ) = . Then ( f o f o f ) (x) = _______
1 + x2
52. If f (x) = (4 – (x–7)3}, then f –1(x) = _______.

State True or False for the statements in each of the Exercises 53 to 63.
53. Let R = {(3, 1), (1, 3), (3, 3)} be a relation defined on the set A = {1, 2, 3}. Then R
is symmetric, transitive but not reflexive.
54. Let f : R → R be the function defined by f (x) = sin (3x+2) ∀ x ∈ R. Then f is
invertible.
55. Every relation which is symmetric and transitive is also reflexive.
56. An integer m is said to be related to another integer n if m is a integral multiple of
n. This relation in Z is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
57. Let A = {0, 1} and N be the set of natural numbers. Then the mapping
f : N → A defined by f (2n–1) = 0, f (2n) = 1, ∀ n ∈ N, is onto.
58.The relation R on the set A = {1, 2, 3} defined as R = {{1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (3, 3)}
is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
59. The composition of functions is commutative.
60. The composition of functions is associative.
61. Every function is invertible.
62. A binary operation on a set has always the identity element.
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 35

−π π
Solution (B) is the correct answer. We have ≤ sin–1 x ≤
2 2
−π π π π π
⇒ + ≤ sin–1x + ≤ +
2 2 2 2 2
⇒ 0 ≤ sin x + (sin x + cos x) ≤ π
–1 –1 –1

⇒ 0 ≤ 2sin–1x + cos–1x ≤ π

Example 41 The value of tan2 (sec–12) + cot2 (cosec–13) is

(A) 5 (B) 11 (C) 13 (D) 15
Solution (B) is the correct answer.

tan2 (sec–12) + cot2 (cosec–13) = sec2 (sec–12) – 1 + cosec2 (cosec–13) – 1

= 22 × 1 + 32 – 2 = 11.

2.3 EXERCISE

Short Answer (S.A.)

 5π  –1  13π 
 + cos  cos
–1
1. Find the value of tan  tan .
 6   6 

  – 3  
Evaluate cos  cos   + .
–1
2.
  2  6 

 
Prove that cot  – 2 cot 3 = 7 .
–1
3.
4

 1  –1  1  –1   –  
 + cot   + tan  sin  2   .
–1
4. Find the value of tan  –
 3 3

 2π 
5. Find the value of tan–1  tan  .
 3 

– –1  –4 
6. Show that 2tan–1 (–3) = + tan   .
2  3 
 36 MATHEMATICS

7. Find the real solutions of the equation

π
tan –1 x ( x + 1) + sin –1 x 2 + x + 1 = .
2

8.

Find the value of the expression sin  2 tan

–1 1 
3
–1
(
 + cos tan 2 2 . )
π
9. If 2 tan–1 (cos θ) = tan–1 (2 cosec θ), then show that θ = ,
4
where n is any integer.

 –1 1   –1 1 
10. Show that cos  2 tan  = sin  4 tan .
 7  3

 3
11. ( 
)
Solve the following equation cos tan –1 x = sin  cot –1  .
4

Long Answer (L.A.)

 1 + x 2 + 1– x 2   1
 = + cos x
–1 –1 2
12. Prove that tan 
 1 + x – 1– x  4 2
2 2

3 4   –3  
Find the simplified form of cos  cos x + sin x , where x ∈ 
–1
,
 4 4 
13. .
5 5

8 3 77
14. Prove that sin
–1
+ sin –1 = sin –1 .
17 5 85
5 3 63
15. Show that sin
–1
+ cos –1 = tan –1 .
13 5 16
1 2 1
16. Prove that tan
–1
+ tan –1 = sin −1 .
4 9 5

–1 1 1
17. Find the value of 4 tan – tan –1 .
5 239
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 37

1 3 4– 7 4+ 7
18. Show that tan  sin –1  = and justify why the other value
 2  4 3 3
is ignored?
19. If a1, a2, a3,...,an is an arithmetic progression with common difference d, then
evaluate the following expression.

  d  –1  d  –1  d  –1  d 
tan  tan –1   + tan   + tan   + ... + tan   .
  1 + a1 a2   1 + a2 a3   1 + a3 a4   1 + an –1 an  

Objective Type Questions

Choose the correct answers from the given four options in each of the Exercises from
20 to 37 (M.C.Q.).
20. Which of the following is the principal value branch of cos–1x?
 –π π 
(A)  2 , 2 (B) (0, π)
 

π
(C) [0, π] (0, π) –  
(D)
2
21. Which of the following is the principal value branch of cosec–1x?
 –π π  π
(A)  ,  (B) [0, π] –  
 2 2 2

 –π π   –π π 
(C)  2 , 2 (D)  2 , 2  – {0}
   
22. If 3tan–1 x + cot–1 x = π, then x equals
1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) .
2
  33  
The value of sin–1  cos   is
5  
23.

3π –7π π –π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5 5 10 10
 38 MATHEMATICS

24. The domain of the function cos–1 (2x – 1) is

(A) [0, 1] (B) [–1, 1]
(C) ( –1, 1) (D) [0, π]
25. The domain of the function defined by f (x) = sin–1 x –1 is
(A) [1, 2] (B) [–1, 1]
(C) [0, 1] (D) none of these
 2 
26. If cos  sin
–1
+ cos –1 x  = 0 , then x is equal to
 5 
1 2
(A) (B) (C) 0 (D) 1
5 5
27. The value of sin (2 tan–1 (.75)) is equal to
(A) .75 (B) 1.5 (C) .96 (D) sin 1.5

–1  3 
28. The value of cos  cos  is equal to
2
π 3π 5π 7π
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
 1
29. The value of the expression 2 sec–1 2 + sin–1   is
2
π 5π 7π
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
6 6 6
4π
30. If tan–1 x + tan–1y = , then cot–1 x + cot–1 y equals
5
π 2π 3
(A) (B) (C) (D) π
5 5 5
 2a  –1  1– a   2x 
2

If sin  2
+ cos = tan –1  , where a, x ∈ ]0, 1, then
 2
 1– x 2 
–1
31.
 1+ a   1+ a 
the value of x is
a 2a
(A) 0 (B) (C) a (D)
2 1– a 2
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 39


–1  7 
The value of cot cos   is
25  
32.

