TRAINING REPORT

OF
SUMMER TRAINING
UNDERTAKEN AT
NOVEM CONTROLS PVT. LTD. ( MOHALI )
ON

BRICK BREAKER GAME

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE

OF

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

IN

Computer Science and Engineering

Submitted By:
NAME:- ……………………
Roll No. :- 12101076

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

PUNJABI UNIVERSITY

PATIALA-147002
TRAINING CERTIFICATE

Image certificate
 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

PUNJABI UNIVERSITY, PATIALA

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION
I …………………………..hereby declare that I have undertaken Summer training at
NOVEM CONTROLS PVT. LTD. (MOHALI) during period from 15 June 2023 to
30 July 2023 in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the degree of
B. Tech (Department of Computer Science & Engineering) at Punjabi University, Patiala.
The work which is being presented in the training report submitted to Department of
Computer Science & Engineering at Punjabi University, Patiala is an authentic record of
training work.

Candidate’s Signature

The summer training Viva- Voce Examination of

has been held on and accepted.

Signature of Examiner
 COMPANY PROFILE
NOVEM is a leading system engineering and integration company in India, offering application
design, development, testing services and asset-based solutions in niche segments through turnkey
projects for mission critical systems. NOVEM has also been expanding its service presence in
international markets offering off shoring advantages and delivering value through service level-based
and project scope-based deliveries.
Since its inception on March 2004, 2004, NOVEM has been a frontrunner in providing
IT solutions and services.

NOVEM continues to bring the benefits of IT to improve the productivity of its customers globally
and enhance the quality of its products and services by combining its wide range of service offerings
with its deep vertical experience in multiple industries. NOVEM mission is to deliver turnkey
solutions to solve complex business and societal problems using technology & innovation.
Today, NOVEM CONTROLS, an ISO 9001:2000 certified organization, is positioned as
a premier IT solutions provider in the fast growing and competitive IT market. It
executes large and complex turnkey projects, and has built, managed and supported its customer's IT
systems across the value chain of infrastructure, applications and business processes.
NOVEM Controls a software company is managed by a team of dedicated, committed and highly
qualified software & hardware professional in the fields of Software, Hardware and Web
Technologies.
One of the areas of our specializations is Project study, analysis, development and its live
implementation. Our Engineers has hands-on experience in software development and has a proven
track record in training and guiding the students.
 ABSTRACT
Online mobile recharge has become an integral part of modern lifestyles, enabling users
to conveniently top up their mobile phone balances from anywhere, at any time. This
abstract provides an overview of the concept of online mobile recharge, its significance,
the underlying technology, benefits, challenges, and future prospects.

The proliferation of smartphones and the increasing dependence on mobile communication have
led to a surge in demand for quick and efficient mobile recharge methods. Online mobile recharge
offers users the convenience of recharging on-the-go, thus enhancing their connectivity
and communication experiences.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Acknowledgement is an endless ocean and one requires the satisfying, supporting, guiding,
inspiring and constructively criticizing several specialists in order to drive out a handful
pearls from its depth. As this comes wordlessly it can’t be acknowledged in words. I am
greatly obliged to NOVEM CONTROLS PVT. LTD. institute for providing me this
opportunity to take up this project as long as platform to learn and enhance my professional
skill. I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to MR. CHURAMANI SHARMA,
my corporate guide, for his kind help and support and valuable guidance throughout the
project. I am thankful to him for providing me with necessary insights and helping me out at
every single step.

Name:-

Qualification:-

Roll no :-
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Java Intro
1.2 Java Features
1.3 Java Syntax
1.4 Java Output
1.5 Java User Input
1.6 Java Comments
1.7 Java Variables
1.8 Java Data Types
1.9 Java Type Casting
1.10 Java Operators
1.11 Java Strings
1.12 Java Math & Java Booleans
1.13 Java Conditional Statements
1.14 Java Switch Statement
1.15 Java Loops
1.16 Java Break/Continue
1.17 Java Arrays
1.18 Java Methods
1.19 Java Method Parameters
1.20 Java Method Overloading
1.21 Java Scope
1.22 Java OOP
1.23 Java Classes/Objects
1.24 Java Class Methods
1.25 Java Constructors
1.26 Java Encapsulation
1.27 Java Inheritance
1.28 Java Polymorphism
1.29 Java Abstraction
Chapter 2: Training Work Undertaken
2.1 Introduction to Project: Brick Breaker Game
2.2 Game Concept
2.3 Key Features
2.4 Objectives & Gameplay

