Me3072e L4

ME3072E
Tolerances and Measurement

Techniques
Geometric Dimensioning and
Tolerancing (GD & T)
LESSON 4
Tolerancing
 GDT is a method of defining
parts based on how they
function, using standard
ISO/ASME/ANSI symbols.
Tolerancing
 there has been considerable interest in
GDT, in part because of the increased
popularity of statistical process control.
 when combined with GDT, helps reduce
or eliminate inspection of features on the
manufactured object.
 The flipside is that the part must be
toleranced very efficiently; this is where
GDT comes in.
Tolerancing
 GDT is the rise of worldwide
standards, such as ISO 9000,
required universally understood and
accepted methods of
documentation.
Tolerancing
GDT-Symbols
Form tolerances
Profile Tolerances
GDT
 Feature control frames

GDT
 MMC/LMC
 Datums
 Geometric Controls
⚫ Form
⚫ Orientation
⚫ Runout
⚫ Position
GDT
Material Conditions
• Maximum Material Condition
(MMC): Least Material Condition
(LMC): The condition in which a
feature contains the least amount of
material within the stated limits. e.g.
maximum hole diameter, minimum
shaft diameter
Material Conditions
•Regardless of Feature Size (RFS): This is the

default condition for all geometric tolerances.
No bonus tolerances are allowed and functional
gauges may not be used.
Reference Frame
A reference frame is defined by three perpendicular datum
planes.
The left-to-right sequence of datum planes defines their order
of precedence.
Reference Frame
Reference Frame
Feature Control Frame
A geometric tolerance is prescribed using a feature
control frame.
It has three components:
1. the tolerance symbol,
2. the tolerance value,
3. the datum labels for the reference frame.
Order of Precedence
The part is aligned with the datum
planes of a reference frame using 3-2-1
contact alignment.
• 3 points of contact align the part to

the primary datum plane;
• 2 points of contact align the part to

the secondary datum plane;
• 1 point of contact aligns the part with

the tertiary datum plane
Using a Feature as a Datum
A feature such as a hole,
shaft, or slot can be used
as a datum.
In this case, the datum is

the theoretical axis,
centerline, or center
plane of the feature.
The “circle M” denotes

the datum is defined by
the Maximum Material
Condition (MMC) given
by the tolerance.
GDT
 Forms
⚫ Straightness
• Line element
• Axis
Straightness of a Shaft
Straightness of a Hole
Straightness of a Center Plane
•The straightness tolerance specifies the allowable curve to the entire side.
• Add the straightness tolerance to the maximum size (MMC) to define a virtual
condition Vc that the part must fit into in order to meet the tolerance.
GDT
 Forms
⚫ Circularity
GDT
• Circularity
GDT
 Forms
⚫ Flatness
GDT
• Flatness
GDT
 Forms
⚫ Cylindricity
GDT
• Cylindricity
GDT
Orientation tolerances
GDT
 Orientation
⚫ Angularity
GDT
 Orientation
⚫ Parallelism
GDT
 Orientation
⚫ Parallelism
GDT
 Orientation
⚫ Perpendicularity
Perpendicularity
Axis perpendicularity
Perpendicularity
Surface perpendicularity tolerance zone
Perpendicularity
Axis perpendicularity tolerance zone
Perpendicular Shaft, Hole, and
Center Plane
Shaft Hole Center Plane
.
GDT
 Orientation
⚫ Angularity
Angularity
GDT
 Orientation
⚫ Line profile
GDT
 Orientation
⚫ Surface profile
GDT
 Location
⚫ Concentricity
GDT
⚫ Runout tolerances
GDT
⚫ Runout
GDT
⚫ Runout
GDT
⚫ Runout
GDT
 Location
GDT
 Location tolerances
(related features)
GDT
 Location
⚫ Position
GDT
 Location
⚫ Position
Position Tolerance on a
Hole Pattern
A composite control frame
signals a tolerance for a pattern
of features, such as holes.
• The first line defines the

position tolerance zone for the
holes.
• The second line defines the
tolerance zone for the pattern,
which is generally smaller.
GDT
 Tolerance Calculation
⚫ Floating fastener tolerancing is used to
confirm that loose bolts, screws or other
fasteners have the standard clearance in
their holes.
⚫ Fixed fastener tolerancing is measured the
same as with floating fasteners except that
the fastener is already fixed/located on one
of the mating parts and the tolerance is now
divided between the parts.
GDT
Summary
Geometric tolerances are different from the tolerances allowed for the size of
feature, they specify the allowable variation of the shape of a feature.
There are three basic types of geometric tolerances: Form, Orientation and
Position tolerances.
Geometric tolerances are specified using a control frame consisting of a tolerance

symbol, a tolerance value and optional datum planes.
Material condition modifiers define the condition at which the tolerance is to be

applied. If the maximum material condition is specified, then there is a “bonus
tolerance” associated with a decrease in material.
1. The form of a feature is assumed to be perfect at its maximum material
condition.
2. If no material condition is specified, then it is regard less of feature size.
TYPES OF MEASUREMENT AND
INSTRUMENTS USED
TABLE 35.1
Sensitivity
Measurement Instrument m in.
Linear Steel rule 0.5 mm 1/64 in.
Vernier caliper 25 1000
Micrometer, with vernier 2.5 100
Diffraction grating 1 40
Angle Bevel protractor, with vernier 5 min
Sine bar
Comparative length Dial indicator 1 40
Electronic gage 0.1 4
Gage blocks 0.05 2
Straightness Autocollimator 2.5 100
Transit 0.2 mm/m 0.002 in./ft
Laser beam 2.5 100
Flatness Interferometry 0.03 1
Roundness Dial indicator Circular tracing 0.03 1
Profile Radius or fillet gage
Dial indicator 1 40
Optical comparator 125 5000
Coordinate measuring machines 0.25 10
GO-NOT GO Plug gage
Ring gage
Snap gage
Microscopes Toolmaker’s 2.5 100
Light section 1 40
Scanning electron 0.001 0.04
Laser scan 0.1 5
59
GDT
 Design Application
⚫ Five-Step
• Isolate and define the functions of the
features/part.
• Prioritize the functions.
• Identify the datum reference frame based
• on functional priorities.
• Select the proper control(s).
• Calculate the tolerance values.
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ME3072E

Tolerances and Measurement

 Feature control frames

•Regardless of Feature Size (RFS): This is the

• 3 points of contact align the part to

• 2 points of contact align the part to

• 1 point of contact aligns the part with

In this case, the datum is

The “circle M” denotes

• The first line defines the

Geometric tolerances are specified using a control frame consisting of a tolerance

Material condition modifiers define the condition at which the tolerance is to be

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