25 25 24 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24 7 25 24
1–1 2 
33. The value of the expression tan  cos  is
 2 5
(A) 2+ 5 (B) 5–2

5+2
(C) (D) 5+ 2
2
 θ 1– cos θ 
 Hint :tan = 
 2 1 + cos θ 

 2x 
If | x | ≤ 1, then 2 tan–1 x + sin–1 
 1 + x 2 
34. is equal to


(A) 4 tan–1 x (B) 0 (C) (D) π
2
35. If cos–1 α + cos–1 β + cos–1 γ = 3π, then α (β + γ) + β (γ + α) + γ (α + β)
equals
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 6 (D) 12
36. The number of real solutions of the equation
π 
1+ cos 2 x = 2 cos –1 (cos x)in  , π  is
2 
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) Infinite
37. If cos–1x > sin–1x, then
1 1
(A) < x≤1 (B) 0≤x<
2 2
1
(C) −1≤ x < (D) x>0
2
 40 MATHEMATICS

Fill in the blanks in each of the Exercises 38 to 48.

 1
38. The principal value of cos–1  –  is__________.
 2

 3π 
39. The value of sin–1  sin  is__________.
 5 
40. If cos (tan–1 x + cot–1 3 ) = 0, then value of x is__________.
1
41. The set of values of sec–1   is__________.
2
42. The principal value of tan–1 3 is__________.
 14π 
43. The value of cos–1  cos  is__________.
 3 
44. The value of cos (sin–1 x + cos–1 x), |x| ≤ 1 is______ .
 sin –1 x + cos –1 x  3
45. The value of expression tan   ,when x = is_________.
 2  2

 2x 
If y = 2 tan–1 x + sin–1 
 1 + x 2 
46. for all x, then____< y <____.

 x− y 
47. The result tan–1x – tan–1y = tan–1  1+ xy  is true when value of xy is _____
 
48. The value of cot (–x) for all x ∈ R in terms of cot–1x is _______.
–1

State True or False for the statement in each of the Exercises 49 to 55.
49. All trigonometric functions have inverse over their respective domains.
50. The value of the expression (cos–1 x)2 is equal to sec2 x.
51. The domain of trigonometric functions can be restricted to any one of their
branch (not necessarily principal value) in order to obtain their inverse functions.
52. The least numerical value, either positive or negative of angle θ is called principal
value of the inverse trigonometric function.
53. The graph of inverse trigonometric function can be obtained from the graph of
their corresponding trigonometric function by interchanging x and y axes.
 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 41

n π
54. The minimum value of n for which tan–1 > , n∈N , is valid is 5.
π 4
  –1 1   π
55. The principal value of sin–1 cos  sin   is .
  2  3
 52 MATHEMATICS

= (BA′ – AB′)
= – (AB′ –BA′)
Fill in the blanks in each of the Examples 13 to 15:
Example 13 If A and B are two skew symmetric matrices of same order, then AB is
symmetric matrix if ________.
Solution AB = BA.
Example 14 If A and B are matrices of same order, then (3A –2B)′ is equal to
________.
Solution 3A′ –2B′.
Example 15 Addition of matrices is defined if order of the matrices is ________
Solution Same.
State whether the statements in each of the Examples 16 to 19 is true or false:
Example 16 If two matrices A and B are of the same order, then 2A + B = B + 2A.
Solution True
Example 17 Matrix subtraction is associative
Solution False
Example 18 For the non singular matrix A, (A′)–1 = (A–1)′.
Solution True
Example 19 AB = AC ⇒ B = C for any three matrices of same order.
Solution False
3.3 EXERCISE
Short Answer (S.A.)
1. If a matrix has 28 elements, what are the possible orders it can have? What if it
has 13 elements?

 
a 1 x 
 
2 3 x − y
2

In the matrix A = 
−2 
2. , write :
0 5 
 5 
 MATRICES 53

(i) The order of the matrix A

(ii) The number of elements
(iii) Write elements a23, a31, a12
3. Construct a2 × 2 matrix where

(i − 2 j ) 2
(i) aij =
2

(ii) aij = | −2i + 3 j |

4. Construct a 3 × 2 matrix whose elements are given by aij = ei.xsinjx
5. Find values of a and b if A = B, where

 a + 4 3b   2a + 2 b2 + 2 
A=  , B=  8 
 8 −6  b 2 − 5b 

 3 1
6. If possible, find the sum of the matrices A and B, where A =  
3 ,
2

x y z
and B = 
a b 6

3 1 −1 2 1 −1
X= 
−3 7 4 
7. If and Y = , find
5 −2  2

(i) X +Y (ii) 2X – 3Y
(iii) A matrix Z such that X + Y + Z is a zero matrix.
8. Find non-zero values of x satisfying the matrix equation:

 2 x 2 8 5 x  ( x 2 + 8) 24
x  + 2 4 4 x = 2  
 3 x    (10) 6 x .