Chapter 3: Results and Discussions

3.1 Results
3.2 Discussion about the Game

Chapter 4: Conclusion

References
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Java Intro Java is a programming language created by James Gosling from Sun
Microsystems (Sun) in 1991. The target of Java is to write a program once and then
run this program on multiple operating systems. The first publically available
version of Java (Java 1.0) was released in 1995. Sun Microsystems was acquired by
the Oracle Corporation in 2010. Oracle has now the stearmanship of Java. More than
3 billion devices run Java. Java is defined by a specification and consists of
programming language, a compiler, core libraries and runtime (Java virtual
machine). The Java runtime allows software developers to write program code in
other languages than the Java programming language which still runs on the Java
virtual machine. The Java platform is usually associated with the Java virtual
machine and the Java core libraries.
1.2 JAVA FEATURES:

.Java works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc.)
.ucadisdqadqoihwd
It is one of the most popular programming language in the world
It has a large demand in the current job market
It is easy to learn and simple to use
It is open-source and free
It is secure, fast and powerful
It has a huge community support (tens of millions of developers)
Java is an object oriented language which gives a clear structure to programs and allows code to be reused, lo
As Java is close to C and C#, it makes it easy for programmers to switch to Java.

1.3 JAVA SYNTAX:

Main.java
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World");
}
}
In the above example, we created a Java file called Main.java, and we used the above code
to print "Hello World" to the screen.

Example explained

Every line of code that runs in Java must be inside a class. In our example, we named the
class Main. A class should always start with an uppercase first letter.

Note: Java is case-sensitive: "MyClass" and "myclass" has different meaning.

The name of the java file must match the class name. When saving the file, save it using the
class name and add ".java" to the end of the filename. The output should be:

The main Method

The main() method is required and you will see it in every Java program. Any code inside
the main() method will be executed.

System.out.println()

Inside the main() method, we can use the println() method to print a line of text to the screen

Note: The curly braces {} marks the beginning and the end of a block of code.
System is a built-in Java class that contains useful members, such as out, which is short for
"output". The println() method, short for "print line", is used to print a value to the screen (or
a file).

1.4 JAVA OUTPUT/PRINT:

Print Text

We can use the println() method to output values or print text in Java:

System.out.println(“Hello World”);

We can add as many println() methods as you want. It will add new line for each method.

Double Quotes

When you are working with text, it must be wrapped inside double quotations marks "".If
you forget the double quotes, an error occurs:

System.out.println("This sentence will work!");

System.out.println(This sentence will produce an error);

The Print() Method

There is also a print() method, which is similar to println(). The only difference is that it does
not insert a new line at the end of the output.

Print Numbers

You can also use the println() method to print numbers. However, unlike text, we don't put
numbers inside double quotes:

System.out.println(3);

You can also perform mathematical calculations inside the println() method:

System.out.println(3+3);

1.4 JAVA USER INPUT: The Scanner class is used to get user input, and it is
found in the java.util package. To use the Scanner class, create an object of the
class and use any of the available methods found in the Scanner class
documentation. In our example, we will use the nextLine() method, which is used to
read Strings:

Example: import java.util.Scanner; //Import Scanner class

class Main{

public static void main(String[] args){

Scanner myObj= new Scanner(System.in); //Create Scanner

object System.out.println(“Enter username: “);

String username=myObj.nextline(); //Read user input

System.out.println(“Username is “+username); //output user input

1.6 JAVA COMMENTS: Comments can be used to explain Java code, and to make
it more readable. It can also be used to prevent execution when testing alternative code.

Single-line Comments: Single-line comments start with two forward slashes (//).Any
text between // and the end of the line is ignored by Java (will not be executed).
Java Multi-line Comments: Multi-line comments start with /* and ends with */. Any
text between /* and */ will be ignored by Java.

1.7 JAVA VARIABLES: Variables are containers for storing data values. In Java, there
are different types of variables, for example:

 String - stores text, such as "Hello". String values are surrounded by double quotes
 int - stores integers (whole numbers), without decimals, such as 123 or -123
 float - stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as 19.99 or -19.99
 char - stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'. Char values are surrounded by single
quotes
 boolean - stores values with two states: true or false

Declaring (Creating) Variables: To create a variable, you must specify the type and
assign it a value:

Syntax: type variableName=value;

Where type is one of Java's types (such as int or String), and variableName is the name of
the variable (such as x or name). The equal sign(=) is used to assign values to the variable.

Example:

int myNum;

myNum=15;

System.out.println(myNum);

Final Variables

If you don't want others (or yourself) to overwrite existing values, use the final keyword
(this will declare the variable as "final" or "constant", which means unchangeable and read-
only).

Example: final int myNum=12;

myNum=15; //will generate error as we declare variable name with final keyword

Other Types: A demonstration of how to declare variables of other types:

Int myNum=5;

Float myFloatNum=5.99f;

Char myLetter=’D’;

Boolean myBool=true;

String myText=”Hello”;
Display Variables: The println() method is often used to display variables. To combine
both text and a variable, use the + character:

Example: String name=”Kashish”;

System.out.println(name+” Sharma”);

For numeric values, the + character works as a mathematical operator (notice that we
use int (integer) variables here):

Example: int x=9, y=10;

System.out.println(x+y); //Print value of x+y

One Value to Multiple Variables: You can also assign the same value to multiple
variables in one line:

Example: int x, y, z;

x=y=z=50;

System.out.println(x+y+z);

Identifiers: All Java variables must be identified with unique names. These unique
names are called identifiers. Identifiers can be short names (like x and y) or more
descriptive names (age, sum, totalVolume).

Note: It is recommended to use descriptive names in order to create understandable

and maintainable code:

Example: int minutesPerHour=60; //Good

int m=60; //it is Ok, but it is not easy to understand what “m” actually

means The general rules for naming variables are:

 Names can contain letters, digits, underscores, and dollar signs.

 Names must begin with a letter.
 Names should start with a lowercase letter and it cannot contain whitespace.
 Names can also begin with $ and _
 Names are case sensitive ("myVar" and "myvar" are different variables).
 Reserved words (like Java keywords, such as int or boolean) cannot be used as names.

1.8 JAVA DATA TYPES: Data types are divided into two groups:

 Primitive data types - includes byte, short, int, long, float, double, boolean and char
 Non-primitive data types - such as String, Arrays and Classes.
 Numbers: Primitive number types are divided into two groups: Integer types stores whole
numbers, positive or negative (such as 123 or -456), without decimals. Valid types
are byte, short, int and long. Which type you should use, depends on the numeric value.
Floating point types represents numbers with a fractional part, containing one or more
decimals. There are two types: float and double.

Integer Types
Byte: The byte data type can store whole numbers from -128 to 127. This can be used
instead of int or other integer types to save memory when you are certain that the value will
be within -128 and 127.
Short: The short data type can store whole numbers from -32768 to 32767.
Int: The int data type can store whole numbers from -2147483648 to 2147483647.
In general, and in our tutorial, the int data type is the preferred data type when we
create variables with a numeric value.
Long: The long data type can store whole numbers from -9223372036854775808 to
9223372036854775807. This is used when int is not large enough to store the value. Note
that you should end the value with an "L".
Floating Point Types

You should use a floating point type whenever you need a number with a decimal, such as
9.99 or 3.14515. The float and double data types can store fractional numbers. Note that
you should end the value with an "f" for floats and "d" for doubles.

Scientific Numbers:

ABoolean Types:
floating point number
Verycan alsoinbeprogramming,
often a scientific number with
you will an a"e"
need to indicate
data type thatthe
canpower
only of 10 one of two valu

 YES / NO
 ON / OFF
 TRUE / FALSE

For this, Java has a boolean data type, which can only take the values true or false.

Characters: The char data type is used to store a single character. The character must be
surrounded by single quotes, like 'A' or 'c'

Strings: The String data type is used to store a sequence of characters (text). String values
must be surrounded by double quotes.

Non-Primitive Data Types: Non-primitive data types are called reference

types because they refer to objects. The main difference between primitive and non-
primitive data types are:
  Primitive types are predefined (already defined) in Java. Non-primitive types are
created by the programmer and is not defined by Java .
 Non-primitive types can be used to call methods to perform certain operations, while
primitive types cannot.
 A primitive type has always a value, while non-primitive types can be null.
 A primitive type starts with a lowercase letter, while non-primitive types starts with
an uppercase letter.

Examples of non-primitive types are Strings, Arrays, Interfaces, etc.

1.9 JAVA TYPE CASTING: Type casting is when you assign a value of one primitive
data type to another type. In Java, there are two types of casting:

 Widening Casting (automatically) - converting a smaller type to a larger type size

byte -> short -> char -> int -> long -> float -> double

 Narrowing Casting (manually) - converting a larger type to a smaller size type

double -> float -> long -> int -> char -> short -> byte

1.10 JAVA OPERATORS: Operators are used to perform operations on variables

and values. In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:

Example: int x=100+50;

Java divides the operators into the following groups:

 Arithmetic operators
 Assignment operators
 Comparison operators
 Logical operators
 Bitwise operators

Arithmetic Operators: Arithmetic operators are used to perform common mathematical

operations. Example: +, -, *, /, %, ++, --

Assignment Operators: Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Example: =, +=, - =, *=, /=, %=, &=, |=, >>=, <<=

Comparison Operators: Comparison operators are used to compare two values (or
variables). This is important in programming, because it helps us to find answers and make
decisions. The return value of a comparison is either true or false. These values are known
as Boolean values. Example: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=

Logical Operators: You can also test for true or false values with logical operators. Logical
operators are used to determine the logic between variables or values.