0 1 0 −1
9. If A =   and B = 1 0  , show that (A + B) (A – B) ≠ A2 – B2.
1 1  
 54 MATHEMATICS

10. Find the value of x if

 1 3 2 1 
   2
[1 x 1]  2 5 1   = O.
15 3 2  x 

5 3
11. Show that A =   satisfies the equation A2 – 3A – 7I = O and hence
 −1 −2
find A–1.
12. Find the matrix A satisfying the matrix equation:

2 1  −3 2  1 0
 3 2 A  5 −3 =  0 1
     

 4  −4 8 4
   −1 2 1 
13. Find A, if 1 A =  
 3  −3 6 3

 3 −4
   2 1 2
14. If A = 1 1  and B =   , then verify (BA)2 ≠ B2A2
 2 0  1 2 4

15. If possible, find BA and AB, where

4 1
 2 1 2  
A=   , B =  2 3 .
1 2 4 1 2

16. Show by an example that for A ≠ O, B ≠ O, AB = O.

 1 4
2 4 0  2 8
17. Given A =   and B =   . Is (AB)′ = B′A′?
3 9 6 1 3

18. Solve for x and y:

 MATRICES 55

2  3  −8 
x  + y  +   = O.
1  5   −11
19. If X and Y are 2 × 2 matrices, then solve the following matrix equations for X and Y

 2 3  −2 2 
2X + 3Y =   , 3X + 2Y =  .
 4 0  1 −5 

20. If A = [ 3 5] , B = [ 7 3] , then find a non-zero matrix C such that AC = BC.

21. Give an example of matrices A, B and C such that AB = AC, where A is non-
zero matrix, but B ≠ C.

 1 2 2 3   1 0
22. If A =   , B=   and C =   , verify :
 −2 1   3 −4   −1 0
(i) (AB) C = A (BC) (ii) A (B + C) = AB + AC.

 x 0 0  a 0 0
   0 b 0
23. If P =  0 y 0 and Q =   , prove that
 0 0 z   0 0 c 

 xa 0 0
 yb 0  = QP..
PQ =  0
 0 0 zc 

 −1 0 −1  1 
 −1 1 0   0 
24. If : [ 2 1 3]     = A, find A.
 0 1 1   −1

5 3 4  −1 2 1
25. If A = [ 2 1] ,
B = 
8 7

6
and C = 
1 0 2
, verify that

A (B + C) = (AB + AC).
 56 MATHEMATICS

1 0 −1
 
26. If A =  2 1 3  , then verify that A2 + A = A (A + I), where I is 3 × 3 unit
 0 1 1 
matrix.

 4 0
 0 −1 2   
27. If A =   and B = 1 3 , then verify that :
 4 3 −4   2 6

(i) (A′)′ = A
(ii) (AB)′ = B′A′
(iii) (kA)′ = (kA′).

 1 2  1 2
   6 4
28. If A =  4 1  , B =   , then verify that :
 5 6 7 3

(i) (2A + B)′ = 2A′ + B′

(ii) (A – B)′ = A′ – B′.
29. Show that A′A and AA′ are both symmetric matrices for any matrix A.
30. Let A and B be square matrices of the order 3 × 3. Is (AB)2 = A2 B2 ? Give
reasons.
31. Show that if A and B are square matrices such that AB = BA, then
(A + B)2 = A2 + 2AB + B2.

 1 2  4 0 2 0 
32. Let A =  , B=  1 5 , C =  1 −2 and a = 4, b = –2.
 −1 3    
Show that:
(a) A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
(b) A (BC) = (AB) C
 MATRICES 57

(c) (a + b)B = aB + bB
(d) a (C–A) = aC – aA
(e) (AT)T = A
(f) (bA)T = b AT
(g) (AB)T = BT AT
(h) (A –B)C = AC – BC
(i) (A – B)T = AT – BT

 cosθ sinθ   cos2θ sin2θ 

33. If A =   , then show that A2 =  – sin2θ cos2θ  .
 – sinθ cosθ   

0 − x 0 1
34. If A =  , B= 1 0 and x2 = –1, then show that (A + B)2 = A2 + B2.
x 0   

 0 1 −1
 
35. Verify that A2 = I when A =  4 −3 4  .
 3 −3 4 

36. Prove by Mathematical Induction that (A′)n = (An)′, where n ∈ N for any square
matrix A.
37. Find inverse, by elementary row operations (if possible), of the following matrices

 1 3  1 −3
(i)  −5 7  (ii)  −2 6  .
   

 xy 4   8 w
38. If   =   , then find values of x, y, z and w.
 z + 6 x + y  0 6 

1 5   9 1
39. If A =   and B = 7 8 , find a matrix C such that 3A + 5B + 2C is a null
7 12  
matrix.
 58 MATHEMATICS

 3 −5 
40. If A =   , then find A2 – 5A – 14I. Hence, obtain A3.
 −4 2 
41. Find the values of a, b, c and d, if

a b   a 6  4 a + b
3  =   + 
3 
.
 c d   −1 2 d  c + d
42. Find the matrix A such that

 2 −1  −1 −8 −10
1 0  
  A =  1 −2 −5  .
 −3 4   9 22 15 

1 2
43. If A =   , find A2 + 2A + 7I.
4 1

 cos α sinα 
44. If A =   , and A – 1 = A′ , find value of α.
 −sinα cosα 

0 a 3 
 
45. If the matrix  2 b −1 is a skew symmetric matrix, find the values of a, b and c.
 c 1 0 

 cos x sinx 
46. If P (x) =   , then show that
 −sinx cosx 
P (x) . P (y) = P (x + y) = P (y) . P (x).
47. If A is square matrix such that A2 = A, show that (I + A)3 = 7A + I.
48. If A, B are square matrices of same order and B is a skew-symmetric matrix,
show that A′BA is skew symmetric.
Long Answer (L.A.)
49. If AB = BA for any two sqaure matrices, prove by mathematical induction that
(AB)n = An Bn.
 MATRICES 59

0 2 y z 
50. Find x, y, z if A =  x y − z  satisfies A′ = A–1.
 x − y z 

51. If possible, using elementary row transformations, find the inverse of the following
matrices

 2 −1 3  2 3 −3  2 0 −1
     
(i)  −5 3 1 (ii)  −1 −2 2  (iii)  5 1 0 
 −3 2 3  1 1 −1  0 1 3 

2 3 1
 
52. Express the matrix 1 −1 2 as the sum of a symmetric and a skew symmetric
 4 1 2
matrix.
Objective Type Questions
Choose the correct answer from the given four options in each of the Exercises
53 to 67.