Example: &&, ||, !

1.11 JAVA STRINGS: Strings are used for storing text. A String variable contains
a collection of characters surrounded by double quotes.

Example: String greeting=”Hello”;

String Length: A String in Java is actually an object, which contain methods that can
perform certain operations on strings. For example, the length of a string can be found with
the length() method.
Example: String txt=”Good Morning”;

System.out.println(“The length of text String is: “+ txt.length());

More String Methods: There are many string methods available, for example
toUpperCase() and toLowerCase()

Finding a Character in a String: The indexof() method returns the index (the position) of
the first occurrence of a specified text in a string (including whitespace).
String Concatenation: The + operator can be used between strings to combine them. This is
called concatenation. You can also use the concat() method to concatenate two strings

1.12 JAVA MATH & BOOLEANS: The Java Math class has many methods
that allows you to perform mathematical tasks on numbers.

Math.max(x,y): The Math.max(x,y) method can be used to find the highest value
of x and y:

Example: Math.max(5,10);

Math.min(x,y): The Math.min(x,y) method can be used to find the lowest value of x and y:
Example: Math.min(5,10);

Math.sqrt(x): The Math.sqrt(x) method returns the square root of x:

Example: Math.sqrt(25);

Java Booleans: Very often, in programming, you will need a data type that can only have
one of two values, like:

 YES / NO
 ON / OFF
 TRUE / FALSE

For this, Java has a boolean data type, which can store true or false values.

Boolean Values: A boolean type is declared with the boolean keyword and can only take the
values true or false:
Boolean Expression: A Boolean expression returns a boolean value: true or false. This is
useful to build logic, and find answers. For example, you can use a comparison operator,
such as the greater than (>) operator, to find out if an expression (or a variable) is true or
false. Example: int x=10, y=9;
System.out.println(x>y);

1.13 JAVA CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS: Java has the following conditional

statements:

 Use if to specify a block of code to be executed, if a specified condition is true

 Use else to specify a block of code to be executed, if the same condition is false
 Use else if to specify a new condition to test, if the first condition is false
 Use switch to specify many alternative blocks of code to be executed.

The if Statement: Use the if statement to specify a block of Java code to be executed if a
condition is true.
Syntax: if(condition){ Example: if(20>18){

// block of code to execute System.out.println(“20 is greater than 18”)

} }

The else Statement: Use the else statement to specify a block of code to be executed if the
condition is false.
Syntax: if(condition){ Example: int time=20;

//block of code if(time<18){

} else{ System.out.println(“Good Day”);

//block of code } else{

} System.out.println(“Good Evening”); }

The else if Statement: Use the else if statement to specify a new condition if the first
condition is false.
Syntax: if(condition 1){ Example: int time=30;

//block of code if(time<10){

} else if(condition 2){ System.out.println(“Good Morning);

// block of code else if(time<20){

} else{ System.out.println(“Good Afternoon);

//block of code else{

} System.out.println(“Good evening”); }
Short Hand If...Else: There is also a short-hand if else, which is known as the ternary
operator because it consists of three operands. It can be used to replace multiple lines of code
with a single line, and is most often used to replace simple if else statements:
Syntax: variable=(condition) ? expressionTrue : expressionFalse;

Example: int time=20;

String result=(time<18) ? “Good morning” : “Good evening” ;
System.out.println(result);

1.14 JAVA SWITCH STATEMENTS: Instead of writing many if else statements,

you can use the switch statement. The switch statement selects one of many code blocks to
be executed:
Syntax: switch (expression) {
case x:
//code block
break;
case y:
//code block
break;
default:
//code block
}

This is how it works:

 The switch expression is evaluated once.

 The value of the expression is compared with the values of each case.
 If there is a match, the associated block of code is executed.
 The break and default keywords are optional.

Example:
int day = 4;
switch (day) {
case 1:
System.out.println("Monday");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Tuesday");
break;
case 3:
System.out.println("Wednesday");
break;
case 4:
System.out.println("Thursday");
break;
case 5:
System.out.println("Friday");
break;
 case 6:
System.out.println("Saturday");
break;
case 7:
System.out.println("Sunday");
break;
}

The default Keyword: The default keyword specifies some code to run if there is no case
match

1.15 JAVA LOOPS: Loops can execute a block of code as long as a specified condition
is reached. Loops are handy because they save time, reduce errors, and they make code more
readable.

Java While Loop: The while loop loops through a block of code as long as a specified
condition is true.
Syntax: while (condition) {
// code block
}
Example: int i=0;
while (i<5) {
System.out.println(i);
i++; }

Java For Loop: When you know exactly how many times you want to loop through a block
of code, use the for loop instead of a while loop.
Syntax: for (statement 1,; statement 2; statement 3) {
// code block
}
Statement 1 is executed (one time) before the execution of the code block.
Statement 2 defines the condition for executing the code block.
Statement 3 is executed (every time) after the code block has been executed.

Example: for(int i=0; i<5; i++) {

System.out.println(i);
}

Nested Loops: It is also possible to place a loop inside another loop. This is called a nested
loop. The "inner loop" will be executed one time for each iteration of the "outer loop".
For-Each Loop: There is also a "for-each" loop, which is used exclusively to loop through
elements in an array
Syntax: for (type variable_name: array_name) {
// code block
}
Example: String[] cars= {“Volvo”, “Audi”, “Ford”};
for (String i: cars) {
System.out.println(i);
}

1.16JAVA BREAK/CONTINUE:
Java Break: The break statement is used to "jump out" of a switch statement.
The break statement can also be used to jump out of a loop.
Example: for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
if (i==4) {
break;
}
System.out.println(i);
}
Java Continue: The continue statement breaks one iteration (in the loop), if a specified
condition occurs, and continues with the next iteration in the loop.
Example: for (int i=0; i<10; i++)
if (i==4) {
continue;
}
System.out.println(i);
}

1.17 JAVA ARRAYS: Arrays are used to store multiple values in a single variable,
instead of declaring separate variables for each value. To declare an array, define the variable
type with square brackets.
To create an array of integers, you could write:
int[] myNum= {10, 20, 30, 40};
To create an array of strings:
String[] cars={“Volvo”, “Audi”, “Swift”};

Access the Elements of an Array: You can access an array element by referring to the
index number. This statement accesses the value of the first element in cars.
Example: String[] cars={“Volvo”, “Audi”, “Swift”};
System.out.println(cars[0]);
Change an Array Element: To change the value of a specific element, refer to the index
number.
Example: String[] cars={“Volvo”, “Audi”, “Swift”};
cars[0]=”Swift”;
System.out.println(cars[0]);
Array Length: To find out how many elements an array has, use the length property.
Example: String[] cars={“Volvo”, “Audi”, “Swift”};
System.out.println(cars.length);
Loop Through an Array: You can loop through the array elements with the for loop, and
use the length property to specify how many times the loop should run.
Example: String[] cars={“Volvo”, “Audi”, “Swift”};
for(int i=0; i<cars.length; i++) {
System.out.println(cars.length);
}

Loop Through an Array with For-Each: There is also a "for-each" loop, which is used
exclusively to loop through elements in arrays.
Example: String[] cars={“Volvo”, “Audi”, “Swift”};
for(String i: cars) {
System.out.println(i);
}

Multidimensional Arrays: A multidimensional array is an array of arrays. Multidimensional

arrays are useful when you want to store data as a tabular form, like a table with rows and
columns. To create a two-dimensional array, add each array within its own set of curly
braces.
Example: int[][] myNumbers={{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8}};
Access Elements: To access the elements of the myNumbers array, specify two indexes: one
for the array, and one for the element inside that array.
Example: int[][] myNumbers={{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8}};
System.out.println(myNumbers[1][2]);
Change Element Values: You can also change the value of an element.
Example: int[][] myNumbers={{1,2,3,4},{5,6,7,8}};
myNumbers[1][2]=9;
System.out.println(myNumbers[1][2]);
Loop Through a Multi-Dimensional Array: We can also use a for loop inside another for
loop to get the elements of a two-dimensional array (we still have to point to the two
indexes)
Example: public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[][] myNumbers = { {1, 2, 3, 4}, {5, 6, 7} };
for (int i = 0; i < myNumbers.length; ++i) {
for(int j = 0; j < myNumbers[i].length; ++j) {
System.out.println(myNumbers[i][j]);
}
}
}
}

1.18 JAVA METHODS: A method is a block of code which only runs when it is called.
You can pass data, known as parameters, into a method.
Methods are used to perform certain actions, and they are also known as functions.
Why use methods? To reuse code: define the code once, and use it many times.