 0 0 4
 
53. The matrix P =  0 4 0 is a
 4 0 0

(A) square matrix (B) diagonal matrix

(C) unit matrix (D) none
54. Total number of possible matrices of order 3 × 3 with each entry 2 or 0 is
(A) 9 (B) 27 (C) 81 (D) 512

 2 x + y 4 x   7 7 y − 13
55. If   =  x + 6 
, then the value of x + y is
 5x − 7 4 x  y
(A) x = 3, y = 1 (B) x = 2, y = 3
(C) x = 2, y = 4 (D) x = 3, y = 3
 60 MATHEMATICS

 −1 −1  x    −1  x  
 sin ( x ) tan      − cos ( x ) tan    
−1

1  1 
56. If A =   −1  x   , B =  −1  x   , then
sin   cot ( x)   sin   − tan ( x) 
−1 −1

     
A – B is equal to

1
(A) I (B) O (C) 2I (D) I
2
57. If A and B are two matrices of the order 3 × m and 3 × n, respectively, and
m = n, then the order of matrix (5A – 2B) is
(A) m×3 (B) 3 × 3 (C) m × n (D) 3 × n

0 1
58. If A =   , then A2 is equal to
1 0

0 1 1 0
(A) 1 0 (B) 1 0
   

0 1 1 0
(C) 0 1 (D) 0 1
   
59. If matrix A = [aij]2 × 2, where aij = 1 if i ≠ j
= 0 if i = j
2
then A is equal to
(A) I (B) A (C) 0 (D) None of these

1 0 0 
 
60. The matrix 0 2 0 is a
0 0 4

(A) identity matrix (B) symmetric matrix

(C) skew symmetric matrix (D) none of these
 MATRICES 61

 0 −5 8 
 0 12 is a
61. The matrix  5
 −8 −12 0 

(A) diagonal matrix (B) symmetric matrix

(C) skew symmetric matrix (D) scalar matrix
62. If A is matrix of order m × n and B is a matrix such that AB′ and B′A are both
defined, then order of matrix B is
(A) m×m (B) n×n
(C) n×m (D) m×n
63. If A and B are matrices of same order, then (AB′–BA′) is a
(A) skew symmetric matrix (B) null matrix
(C) symmetric matrix (D) unit matrix
64. If A is a square matrix such that A2 = I, then (A–I)3 + (A + I)3 –7A is equal to
(A) A (B) I–A (C) I+A (D) 3A
65. For any two matrices A and B, we have
(A) AB = BA (B) AB ≠ BA
(C) AB = O (D) None of the above
66. On using elementary column operations C2 → C2 – 2C1 in the following matrix
equation

 1 −3 1 −1  3 1 
 2 4  = 0 1   2 4 , we have :
     

1 −5  1 −1  3 −5

(A) 0 4  =  −2 2   2 0 
     

 1 −5  1 −1  3 −5
(B)  0 4  =  0 1   −0 2 
     
 62 MATHEMATICS

 1 −5  1 −3  3 1 
(C)  2 0  =  0 1   −2 4 
     

 1 −5  1 −1  3 −5 
(D)  2 0  = 0 1   2 0 
     
67. On using elementary row operation R1 → R1 – 3R2 in the following matrix equation:

 4 2 1 2  2 0
 3 3 =  0 3  1 1  , we have :
     

 −5 −7   1 −7   2 0 
(A) 3 3   0 3   1 1 
=


 −5 −7  1 2  −1 −3
(B) 3 3   0 3  1 1 
=


 −5 −7  1 2   2 0
(C) 3 3  1 −7   1 1 
=


4 2   1 2   2 0
(D)  −5 −7  =  −3 −3  1 1 
     
Fill in the blanks in each of the Exercises 68–81.
68. _________ matrix is both symmetric and skew symmetric matrix.
69. Sum of two skew symmetric matrices is always _________ matrix.
70. The negative of a matrix is obtained by multiplying it by _________.
71. The product of any matrix by the scalar _________ is the null matrix.
72. A matrix which is not a square matrix is called a _________ matrix.
73. Matrix multiplication is _________ over addition.
74. If A is a symmetric matrix, then A3 is a _________ matrix.
75. If A is a skew symmetric matrix, then A2 is a _________.
 MATRICES 63

76. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then

(i) (AB)′ = _________.
(ii) (kA)′ = _________. (k is any scalar)
(iii) [k (A – B)]′ = _________.
77. If A is skew symmetric, then kA is a _________. (k is any scalar)
78. If A and B are symmetric matrices, then
(i) AB – BA is a _________.
(ii) BA – 2AB is a _________.
79. If A is symmetric matrix, then B′AB is _________.
80. If A and B are symmetric matrices of same order, then AB is symmetric if and
only if _________.
81. In applying one or more row operations while finding A–1 by elementary row
operations, we obtain all zeros in one or more, then A–1 _________.
State Exercises 82 to 101 which of the following statements are True or False
82. A matrix denotes a number.
83. Matrices of any order can be added.
84. Two matrices are equal if they have same number of rows and same number of
columns.
85. Matrices of different order can not be subtracted.
86. Matrix addition is associative as well as commutative.
87. Matrix multiplication is commutative.
88. A square matrix where every element is unity is called an identity matrix.
89. If A and B are two square matrices of the same order, then A + B = B + A.
90. If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then A – B = B – A.
91. If matrix AB = O, then A = O or B = O or both A and B are null matrices.
92. Transpose of a column matrix is a column matrix.
93. If A and B are two square matrices of the same order, then AB = BA.
94. If each of the three matrices of the same order are symmetric, then their sum is
a symmetric matrix.
 64 MATHEMATICS

95. If A and B are any two matrices of the same order, then (AB)′ = A′B′.
96. If (AB)′ = B′ A′, where A and B are not square matrices, then number of rows
in A is equal to number of columns in B and number of columns in A is equal to
number of rows in B.
97. If A, B and C are square matrices of same order, then AB = AC always implies
that B = C.
98. AA′ is always a symmetric matrix for any matrix A.