Create a Method: A method must be declared within a class. It is defined with the name of
the method, followed by parentheses (). Java provides some pre-defined methods, such
as System.out.println(), but you can also create your own methods to perform certain actions
Example: public class Main {
static void myMethod() {
// code to be executed
}
}

Call a Method: To call a method in Java, write the method's name followed by two
parentheses () and a semicolon;

1.19 METHOD PARAMETERS:

Parameters and Arguments: Information can be passed to methods as parameter.
Parameters act as variables inside the method. Parameters are specified after the method
name, inside the parentheses. You can add as many parameters as you want, just
separate them with a comma.
The following example has a method that takes a String called fname as parameter. When
the method is called, we pass along a first name, which is used inside the method to print the
full name:
public class Main {
static void myMethod(String fname)
System.out.println(fname + " Refsnes");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
myMethod("Liam");
myMethod("Jenny");
myMethod("Anja");
}
}
NOTE: When a parameter is passed to the method, it is called an argument. So, from the
example above: fname is a parameter, while Liam, Jenny and Anja are arguments.

Multiple Parameters: You can have as many parameters.

Note: when you are working with multiple parameters, the method call must have the same
number of arguments as there are parameters, and the arguments must be passed in the same
order.

Return Values: The void keyword, used in the examples above, indicates that the method
should not return a value. If you want the method to return a value, you can use a
primitive data type (such as int, char, etc.) instead of void, and use the return keyword
inside the method
Example: public class Main {
static int myMethod(int x, int y) {
return x + y;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println(myMethod(5, 3));
}
} // Outputs 8 (5 + 3)

1.20 JAVA METHOD OVERLOADING: With method overloading, multiple

methods can have the same name with different parameters.
Example: static int plusMethod(int x, int y) {
return x + y;
}
static double plusMethod(double x, double y) {
return x + y;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int myNum1 = plusMethod(8, 5);
double myNum2 = plusMethod(4.3, 6.26);
System.out.println("int: " + myNum1);
System.out.println("double: " + myNum2);
}

1.21 JAVA SCOPE: In Java, variables are only accessible inside the region they
are created. This is called scope.

Method Scope: Variables declared directly inside a method are available anywhere in the
method
Block Scope: A block of code refers to all of the code between curly braces {}. Variables
declared inside blocks of code are only accessible by the code between the curly braces,
which follows the line in which the variable was declared.

1.22 JAVA OOP: OOP stands for Object-Oriented Programming.

Procedural programming is about writing procedures or methods that perform operations on
the data, while object-oriented programming is about creating objects that contain both data
and methods. Object-oriented programming has several advantages over procedural
programming:

 OOP is faster and easier to execute

 OOP provides a clear structure for the programs
 OOP helps to keep the Java code DRY "Don't Repeat Yourself", and makes the
code easier to maintain, modify and debug
 OOP makes it possible to create full reusable applications with less code and shorter
development time
1.23 JAVA CLASSES/OBJECTS: Java is an object-oriented programming
language. Everything in Java is associated with classes and objects, along with its attributes
and methods. For example: in real life, a car is an object. The car has attributes, such as
weight and color, and methods, such as drive and brake.
A Class is like an object constructor, or a "blueprint" for creating objects.

Create a Class: To create a class, use the keyword class:

Example: public class Main {
int x = 5;
}
Create an Object
In Java, an object is created from a class. We have already created the class named Main, so
now we can use this to create objects. To create an object of Main, specify the class name,
followed by the object name, and use the keyword new:
Example: public class Main {
int x = 5;
public static void main(String[] args) {
Main myObj = new Main();
System.out.println(myObj.x);
}
}

Java Class Attributes: In the previous example, we used the term "variable" for x in the
example (as shown below). It is actually an attribute of the class. Or you could say that class
attributes are variables within a class:
Example: public class Main {
int x = 5;
int y = 3;
}

NOTE: Another term for class attributes is fields.

Accessing Attributes: You can access attributes by creating an object of the class, and by
using the dot syntax (.)
Modify Attributes: You can also modify attribute values or override the existing values:
Example: Set the value of x to 40:
public class Main {
int x=10;
public static void main(String[] args) {
Main myObj = new Main();
myObj.x = 40;
System.out.println(myObj.x);
}
}
1.24 JAVA CLASS METHODS: Methods are declared within a class, and that
they are used to perform certain actions.
Example: public class Main {
static void myMethod() {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
myMethod();
}
}

Static vs. Public:You will often see Java programs that have either static or public attributes
and methods. In the example above, we created a static method, which means that it can be
accessed without creating an object of the class, unlike public, which can only be accessed
by objects.

1.25 JAVA CONSTRUCTORS: A constructor in Java is a special method that is

used to initialize objects. The constructor is called when an object of a class is created. It
can be used to set initial values for object attributes.