2 3
2 3 −1 4 5 , then AB and BA are defined and equal.
99. If A = 
2 
and B = 
1 4  2 1

100. If A is skew symmetric matrix, then A2 is a symmetric matrix.

101. (AB)–1 = A–1. B–1, where A and B are invertible matrices satisfying commutative
property with respect to multiplication.
 DETERMINANTS 77

 1 5 
 2 −4
0 1 3 2 
 
   1 3
Example 18 If A = 1 2 x  , A =  − −
–1
3
2 2
 2 3 1   
 1 y
1 
 2 2 

then x = 1, y = – 1.
Solution True
4.3 EXERCISE
Short Answer (S.A.)
Using the properties of determinants in Exercises 1 to 6, evaluate:

a+ x y z
x 2 − x + 1 x −1 x a+ y z
1. 2.
x +1 x +1 x y a+ z

0 xy 2 xz 2 3x − x + y − x + z
x− y z−y
2 2
x y 0 yz 3y
3. 4.
2
x z zy 2
0 x−z y−z 3z

x+4 x x a−b−c 2a 2a
5. x x+4 x 6. 2b b−c−a 2b
x x x+4 2c 2c c−a−b

Using the proprties of determinants in Exercises 7 to 9, prove that:

y2 z2 yz y+z y+z z y
2 2
z x zx z+x = 0 z z+x x = 4 xyz
7. 8.
x2 y 2 xy x+ y y x x+ y
 78 MATHEMATICS

a 2 + 2a 2a + 1 1
2a + 1 a + 2 1 = (a − 1)3
9.
3 3 1

1 cos C cos B
10. If A + B + C = 0, then prove that cos C 1 cos A = 0
cos B cos A 1

11. If the co-ordinates of the vertices of an equilateral triangle with sides of length
2
x1 y1 1
3a 4
‘a’ are (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3), then x2 y2 1 =
4 .
x3 y3 1

 1 1 sin 3θ 
12. Find the value of θ satisfying  −4 3 cos 2θ  = 0 .
 
 7 −7 −2 

4 − x 4 + x 4 + x
13. If  4 + x 4 − x 4 + x  = 0 , then find values of x.
 4 + x 4 + x 4 − x 

14. If a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a r are in G.P., then prove that the determinant

ar +1 ar + 5 ar + 9
ar + 7 ar +11 ar +15
is independent of r.
ar +11 ar +17 ar + 21

15. Show that the points (a + 5, a – 4), (a – 2, a + 3) and (a, a) do not lie on a
straight line for any value of a.
16. Show that the ∆ABC is an isosceles triangle if the determinant
 DETERMINANTS 79

 1 1 1 
 
∆ =  1 + cos A 1 + cos B 1 + cos C  = 0 .
cos 2 A + cos A cos 2 B + cos B cos 2 C + cos C 
 

0 1 1
A 2 − 3I
Find A if A = 1 0 1 and show that A =
–1 –1
17. .
2
1 1 0

Long Answer (L.A.)

1 2 0
18. If A =  −2 −1 −2  , find A–1.
 0 −1 1 

Using A –1 , solve the system of linear equations

x – 2y = 10 , 2x – y – z = 8 , –2y + z = 7.
19. Using matrix method, solve the system of equations
3x + 2y – 2z = 3, x + 2y + 3z = 6, 2x – y + z = 2 .

 2 2 −4 1 −1 0
20. Given A =  −4 2 −4 , B =  2 3 4 , find BA and use this to solve the
 
 2 −1 5   0 1 2
system of equations y + 2z = 7, x – y = 3, 2x + 3y + 4z = 17.

a b c
21. If a + b + c ≠ 0 and b c a = 0 , then prove that a = b = c.
c a b

bc − a 2 ca − b 2 ab − c 2
22. Prove that ca − b 2 ab − c 2 bc − a 2 is divisible by a + b + c and find the
ab − c 2 bc − a 2 ca − b 2
quotient.
 80 MATHEMATICS

xa yb zc a b c
23. If x + y + z = 0, prove that yc za xb = xyz c a b
zb xc ya b c a

Objective Type Questions (M.C.Q.)

Choose the correct answer from given four options in each of the Exercises from 24 to 37.

2x 5 6 −2
24. If = , then value of x is
8 x 7 3

(A) 3 (B) ±3
(C) ±6 (D) 6

a −b b + c a
b−a c+a b
25. The value of determinant
c−a a +b c

(A) a3 + b3 + c3 (B) 3 bc
(C) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc (D) none of these
26. The area of a triangle with vertices (–3, 0), (3, 0) and (0, k) is 9 sq. units. The
value of k will be
(A) 9 (B) 3
(C) –9 (D) 6

b 2 − ab b − c bc − ac
The determinant ab − a a − b b 2 − ab equals
2
27.
bc − ac c − a ab − a 2

(A) abc (b–c) (c – a) (a – b) (B) (b–c) (c – a) (a – b)

(C) (a + b + c) (b – c) (c – a) (a – b) (D) None of these
 DETERMINANTS 81

sin x cos x cos x

28. The number of distinct real roots of cos x sin x cos x = 0 in the interval
cos x cos x sin x

π π
− ≤ x ≤ is
4 4
(A) 0 (B) 2
(C) 1 (D) 3
29. If A, B and C are angles of a triangle, then the determinant
−1 cos C cos B
cos C −1 cos A is equal to
cos B cos A −1