Example: public class Main { //Create Main class

int x; // Create a class attribute
// Create a class constructor for the Main class
public Main() {
x = 5; // Set the initial value for the class attribute x
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Main myObj = new Main(); // Create an object of class Main
//(This will call the constructor)
System.out.println(myObj.x); // Print the value of x
}
} // Outputs 5

Note: Constructor name must match the class name, and it cannot have a return
type (like void). Also note that the constructor is called when the object is created. All
classes have constructors by default: if you do not create a class constructor yourself, Java
creates one for you. However, then you are not able to set initial values for object
attributes.

Constructor Parameters: Constructors can also take parameters, which is used to initialize
attributes. The following example adds an int y parameter to the constructor. Inside the
constructor we set x to y (x=y). When we call the constructor, we pass a parameter to the
constructor (5), which will set the value of x to 5:
Example: public class Main {
int x;
public Main(int y) {
x = y;
}
 public static void main(String[] args) {
Main myObj = new Main(5);
System.out.println(myObj.x);
}
} // Outputs 5

1.26 JAVA ENCAPSULATION: The meaning of Encapsulation , is to make sure

that "sensitive" data is hidden from users. To achieve this, you must:

 declare class variables/attributes as private

 provide public get and set methods to access and update the value of
a private variable

Get and Set: private variables can only be accessed within the same class (an outside class
has no access to it). However, it is possible to access them if we provide
public get and set methods. The get method returns the variable value, and the set method
sets the value. Syntax for both is that they start with either get or set, followed by the name
of the variable, with the first letter in upper case.
Why Encapsulation?

 Better control of class attributes and methods

 Class attributes can be made read-only (if you only use the get method), or write-
only (if you only use the set method)
 Flexible: the programmer can change one part of the code without affecting
other parts
 Increased security of data

1.27 JAVA INHERITANCE: In Java, it is possible to inherit attributes and methods

from one class to another. We group the "inheritance concept" into two categories:

 subclass (child) - the class that inherits from another class

 superclass (parent) - the class being inherited from

To inherit from a class, use the extends keyword. In the example below, the Car class
(subclass) inherits the attributes and methods from the Vehicle class (superclass)
Why And When To Use "Inheritance"?
- It is useful for code reusability: reuse attributes and methods of an existing class when you
create a new class.
Example: class Vehicle {
protected String brand = "Ford"; // Vehicle attribute
public void honk() { // Vehicle method
System.out.println("Tuut, tuut!");
}
}
class Car extends Vehicle {
private String modelName = "Mustang"; // Car attribute
 public static void main(String[] args) {
Car myCar = new Car(); // Create a myCar object
// Call the honk() method (from the Vehicle class) on the myCar object
myCar.honk();
/* Display the value of the brand attribute (from the Vehicleclass) and the value of the
modelName from the Car class*/
System.out.println(myCar.brand + " " + myCar.modelName);
}
}
The final Keyword: If you don't want other classes to inherit from a class, use
the final keyword.

1.28 JAVA POLYMORPHISM: Polymorphism means "many forms", and it occurs

when we have many classes that are related to each other by inheritance. Like we s pecified in
the previous topic; Inheritance lets us inherit attributes and methods from another
class. Polymorphism uses those methods to perform different tasks. This allows us to
perform a single action in different ways.
For example, think of a superclass called Animal that has a method called animalSound().
Subclasses of Animals could be Pigs, Cats, Dogs, Birds - And they also have their own
implementation of an animal sound (the pig oinks, and the cat meows, etc.)
Example: class Animal {
public void animalSound() {
System.out.println("The animal makes a sound");
}
}
class Pig extends Animal {
public void animalSound() {
System.out.println("The pig says: wee wee");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal {
public void animalSound() {
System.out.println("The dog says: bow wow");
} }
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Animal myAnimal = new Animal(); // Create a Animal object
Animal myPig = new Pig(); // Create a Pig object
Animal myDog = new Dog(); // Create a Dog object
myAnimal.animalSound();
myPig.animalSound();
myDog.animalSound();
}
}
Why And When To Use "Inheritance" and "Polymorphism"?
- It is useful for code reusability: reuse attributes and methods of an existing class when
you create a new class.

1.29 JAVA ABSTRACTION: Data abstraction is the process of hiding certain details
and showing only essential information to the user.
Abstraction can be achieved with either abstract classes or interfaces
The abstract keyword is a non-access modifier, used for classes and methods:

 Abstract class: is a restricted class that cannot be used to create objects (to access it,
it must be inherited from another class).
 Abstract method: can only be used in an abstract class, and it does not have a body.
The body is provided by the subclass (inherited from).