(A) 0 (B) –1
(C) 1 (D) None of these

cos t t 1
f (t )
30. Let f (t) = 2sin t t 2t , then lim 2 is equal to
t →0 t
sin t t t

(A) 0 (B) –1
(C) 2 (D) 3

1 1 1
31. The maximum value of ∆ = 1 1 + sin θ 1 is (θ is real number)
1 + cos θ 1 1

1 3
(A) (B)
2 2

2 3
(C) 2 (D)
4
 82 MATHEMATICS

0 x−a x−b
32. If f (x) = x + a 0 x − c , then
x+b x+c 0

(A) f (a) = 0 (B) f (b) = 0

(C) f (0) = 0 (D) f (1) = 0

 2 λ −3
 
33. If A =  0 2 5  , then A–1 exists if
1 1 3 

(A) λ=2 (B) λ≠ 2

(C) λ≠–2 (D) None of these
34. If A and B are invertible matrices, then which of the following is not correct?
(A) adj A = |A|. A–1 (B) det(A)–1 = [det (A)]–1
(C) (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1 (D) (A + B)–1 = B–1 + A–1

1+ x 1 1
35. If x, y, z are all different from zero and 1 1+ y 1 = 0 , then value of
1 1 1+ z
x–1 + y–1 + z–1 is
(A) xyz (B) x–1 y–1 z–1
(C) –x –y –z (D) –1

x x+ y x+ 2y
36. The value of the determinant x + 2 y x x + y is
x+ y x+ 2y x

(A) 9x2 (x + y) (B) 9y2 (x + y)

(C) 3y2 (x + y) (D) 7x2 (x + y)
 DETERMINANTS 83

1 –2 5
37. There are two values of a which makes determinant, ∆ = 2 a −1 = 86, then
0 4 2a
sum of these number is
(A) 4 (B) 5
(C) –4 (D) 9
Fill in the blanks
38. If A is a matrix of order 3 × 3, then |3A| = _______ .
39. If A is invertible matrix of order 3 × 3, then |A–1 | _______ .

(2 ) (2 )
2 2
x
+ 2– x x
− 2– x 1

(3 ) (3 )
2 2
40. If x, y, z ∈ R, then the value of determinant
x
+ 3– x x
− 3– x 1 is

(4 ) (4 )
2 2
x
+ 4– x x
− 4– x 1

equal to _______.

2
0 cos θ sin θ
41. If cos2θ = 0, then cos θ sin θ 0 = _________.
sin θ 0 cos θ
42. If A is a matrix of order 3 × 3, then (A2)–1 = ________.
43. If A is a matrix of order 3 × 3, then number of minors in determinant of A are
________.
44. The sum of the products of elements of any row with the co-factors of
corresponding elements is equal to _________.
x 3 7
45. If x = – 9 is a root of 2 x 2 = 0, then other two roots are __________.
7 6 x

0 xyz x−z
46. y−x 0 y−z = __________.
z−x z− y 0
 84 MATHEMATICS

(1 + x)17 (1 + x)19 (1 + x) 23
47. If f (x) = (1 + x) 23 (1 + x) 29 (1 + x)34 = A + Bx + Cx 2 + ..., then
(1 + x) 41 (1 + x) 43 (1 + x) 47

A = ________.
State True or False for the statements of the following Exercises:

(A )
3 –1
( )
3
48. = A −1 , where A is a square matrix and |A| ≠ 0.

1 –1
49. (aA)–1 = A , where a is any real number and A is a square matrix.
a

50. |A–1| ≠ |A|–1 , where A is non-singular matrix.

51. If A and B are matrices of order 3 and |A| = 5, |B| = 3, then
|3AB| = 27 × 5 × 3 = 405.
52. If the value of a third order determinant is 12, then the value of the determinant
formed by replacing each element by its co-factor will be 144.

x +1 x + 2 x + a
53. x + 2 x + 3 x + b = 0 , where a, b, c are in A.P..
x + 3 x + 4 x+c

54. |adj. A| = |A|2 , where A is a square matrix of order two.

sin A cos A sin A + cos B

55. The determinant sin B cos A sin B+ cos B is equal to zero.
sin C cos A sin C + cos B

x+a p+ u l + f
56. If the determinant y + b q + v m + g splits into exactly K determinants of
z+c r +w n+h
order 3, each element of which contains only one term, then the value of K is 8.
 DETERMINANTS 85

a p x p+ x a+x a+ p
57. Let ∆ = b q y = 16 , then ∆1 = q + y b + y b + q = 32 .
c r z r+ z c+ z c+r

1 1 1
1
58. The maximum value of 1 (1+ sin θ) 1 is .
2
1 1 1 + cos θ
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 107

Solution False.
Example 46 cos |x| is differentiable everywhere.
Solution True.
5.3 EXERCISE

Short Answer (S.A.)

1. Examine the continuity of the function
f (x) = x3 + 2x2 – 1 at x = 1
Find which of the functions in Exercises 2 to 10 is continuous or discontinuous
at the indicated points:

1 − cos 2 x
3x + 5, if x ≥ 2  , if x ≠ 0
2. f ( x) =  2 3. f ( x) =  x 2
 x , if x < 2 5, if x = 0


at x = 2 at x = 0

 2 x 2 − 3x − 2  x−4
 , if x ≠ 2  , if x ≠ 4
4. f ( x) =  x−2 5. f ( x) =  2( x − 4)
5, if x = 2  if x = 4
 0,

at x = 2 at x = 4

 1  1
 x cos , if x ≠ 0  x − a sin , if x ≠ 0
6. f ( x) =  x 7. f ( x) =  x−a
0, if x = 0 0, if x = a

at x = 0 at x = a

 1  x2
 ex  , if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
 , if x ≠ 0 2
8. f ( x) =  1
9. f ( x) = 
1 + e
x
2 x 2 − 3x + 3 , if 1< x ≤ 2
0, if x = 0 
 2

at x = 0 at x = 1
10. f ( x ) = x + x −1 at x = 1

20/04/2018
 108 MATHEMATICS

Find the value of k in each of the Exercises 11 to 14 so that the function f is continuous
at the indicated point:

2 x +2 −16
3 x − 8, if x ≤ 5 , if x ≠ 2
11. f ( x) = at x = 5 12. f ( x) = 4 x − 16 at x = 2
2k , if x > 5
k , if x = 2

1+ kx − 1 − kx
, if − 1≤ x < 0
x
f ( x) =
13. 2x +1 at x = 0
, if 0 ≤ x ≤1
x −1

1− cos kx
 x sin x , if x ≠ 0
14. f ( x) =  at x = 0
1 , if x = 0
 2
15. Prove that the function f defined by

 x
 , x ≠0
f ( x) =  x + 2 x
2

k x =0
 ,
remains discontinuous at x = 0, regardless the choice of k.
16. Find the values of a and b such that the function f defined by

 x−4
 x − 4 + a , if x < 4

f ( x) =  a + b , if x = 4
 x−4
 + b , if x > 4
 x − 4

is a continuous function at x = 4.
1
17. Given the function f (x) = x + 2 . Find the points of discontinuity of the composite

function y = f (f (x)).

20/04/2018
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 109

1 1
18. Find all points of discontinuity of the function f (t ) = , where t= .
t2 +t − 2 x −1

19. Show that the function f (x) = sin x + cos x is continuous at x = π.

Examine the differentiability of f, where f is defined by

 x[ x], , if 0 ≤ x < 2
20. f (x) = 
( x −1) x, if 2 ≤ x < 3
at x = 2.

 2 1
 x sin , if x ≠ 0
21. f (x) =  x
0 , if x=0

at x = 0.

1+ x , if x ≤ 2
22. f (x) = 
5 − x , if x > 2
at x = 2.
23. Show that f (x) = x − 5 is continuous but not differentiable at x = 5.
24. A function f : R → R satisfies the equation f ( x + y) = f (x) f (y) for all x, y ∈R,
f (x) ≠ 0. Suppose that the function is differentiable at x = 0 and f ′ (0) = 2.
Prove that f ′(x) = 2 f (x).
Differentiate each of the following w.r.t. x (Exercises 25 to 43) :

25. 2 cos 2 x 26.

8x
x8
27. (
log x + x 2 + a )
28. log log log x5 
 ( ) 29. sin x + cos2 x 30. sin n (ax 2 + bx + c )

 1 
31. (
cos tan x +1 ) 32. sinx2 + sin2x + sin2(x2) 33. sin –1 
 x + 1 
 

(sin x )
cos x
34. 35. sinmx . cosnx 36. (x + 1)2 (x + 2)3 (x + 3)4

20/04/2018
 110 MATHEMATICS

 sin x + cos x  −π π –1  1 − cos x  π π

37. cos –1  , <x< 38. tan  1 + cos x  , − 4 < x < 4
 2  4 4  

π π
39. tan –1 (sec x + tan x), − < x <
2 2

 a cos x − b sin x  π π a
40. tan –1   , − < x < and tan x > –1
 b cos x + a sin x  2 2 b

 1  1 3a 2 x − x3 −1 x 1
sec –1  3 , 0< x <
–1
41. 42. tan , < <
 4 x − 3x  2 a3 − 3ax 2 3 a 3

 1+ x2 + 1− x2 
43. tan 
–1
 , −1< x <1, x ≠ 0
 1+ x2 − 1− x2 
 

dy
Find of each of the functions expressed in parametric form in Exercises from 44 to 48.
dx

1 1  1 −θ  1
44. x=t+ , y=t– 45. x = eθ  θ+  , y = e  θ − 
t t  θ  θ
46. x = 3cosθ – 2cos3θ, y = 3sinθ – 2sin3θ.
2t 2t
47. sin x = , tan y = .
1+ t 2 1− t 2

1+ log t 3 + 2log t
48. x= , y= .
t2 t

dy − y log x
49. If x = ecos2t and y = esin2t, prove that dx = x log y .

 dy  b
=
50. If x = asin2t (1 + cos2t) and y = b cos2t (1–cos2t), show that  dx at t = π a .
4

dy π
51. If x = 3sint – sin 3t, y = 3cost – cos 3t, find at t = .
dx 3

20/04/2018
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 111

x
52. Differentiate w.r.t. sinx.
sin x

 1 + x 2 −1 
53. Differentiate tan–1   w.r.t. tan–1 x when x ≠ 0.
 x 
 

dy
Find when x and y are connected by the relation given in each of the Exercises 54 to 57.
dx

x
54. sin (xy) + y = x2 – y

55. sec (x + y) = xy
56. tan–1 (x2 + y2) = a

57. (x2 + y2)2 = xy

dy dx
58. If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, then show that dx . dy =1 .

x
dy x − y
59. If x = e , prove that
y =
dx x log x .

dy (1 + log y )
2
y−x
If y = e =
x
60. , prove that .
dx log y

(cos x ) (cos x )..... ∞ dy y 2 tan x

61. If y = (cos x) , show that = .
dx y log cos x − 1

dy sin 2 (a + y )
62. If x sin (a + y) + sin a cos (a + y) = 0, prove that = .
dx sin a

dy 1 − y2
63. If 1− x + 2
1− y = a (x – y), prove that
2 = .
dx 1 − x2

d2y
64. If y = tan–1x, find in terms of y alone.
dx 2

20/04/2018
 112 MATHEMATICS

Verify the Rolle’s theorem for each of the functions in Exercises 65 to 69.
65. f (x) = x (x – 1)2 in [0, 1].

 π
66. f (x) = sin4x + cos4x in 0,  .
 2
67. f (x) = log (x2 + 2) – log3 in [–1, 1].
68. f (x) = x (x + 3)e–x/2 in [–3, 0].
69. f (x) = 4 − x 2 in [– 2, 2].
70. Discuss the applicability of Rolle’s theorem on the function given by

x 2 + 1, if 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
f ( x) = .
3 − x, if 1≤ x ≤ 2

71. Find the points on the curve y = (cosx – 1) in [0, 2π], where the tangent is
parallel to x-axis.
72. Using Rolle’s theorem, find the point on the curve y = x (x – 4), x ∈ [0, 4], where
the tangent is parallel to x-axis.
Verify mean value theorem for each of the functions given Exercises 73 to 76.
1
73. f (x) =
4 x −1 in [1, 4].
74. f (x) = x3 – 2x2 – x + 3 in [0, 1].
75. f (x) = sinx – sin2x in [0, π].
76. f (x) = 25 − x 2 in [1, 5].
77. Find a point on the curve y = (x – 3)2, where the tangent is parallel to the chord
joining the points (3, 0) and (4, 1).
78. Using mean value theorem, prove that there is a point on the curve y = 2x2 – 5x + 3
between the points A(1, 0) and B (2, 1), where tangent is parallel to the chord AB.
Also, find that point.

Long Answer (L.A.)

79. Find the values of p and q so that

20/04/2018
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 113

 x 2 + 3x + p, if x ≤ 1
f ( x) = 
qx + 2 , if x > 1
is differentiable at x = 1.
80. If xm.yn = (x + y)m+n, prove that

dy y d2y
(i) = and (ii) =0 .
dx x dx2

d2y dy
81. 2
If x = sint and y = sin pt, prove that (1–x ) 2 – x + p2 y = 0 .
dx dx

dy x 2 +1
82. Find , if y = xtanx + .
dx 2
Objective Type Questions
Choose the correct answers from the given four options in each of the Exercises 83 to 96.

x2
83. If f (x) = 2x and g (x) = +1 , then which of the following can be a discontinuous
2
function
(A) f (x) + g (x) (B) f (x) – g (x)
g ( x)
(C) f (x) . g (x) (D)
f ( x)

4 − x2
84. The function f (x) = is
4 x − x3
(A) discontinuous at only one point
(B) discontinuous at exactly two points
(C) discontinuous at exactly three points
(D) none of these
85. The set of points where the function f given by f (x) = 2 x −1 sinx is differentiable is

1 
(A) R (B) R –  
2

20/04/2018
 114 MATHEMATICS

(C) (0, ∞) (D) none of these

86. The function f (x) = cot x is discontinuous on the set
(A) {x = n π : n ∈ Z} (B) {x = 2n π : n ∈ Z}
 π   nπ 
(C)  x = ( 2n + 1) ; n ∈ Z  (iv)  x= ; n ∈ Z
 2   2 
x
87. The function f (x) = e is
(A) continuous everywhere but not differentiable at x = 0
(B) continuous and differentiable everywhere
(C) not continuous at x = 0
(D) none of these.
2 1
88. If f (x) = x sin , where x ≠ 0, then the value of the function f at x = 0, so that
x
the function is continuous at x = 0, is
(A) 0 (B) – 1
(C) 1 (D) none of these

 π
mx+ 1 , if x ≤ 2 π
89. If f (x) =  , is continuous at x = , then
sin x + n, if x > π 2
 2

nπ
(A) m = 1, n = 0 (B) m = +1
2
mπ π
(C) n = (D) m = n =
2 2
90. Let f (x) = |sin x|. Then
(A) f is everywhere differentiable
(B) f is everywhere continuous but not differentiable at x = nπ, n ∈ Z.
π
(C) f is everywhere continuous but not differentiable at x = (2n + 1) ,
2
n ∈ Z.
(D) none of these
 1− x 2  dy
91. If y = log  2  , then is equal to
 1+ x  dx

20/04/2018
 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY 115

4 x3 − 4x
(A) (B)
1− x 4 1− x 4

1 − 4 x3
(C) (D)
4 − x4 1− x 4

dy
92. If y = sin x + y , then is equal to
dx

cos x cos x
(A) (B)
2 y −1 1 −2y

sin x sin x
(C) 1 −2y (D) 2 y −1
93. The derivative of cos–1 (2x2 – 1) w.r.t. cos–1x is

−1
(A) 2 (B)
2 1− x 2

2
(C) x (D) 1 – x2

2 3
d2y
94. If x = t , y = t , then is
dx 2

3 3
(A) 2 (B) 4t

3 3
(C) 2t (D) 4
95. The value of c in Rolle’s theorem for the function f (x) = x3 – 3x in the interval
[0, 3 ] is
(A) 1 (B) – 1

20/04/2018
 116 MATHEMATICS

3 1
(C) 2 (D)
3

1
96. For the function f (x) = x + , x ∈ [1, 3], the value of c for mean value theorem is
x

(A) 1 (B) 3
(C) 2 (D) none of these
Fill in the blanks in each of the Exercises 97 to 101:
97. An example of a function which is continuous everywhere but fails to be
differentiable exactly at two points is __________ .
98. Derivative of x2 w.r.t. x3 is _________.

π
99. If f (x) = |cosx|, then f ′ = _______ .
4

π
100. If f (x) = |cosx – sinx | , then f ′ = _______.
3

dy  1 1 
101. For the curve x + y =1 , at  ,  is __________.
dx  4 4 
State True or False for the statements in each of the Exercises 102 to 106.
102. Rolle’s theorem is applicable for the function f (x) = |x – 1| in [0, 2].
103. If f is continuous on its domain D, then | f | is also continuous on D.
104. The composition of two continuous function is a continuous function.
105. Trigonometric and inverse - trigonometric functions are differentiable in their
respective domain.
106. If f . g is continuous at x = a, then f and g are separately continuous at x = a.

20/04/2018