An abstract class can have both abstract and regular methods:

Example: abstract class Animal { // Abstract class

// Abstract method (does not have a body)
public abstract void animalSound();
// Regular method
public void sleep() {
System.out.println("Zzz");
}
}
// Subclass (inherit from Animal)
class Pig extends Animal {
public void animalSound() {
// The body of animalSound() is provided here
System.out.println("The pig says: wee wee");
}
}
class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Pig myPig = new Pig(); // Create a Pig object
myPig.animalSound();
myPig.sleep();
}
}
 CHAPTER 2
TRAINING WORK UNDERTAKEN

Introduction to Project: Online Mobile Recharge

In a world driven by digital transformation, the convenience and efficiency of modern
communication are undeniably linked to mobile devices. As the use of smartphones
continues to skyrocket, the need for a seamless and hassle-free method of recharging
mobile balances has become paramount. The project "Online Mobile Recharge" aims to
address this necessity by developing a user-friendly and secure platform that allows
individuals to recharge their mobile accounts conveniently over the internet.

Background and Motivation:

Traditionally, mobile recharge involved the purchase of physical vouchers or visiting
retail stores to top up prepaid mobile accounts. However, this method often proved
inconvenient, time-consuming, and sometimes even location-restricted. With the
widespread adoption of the internet and the increasing reliance on digital services, the
concept of online mobile recharge has emerged as a transformative solution. This
project seeks to tap into this trend and create a platform that simplifies the recharge
process while providing users with a range of benefits and options. concludes, and they
have the option to restart.

Methodology:

The project will involve the development of a web-based application that connects with various payment
gateways and mobile network operator APIs. The application will provide a user registration and login
system, allowing users to select their mobile operator, choose a recharge plan, make secure payments,
and receive instant confirmations.

Conclusion:

"Online Mobile Recharge" is poised to revolutionize the way individuals manage their mobile balances,
catering to the demands of an increasingly interconnected world. By offering an efficient, secure, and
user-centric platform, the project aims to redefine the mobile recharge experience and empower users
with the freedom to stay connected on their terms.
 Snapshots of the Game Code:

import java.util.Scanner;

class MobileRechargeService {
public boolean processPayment(double amount) {
// Simulate payment processing
// You can integrate with a real payment gateway here
return true;
}

public void rechargeMobile(String mobileNumber, double amount) {

if (processPayment(amount)) {
System.out.println("Mobile number: " + mobileNumber);
System.out.println("Recharge amount: " + amount);
System.out.println("Recharge successful!");
} else {
System.out.println("Payment failed. Recharge not completed.");
}
}
}

public class fori {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);
MobileRechargeService rechargeService = new MobileRechargeService();

System.out.print("Enter mobile number: ");

String mobileNumber = scanner.nextLine();

System.out.print("Enter recharge amount: ");

double amount = scanner.nextDouble();

scanner.close();

rechargeService.rechargeMobile(mobileNumber, amount);
}
}
 CHAPTER 3
RESULTS AND DISCCUSSIONS
3.1 RESULTS:

Snapshots of result of Game application:

 3.2 DISCUSSIONS: One of the major advantages of online mobile recharge is its
convenience. Users can recharge their mobile phones from the comfort of their
homes or on the go using their smartphones or computers. This eliminates the need
to visit physical stores or ATMs to buy recharge vouchers
Online recharge platforms offer a variety of recharge options. Users can choose from
various prepaid plans, data packages, talk time, and more, based on their needs and
usage patterns.
Online mobile recharge platforms offer multiple payment methods such as
credit/debit cards, net banking, mobile wallets, and UPI, making it easy for users to
choose their preferred payment method.
Users should be cautious while entering personal and financial information on any online
platform. It's important to use reputable and secure websites or apps.

Remember that the availability of features and services might vary based on the specific
online recharge platform you use and the region you are in. It's always a good idea to do
some research and choose a reliable and well-reviewed platform for your online mobile
recharge needs.

CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION

online mobile recharge has revolutionized the way we manage our mobile connections. Its
convenience, flexibility, and wide range of options have made it a preferred choice for millions of
users around the world. With the ability to recharge anytime, anywhere, users can stay connected
without the hassle of visiting physical stores or dealing with scratch cards. The variety of payment
methods, offers, and discounts further enhance the appeal of online recharge platforms.
However, it's important to exercise caution while using online recharge services. Stick to reputable
platforms that ensure data security and privacy. Always verify the authenticity of the platform before
entering any personal or financial information.

As technology continues to advance, online mobile recharge is likely to become even more seamless
and integrated into our daily lives. Whether it's topping up your own balance or helping a friend in
need, online mobile recharge offers a convenient solution for staying connected in today's digital age.

REFERENCES:
 https://www.w3schools.com/
 https://www.javatpoint.com/
 Book: Head First Java by Kathy Sierra & Bert Bates
 https://youtu.be/gPiahyf70ds?si=Rh4lw73RhiA2Msg2